MIRABELA POP MONICA SIM

LET’S … ENGLISH!TEXTBOOK

Editura Universitatii din Oradea2005

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PREFACE

The aims of this textbook are to encourage students to analyse the systems of the English Language, to expose them to a variety of challenging and interesting text-types in the reading activities, and to stimulate them to give their own opinions and participate in discussions and role-plays.

The book provides a comprehensive coverage of the grammatical and lexical systems of English. The grammatical areas deal with items such as verbal tenses, IF clauses, modal verbs, Reported Speech, Passive Voice. Students at this level should be able to cope with quite complex areas, such as the different nuances of modal verbs, the changing of the tenses, present conditional or past conditional.

The units have, generally, the following sections:- a discussion point to launch the theme of the unit- one or more reading texts- vocabulary exercises- a speaking/discussion/ role - play activity- a suggestion for extended writing- the Grammar section, where students are given the grammatical rules

and where the target language is practised

We have tried to select topics and material that will interest a student of any ground. As there is so much vocabulary in a language, and students’ needs and interests vary, it is important that students themselves assume a certain responsibility for their vocabulary acquisition. We have tried to cover all the aspects of human life that the students arte interested in, therefore in each unit there are texts dealing with different topics of interest.

HAVE FUN!The authors

CONTENTS

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PageUnit 1: What makes a good language learner? 1

Unit 2: The way we are – From Childhood to AdulthoodLanguage Study: Present Tense Simple

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Present Tense Continuous 10

Unit 3: Life & SchoolLanguage Study: Past Tense Simple 13 Past Tense Continuous 14

Unit 4: Earning a Living 17Language Study: Present Perfect Tense Simple 18 Present Perfect Tense Continuous 19

Unit 5: Ambition & Dreams 22Language Study: Future Tense Simple 23 Future Tense Continuous 24 The Near Future 25

26Unit 6: Feelings for Fashion 27Language Study: Expressing Likes and Dislikes

Revision I28

Unit 7: Taking a HolidayLanguage Study: Modals

Unit 8: Food & CookingLanguage Study: The Plural of the Nouns

Unit 9: Shops & ShoppingLanguage Study: Adjectives and The Degrees of Comparison

Unit 10: The TelephoneLanguage Study: IF Clauses

Unit 11: The MailLanguage Study: Passive Voice

Unit 12: Getting a JobLanguage Study: Reported Speech

Revision II

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List of Irregular Verbs

Bibliography

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UNIT 1

What makes a good language learner?Motto:

“Dream as if you’ll live forever; live as if you’ll die tomorrow.”James Dean, American actor

Test your aptitude for learning a foreign languageTest your aptitude for language learning by doing this quiz, adapted from The Sunday Times Magazine. Write your answers on a piece of paper, then add up your scores to find out how good a language learner you are.

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1. Learn the following Samoan words (Samoa is in the South Pacific):tamaloa mantamaitiiti childtaulealea youthloomatua old woman

Did you find this task?a) easy and fascinating?b) very difficult?c) not easy; the words look the same?d) so boring you didn’t even try?

2. Exhausted after swimming the river, Fred decided to get some sleep, but the boolles made it impossible, and even the smoke from his camp fire didn’t keep them away.

What is a boolle?a) a wild animal c) a kind of

noiseb) a giant mosquito d) don’t know

3. Someone asks you the way in very bad English. When he/she doesn’t understand your reply, do youa) say it again but louder?b) get irritated and give up?c) draw him/her a map?d) find out if he/she speaks another

language you know?

4. Here is a new language: ek kum chuchu – the train is coming ek namas chuchu – the train is very big

nek kum nive chuchu – the train isn’t comingek chuchu – it’s a train

How would you say ‘It’s not a train’?a) nek chuchu nivab) ek niva chuchuc) nek niva chuchud) don’t know

5. How many foreign languages can you greet someone in? 6. Your boss tells you that you have been chosen to go on a six-month course to learn a completely new language. Do youa) look for another job?b) say they’ve chosen the wrong person?c) worry a bit but reckon you’ll cope?d) long to get started?

7. You go to an evening class to learn a language. The class lasts two hours a week. List the sorts of practice you might do on your own at home.

8. How good are you at expressing yourself in your own language, both in speaking and in writing?a) I can always put into words exactly what I want to say.b) I don’t know.c) It depends on the situation.d) People sometimes say I am not clear.

9. When did you last read a book for pleasure (in any language)?a) yesterdayb) I can’t rememberc) last weekd) last month

10. Have you gota) a bilingual dictionary (English into your language)?b) a monolingual dictionary (English-English)?c) both a bilingual and a monolingual dictionary?d) no dictionary at all?

11. Read through this list of words, then write down as many of them as you can without looking.pin church identify luxury accelerate carefully miscalculate

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occasional anxious knot daffodil impertinent

12. In one minute write a list of things you could do with a cabbage (apart from cooking or eating it).

13. In one minute write down as many reasons as you can why it might be useful to learn Eskimo.

14. Fill in the blanks with one of the words below.Shakucomespiteare isos wonone ovofef tehe wororolid’s grematerest’s wririters. Hehe wasis………… onin Staratarafoorrd-inon-Aravont.a) borotone c) shororitb) born d) don’t know

15. What is your attitude to learning about British culture (arts, institutions, way of life)?a) I’m not interested in the slightest; I just need to learn the language.b) I’m interested a little bit, but only to find out of curiosity.c) I’m very interested to find out about the people behind the language.

16. What do the following words in Samoan mean?loomatua tamaitiiti tamaloa taulealea toalua

17. Are you male or female?

ANSWERS1. a: score 10 points. b:4 c:8 d:0Good language learners find words fairly easy, and aren’t put off by the way they look.

2. a: 5 b: 10 c: 0 d: 0Good language learners are able to make imaginative guesses about the meaning of words.

3. a: 0 b: 0 c: 0 d: 8Good language learners make the most of their skills, and manage to communicate in all sorts of unlikely situations.

4. a: 2 b: 2 c: 10 d: 0Good language learners are quick at seeing patterns in a foreign language. (Negative sentences in this language begin with ‘nek’. The last word is always ‘chuchu’.)

5. Two points for each language (maximum 10 points).

This question shows how interested you are in languages and communication.

6. a: 0 b: 3 c: 7 d: 10Being scared stiff is obviously a bad sign.

7. Good language learners practice a lot on

their own. Give yourself two points for each different activity you listed (e.g. listening to cassettes while driving, watching foreign language films on TV). Maximum 10 points.

8. a: 4 b: 0 c: 10 d: 7Good language learners think a lot about how they use language.

9.a: 10 b: 0 c: 5 d: 2Good language learners seem to read a lot. (It’s a good way of increasing your vocabulary.)

10. a: 5 b: 8 c: 10 d: 0Good language learners have reference books and consult them regularly.

11. Less than 5, score 0. 6-8, score 5. More than

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8, score 10. This test measures your short-term memory. Most people can remember 5 or 6 words out of the list.

12. A point for each idea (maximum 10).

People who are very rigid in the way they see things tend not to be very good at learning languages. This is probably because they don’t like being in situations they can’t control.

13. Two points for each idea (maximum 10). An important factor in learning a language is motivation.

14. a: 10 b: 2 c: 7 d: 0This question assesses how willing you are to take risks in a language you don’t know well.

15.a: 0 b: 5 c: 10It is impossible to separate a language from its culture. Good language learners are open to other cultures and individuals, and this creates more opportunities for progress.

16. Two points for each word you got right. This question tests your memory again.

17. Females score ten. On the whole, women are better at languages.

INTERPRET YOUR SCORE0-30 You think you arte useless at languages, and can’t see the point in trying. Don’t give up! Keep at it!

30-70 Learning a language is hard work for you, but you get there in the end. You probably had a bad experience at school. Just remember that most people in the world speak at least two languages, and lots speak four or five, so it can’t be all that difficult, can it?

70-100 You’re an average sort of learner, not brilliant, but you manage. You’re always willing to have a go. Surprisingly, it usually works, too! Add some systematic study to this, and a bit of practice, and you’ll be able to cope in most situations.

100-140 You can probably get by in one or two languages already, and learning a new language holds no terror for you. Don’t give up when you feel you’re not making progress. A bit more confidence, and some concentrated practice, and you could easily start feeling really at home in your foreign language.

140-170 You are an outstanding language learner. You enjoy using words, and language is a constant source of delight for you. You don’t learn a language to go on holiday – you enjoy going abroad because it gives you an excuse to learn another language!

Adapted from a quiz by Dr Paul Meara of Birbeck College London

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Discussion1. Do you agree with the interpretation? Is it a good description of you as a language

learner?2. The tone of the quiz is quite light-hearted, but the content is serious. Read through the

Answers section of the quiz again. Do you agree that the things it suggests are what a ‘good learner’ does?Is it important to see patterns in a language?Is it important to have a good memory?

3. The answer to question 3 says that good language learners make the most of their skills, and manage to communicate in all sorts of unlikely situations. Think of ways in which communication can take place other than words.

The organisation of a dictionary entry

Look at the order in which a dictionary entry givers information:

book1 /buk/ n 1[C] (a) number of printed or written sheets of paper bound together in a cover: a leather-bound book. (b) written work or composition, eg a novel, dictionary, encyclopaedia etc: writing/reading a book about/on Shakespeare.2 [C] number of blank or lined sheets of paper fastened together in a cover and used in writing in: Write the essay in your (exercise)-books, not on rough paper. 3 books [pl] written records of the

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finances of a business; accounts: do the books, ie check the accounts o The company’s books are audited every year. 4 [C] number of similar items fastened together in the shape of a book: a book of stamps/tickets/matches. 5 [C] any of the main divisions of a large written work: the books of the Bible. 6 [idm] be in sb’s good/bad books have/not have sb’s favour or approval: You’ll be in the boss’s bad books if you don’t work harder. Bring sb to book (for smth) require sb to give an explanation (of his behaviour): bring a criminal to book. read sb like a book – read bookbinder [C]bookbinding [U] ns (person whose job is) putting covers on booksbookcase n piece of furniture with shelves for booksbookmobile /bukmaubi:l/ n (esp US) vehicle

as a travelling librarybook-plate n piece of paper, usu with a printed design, pasted in a book to show who owns it.bookworm n 1 grub that eats holes in books. 2 (fig) person who is very fond of reading booksbook2 /buk/v 1 (a) ~sth (up) reserve (a place, accommodation etc.); buy (a ticket etc.) in advance: Book early if you want to be sure of a set. 2 (phr v) book in register in a hotel, an airport bookable adj that can be reserved: All seats are bookable in advance.booking n (esp Brit) (instance of) reserving seats etc. in advance; reservation

1, 2 – First, definitions are listed in order of frequencyidm – shows the start of the idioms section. This comes after the main definitions.sth - somethingsb – somebody - shows the start of the compound section.usu – usually esp US – especially in the USAfig – figurativelybook2 – There is sometimes a separate entry when the word belongs to more than one class (for example, noun and verb) or the meaning is different.infml – informalphr v – shows the start of the phrasal verb (multi-word verb) section

PronunciationVowels and Diphthongs1. i: as in see /si:/ 11. 2. i as in sit /sit/3. e as in ten /ten/4. æ as in hat /hæt/5. a: as in arm /a:m/

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6. α as in got /gαt/7. as in saw /s:/8. u as in put /put/9. u: as in too /tu:/

10.^ as in cup /k^p/

Fill in the blanks using one suitable word for each space:

The English language is big business: every day more and more people around the world are learning English……1…….. a foreign language or they are even ……..2…….. a living from providing English in various forms, including teachers, writers and publishers. In Britain, the …… 3 ………. Language is one of the country’s……..4……… important sources of………5………… English is quite unique among the world’s languages: one in seven people in the world……….6……….. English, which makes it undoubtedly the first language in the world history………..7………..English, Latin, French, and Greek were also to some extent international languages, …………8……….. none of them ever managed to reach either the number of users that English has, ………….9………….. the incredible range of situations in ………10……… English is used today. For example, 75% of the world’s correspondence and 60% of the world’s telephone conversations are carried……….11………. in English. Chinese also has a billion speakers, but ………….12……….. a Chinese businessman meets a Spanish colleague at a conference, they most certainly use English as a …………13……….. of communication. English has also become the language of

science: papers in English and the ………….15………… of the doctors learn English as part of their studies.

PRONUNCIATION

Here is some pronunciation.Ration never rhymes with nation,

Say prefer, but preferable, Comfortable and vegetable.

B must not be heard in doubt,Debt and dumb both leave it out.

In the words psychology,Psychic and psychiatry,

You must never sound the P.Psychiatrist you call the man

Who cures the complex, if he can.In architect, ch is k,

In arch it is the other way.

Please remember to say ironSo that it’ll rhyme with lion.

Advertisers advertise,Advertisements will put you wise.Time when work is done is leisure,

Fill it up with useful pleasure.Accidental, accident,

Sound the g in ignorant.Relative , but a relation,

Then say creature but creation.Say the a in gas quite short,

Bought remember rhymes with thwart,Drought must always rhyme with bout,

In daughter leave the gh out.

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Wear a boot upon your foot,Root can never rhyme with soot.

In muscle, sc is s, In muscular, it’s sk, yes!

Choir must always rhyme with wire,That again, will rhyme with liar.Then, remember it’s address,With an accent like possess.

G in sign must silent be,In signature, pronounce the g.

Please, remember, say towardsJust as if it rhymed with boards.

Weight’s like wait, but not like height, Which should always rhyme with

might.Sew is just the same as so,

Tie a ribbon in a bow.

When you meet the Queen you bow,Which again must rhyme with how.

In perfect English make a start.Learn this little rhyme by heart.

UNIT 2

The way we are From childhood to adulthood

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Motto:“That it will never come again is what makes life so sweet.”

Emily Dickinson "poem no. 1741"

Read the following text paying attention to the ways of life these people live:A day in the life of Rupert Deen

There are different ways of being unemployed, some more pleasant than others. Rupert Deen is 40, and has never done very much to earn his living. He says his father before him didn’t do much either, except a bit of travelling. It was his grandfather who made a fortune out of Royal Dutch Oil.

He lives a luxurious bachelor life. He has never been married, and he says he has no intention of marrying. He says, ‘I’ve always had everything I wanted, all my life. My childhood was a bit Spartan as you couldn’t get things in the war, but otherwise I haven’t denied myself much.’ But was he a millionaire? ‘It’s frightfully sordid to talk about money,’ he said firmly.

He lives in a small Knightsbridge bijou mews house, elegantly decorated with pictures of horses and hunting prints. He started by describing for me a more or less typical day in his London life.

‘Well, I get up at 9.30. I go out and buy the newspapers. I get the Mail, the Express, the Sporting Life, and the Financial Times. Over breakfast I read the Mail from cover to cover. Nigel Dempster is a great friend of mine. I skim through the Daily Express, and then I look at the Financial Times. Next I have a bath and I read the Sporting Life. Between 11.00 and12.00, as I complete my levee, I telephone my friends. I might do a bit of business phoning too, about horses or insurance.’

He sets off to lunch at 12.30 ‘About twice a week it’s business of some sort. The rest of the time it’s lunch with friends. I usually go to Drones, Mimmo’s, The Connaught, or the Savoy. Of course I go to the races about one day a week if it’s not raining, so I wouldn’t be eating in restaurants on that day; I’m in the city one day.’ He continued with the description of his day. ‘Well, then, exhausted by my tiring afternoon I’ll have a bit of rest, and get ready to go out to a dinner party or to the theatre, or films. Nothing too intellectual.’

He was educated at Harrow. When he left there he went to the Ecole de Commerce at Neuchatel in Switzerland. It was a kind of university – ‘They gave you a degree if you turned up for 22days out of 100. I was there for a year. ’He wasn’t taught too many – ‘Not exactly academically, if you know what I mean. But you certainly built up quite a knowledge of the world.’ The, he went to Lloyds and stayed for eight years at something that was more or less full-time job. ‘I just stood in queues and did what I was told,’ he said. ‘So I retired after eight years. I prefer retirement.’

His year, he says, goes something like this: In may he goes to the South of France, to Monte Carlo and St Tropez. He comes back to England for Ascot in mid-June, and then Wimbledon. (Tickets, he says, are no problem.) In July he goes racing at Newmarket and York, and often attends Open Golf Championship. In August he goes to the second Test match, and in September he takes house in St Tropez. He comes back from France, stopping in Paris for the Arc de Triomphe on the first Sunday in October. The rest of year he likes to travel to exotic countries. ‘I’ve been to Japan, Pakistan, the Khyber Pass, the

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Thar Desert. I don’t mind the discomfort of sleeping out of doors, so long as one has plenty of servants.’

Was his way of life anachronistic? ‘Ana what? Come again? No so much of the brainy talk.’ And he went on, ‘I don’t agree with the modern idea that you should work for the sake of it. Basically I’m a hedonist. I am extremely busy, you see, it’s just that my energies go in a different direction to most people’s.’ Did he ever feel that life should have some purpose? ‘No,’ he said.

Are there any aspects of Rupert Deen’s life that you envy? Are there any of his opinions that you share?

Is it right that someone should have such a privileged life and do no work?

Getting to know each other Discussion

1. Fill in this form about yourself.

Personal Details1. The time you usually get up, and usually go to sleep.2. Two kinds of food that you like.3. Two unusual things you have got at home.4. Your favourite colour.5. How you come to lessons.6. Something you have got in your pocket or bag.7. The name of the last film you saw.8. Someone you admire.9. Your pet, if you have one.10. Your age last birthday.

2. You have just met two people, and you want to get to know them better. Make a list of questions you can ask them.

Read the information below. Talk about customs and lifestyles in your country.

CUSTOMS~ In some parts of Britain, when a family

moves house they take burning coals from the fire to the new house.

~ Some people never throw egg-shells onto the fire. They believe that chickens stop laying eggs if you do this.

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~ Actors never whistle, and never say the last line of a play before they act it in public.

LIFESTYLES~ The Hazdas, a people in Central Africa, work for two hours a day finding

food and spend the rest of the time enjoying themselves.~ Thirty million Americans eat too much and over eleven million Americans weigh more than 130 kilos.~ The British are great animal lovers and own more than six million cats.

LANGUAGE STUDY1. Present Tense Simple Remember – in the present simple, all persons of the verb are the same except for the third person singular (he/she/it). It is found with adverbs referring to present time: today, every day, every week, every year, sometimes, always, usually, normally etc.

Positive Statements I He

You ask She asks We It They

Negative StatementsI HeYou do not ask She does not askWe don’t ask It doesn’t askThey

Questions I HeDo You ask? Does She ask? We It They

Short answersPositive NegativeYes, you do. No, you don’t.Yes, I do. No, I don’t.Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t.Yes, she does. No, she doesn’t.Yes, we do. No, we don’t.Yes, they do. No, we don’t.

The Simple Present has various uses:a) Present without reference to specific time is used when there is no limitation on the extension of the state through the present into the past and future time. This category

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includes ‘eternal truths’, which do not refer specifically to the present but are general timeless statements. Universal time statements (particularly associated with stative verbs)e.g. Onions smell. Two and two make four. Habitual time statements (particularly associated with dynamic verbs; they often have adverbs like every day, every year etc.)e.g. We go to France every year. b) The Instantaneous Simple Present is used with dynamic verbs which signify an event simultaneous with the present moment.e.g. – commentaries: Moore passes the ball to Carlton. - demonstrations: I now place the glass on the table. - exclamations: Here comes the winner!

2. Present Tense Continuous1 It is made up of the present of to be and the indefinite participle of the verb to be conjugated.Affirmative Negative QuestionsI am asking I am not asking Am I asking? You are asking You are not asking Are you asking?He/She/It is asking He/She/It is not asking Is He/She/It asking?We are asking We are not asking Are we asking?You are asking You are not asking Are you asking?They are asking They are not asking Are they asking?

Short answersYes, I am No, I’m notYes, you are No, you’re not.Yes, he is No, he’s notYes, we are. No, we’re notIt is used: to denote states or actions of longer or shorter duration occurring at the moment of speaking. It is often accompanied by such adverbials: now, right now, this very moment, today etc.e.g. What are you doing now? to denote actions or states permanently characterising the subject or stressing the idea of repetition (particularly with such adverbs as always , constantly)e.g. He is always going there. sometimes with reference to an action or state in the future – when talking about timetables and programmes.e.g. I am leaving tonight.

Tense ConsolidationUse the following verbs in the appropriate tense:

1 Certain verbs are not usually used in the continuous tenses. These include: verbs referring to mental and emotional states, e.g. to realise, to remember, to imagine, to know, to believe, to suppose, to doubt, to love; verbs of the senses, e.g. to sound, to appear, to see, to smell, to seem.

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1. Julia (take) a nap in the afternoon every other day or so.2. Please, shut up! I (try) to concentrate.3. I (try) to concentrate whenever my teacher explains difficult problems to me.4. Look! The wind (blow) so hard.5. The wind (blow) very hard in this area.6. It (rain) so heavily. Lucky Tom! He (wear) a mackintosh.7. I really (not know) if I can stand to work with Tom in the same team. He (continually,

drive) me crazy.8. Jeremy (look) so angry. What has happened to him?9. Mother (always, drink) coffee, while she (watch) TV.10. I (get) used to the climate here.

Rewrite the following sentences, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same:1. I’m planning to visit him in hospital next Tuesday.I…………………..2. I’m annoyed at his telling me the same joke all over again.He………………..3. I have an appointment with my manager in the afternoon.I am………………4. There is a smell of cabbage in this room.This room………………5. He starts running away whenever he sees me.Whenever……………...6. She keeps complaining about something.She is………………….7. Who owns this car?Who…………………..?8. Mary has mumps.Mary………………….9. What is the length of this river?How………………….10. What about dining tonight?How…………………?

Choose the correct alternative:1. I always……………… you at the corner of the street.a) met b) meet c) am meeting d) have met2. Children……………… playing in the sand.a) are enjoying b) enjoy c) has enjoyed d) enjoys3. The letter he………………. will be a pleasure to read.a) writes b) is writing c) write d) written4. His father…………….. books for a living.a) is writing b) writes c) wrote d) written5. Tom, like many of his friends, …………….. to be selected to go on the trip next week.a) are hoping b) is hoping c) hopes d) will hope

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6. The whole place………………. one huge tourist resort.a) rapidly become b) becomes rapidly c) is rapidly becoming d) rapidly have become7. The baby is hungry. It…………………… .a) has cried b) is crying c) cry d) cries8. Why……………… at me?a) is they laughing b) are they laughing c) laugh they d) did they laughed9. Usually he…………. at seven.a) wake up b) is waking up c) wakes up d) will be waking up10. Architects…………. the plans of buildings.a) are making b) make c) made d) makes

Make each sentence into a question;1. Philip works in an electronics factory.…………………………………………..2. They have to write their homework again.……………………………………………….3. Julie often has to work at weekends.…………………………………………4. Richard is waiting for us downstairs.…………………………………………5. You are reading my magazine.…………………………………..6. Janet likes fish and chips.……………………………..7. Helen knows all the answers.………………………………….8. They usually stay at the Grand Hotel.………………………………………….9. Sally is leaving this morning.…………………………………10. He is talking to some customers now.………………………………………….

LIFESTYLESnowadaysPeople spend a lot of time watching television in the evening.Women and men often share the housework and women have important jobs.People travel widely and often live and work far away from where they were born.Machines do many jobs, both in the home and at work.Most people spend more than ten years at school.

in the past

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CHILDREN LEARN WHAT THEY LIVE DiscussionIt is said that children learn more in the first two years of life than in any other

stage. What kinds of things have most children learnt by the age of two? What do they learn themselves, and what are they taught?

Say what you think are the three most important qualities of an ideal parent.How would you rate the way your parents brought you up? Do you think you

would make a good parent?

Match the sentences in column A with their halves in column B:AIf a child lives with criticism,She learns to condemn.If a child lives with hostility,…………………………….If a child lives with ridicule,…………………………….If a child lives with shame,…………………………….If a child lives with tolerance,………………………………If a child lives with encouragement,…………………………………….If a child lives with praise,…………………………..If a child lives with fairness,…………………………….If a child lives with security,…………………………….If a child lives with approval,……………………………..If a child lives with acceptance and friendship,

B she learns to be patient.

he learns justice.

she learns to be shy.

he learns confidence.

she learns to have faith.

he learns to like himself.

she learns to condemn.

she learns to appreciate.

he learns to fight

he learns to feel guilty.

he or she learns to find love in the world.

Read the following articles and compare the ideas expressed in them with your own:

Our Children’s Future

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As a parent and an observer of mankind, I grow increasingly concerned about the life that our children inherit, the values that they hold dear, and their expectations for the future. Childhood seems to last but a few years until children become a market force to be bombarded with advertisements on the television. They demand to have all that they see, and regard it as their right to be entertained every waking moment.

At school, most children are bored by the lessons, which they see irrelevant to life as they perceive it. Life is about having fun, and having fun now. Or, at the other extreme, school is fiercely competitive, and pupils are pushed by parents to achieve at all costs.

The 1960s were a time of great liberalisation, when youth

thought it could right all wrongs. Its ideals of love and peace are now much scorned as hollow, hippy phrases. If the world veered to the left in ’68, then it has lurched to the right in the past fifteen years. The 1980s are undoubtedly a more selfish, inward-looking era, with the individual out to look after himself, regardless of the effect this might be having on others. The new gods are money and materialism, and teenagers want now what it took their parents half a generation to achieve.

If youth has learnt to question the wisdom of its elders, it has so far found nothing to replace it with. No wonder there is drug abuse on a scale never seen before. No wonder so many children seek the help of psychiatrists. What are they to fill the emptiness of their souls with?

Rebels without a PauseParents should stop blaming

themselves. I’ve come to the conclusion there’s not a lot you can do about it. I mean the teenage years. Whatever you do or however you choose to handle it, at some point between the ages of 12 and 18 that wonderful, reasonable and helpful child will turn into a snarling, loutish monster.

I’ve seen friends handle it in all kinds of different ways. One is a strict disciplinarian and insisted her son, right from a small child, should stand up whenever anyone entered the room, open doors, shake hands and generally behave as the model son. I saw him last weekend when I called round. Stretched full length on the sofa, he made no attempt to turn off the lurid video he was watching as I walked in, and his greeting was no more than a grunt. His mother was

mortified. ‘I don’t know what to do with him these days,’ she said. ‘He’s forgotten all the manners we taught him.’

He hasn’t forgotten them. He’s just decided that he’s not going to use them. It’s getting her down though, and she confessed that she had actually come up behind him and tried to heave the sofa over to tip him off. The things parents go through!

Another chum let her daughters climb all over the furniture, reach across the table, stare at you and say, ‘I don’t like your frock, it’s smelly.’ One of the same daughters has recently been expelled from school. The other has left home with a lad who arrived one night, dressed in black leather, on a motorbike, taking her and all her worldly goods on the pillion.

‘Where did we go wrong?’ her parents now sob. Probably

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nowhere much. At least, no more than the rest of the unfortunate race, parents.

Why do we always blame ourselves for the teenage years of our children? Why do we keep being patient with someone who has now become as reasonable and charming as a maddened gorilla?

‘Don’t have a go at him about the earring,’ I said to my mother, when my son suddenly appeared with a pierced ear one Saturday.

But why shouldn’t she mention she thinks he looks a complete banana if she wants to? There we are treating them gently just to keep the peace, when they’re being about as careful not to hurt our feelings as a herd of mad elephants.

What’s hardest of all is suddenly not getting on with this person whom we’ve always liked and been proud of. One of their many annoying teenage traits is that they appear to think parents have lost all their sense, intelligence and powers of deduction.

For instance, cigarette smoke is pretty noticeable if you don’t smoke yourself. So you go up to your child’s bedroom and say, conversationally and trying to keep it low key, ‘So when did you start smocking?’ The reply, when it comes, is an insult not only to your intelligence, but also to your sense of smell. ‘I don’t smoke, Mum.’ That’s when most mothers, quite rightly, lose their temper. It might help just a little if teenagers could learn that what annoys a parent more than anything is lying about an obvious fact. But no doubt they’ll continue to think that parents they’ve looked up to have become dull, stupid, and not worth a civil word. That’s the trouble with parents, most teenagers will tell you: they go through this really awful stage when you’ve got nothing in common with them. It’s not true, of course. It’s just that during their teenage years, my children just don’t understand me.

Vocabularylurid – What kind of video do you think he was watching?grunt – Which animal sounds like this?mortified – How do you think his mother felt?expelled – Is it something good or bad?pillion – Where was she sitting on the motorbike?

Answer the following questions:1. What have children lost these days, and what have they gained?2. What is wrong with school?3. How does the writer characterise the 1960s and the 1980s?4. What are youth’s problems?5. Does the writer criticise youth for the things parents are traditionally critical about

(being irresponsible, lazy), or for something different?

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Write an essay on the following topics:- Should parents try to teach their children before they go to school?- A competitive society brings out the best in every individual.

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UNIT 3Life & School

Motto:“There are many here among us

who think life is but a jokebut you and I, we've been through that;

this is not our fate. Let us not speak falsely now, the hour's getting late.”

Bob Dylan "All Along the Watchtower"

DiscussionDo you have a good memory? What can you remember about your first school? Think of three happy memories, and one unhappy one!Why might school days be referred to as the best days of your life?Did you enjoy your school days?What sort of school did you go?

Read the chart showing the organisation of state education in England.

NURSERY SCHOOL(voluntary)

5 11YEARS

C EO DM UP CU AL TS IO OR NY

PRIMARY SCHOOL(at least six years primary education)

6789

SECONDARY SCHOOL

(at least five years secondary education)

General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE)examinations (taken at 15-16)

1011121314151617 Advanced level (‘A’ level)

examinations (taken at 17-18) COLLEGEFURTHER

EDUCATION

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HIGHER EDUCATION

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(general, vocational,

and technical)

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF EDUCATION

(teacher training)POLYTECHNIC

The responsibility for education is distributed between central government, local education authorities (LEAs) and the governing bodies of the schools. Nursery education is voluntary. Some LEAs provide nursery education, or have reception classes in primary schools which last from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. There are some private sector nursery schools, which parents pay for.

Secondary educationAbout 5% of pupils go to independent (private) schools. Of the remainder, the vast

majority (90%) attend comprehensive schools. These began in the 1950s, and admit children without reference to ability or aptitude. The children represent a total social cross-section, and all the subjects are available. In a very few areas, children are selected according to levels of academic attainment, and depending on their results in an exam (the 11+), go either to a grammar school, which runs academic courses for selected pupils aged 11-18, or to a secondary modern, which offers a more general education for pupils up to 16, although they can stay on if they wish.

ExamsThe exams that pupils take used to be as follows: GCE (General Certificate of

Education) O Level (Ordinary), taken at 16 in a number of subjects (average six). CSE (Certificate of Secondary Education), also taken at 16, but easier than O Level. GCE A Level (Advanced), taken at 28 in fewer subjects, usually 1, 2, 3 or 4.

In 1988, O Levels and CSEs were phased out and replaced with GCSEs (General Certificate of Secondary Education), taken at 16. These are more practical, with less emphasis on retaining facts and more on the application of them. Assessment is continuous, with at least 20% of coursework counting towards the final grade. A Levels continue unchanged.

CurriculumThe curriculum is decided by the LEAs and the school governing body, although

the government is moving towards national criteria for syllabuses. Schools must provide teaching in English, mathematics, science, religious education, physical education, humanities, some practical and some aesthetic activity. Most pupils learn a foreign language.

After 16About 50% of children continue their education after 16, some in schools, others

in colleges of further education and technical colleges. For entrance to a university, pupils need at least two A levels, but usually universities ask for three. About 5% of children go to university. Courses usually last for three years, at the end of which students are

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awarded a degree (Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science). Postgraduate degrees are MA (Master of Arts), MSc (Master of Science) and PhD (Doctor of Philosophy).

Polytechnics offer academic subjects and training for particular jobs, which result in either a degree, a certificate or a diploma. They have close links with commerce and industry. Students receive grants for higher education from the LEAs, which are not repaid. The size of the grant depends on the student’s or parents’ means. Student loans may be introduced shortly and may eventually replace grants.

DiscussionLook at the list below of the possible aims of education.In column A, put a number 0-5 according to the importance attached to these aims at the school you went to.In column B, put a number 0-5 according to what you think the ideal school’s priorities should be.

A BHelping you to develop your personality and character

Helping you to do as well as possible in exams

Teaching you about right and wrong

Showing you how to get on with other people

Teaching you about what is going on in the world today

Keeping you occupied Teaching you how to read and write well

Helping you to get as good a job as possible

Helping with things you will need to know when you leave school (for example running a home or managing money)

Making school a pleasant place to be in

Write two paragraphs about Helen beginning like that:

When Helen was at school, she was not a very good student……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………............................................................................................................................

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However, Now that Helen is at university, her life is very different………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

LANGUAGE STUDY

3. Past Tense Simple Remember – the past simple is used to narrate past events in chronological order (what took place at a given time or in a given period before the present moment). It is used with the following words: at that time, after that, just then, formerly, recently, yesterday, the day before yesterday the other day, in the morning, in the afternoon, a moment ago, whenever, during spring, last week, last year etc. Positive statements Negative statementsI IYou YouHe /She/It asked He/She/It did not askWe We didn’t askYou YouThey They

Questions Short answers I You Yes, I did. No, I didn’t. He/She/It Yes, he did. No, he didn’t. Did We ask? You They Yes, they did. No, they didn’t.

4. The Past Tense ContinuousIt is formed of the Past Tense of the auxiliary to be and the indefinite participle of the verb to be conjugatedAffirmative Negative QuestionsI was I wasn’t Was I You were You weren’t Were youHe/She/It was asking He/She/It wasn’t asking Was he/she asking?We were We weren’t Were weYou were You weren’t Were youThey were They weren’t Were they

Short answersYes, I was. No, I wasn’t.Yes, you were. No, you weren’t.Yes, he was. No, he wasn’t.

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Yes, they were. No, they weren’t.

It denotes a continuous action or state in the past (It is translated by the Romanian imperfect).e.g. I was coming. Tense Consolidation Put each verb in brackets into a suitable tense.1. When I (pay) her visits, which I no longer do, I (not like) her at all because she always (write) letters and (ask) me to watch TV.2. I (ask) her what she (do). She (answer) she (knit).3. ‘Who (be) the young man you (speak) to when I (go) past you in the street? ‘It (be) my cousin. I (meet) him ten minutes before and I (explain) to him that I (want) him to take the job.’4. She finally (agree) to marry him. 5. Although the sun (shine) it (rain) slightly.6. The path that (lead) to the chalet (be) covered with snow.7. When I (meet) her, she (laugh) heartily at a joke.8. For the moment he (not smoke), for long enough he (not talk).9. I (not know) that you (teach) Spanish.10. I (not know) that he (come) to see you.

Rewrite each sentence so that it contains the word/words in capitals and the meaning stays the same.1. ‘How are you? I was going to call you, but an unexpected event prevented me from doing it.’…………………………….. OF2. He was on the point of leaving.……………………………. VERGE3. My friend wasn’t always as shy as that.…………………………….. USE4. I intended to give you the book two weeks ago, but I forgot.……………………………... WAS5. He had the bad habit of shouting while explaining things and this annoyed everybody.……………………………… ALWAYS6. She would play the piano for hours on end.………………………………. TO7. He was last in touch with me three weeks ago.………………………………..SINCE8. I was thinking of taking up jogging, but soon after I gave up the idea.………………………………. ABOUT9. He used to play tennis quite a lot when a child.………………………………. KEEN10. I haven’t seen him for ten weeks.………………………………. LAST

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Choose the correct alternative.1. Oliver………..twenty miles that day.a) was walking b) walked c) has walked d) had been walking2. We ………….. to the station when it began to rain.a) walked b) are walking c) were walking d) was walking3. While I was writing a letter the telephone……………. .a) ring b) was ringing c) rang d) has rung4. The house…………….. fast so we broke a window to get out.a) burnt b) has burnt c) was burning d) has been burning5. I thought she…………cute.a) were b) is c) has been d) was6. How much………………… for the new dress you bought last week?a) have you paid b) paid you c) did you pay d) did you paid7. I returned to the ship as the sun……………….. .a) set b) was setting c) has set d) were setting8. I saw you yesterday while you ……………… on the balcony.a) sat b)were sitting c) had sat d) was sitting9. When I was a child I ………….. chase cats.a) use to b) used c) was using d) used to10. They last…………… each other when they were students. a) saw b) have seen c) were seeing d) see

A This is part of an interview with a pop star about schooldays. Use the notes to make questions the interviewer asked. Choose a verb from the list for the spaces. Put these verbs, and verbs given in brackets, into the correct form.

begin buy feel find forget get leave meet spend teach write

You usually________________ to school on time? Or you (be) sometimes late?Did you usually get to school on time? Or were you sometimes late?

1. How old you (be) when you ___________________ school?2. You (think) that your teachers_______________ you anything useful?3. Is it true that you _________________ with other kids at school?4. How you _____________ you free time after school?5. You _______________ your school friends when you____________ school?6. How exactly you __________________ when you____________ singing on TV?7. How you (start) writing songs? It (be) something you _____________ easy to do?8. What about your first hit song, the one you____________ in a maths lesson?9. What (be) the first thing you ______________ when you became rich?10. When you _____________ your singing partner, Sandra, you (like) her?

B Complete the singer’s answers.break buy drive fall give hit hurt keep knowleave lose sell sing think understand

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1. I ____________ records in the market. And I ______________ everyone crazy!2. Not easy exactly, but I ____________ could it very well if I (try).3. I (stay) until I was sixteen. In fact I _____________ on my 16th birthday.4. I ____________ a calculator! No, actually I ____________ my mum a car.5. They ______________ telling us everything was useful!6. Yes. Actually, I wrote it during a test! I never ____________ maths at school.7. Yes, I was awful. Once I ___________ a boy and _______________his nose.8. I _____________she was nice-looking. And she _____________ like Madonna, a bit.9. Awful. I was so nervous I _____________ over and ____________ my arm.10. I _______________ touch with some of them. I (live) near most of them until last

year.

Write an essay on one of the following topics. ‘ I hold that the aim of life is to find happiness, which means to find interest. Education should be a preparation for life.’ ‘[Traditional education produces children] for a society that needs obedient sitters at dreary desks, standers in shops, mechanical catchers of the 8.30 suburban train…’

Note: The quotations belong to A. S. Neill, the founder of the famous school Summerhill (alternative education)

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UNIT 4

Earning a LivingMotto:

"Every man's life ends the same way. It is only the details of how he lived and how he died that distinguish one man from another."

Ernest Hemingway, American writer

DiscussionDo you have a job? Do you like it? Or do you know what kind of job do you want to do? Read the text and make notes

One Make-Up Artist’s Day

Heidi Miller is 22 and has been a make-up artist since she was 16. She’s worked for most magazines, including Vogue, toured the world with groups, and made up dozens of famous faces.‘I became a make-up artist by accident,’ she explains. ‘I got in touch with a photographer I knew and went to work as his assistant. Then one day the make-up artist he’d booked didn’t turn up, so I did it instead. It was easy and I enjoyed it, so a few months later I left and assisted a few well-known make-up artists to learn the skills.

‘I suppose it sounds like a glamorous and well-paid job, but it isn’t,’ she point out. ‘Sometim4es you may only get one booking a week and it can be months until the client pays you for it. On the good side, you may get to travel. Because you never know when you’re going to be working, though, it’s hard to book holidays or organise social life, so you’ve got to be dedicated.’

9.00. Today I had a job at Riva magazine so I had to be at the photographer’s studio at 9.30. Had to struggle in on the Underground with all my bags.

10.00. Had a chat to the features editor of the magazine about the sort of look they wanted. The feature was about four glamorous mums and their daughters, so there were eight people to make up. Sometimes I have to do all the hair as well, but this time there was a hairdresser. When I’m doing real people (not models or famous people) I try to chat to them about what I’m doing and how they like to look. Between us we managed to get two people ready in an hour, then I had to stand by as the photographer took the pictures in case we needed more powder to stop a shiny nose or something. First of all the photographer takes a Polaroid picture and I check to see that the person doesn’t have bags under their

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eyes or uneven lipstick, or something that only shows up the strong lights. Lips are the trickiest to do; nearly everyone has uneven lips and you need a steady hand to balance them up.

12.30. Stopped for lunch. The photographer or magazine you’re working for usually sends out for sandwiches. Lunch gives you a good chance to gossip, but afterwards you have to go round doing everyone’s lips again.

1.15. Back to work. This was an easy job because the photos were portraits and the ‘models’ just had bits of velvet over their shoulders. When there are proper outfits you have to consider the styles and colours, but this time they just left it up to me, which is much nicer.

5.00. Phoned my agent to see where I’d be working the next day. This time I didn’t have a booking so I had a free day to look forward to. I like working with bands best because you can be really cheeky to them and it’s a good laugh, but there’s nothing I hate doing, really.

6.00. Finished the shoot. Often in the evenings you go back to the photographer’s where you worked a few days earlier to see how the shots turned out and maybe get a few for your book, but this time I just packed up and went to see my boyfriend.

But every night you have to sterilise all the brushes and sponges used during the day and tidy out your kit. It makes your living, so you’ve got to look after it!

Vocabularydozens – to turn up – to arrive to point out – to state, to mentionto have a chat – to have a conversationtricky – foxy, deceitfulshot – picturekit – equipmentto assists – collaborate, second

Comprehension check1. Did Heidi always want to be a make-up artist?2. Is her daily routine always the same? What was her job on this day?3. How many people did she make up in the job she describes? Did anyone help her?4. What does she do at the end of the day? What else did she do after this job?5. Which of the following job features do you think are most important?

working regular hours being part of a large companymeeting interesting people working for yourselftravelling as part of the job doing the same things every dayworking long hours earning a high salary

6. What kind of person do you think you have to be to succeed as a make-up artist? Choose from the list and explain.

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You have to be: You have to have: You have to be good at:versatile interest in the job foreign languagesreliable qualifications selling thingshardworking stamina getting on with people

Choose the most suitable word for each space.1. I succeeded in my job through hard………………….a. labour b. work c. effort d. industry2. We’re very busy this week. Can you work………………?a. extra time b. supplementary time c. overtime d. double time3. Susan is looking for a new…………… at the moment.a. vacancy b. appointment c. condition d. employment4. I’m thinking of changing my job because there are a few…………… of promotion.a. prospects b. opportunities c. chances d. sources5. Mark has a real………………… for looking after handicapped children.a. career b. post c. inspiration d. vocation6. In our company, I’m afraid there is very little………………to work hard.a. inspiration b. advantage c. gain d. motivation7. It’s not very interesting work but it’s a ………………. job.a. steady b. regular c. continuous d. firm8. The Government is building a nuclear power…………… not far from our city.a. works b. factory c. plant d. industry9. Carter works for a/an ………………. engineering company.a. forefront b. leading c. main d. outgoing10. I am well qualified for the job and I have also completed a ………….. in graphic design.a. course b. timetable c. curriculum d. lesson.

Complete the questionnaire by choosing the points which best describe you.

CHOOSING A JOB – Your Personal Strengths

You enjoy taking decisions, and like having responsibility. Yes/No.You like meeting and dealing with people. Yes/No.You like using your mind, and thinking about problems. Yes/No.You want to work as part of a team. Yes/No.You enjoy doing exactly the same job every day. Yes/No.You don’t moving away from your family and friends. Yes/No.

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You want a job which you don’t have to think about too much. Yes/No.You are good at working on your own. Yes/No.You have some special skills. (You know how to type, for example.) Yes/No.You like working inside. (In an office, for example.) Yes/No.

Use the words in capital letters to form a word that fits in the space.

‘I recently left my job in an …………. agency after a disagreement with my boss. She accepted my……………….. but warned me that because of the …………… situation, I might have to get used to the idea of being………………. for a while. I

thought that she was trying to make a point, but after I had made over fifty ………………….. to other companies, I realised that she was right. Although I am a ……………………designer, I didn’t receive any offer for a job. After that I had tried working from home, but it wasn’t very …………….. . Then I became an …………….. in a fast-food restaurant, even though my…………………. were extremely low. I wish I had accepted early ……………………. from my old job. That is what I disagreed with my boss about!

RETIREMENT QUALIFIED APPLICATION

ECONOMIC ADVERTISING UNEMPLOYED

EMPLOYEE EARNINGS PROFITABLE

RESIGNMENT

LANGUAGE STUDY6. a) The Present Perfect TenseIt is formed by the present of to have and the past participle of the verb to be conjugated. Positive statements Negative statements QuestionsI have asked I haven’t asked Have I asked?You have asked You haven’t asked Have you asked?He /She/It has asked He/She/It hasn’t asked Has he/she asked?We We weYou have asked You haven’t asked Have you asked?They They they

Short answersYes, I have. No, I haven’t.Yes, you have. No, you haven’t.

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Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t.Yes, they have. No, they haven’t.

denotes an action or state begun in the past and no longer continuing in the moment of speaking, yet implying the result of the respective action.e.g. Have you read this book?

denotes actions or states begun in the indefinite past and still going on in the presente.g. The students have been here since 5 o’clock. denotes actions or states begun in the indefinite past and continuing to the moment of speaking No greater dramatist has come after Shakespeare in England.The Present Perfect is used with the following: now, up to now, this moment, this time, so far, lately, just, already, since then, since Monday, for etc.

b) The Present Perfect ContinuousIt is formed of the present perfect of to be and the indefinite participle of the verb to be conjugated.It is used to denote states or actions of duration which began in the past and continue in the present.e.g. I have been learning English for 6 years.

7. a) The Past Perfect TenseIt is formed of the Past Tense of the auxiliary to have and the past participle of the verb to be conjugated.

Positive statements Negative statements QuestionsI had asked I hadn’t asked Had I asked?You had asked You hadn’t asked Had you asked?He /She/It had asked He/She/It hadn’t asked Had he/she asked?We We weYou had asked You hadn’t asked Had you asked?They They they

Short answersYes, I had. No, I hadn’t.Yes, you had. No, you hadn’t.Yes, he had. No, he hadn’t.Yes, they had. No, they hadn’t.

denotes an action or state begun and finished in the past, prior to another past moment.e.g. He went home after he had finished work. it may denote an action or a state , expressed by the Past Tense (normally when the conjunction before is used).e.g. Before he had read the whole book, he made a few notes.

b) The Past Perfect Continuous

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It is made up the Past Perfect of the auxiliary to be and the indefinite participle of the verb to be conjugated.It is used to denote prolonged actions or states in the past, begun and finished before other actions or states in the past.e.g. They had been studying about film making.

Tense Consolidation Fill in either the Present Perfect or the Continuous Present Perfect.

1. How Many English lessons you (to have) this month so far?2. In the last few years tennis (to increase) amazingly in popularity.3. Go and wake up Mary! She (to lie) down since 3 o’clock.4. You (to learn) to play domino? Not yet. I (never to have) the chance.5. But you (not to say) what you think Peter is up to.6. Don’t introduce her to me! I (to know) her since she was in diapers.7. How long you (to live) at your present address?8. They (to argue) over the matter for several hours.9. It (to rain) for two days and it doesn’t look like it’s going to stop.10. Thank you! You (to be) of great help.

SINCE VS. FOR1. Which is correct?a) for a long periodb) since a long period

2. Which is correct?a) for 6 yearsb) since 6 years

3. Which is correct?a) for 1992b) since 1992

4. Which is correct?a) for 6 weeksb) since 6 weeks

5. Which is correct?a) for 8 monthsb) since 8 months

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6. Which is correct?a) for 10 minutesb) since 10 minutes

7. Which is correct?a) for a long timeb) since a long time

8. Which is correct?a) for agesb) since ages

9. Which is correct?a) for March 18b) since March 18

10. Which is correct?a) for the end of last yearb) since the end of last year

11. Which is correct?a) for I joined the firmb) since I joined the firm

12. Which is correct?a) for 10 hoursb) since 10 hours

13. Which is correct?a) for 10 o' clockb) since 10 o'clock

14. Which is correct?a) for the beginning of the yearb) since the beginning of the year

15. Which is correct?a) for a six month periodb) since a six month period

Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same.1. I haven’t heard from her for ages.It’s………………………………….2. Poor him, he got mad more than ten years ago.Poor him, he has……………………3. It started raining twenty minutes ago and it’s still raining.

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It has………………………………..4. I can’t remember the name of the movie.I…………………………………….5. I have never had such a hopeless class as this.Never……………………………….6. It’s a long time since I last received a letter from her.I……………………………………..7. A very good plumber has repaired the pipes in my bathroom.I……………………………………..8. The activity of our firm has definitely improved heavily.There………………………………..9. After I got to the chalet, it started snowing heavily.It has………………………………..10. It’s fifteen years since I last saw him.I……………………………………..

Choose the correct alternative.1. My friends………………….. everything you see here.a) brought b) has brought c) have brought d) bring2. He ………………. very much since I last saw him.a) changed b) changes c) will change d) has changed3. Why are you laughing? He…………………… me some very funny things.a) told b) just is telling c) has just told d) tells just4. I see you……………. much.a) hasn’t done b) haven’t done c) didn’t do d) hadn’t done5. How long………………….. here?a) you are standing b) stand you c) have you stood d) have you been standing6. I …………………… him to lunch with us several times.a) ask b) have asked c) asked d) am asking7. ……………………….. what you have been looking for?a) Did you find b) Will you find c) Do you find d) Have you found8. I want you to remember that I……………………. you for anything before.a) never asked b) have never asked c) has never asked d) never ask9. I see you………………… letters all morning.a) are writing b) have written c) have been writing d) write10. He…………………. only once since he went away.a) wrote b) is writing c) has written d) will write

Put the verbs in the brackets below into either the Past Simple, the Past Perfect or the Past Perfect Continuous Tense.

1. By the time the police (to arrive) the two men who (to commit) the murder (to flee).2. He realised that the man, who (to be) a foreigner, completely (to misunderstand) what he

(to say).

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3. It was late when I (to hear) the news. I (to work) and only just (to turn off) my word processor.

4. Why the football team manager still not (to decide) who the new team member should be, two weeks before the game?

5. After the match (to finish), the fans, delirious with happiness, (to scramble) on to the pitch.

6. (To be) he exhausted because he (to train) all day?7. When the match finally (to begin), the fans (to chant) football anthems for over an hour.8. Three minutes into the match, the home-based team already (to score) a goal.9. There (to be) only ten minutes to go, and our team still not (to succeed) in getting a ball

into the net.10. I (to be) bored because my husband and his friends (to talk) about football all day.

Choose the correct tense.1. They…………………. for several hours when they finally reached the peak.a) would be climbing b) climbed c) had been climbing d) had climbed2. We were sorry to say good bye after we …………… such a good time together.a) spent b) had been spending c) were spending d) has spent3. He ………………. three interviews before he was granted the scholarship.a) had had b) had c) will have d) was having4. We asked him what countries he ………………… a) visited b) is visiting c) had visited d) will visit5. It ………………… for a long time before the slope was good for skiing.a) has been snowing b) snowed c) had been snowing d) would snow6. They decided they ……………………. in one place for too long.a) stayed b) were staying c) are staying d) had been staying7. They…………………… the same monotonous exercise until the teacher realised they did not understand it.a) were doing b) did c) have been doing d) had been doing8. The burglar refused to admit that he …………………….. into the house.a) had broken b) had been breaking c) has broken d) broke9. They……………………… for three hours when the director finally accepted the performance.a) rehearsed b) were rehearsing c) have been rehearsing d) had been rehearsing10. He said he …………………. there all the time.a) waited b) were staying c) are staying d) had been staying

Put the verbs in brackets in the Past Tense or the Present Perfect Tense.1. Last year I (to spend) my holidays in Switzerland.2. When you (to see) ‘Stars War’?3. She (not to get) this book from her brother for her birthday.4. He (to enjoy) himself very much while staying with my family.

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5. What you (to do) all day long?6. In the morning I (to go) to see some friends; and now I (to be) here with you for two

hours.7. Years ago they (to live) in Spain for a long time.8. We once (to see) you at the opera but (cannot) speak to you.9. While living in Italy she (to eat) lots of oranges.10. I (to ring) you up yesterday; your mother (to tell) me you (to be) out with some friends.

UNIT 5

Ambition & DreamsMotto:

“Ambition is the last refuge of the failure.”Oscar Wilde, Irish writer and wit

DiscussionDo you ever think about your future? What things in your life do you think will change?What are your ambitions and dreams?

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Read the following article and discuss the ideas expressed in it.

The Key to Success

‘I can’t’ implies you have no control over your life, whereas ‘I won’t’ puts a situation in the realm of choice. From this moment on, strike ‘I can’t’ from your vocabulary. When you give your subconscious the message ‘I can’t’, your subconscious really believes you and registers on its computer: WEAK… WEAK … WEAK. Your subconscious believes only what it hears, not what is true. Your statements must have truth, integrity and power. The subconscious hears you stating your priorities with clarity and choosing the outcome that serves your own growth. Choosing this way doesn’t leave you the helpless victim of your meeting.

‘I should’ is another loser. It, too, implies that you have no choices in life. ‘I could’ is more powerful. ‘I could visit my mother, but I’m choosing to go to the movies today.’ This puts things in the realm of choice rather than obligation. ‘I can visit my mother or I can go to the movies. I think I’ll choose my mother today.’ ‘Shoulds’ bring on guilt and upset – totally draining emotions. Your power is taken away every time you utter the words ‘I should.’

‘It’s not my fault’ is another beauty. Once again, you look helpless. It’s better to take responsibility for whatever happens to you in life than always to be the victim.’ It’s not my fault I got sick;’ ‘It’s not my fault I lost the job.’ If you are willing to take responsibility, then you might see what you can change in the future. If you are responsible, you can be better prepared next time; you can find out what made the difference. You are in control of your life, you are moving to a position of power, which will ultimately reduce your fear level.

‘It’s a problem’ is another deadening phrase. It’s heavy and negative. But ‘It’s an opportunity’ opens the door to growth. Each time you can see the gift in life’s obstacles, you can handle difficult situations in a rewarding way. Each time you have the opportunity to stretch your capacity to handle the world, the more powerful you become.

‘I hope’ is another victim’s phrase. ‘I know’ has far more power.I hope I will get a job.I know I will get a job.What a difference! You can hear the whine behind it. ‘Next time’ implies that you have

learnt from the situation and will put the learning to use another time. For example: ‘If only I hadn’t said that to Tom’ can be restated, ‘I’ve learned Tom is sensitive about this issue. Next time, I’ll be more sensitive.’

‘What will I do?’ Again, you can hear the whine and the fear implied in these words. You, like everyone else, have incredible resources of power within that you haven’t used before. It would serve you to say to yourself, ‘I know I’ll handle it. I have nothing to worry about.’ Instead of, ‘I’ve lost my job! What will I do?’ try ‘I’ve lost my job. I know I’ll handle it.’

‘It’s terrible’ is bandied about in the most inappropriate circumstances. For example, ‘I’ve lost my wallet. Isn’t that terrible?’ What’s so terrible about losing a wallet? It’s certainly and inconvenience; it’s hardly terrible. Yet that’s the way we talk about trivia in our lives. And our subconscious is registering DISASTER… DISASTER… DISASTER. Replace ‘it’s terrible’ with ‘It’s a learning experience.’ 2

2 From Feel the Fear and Do It Anyway by Susan Jeffers, Arrow paperback edition, First published 1987.

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Vocabularyrealm – area, domain, sphereto strike – to achieve, to attackoutcome – after-effect, consequence, endto take away – deaden(-ing) – mute, reduce, weakento handle – to carry, to cope withto stretch – to cover, to extend, to reachwhine – cry, moan, sobtrivial – frivolous, little, insignificant

Have you heard of burning ambition? It is something that you desperately want to do. Does the expression translate the same way into you language?

Which of your colleagues has a burning ambition to do something? Make a note of it and keep it.

In the next passages well known people answer the question:“When you were a child, what did you want to be when you grew up?

As a child from Brooklyn, New York, The only ambition I had was to be someone else. My constant fantasy was that I’d be kidnapped. I’d get into the car with the kidnappers, they’d drive me off and send a ransom note to my parents… My father had bad reading habits. He’d get into bed at night with the ransom note and read half of it, get drowsy and fall asleep… then he lost it! Meanwhile the kidnappers take me to New Jersey, and my parents finally realise that I’m kidnapped and they snap into action – they rent out my room! The ransom note says for my father to leave one thousand dollars in a hollow tree in New Jersey. He has no trouble raising a thousand dollars, but he hurts his back carrying the hollow tree!

To dance! Sorry! But that’s all I ever wanted to be. Now I desperately want to be a really good actress, but in the beginning all I ever wanted to do was dance.

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I was singing and dancing at the age of five, and so were my brothers, and with my dad’s guidance we spent our days in school and our nights working so I never really had the time to do anything else. My great idol was Fred Astaire. I never wanted to do anything except to perform and put everything I had into it…

Which people realise their ambitions? Which person is not serious in his or her reply? Do any of these childhood dreams surprise you?

Role playWrite a brief self-portrait. Give this to a partner.For example,

At the moment I’m single, and I live at home with my parents. I work in an office as a trainee manager, but the job is not very interesting. I also study in my spare time. I don’t earn a lot at the moment, so I don’t have a car. Some friends of mine have a rock band and I spend the rest of my free time singing with them.

Student A Student B

Make some predictions about your partner for five, ten and twenty years time based on the text you read.

Agree or disagree, saying how you feel and what you think is possible. Give your own predictions.

LANGUAGE STUDY

8. a ) The Future Tense Simple – is formed of the auxiliaries shall/will and the short infinitive of the verb to be conjugated.3

Positive statements Negative statements QuestionsI shall/will ask I shan’t/won’t ask Shall/Will I ask?You will ask You won’t ask Will you ask?

3 See also Unit 2, The Present Tense Continuous.

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He /She/It will ask He/She/It won’t ask Will he/she ask?W shall/will ask We shan’t/won’t ask Shall/Will we ask? You will ask You won’t ask Will you ask?They They they

Short answersYes, I shall/will. No, I shan’t/won’t.Yes, you will. No, you won’t.Yes, he will. No, he won’t.Yes, they will. No, they won’t.

establishes the performing of an action in the future,e.g. He will play in another team.

b) The Future Tense Continuous – is made up of the Future of the auxiliary to be and the indefinite participle of the verb to be conjugated.e.g. Tomorrow, we shall be working all day long. denotes an action or state in progress in the future. used when asking about someone’s plans:e.g. Will you be seeing John tomorrow?

c) The Near Future – is made up of the Present Continuous of to go and the long infinitive of the verb to be conjugated.

e.g. I am going to ask you something. denotes actions or states that are not far from the present moment (from the moment of speaking) , implying intention (a fi pe punctual sã, a fi gata sã). is used when talking about intentions and plans:e.g We’re going to stay with friend this summer. predict something for which we can see the evidence now:e.g. Look at the sky. It’s going to be a beautiful day.

Tense ConsolidationPut the verb in brackets into a suitable tense form so that to express a future meaning.1. She (to do) her lessons when you are away.2. She (to resemble) her mother in a few years’ time.3. At two o’clock tomorrow I (to fly) to London.4. What do you think you (to do) at this time next weekend?5. I (not be) long before the manger arrives at the office.6. I’m visiting the exhibition before it (to close) tomorrow.7. Next week my friends (to lie) on the beach while I (to write) examination papers.8. If you were in my position, what you (to do)?9. We (to go) to Italy next week. I (to be) the first time we (to spend) a holiday there.10. I (to see) him tomorrow, so I (to tell) it to him then.

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Rephrase each sentence so that it contains the word in capitals, and so the meaning stays the same.1. The caterers for the wedding are about to be here at any moment.……………………………………. WILL2. They row continually and I think she is on the point to leave him very soon.……………………………………. WILL3. The wedding couple is due to arrive in a chauffeured car.……………………………………. ARRIVING4. How many guests are you inviting to the reception?……………………………………. BE5. The phone is ringing. I suppose it’s my sister.……………………………………. WILL6. He has the intention of leaving Italy for good.……………………………………. IS7. I will have my telly fixed by a friend.……………………………………. FIX8. She is expecting.……………………………………. HAVE9. I have arranged to meet John tomorrow.…………………………………… AM10. What exactly do you plan to do after you finish your exam?…………………………………... GOING

Choose the correct alternative.1. I…………….. tennis in the afternoon if it clears up.a) would play b) play c) shall play d) will have played2. He………….. you the book tomorrow afternoon.a) is sending b) will send c) will be sending d) sends3. What………….. in ten years’ time?a) are you doing b) will you do c) will you be doing d) you do4. you……………. all right in two or three days.a) will feel b) fell c) felt d) will be feeling5. …………………. to pay for it yourself?a) Will you b) Will you be c) Are you going d) You are going6. She……………….. have a baby at the end of January.a) is going to b) will c) will be having d) is to7. I feel awful, I think……………… be sick.a) I’ll b) I’m going to c) I’d d) I’ve8. This time tomorrow they………………… in the sun on the beach.a) will lie b) will be lying c) would lie d) lay9. Well, as I have to get up early in the morning……………… to bed.a) I’ll go b) go c) I’ll be going d) I’m going10. She says she………………….. the washing up later.a) would do b) is doing c) is going to do d) has been doing

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Read this letter and think of some advice you could give.

FAILUREI am only twenty-two, but I already feel as if I am a complete failure! People seem to

ignore me or just push me around. I have no friends, and I worry all the time. I just don’t seem to have any confidence. I feel tired all the time, though my doctor says there is nothing the matter with me. What do you think I should do?

Write an essay on the following topic. Take as an example the essay given. In order to live fully, you need an ambition.

To have an ambition means to have a strong desire for a particular goal, to be focused and passionate about one’s desire to achieve. In my opinion, it is this focus and passion that is necessary if you want to live to the full. It is easy to lack direction, desiring nothing more than a happy home life and a secure job. Indeed, some would argue that this is in itself an ambition. In my opinion, a real ambition must have focus and passion. It is these elements that elevate our desires so that they become something out of the ordinary. Ambition is the catalyst that turns everyday living into gold. Take policemen with their desire to help and protect people. Imagine the life-and-death situations that they confront. How can it be argued that an office worker lives as fully as these people do? Take a more mundane example, as community worker whose aims are to reach a position of authority in which she can implement changes beneficial to society. Such a person will use all her faculties in pursuit of her goal. It is this stretching of oneself that makes you live life to the full. To conclude, I should point out that I am not saying that without an ambition your life has no focus. That is untrue and millions of people live perfectly happy lives without ambition. However, ambition provides that extra edge, that forward thrust that means we never let time just drift by. Ambition and love of life go hand in hand.

UNIT 6

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Feelings for Fashion

Motto:“There are no ugly dressed women, but women with no taste.”

Coco Chanel, French designer

DiscussionHow fashion-conscious are you?Can you compare yourself with Carrie Bradshaw in the popular series Sex and the City?Do you give time and thought to what you wear each day?Do you think that having good taste in clothes is linked with being fashionable?Do you think clothes reveal character?

Read the text below to see how some people feel about fashion.

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Julie – My work affects the way I dress a great deal. I have to look good because I deal with directors, manufacturers, business people of all ages. In a way, I have to sell myself as well as a product. I spend a fortune on clothes – about £1,500 each year.

Paul – I like pop music, but it annoys me when people say I am a fan of some group just because my Levis are torn. That’s simply the way I like to look. A lot of my friends dress like this, but to be more individual I sometimes wear old waistcoats and a hat.

Louise – During the day I have to wear a sort of uniform, and the rules say it’s got to be a horrible dark blue, but most evenings when I go dancing I wear the latest style, which for now is trainers and a tracksuit with gold accessories. My gold bracelet cost £500 and my chain was £200. I think this is the real me.

Anna – Once people went to clubs just to get dressed up and meet someone. Now the thing is to sweat and dance all night. I wear as little as possible to keep cool, mainly loose-fitting T-shirts and trousers. I tie back my hair and let myself go. But the music’s the most important thing.

Luke – I often wear second-hand clothes from jumble-sales, partly because as an art student I can’t afford anything else, but also because it is still quite fashionable. Though I think it is more ‘in’ to look smart now.

Kate – I always wear these old boots, it’s a way of saying that I don’t care what most people think. I usually wear mini-skirts for cycling, not to be sexy but just because they’re more practical than a long shirt, though I usually wear dirty jeans most of the time.

Vocabulary fashion – a distinctive and recognisable style which becomes popular for a certain length of time before declining

to tear, tore, torn – to shred, to ripfortune – assets, riches, wealthto annoy – to bother, to angerloose – baggy, sloppy

Which of the following items of clothing do you consider to be- fashionable now?- old-fashioned?- always fashionable?

denim jeans trousers with turn-upsfaded denim jacketpin-striped suitwaistcoatbomber jacket

sheepskin coattracksuitjumpsuittailored suitwide-brimmed hatberet

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flared trousersleggingssilk stockingspolo-neck sweater

T-shirt straight skirt

stiletto heelscanvas shoesbaggy shirtbaggy jumperankle sockspleated skirt

blazer

dungareesfrayed jeanspill-box hatfull-length evening gownduffle-coatfrilly dressleg warmerswoolly tightssweatshirtmini skirttrainers

Is there anything omitted that you feel is definitely fashionable at the moment?

Read these statements about clothes. Which ones do you agree with?1. I have to dress in a way which I can afford.2. I choose my clothes so I can follow the fashion in the music world.3. I like to be in fashion and love expensive things.4. I don’t really care what other people think about my clothes.5. I have to be well-dressed so that I make a good impression on people.6. I think it is best to have smart, expensive clothes.7. I wear clothes which go with what I do, that’s all.8. I dress the same as my friends, and not to look like anyone famous.

LANGUAGE STUDYExpressing likes and dislikesA. Expressing Likes:I enjoy travelling.I like talking to people.I like/enjoy/adore/love…I’m very keen on…I’m very fond of…What I particularly/most/greatly enjoy is …… is wonderful/very enjoyable… is a lovely way to pas the time… is a lovely way of spending an evening/ a day offThere is nothing I like/enjoy more than… … is one of my favourite pastimes.

B. Expressing Dislikes… is not one of my favourite…I really hate …I think … is pretty awful/really

unpleasantI’m not really keen on …There’s nothing I like less than …I can’t bear/stand …I’m not over – enthusiastic about

…I must say I’m not too fond of …I have to admit I rather dislike …

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Grammar ConsolidationComplete each sentence and give your own opinion.

1. People say that Tokyo is the most……………………..2. Some people say that London is more…………………3. Generally speaking what you want to buy is the most……………………4. Going shopping with your family is more……………5. Buying presents for others is not as ………………….6. Looking around the shops on Saturday morning is the most………………7. Going to the supermarket is worse……………………8. Paying with a credit card is not as……………………

Remember

When you describe objects you need language in the following categories: shape square, rectangular, semi-circular, oval, round, triangular, pointed

texture smooth –rough, fine – course, flat – bumpy long-short, huge-tiny, heavy-light

material wooden, brass, glass, iron, concrete, stainless steel, rubber, leather, denim, velvet, silk, cotton

pattern and decoration

XXXXXXXXXXXX

plain floral checked striped criss-cross

properties hard-soft, brittle-unbreakable, solid-hollow rigid-flexible, transparent – opaque

colour lemon yellow, peach, purple, crimson, scarlet, dark blue, light green

Study these illustrations. Imagine that you know these people. Write a paragraph about each one. Include information about: - physical appearance - life, job, likes, dislikes - character - other ideas

A This is a description of …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

B This is a description of…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

REVISION I

Use the list to make true statements, with always, usually, often, sometimes, hardly ever, never. 1.Listen carefully to the teacher during the lesson.

2. Talk to the person sitting next to me.3. Ask myself why on earth I am studying English!4. Read English books or magazines, or listen to songs.5. Look up all the new words in the course book before the lesson. 6. Try to answer the teacher’s questions before the other students.7. Look at other students’ papers during tests.8. Read what I have written, and revise it carefully.9. Ask someone if I don’t understand something.10. Understand what I hear on the CD player.

Match each sentence with a job from the following list. More than one answer may be possible.

accountant bank clerk vet mechanic photographersurgeon nurse plumber waiter teacheractor architect shop assistant dustman lawyer 1. You have to be good at dealing with worried owners. ………………………2. You have to wear special clothes because you will get dirty. …………………3. You have to know a lot about engines. …………………4. You have to look carefully at the light. ……………5. You could get wet in this job. ……………..6. You have to be good at making ill people feel comfortable. …………………..7. You have to be polite and work fast if you want extra money. ………………….8. You have to be good at saving money for your customers. ……………………

Complete each sentence a to f with a suitable ending from 1 to 6.a. I took a job as a shop assistant…..b. I usually stop work between 12.30 and 1.30…c. I used to take the bus to work…d. I used to work as a journalist on the local paper…e. I always get on well with my boss…f. I left my job at the Post Office…

1. … but now I drive because it’s a lot quicker.2. … but she doesn’t always treat me very kindly.3. … but I decided to leave after only two weeks.4. … and I work in a bank now.5. … but it wasn’t very interesting.6. … and I go for a snack in the local pub.

Complete this text, using the words and phrases given.

first of all on the other hand I have to I work as a boring sometimes then the good side of this job is that another problem is that every daynot very well-paid but there is a lot of variety in my work I enjoy it is interesting the best part of my job

(1)……………… journalist on a local newspaper. (2)………………….. my job, and (3)…………….. most of the time. (4)………………… I meet some interesting people, and I don’t stay in the office all the time.(5) ………………… there are several disadvantages. (6)…………………….. the job is (7)………………… because I am a trainee. (8)………………….. some of the things I have to do are rather (9)…………………….. .I do the same kinds of things every day (10)…………………. .(11)……………………..I have a meeting with my editor, who decides which stories are important. (12)………………. I go out to interview people, and take notes for my story. (13)…………………… I use a cassette recorder. (14)………………. write the stories so that they are ready by Thursday at 5.00 pm. My editor often tells me to make the story shorter or change it. (15)…………………. is when I read my work in the newspaper.

Use a dictionary to check the meaning of the words below. Complete the lists by adding the missing forms of the words.

Noun Adjective Noun Adjectiveexperience experienced organisation …………….enthusiasm …………… …………… reliableversatility …………… patience ……………confidence …………… ……………. honest………….. responsible independence ……………

Complete each sentence a to h with a suitable ending from 1 to 8.

a. When Jane came home from jogging…b. Her flatmate Mary was not at home…c. While Jane was getting the ladder from the garden, …d. When Jane started climbing the ladder …e. Mrs Smith thought Jane was a burglar …

f. When Jane reached the top of the ladder, …g. While Mary was having a shower, …h. When Jane heard the scream, …

1. … she tried to open the window.2. … she was frightened and fell off the ladder.3. … so she called the police.4. … she realised that she didn’t have her keys.5. … she saw Jane’s face at the window and screamed.6. … Mrs Smith, who lived opposite, saw her.7. … so Jane decided to climb in through the bathroom window.8. … Mary came home unexpectedly.

Choose the best ending for each sentence.a. I’ve been waiting for the bus 1. since 1999.b. I had a very good holiday in France 2. at last.c. I’ve finished paying for my car 3. in the 1970s.d. I’ve been working for this company 4. last week.e. I haven’t travelled by train 5. for over two hours.f. I owned a motorbike 6. since I left school.g. I finished paying for my car 7. from 1995 to 2002.h. The first tourists came here 8. last year.

Put one suitable word in each space.

John……1………. school when he was sixteen, and found a ……….2………. as a trainee manager in a supermarket. He …………3……… to work hard but he enjoyed it. ……….4…….. morning he arrived at work at seven thirty and he never left until after six in the evening. He did the ………..5………… kinds of things at ……….6………., but soon the job became more interesting. He had to ……………7……….. with all the orders for new products and …………..8…………… the cash to the bank every afternoon. The job was not very well………..9…………, but he learned a lot. Now he is the manger of a large supermarket, and ………10………… most of his time sitting in his office.

Complete each sentence with a suitable ending, beginning with either an –ing form, an infinitive with to, or an infinitive without to. Choose the endings from the list.

to try something different meeting interesting people to travel moreto deal with angry customers sitting indoors all the time try to enjoy itmaking everything sound interesting working at night

1. Working in the music business is great and I really like………………………

2. I quite like this job I suppose, but I’d like …………………………………….3. I don’t mind wearing a uniform, but I hate …………………………………….4. It’s not a difficult job, but you have to know how ……………………………..5. Success as a tour guide depends on your being good at ………………………6. Work in an office? No thanks! I really can’t stand ……………………………7. Don’t complain so much about your job! You must …………………………

Put each verb in brackets into going to, future use of present continuous or present simple.

1. (You do) anything on Friday? We could go to the cinema.2. Look at the plane flying so low! I think it (crash).3. Thursday is a holiday, so I’m (sleep) all morning.4. Here are your tickets. The show (start) at 7.30.5. What a goal! I think that City (win) this game.6. I don’t know what to buy my sister for Christmas. What you (give) her?7. Could you check my diary and tell me who I (meet) on Tuesday?8. Hurry up! The train (leave) in five minutes.

Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence.1. She will buy herself a new flat when she ………….. enough money.a. will have b. has c. has got d. has had2. I don’t know where …………….a. is the kitchen b. the kitchen be c. the kitchen is d. the kitchen is being3. When everyone else ………….. on holiday, I’ll still be working on my book.a. goes b. will go c. shall go d. go4. Has she …………… answered your letter?a. yet b. before c. always d. already5. These onions ……………… very strange.a. are smelling b. smelt c. smell d. were smelling6. When the storm broke we……………… for about three hours.a. had been walking b. walked c. would be walking d. were walking7. Night………….. when Tom spotted a strange glow in the sky.a. has fallen b. fell c. was fallen d. had fallen8. I’m feeling rather run down………………a. nowadays b. lately c. for some time d. at present10. My car is really nice, isn’t it? I……………. since I graduated.a. have got it b. got it c. have had it d. have it

Choose the most suitable expressions from the words underlined.1. I’ve been working for this company for/since two years.2. I came here on holiday before three years ago.3. Thanks for the offer, but I’ve eaten an hour ago/already.4. Actually I’ve been to Spain four years ago/before.5. Already/Lately I’ve been feeling very tired.

6. She hasn’t finished her dinner already/yet, I’m afraid.7. I think I saw Mary outside lately/a moment ago.8. Have you ever /yet been to that disco near the harbour? Find the missing word; choose between already, still, yet:

a. You don't have to do it. I've ______ done it.b. I've had no time. I haven't done it _____c. Don't wake him. He's ______ asleep.d. I've ______ told you what to do. Listen carefully this time.e. The plane has ______ arrived. It was really early.f. We broke up six months ago but I ______ miss him.g. Are you ______ working for the same company?h. There's no need to tell him. He ______ knows.i. We haven't finished ______ .j. Nobody else knows ______ .k. It's old but it ______ works well.l. I bought it seven years ago and I haven't had any problems.m. I read your report but I ______ need to talk to you.n. Is it ______ nine o' clock?o. Oh no! It's ______ raining.p. I'm feeling lazy. I'm ______ in bed.q. Is the pizza cooked ______ ?r. I cannot take on any more jobs. I've ______ got too much work.s. I cannot believe it. Half past four in the morning and you are ______ up!

Rewrite each sentence beginning as shown, so that the meaning remains the same.1. My house is not as large as yours.Your house ……………………..2. Nowhere is more expensive that this restaurant.This restaurant is……………………3. This film was better than the last one.The last film was not …………………4. All the other players on the field were better than Jim.Jim was the………………………..5. The second question was easier that the first one.The first question was……………………..

Translate into English.1. Cǎrţile costã din ce în ce mai mult în zilele noastre.2. ‘Cum te mai simţi ? ‘

‘Oh, mă simt mult mai bine.’‘Ce ciudat ! Te simţi mult mai bine, dar arăţi mai rău.’

2. Când eram studentã mergeam la concert de cel puţin trei ori pe săptămână.3. Hoţul nu a vrut să recunoască faptul că el furase banii din poşeta bătrânei.4. Mi-a spus că îl întâlnise seara trecută şi că se schimbase asa de mult încât era de

nerecunoscut.5. Mă înnebunea explicându-mi mereu aceeaşi problemă.6. Asculţi muzică de mai bine de trei ore. Ai uitat că mâine ai lucare de control ?7. Ti-a păstrat secretul de prea multă vreme şi nici măcar nu ştiu de ce a făcut-o. Te-ai purtat

atât de ciudat cu ea în ultima vreme !8. În două săptămâni va termina de scris cartea.9. Societatea va trebui să se schimbe radical pentru a putea ţine pasul cu tehnologia

avansată.

UNIT 7

Taking a HolidayMotto:

“If all the year were playing holidays,To sport would be as tedious as to work;

But when they seldom come, they wished for come,And nothing pleaseth but rare accidents.”

William Shakespeare (1564–1616), British dramatist

DiscussionWhat kind of holidays do people have in your own country? Do they have any problems?Do you take a lot of luggage with you when you go on holiday?Think of five useful things to take with you.Why do people go on holiday?If you were going to visit a city/capital, what kinds of places would you expect to see? What else would you do while you were there?

Read the text and find this information about the city of Dublin.

DUBLIN QUIZ1. Where can you find the following?a. Dublin’s oldest pub?b. The cultural centrec. Antiquesd. The best shops to buy giftse. Bob Geldof

2. How can you get to the city from the airport?3. Where can you inquire about buses?4. What are the official opening hours for pubs in Dublin?

WELCOME TO DUBLIN

A unique place steeped in history and buzzing with youthful energy. Medieval, Georgian and modern architecture provide a

backdrop to a friendly bustling port where the cosmopolitan and charming converge in delightful diversity. Stroll through the streets

of this wonderful city and you may still hear echoes of the generations of famous personalities that called Dublin home. The Dublin welcome is legendary and who knows, maybe you will meet the ghosts of some of our most famous residents along the busy streets or in the historic buildings of this fair city.

Now over 1000 years old, Dublin serves as Ireland’s political, economic and cultural nerve-centre. Situated on the East Coast, with the mountains and sea as constant companions, Dubliners enjoy a range of amenities that make them the envy of people everywhere. Within half an hour of the city centre, you can be relaxing in the heart of beautiful countryside, or strolling along magnificent coastal shores. The Dublin countryside will relax and charm even the most seasoned traveller with the wit of its people and the splendour of its scenery. Restaurants in coastal villages exemplify the best of Irish cooking and the Dublin Bay Prawns alone are a delicacy not to be missed during your stay here. And if there is a golfer amongst your party you may see very little of them for the duration of you visit. Dublin’s golf courses are justly famous for their quality and scenic surroundings and are ever popular amongst visitors and locals alike.

Dublin has a great sense of festivity and welcomes any opportunity to celebrate.

If you need further information on any aspect of you trip, why not call into one of Dublin Tourism’s Information and Reservation Centres, where you can pick up one of the many free leaflets on display or browse among the wide range of gifts available in our shops.

Population – The population of Dublin City and County at the time of the last census (1996) was 1,058,264.

Air access – Dublin International Airport is located 12 km from the city centre. Visitors can travel by Airlink bus which serves the airport and Busáras, the central bust station in the city centre.

Alternatively, Aircoach is a privately run service which operates between the airport and a number of city locations.

Sea access – There are two ferry terminals in Dublin. Dun Laoghaire Port, south of the city, is easily reached by a 15 minute train journey on the DART (Dublin Area Rapid Transport). Dublin Port is located in the city and is served by a bus running from Busáras (central bus station).

Dublin Bus – operates the city’s bus routes running from 7am to 11.30pm. There is also a limited late night ‘Nitelink’ but service on Thursdays, Fridays and Saturdays. Also enquire in the Dublin Tourism Centre, local newsagents or directly from Dublin Bus, about special value tickets that are available for travelling around the Dublin region.

Pubs – Official opening hours for pubs are Sun-Wed 10.30am to 11.30pm. Thursday, Friday and Saturday from 10.30am to 12.30pm. Many pubs in the city centre are granted later licenses at weekends.

Accommodation – Dublin provides visitors with a wide range of accommodation types, from hotels, guesthouses, Irish homes and self-catering campus, specialist accommodation, caravan and camping and backpacker hotels.

Dublin with its bustling city centre and lively suburbs provides the ideal setting for shopping, offering the visitor a wonderful array of products from traditional Irish handmade crafts to international designer labels. The central shopping area, which runs from O’Connell Street to Grafton Street, is one of the best places in Ireland for concentrated general and speciality shopping, at prices competitive with most other European cities. Antiques have long been a speciality on Francis Street in Dublin’s historic Liberties area, while a trip down to the colourful vendors on Moore Street to pick up the best in fresh flowers, fruit and vegetables is a quintessential Dublin experience which must not be missed.

When it comes to entertainment, Dubliners with their naturally friendly and fun-loving attitude certainly know how to enjoy themselves. Theatres, artists’ studios, small galleries, shops, restaurants, cafés and pubs crowd around the maze of streets, lanes and squares that is Temple Bar, otherwise known as Dublin’s Cultural Quarter or Left Bank. There are countless fascinating ways for you to while away many an hour here, any time of the day. But don’t be afraid to explore, all over Dublin you will find that unique atmosphere that makes this region so special.

The charm of Dublin’s older pubs derives from the fact that they are simple nonsense places, many relatively unchanged for decade, where you can get some lively chat and a good pint of Guinness or “the black stuff”. Located on the site of an original Viking Inn and now over 800 years old, The Brazen Head is Dublin’s oldest pub. The choice on offer is overwhelming and if you find one that is not to your liking, why not try the next one down the road?

Music and song play a large part in the artistic make-up of Dubliners and Dublin provides a showcase for all facets of talent. Traditional Irish folk musicians such as The Dubliners and The Chieftains have found inspiration and worldwide popularity and recent contemporary success stories such as Boyzone and Westlife have joined bands like U2 and Sinead O’Connor on the international scene. Follow the ‘Rock n Stroll’ music trail to uncover the city’s main contemporary musical connections, such as Bewleys Café on Grafton Street where Bob Geldof hung out with the Boomtown Rats.

VocabularyTry to guess these words from the

text in A by matching each one with a suitable equivalent from B.

Ato steepbuzz(ing)converge?vendor?arrayleaflet?strollresidentamenity?mazeshowcase?backdrop?bustling

Bdisplaymurmuractivelabyrinthinhabitantwalkto infuse

Which of these places would you like to visit in Dublin and why?

Read the advertisement for a bus tour around Dublin.

The ORIGINAL Open-Top Sightseeing Tour of DublinDesigned to introduce you to the highlights of Ireland’s capital, this tour will take you on a fascinating journey through 1,000 years of history. Over the centuries, Viking, Norman and English conquerors have settled here and have played their part in the development of a city noted for its rich architectural heritage, unique literary tradition and friendly, talkative citizens. One of them – your eloquent and entertaining tour guide – will show you the city as only a native can – from Trinity College and the famous Guinness Brewery to St. Patrick’s and Christ Church Cathedrals, elegant Georgian Squares and the historic Phoenix Park. Recognised as the most popular way for visitors to explore Dublin City, the tour is also a photographer’s delight. On rainy days a covered Double Deck Bus will be used.Tour duration: 2 hrs 45 mins (approx).

Imagine that you are thinking of going on this tour. Use the cues given and the words in the list to make sentences about the trip.

might could must can can’t might not

expensive/beIt can’t be very expensive to see Dublin this way.

1. interesting/be 7. crowded/be2. bus/break down 8. foreign tourists/like3. people/friendly/be 9. tired/get4. drive/fast 10. places/see/properly5. tour/well-organised/be 11. sick/feel 6. ticket/cheap/be

This list contains words connected with three different kinds of holidays: camping, seaside and sight-seeing. Divide the list into three groups of words.

compass map tent coach guidesun bathing tour sand museum sleeping bagboots beach queue sun tan sandals LANGUAGE STUDYModalsA 1. CAN - ability (be able to, be capable of);e.g. He can speak English but he can’t write it very well.- permission (be allowed to, be permitted to); can is less formal in this sense;e.g. Can I smoke in here?- possibility (it is possible that/to);

e.g. Anybody can make mistakes.2. COULDIt is the past form of CAN.

- ability: I could never play the banjo.- permission: Could I smoke in here?- possibility: That could be my train.

2. MAY/MIGHT- permission (be allowed to, be permitted to): You may borrow my car if you like. Might I smoke in here?In this sense may is more formal than can.- possibility (it is possible that/to): He may never succeed. What you say might be true. 3. MUST- obligation or compulsion in the present tense (be obliged to, have to); except in reported speech, only had to (not must) is used in the past; e.g. You must be back by 10 o’clock. Yesterday you had to be back by 10 o’clock. - logical necessity: There must be a mistake. 4. SHOULD- obligation and logical necessity (ought to): You should do as he says. They should be home by now.5. WILL/WOULD- willingness: Will you have another cup of coffee? Would you excuse me?- intention: I will write as soon as I can.- insistence: He will do it, whatever you say. It’s your own fault; you would take the baby with you.WOULD – characteristic activity: Every morning he would go for a long walk. - hypothetical meaning in main clauses: He would smoke too much if I didn’t stop him. - probability: That would be his mother.

B 1. COULD + HAVE+ PAST PARTICIPLEWe use it to refer to past possibility or uncertainty.e.g. They could have rung. (perhaps they rang)

2. MAY/MIGHT + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLEWe use it to talk about past possibility or uncertainty.e.g. They might have gone. (perhaps they went)To refer to a past possibility that did not happen we use might or could have.e.g. You could/might have told me. (But you didn’t)To say that something was possible but we chose not to do it, we must use could.e.g. I could have cried. (But I didn’t)3. SHOULD + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLEShould have (past participle) is the past of should. We use it when criticising a past action.e.g. You shouldn’t have said that.Also, we use it to refer to something that was supposed to happen.e.g. They should have rung by now. (But they haven’t rung)

Remember

Modals are always followed by short infinitives.Only some of them have past forms.None of the modals have future forms.They do not need auxiliary verbs (to do, to be) to form negatives and questions.

Grammar consolidationChoose the correct alternative:1. The classes are over, you …………… go home.a. might b. shouldn’t c. may d. must2. Next year they will …………… to drive that car.a. may b. be seen c. be allowed d. can3. My little son …………… be very naughty sometimes.a. will b. can c. might d. should4. …………….. you see the lights?a. May b. Couldn’t c. Can’t d. Shouldn’t5. You really………… help me!a. may b. will c. might d. must6. Why …………….. he be different from other men?a. should b. could c. might d. needed7. I wonder what that …………… meant.a. may b. could have c. should have d. would8. Critics say that no writer ……………… written it better.a. could have b. would c. must have d. need have9. He is the kind of person who ………………. do something like that.a. must b. should c. would d. may10. The doctor …………… possibly leave the wounded lying on the pavement.a. wouldn’t b. mustn’t c. needn’t d. couldn’t

Use the most appropriate modal verb to fit the meaning of the following sentences:1. Can’t you see that light in the sky? You ……… be blind!2. I really can’t be sure but I ………… be late tonight.3. If you feel so bad, I think you …OUGHT TO…….. see a doctor.4. Excuse me, but …………… I ask you a very personal question? (2var)5. Listen! You really ………….. give this to Susan; it’s very important.6. OK, if I see Jerry tomorrow, I …WILL………. give him your message.7. You SHOULDN’T……………. go there if you don’t feel like it.8. Excuse me, …COULD………….. you take this to the post office for me, please?

Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same.1. Tommy’s friend is extremely funny.Tommy’s friend CAN BE……………………….2. Her explaining how to do that exercise was pointless.She couldn’t explain ……………………………………3. Water has probably got into the tent.Water might have got into the tent………………………………….4. I’m pretty sure she isn’t going out with Jenkins any more.She can’t be going out ……………………………………

5. It’s against the law to drive on the right in England.You mustn’t drive …………………………………..6. Students don’t have to wear uniform in certain colleges.a) It is not compulsory for students to wear uniforms……………………………………b) Students mustn’t wear…………………………….7. It isn’t advisable for you to bask in the sun for too long a time. It can damage your skin. You shouldn’t/ oughtn’t to…………………………………….8. It’s possible that Tom did not hear when you called him.Tom might/may not have heard you when you called him…………………………………….9. It wasn’t necessary for him to have called his boss.He shouldn’t/ needn’t have called his boss.………………………………………10. I’m irritated that she didn’t keep her word.She should have kept her word.…………………………………….

Match each sentence with a suitable comment which explains what is said. More than one answer may be possible.

a. There’s no smoking on the bus.

b. It’s not necessary to give a tip.

c. Stop being so rude to everybody!

d. Don’t throw rubbish out the window!

e. The rule says KEEP TO THE PATH.

f. Go and see Bram Stoker’s house.

g. The maid will make the beds.

h. Don’t miss the Phoenix Park.

1. I think you really should!

2. This notice says it’s not allowed.

3. Guests don’t have to do this.

4. You’re not allowed to.

5. You really mustn’t do things like that.

6. … so you have to do this.7. You really mustn’t!

8. It says that we don’t have to.

What kind of holiday is each person describing?Alan Bates – We always come here to relax. I don’t have to worry about my work, and it’s a real break. We usually spend about two weeks in different places so that the children can see something interesting and keep busy!

Vanessa Moss – I’m a student so this kind of holiday suits me best, it’s not too expensive and most of my friends enjoy this kind of thing. We usually bring our guitars so that we can do some singing and dancing. It’s great as long as it doesn’t rain!

What kind of holiday is best for these people? Give reasons for each person. A family with four childrenA single personA group of school friends who don’t have much moneyA very busy business man or woman

Role playA – You want some information and advice about holidays in B’s country. Ask about: - how to get there - where to go, places of interest - where to stay, what to eat - money and prices, what to avoidB – Give as much information as possible. Give information about: - a place you know well - recommend the best places to visit - give some advice about what to take with you, what to avoid.

Pack your bags and go on your travels before it’s too late. There are still vast tracts of the world which beg to be visited; and travel will give you a wealth of experience and pleasure which can be drawn on for the rest of your life, a wealth furthermore, which no government can ever take away. If the very worst happens, and you are miserable on your travels (unlikely), at least you will have learnt to appreciate your own country. I have never regretted visiting a single country, and I have rarely met anyone who regretted going on their travels. Our greatest disappointment is nearly always for what we haven’t done, not for what we have done. And don’t let the feeble excuse of work to keep you back; remember the Haitian proverb: if work is such a good thing, how come the rich haven’t grabbed it all for themselves?

From The Tropical Traveller by John Hatt

Write a composition with the title, A Holiday Which Went Wrong. Choose some of the points below to include in your composition:

deciding where to go the weather

who you went with an accidenthow you travelled getting lostdescribing the journey there losing somethingwhere you stayed solving the problemsplaces you visited travelling home

UNIT 8

Food & CookingMotto:

"One cannot think well, love well, sleep well, if one has not dined well."Virginia Woolf, English writer

DiscussionTalk about differences between these places:

- open-air restaurant- tea-shop- McDonald’s- fashionable restaurant

What can people in each of these places enjoy besides food?What do you know about English and American eating habits?Which of these places would you go to? What are your favourite dishes?

Read the following text and find the main idea.

Dining Out

Dining out has become, for Dubliners at least, part of everyday life instead of a special occasion. The fantastic and variety of restaurants in Dublin today, comparable with any other European capital, offer the very best in international cuisine ensuring that there is something to suit everyone regardless of palate preferences or purse.

If you want superb ethnic cuisine in atmospheric surroundings Dublin can provide and handsomely. There has been a notable surge in recent times in the number of European, Eastern and Far Eastern restaurants, French, Italian and Mediterranean fare, Scandinavian specialities, Russian, Indian, Japanese and Oriental dishes – the choice of cuisine from around the globe is endless.

If you want to eat well but within a budget, again Dublin will not let you down. There are plenty of cheaper, livelier restaurants to be found in which you can eat very well and inexpensively. Dublin is famous for the quality of its pub lunches, particularly good for those who want to fill up on a limited budget and suitable for those who want to savour a good ol’ pint of Guinness with their meal!

There is also a surprisingly good choice of vegetarian establishments on offer around Dublin now – try South Great George’s Street for a couple of good spots. In response to the growing demand for healthier diet, most restaurants will now also offer a couple of good vegetarian options on their menu.

Dublin has a maritime heritage which has yielded an abundance of local culinary delights, renowned by many as the ultimate in seafood gastronomy. Easy access to fresh fish from all around the coast has supplied the Irish with a wonderful choice of seafood – not only the traditional cockles and mussels but also the world-renowned Dublin Bay Prawns, wild salmon, oysters, crabs and deep-sea fish trawled off the west coast of Ireland.

Don’t be surprised to discover that Dublin is home to literally thousands of restaurants and cafés, and that some of the not-to-be-missed ones have to be sought amount the back streets and in the suburbs.

Vocabularyto suit – to correspond cuisine – mâncare tradiţionalãdish – recipe seafood – fructe de marepint – 0,57 l (aprox. halbã) salmon - somonheritage – inheritance, tradition oysters - stridiiestablishment – place prawns - crevete to trawl - a pescui cu plasa

How much do you know about healthy eating? Put down your choice.1. What does healthy eating refer to?a) a permanent diet to lose weightb) a varied and balanced food programmec) eating only what we like

2. What foods do you think are important for healthy eating?a) foods rich in vitaminsb) foods containing lots of sugar

c) foods rich in starch and fibre

3. What foods would you eliminate from a healthy programme?a) dairy productsb) sweetsc) foods rich in fats

Look at the menus below.

COOKHOUSE and BARGrafton Street, Dublin

Appetisers – from 2.45 EuroSoup of the DayFrench Onion SoupCorn on the CobCheesy Garlic BreadTsing Spring RollsMozzarella CubesLoaded Potato SkinsBreaded MushroomsChicken GoujonsCaptain’s NachosCaesar Salad

Salads Caesar SaladCaptain America House Salad

Steaks5oz. Steak Sandwich14oz. T-Bone Steak9oz. Fillet Steak

Specialities – from 6.45 EuroChicken & Cheese EnchiladasBeef TacosChilli Con CarneHome Made LasagneCreole ChickenBarbeque ChickenGrilled Chicken Breast Sandwich

*

DUBLINnoodle bar ~ dublinfast~ fresh ~ good value

juices all 2.75 Euro raw juice ~ a mixture of carrot, cucumber, tomato, orange and apple, an all-round high-nutrient and high energy drink fruit juice ~ a mixture pf apple, orange and passion fruit, good for general cleansing and digestion

ramen from 5.95 Euro the way of the noodle is to make slurping noises while eating. the extra oxygen adds to the taste all the ramen served with a seasoned chicken and pork stock. they may be served with a vegetarian stock as an option.

chicken ramen soup noodles with slices of grilled chicken breast, seasonal greens, menma and spring onions

seafood ramen soup noodles topped with fresh seafood including prawns, crabstick and squid, garnished with wakame, narutó, menma, seasonal greens and spring onions.

From the Ocean – from 5.20 EuroDeep Fried Cod FilletSalmon SteakPacific Scambi

rice from 4.95 Euro cha han fried rice with egg, chicken, prawns, snow peas, sweet corn, mushroom and spring onion, accompanied by a bowl of vegetable based miso soup and pickles.

teppan-fried noodles from 5.75 Euro yaki soba teppan fried noodles with egg, chicken, shrimps, onions, green and red peppers, beansprouts and spring onions, garnished with sesame seeds, fried shallots and red ginger

Pretend you are in one of these two restaurants and you are ordering some food. Look at the sample dialogue below.

Waitress: Good morning, Sir. What can I get you?Customer: Good morning. I shall have grapefruit juice.Waitress: Grapefruit juice. And then would you like cereal, fruit or yoghurt?Customer: Cereal, please. And scrambled eggs.Waitress: What would you like your eggs served with, Sir? With ham?Customer: Bacon, please.Waitress: Scrambled eggs with bacon. And what would you like to drink?Customer: Tea, please.

Vocabulary

to steam – a fierbe în abur to fry – a prăji to blanch – a opărito grill – a frige la grătarto boil – a fierbeto heat – a încălzi

to slice – a tăia felii

Match the food the right with the actions on the left.cook beef

boil bread fry sauce

stir cake

bake eggs

toast potatoes

roast food

Here are some recipes. With another student, try to guess what each recipe is for. Use a dictionary if you wish.

LANGUAGE STUDYNouns and their plurals1. Usually the plural is formed by adding –s to the singular form.e.g. car-cars flower - flowersRemembera) When the noun ends in a sibilant consonant (-s, -ss, -x, -ch, -sh, -zz), the letter e is added after it, before the inflection –s e.g. bus – buses kiss – kisses quiz – quizzes fox – foxes bush – bushes beach – beachesb) When the noun ends in –y preceded by a vowel, the plural is formed by adding –s in the ordinary waye.g. day – days boy – boysc) When the noun ends in –y preceded by a consonant, it changes into i, and the plural will be

–ies.e.g. story – stories study – studiesIrregular pluralse.g. man – men woman – women goose – geese foot – feet tooth - teeth mouse – mice - three nouns get –en in the plural e.g. child – children ox – oxen brother – brethren (brother has regular plural, too)

1. Nouns can be countable (many) or uncountable (much). Uncountable nouns do not take the indefinite article (a) and have no plural. Nouns which refer to general things, such as qualities, substances, topics and processes, are uncountable.e.g. Humans need oxygen. I bought some flour. Humour is a great gift.Here is a list of nouns that are often countable in other languages but are uncountable in English: furniture, information, knowledge, money, news, baggage, luggage, homework, traffic, advice, hair, progress, research, machinery.

2. Some countable nouns have the same form for both singular and plural. Many of these refer to animals and fish: sheep, deer, fish, cod, salmon, means, series, crossroads, offspring.There is a small group of nouns that only have plural forms. These are often clothes and tools, which have two similar parts: clothes, pyjamas, glasses, scissors, binoculars, wages, premises.Collective nouns refer to a group of people or things. They are followed by either a singular or a plural verb.e.g. The government has changed. The government are planning dramatic changes. The following are collective nouns: army, jury, staff, council, company, committee, audience, data, media, press, public, community, family, group.

Grammar consolidationChoose the correct alternative.1. The police…………..caught the burglars.a. has b. was c. have2. A few ……………… were seen grazing in the field.a. sheep b. sheeps c. sheepes3. She’s got the most beautiful ……………….. I’ve ever seen.a. tooths b. teeths c, teeth4. Can you lend me that …………….?a. scissors b. scissor c. pair of scissors5. How ………….. knowledge do you need to pass the exam?a. much b. many c. few6. I hate travelling by this …………….. of transport.

a. mean b. means c. meanses7. The programme includes visiting several ………….a. cities b. citys c. cityes8. My family ……………. made up of 3 persons.a. are b. is c. were9. I can see three ……………… working on this site.a. man b. men c. mans10. We have been learning French for eight ………………a. month b. months c. monthes

Write down the nouns in the text below. Form three columns: one for nouns in the singular, one for nouns in the plural, and one for uncountable nouns.

1. The waitress was carrying a tray with food when she fell down and sprained her ankle. 2. Cars must drive slow when children are crossing the street. 3. The women of this region are good-looking. 4. Greengrocers are very busy early in the morning. 5. Apples are very good for health; an apple a day does you good. 6. When there is some blockage in the traffic all the buses stop running. 7. This library is well supplied. You can find all kind of books in it. 8. That city-dweller could not enjoy sleeping late because of the noisy ducks and geese on the farm. 9. John went fishing yesterday, but because of the wind, he did not catch much fish. 10. Take those glasses away and wash them up. When you have done it, bring me a glass of fresh water, please.

singular plural uncountable……….. …………………… ……………………….……….. …………………… ……………………….……….. . …………………. ...…………………….……….. …………………… ……………………….

Correct these sentences where they are wrong.1. The informations that you provided about the whereabouts of the animals are invaluable.2. Politics was a subject that held no fascination for Beryl.3. The airport staff was delighted to show her round the building.4. The police was taken aback to see the burglar turning down.5. A series of programmes is being planned about that actor’s life.6. We went to two horses race last week but were mildly disappointed by them.7. She raised the binocular to her eyes in order to view the race more clearly.8. Wolfs, deers, calfs, zebras are among the names of animals that have unusual plural forms.9. The government was persuaded to grant the lady her racehorse trainer’s licence.10. If a person is adventurous, it doesn’t always follow that they are fearless.

Complete each sentence with a word from the list. Use a plural form if necessary.animal carfood house

free time moneytraffic work

1. There won’t be enough …………….. for some people.2. There will probably be too much ………….. in large cities.3. I think there will be too few …………….. left in the world.4. I expect there will be too many …………… everywhere.5. Most of the time there won’t be enough ……………… for everyone.6. The police will have too little …………… to do.

Here is a jumbled recipe. Try to put it in the right order.1. Add the tomato juice or paste and continue cooking for another thirty

minutes.2. Re-heat the following day and serve with hot polenta, if desired.3. Allow to cool and place in the refrigerator.4. Soak the cabbage leaves in warm water, then cut them in half length-ways,

discarding the mid-ribs.5. Place this filling on the cabbage leaves and roll up.6. Mix all the ingredients for the stuffing together, beating well.7. Fold the ends inwards.8. Place a thick layer of shredded cabbage rolls in the bottom of a deep

casserole dish.9. Continue layering until all the cabbage rolls are used.10. Add a layer of cabbage rolls11. Sprinkle with chopped bacon.12. Add the seasoning and cover with water.13. Fill only ¾ of the casserole to avoid boiling over.14. Place a lid on the casserole, bring to the boil, then simmer over low heat

fro approximately 2 ½ hours (on the stove or in the oven).15. Top with shredded cabbage.

You will obtain one of the Romanian traditional dishes – ‘sarmale’ (stuffed cabbage).

Draw up a menu including some specifically Romanian dishes.

B&BIreland, just like Britain is famous for the form of holiday accommodation called “Bed and Breakfast” or “B&B”.Travellers are given the opportunity to stay in private houses in one of the spare bedrooms or in a small guest house. The owner who usually lives on the premises will welcome her guests in a warm

and friendly way. Thus they are given the chance to make friends but if they wish, their privacy will be respected and they can have all their meals in a separate dining-room. It’s just like having a home away from home. In addition to a comfortable bed the hostess will prepare her guests a traditional Irish breakfast of bacon and eggs.Prices range from 10Euro to 20Euro per night and you may find this to be the cheapest way to see some of the most attractive and well-known parts of the country.

Patron: "Do you serve fish here?"Waiter: "Certainly, sir. We cater to everyone."

Waitress: "We have everything on the menu today, sir."Customer: "So I see. How about a clean one?"

Put each of the following words into its correct place:

afternoon bacon breakfast juicechocolate continental English morninglunch meals menu syruprolls second supper

MEALS

Most people eat three ......... a day - breakfast, ......... and dinner. Some eat a fourth meal, ........., late at night. .........tradition provides an extra light meal served in the late......... . Its basic ......... usually included tea and special tea cakes or cucumbers sandwiches.

Meals vary in different countries. ......... in the United States may include fruit or fruit ......... , coffee, toast, and a choice of cereals or ……… and eggs. Many persons like pancakes with

maple ………. for breakfast. ……… Europeans sometimes have an early breakfast of ……… and coffee or hot ………, and eat a ……… breakfast later on in the ……… .

Answers: meals, lunch, supper, English, afternoon, breakfast, juice, bacon, syrup, continental, rolls, chocolate, second.

Choose the right answer:

1. The food they serve here is excellent because they have a fine ……… .a. chef b. cooker c. headwaiter d. cook

2. Game pie is the ……… of the restaurant.a. originality b. particularity c. singularity d. speciality

3. Two ……… beers, please.a. cold b. freezing c. frozen d. icy

4. Waiter, can I see the ………, please?a. card of wines b. list of wines c. wine list d. wine menu

5. All the food in this restaurant is ……… .a. handmade b. home-based c. home-made d. self-made

6. What would you like for your first ………?a. course b. dish c. meal d. plate

7. I really don’t like the way meals are ……… here.a. dished b. eaten c. helped d. served

8. A new restaurant has opened here which specialises in French ……… .a. cook b. cuisine c. feeding d. kitchen

Answers: 1a; 2d; 3a; 4c; 5c; 6a; 7d; 8b.

Cross out the word in each group which cannot follow the verb.1. FRY onion potato water fish2. BAKE potato bread cake milk3. GRILL sausage egg bacon hamburger4. BOIL steak egg milk potatoes5. GRIND coffee salt pepper cheese6. GRATE cabbage carrot potato salt7. SLICE flour onion bread courgettes8. STEAM rice fish biscuits vegetables9. ROAST beef tomato lamb potato10.CHOP onion parsley nuts milk75

RECIPE FOR SUCCESS

To be a success in life you need:20 kilos of luck15 kilos of help from your family5 years of education10 mouthfuls of conversation1 pinch of talent1 new idea3 kilos of energy2 rich friendsMix all the ingredients together and leave for several years.

UNIT 9Shops & Shopping

Motto:

"Shopping is my cardio." Carrie Bradshaw, Sex & The City

DiscussionDo you do a lot of shopping?Name four kinds of shops.Where can you buy the following: iron, jacket, books, milk, cheese, CDs, shampoo, breakfast cereal, picture cards, glasses, gifts, comb, petrol, washing powder?

CONFESSIONS OF A SHOPAHOLICBy SOPHIE KINSELLA

Do you want to know about my secret dream? It's based on a story I once read in The Daily World about a mix-up at a bank. I loved this story so much, I cut it out and stuck it onto my wardrobe door. Two credit card bills were sent to the wrong people, and — get this — each person paid the wrong bill without realizing. They paid off each other's bills without even checking them.

And ever since I read that story, my secret fantasy has been that the same thing will happen to me. I mean, I know it sounds unlikely — but if it happened once, it can happen again, can't it? Some dotty old woman in Cornwall will be sent my humongous bill and will pay it without even looking at it. And I'll be sent her bill for three tins of cat food at fifty-nine pence each. Which, naturally, I'll pay without question. Fair's fair, after all.

A smile is plastered over my face as I gaze out of the window. I'm convinced that this month it'll happen — my secret dream is about to come true. But when I eventually pull the bill out of the envelope — goaded by Clare's curious gaze — my smile falters, then disappears. Something hot is blocking my throat. I think it could be panic.

The page is black with type. A series of familiar names rushes past my eyes like a mini shopping mall. I try to take them in, but they're moving too fast. Thorntons, I manage to glimpse.

Thorntons Chocolates? What was I doing in Thorntons Chocolates? I'm supposed to be on a diet. This bill can't be right. This can't be me. I can't possibly have spent all this money.

Don't panic! I yell internally. The key is not to panic. Just read each entry slowly, one by one. I take a deep breath and force myself to focus calmly, starting at the top.

WHSmith (well, that's OK. Everyone needs stationery.)

Boots (everyone needs shampoo)

Specsavers (essential)Oddbins (bottle of wine — essential)

Our Price (Our Price? Oh yes. The new Charlatans album. Well, I had to have that, didn't I?)

Bella Pasta (supper with Caitlin)

Oddbins (bottle of wine — essential)

Esso (petrol doesn't count)

Quaglinos (expensive — but it was a one-off)

Pret à Manger (that time I ran out of cash)

Oddbins (bottle of wine — essential)

Rugs to Riches (what? Oh yes. Stupid rug.)

La Senza (sexy underwear for date with James)

Agent Provocateur (even sexier underwear for date with James. Like I needed it.)

Body Shop (that skin brusher thing which I must use)

Next (fairly boring white shirt — but it was in the sale)

Millets...

I stop in my tracks. Millets? I never go into Millets. What would

I be doing in Millets? I stare at the statement in puzzlement, wrinkling my brow and trying to think — and then suddenly, the truth dawns on me. It's obvious. Someone else has been using my card.

Oh my God. I, Rebecca Bloomwood, have been the victim of a crime.

Now it all makes sense. Some criminal's pinched my credit card and forged my signature. Who knows where else they've used it? No wonder my statement's so black with figures! Someone's gone on a spending spree round London with my card — and they thought they would just get away with it.

But how? I scrabble in my bag for my purse, open it — and there's my VISA card, staring up at me. I take it out and run my fingers over the glossy surface. Someone must have pinched it from my purse, used it — and then put it back. It must be someone I know. Oh my God. Who?

Use the questionnaire to ask and answer questions about shopping habits.

HOW DO YOU SHOP?1. When you go into a shop:a. you usually know exactly what you wantb. you only want to lookc. you always look carefully and come back later to buy

2. You prefer to go shopping:a. in small local shops where you know peopleb. large stores in the city centrec. anywhere which is cheap

3. You mainly go shopping for:a. food or drinkb. clothes or shoesc. records or books

4. You usually go shopping:a. aloneb. with familyc. with friends

5. You think first abouta. the priceb. the qualityc. the name

6. You take advice from:a. shop assistantsb. friends or familyc. nobody

Compare answers and decide which description first you best.

Fun ShopperYou enjoy it!And it’s more interesting for you if you go with a friend!

Practical ShopperYou get the best and the cheapest!

Reluctant ShopperYou hate doing it!You’re happier when someone tells you what to buy!

LANGUAGE STUDYAdjectivesDegrees of ComparisonAdjectives have the following degrees of comparison: positive, comparative and

superlative.REGULAR FORMS OF COMPARISON

Adjective The Positive0

The Comparative-er

The Superlativethe -est

Monosyllabic and disyllabic adjectives

richpoorweakyoung

richerpoorerweakeryounger

the richestthe poorestthe weakestthe youngest

Monosyllabic adjectives ending in a consonant preceded by a short vowel

sadhotbig

sadderhotterbigger

the saddestthe hottestthe biggest

Disyllabic adjectives ending in final –y>-i-

happyhealthy

easy

happierhealthier

easier

the happiestthe healthiest

the easiest

Monosyllabic adjectives ending in –e drop the -e

bluefreelarge

bluerfreerlarger

the bluestthe freestthe largest

0 more the mostPlurisyllabic adjectives

beautifulvaluable

dangerous

more beautifulmore valuable

more dangerous

the most beautifulthe most valuable

the most dangerous

Some disyllabic adjectives

carefulcommonpleasant

more carefulmore commonmore pleasant

the most carefulthe most commonthe most pleasant

IRREGULAR FORMS OF COMPARISON

The Positive Degree The Comparative Degree The Superlative Degreegoodbadlittlemuch manynearfar

old

betterworseless

moremorenearerfartherfurtherolderelder*

the bestthe worstthe leastthe most the most

the nearest, the nextthe farthestthe furthestthe oldest

the eldest*

* elder brother/ sister; the eldest brother/sister

THE COMPARATIVE DEGREE

Subject Verb copulative Adjective predicative

OF SUPERIORITY

The second book

John

is

is

better than the first.more valuable than the first. taller than Tom.more handsome than Tom.

OF EQUALITY

The third book

Harry

is

is

as good as the first one.as valuable as the first.as tall as Tom.as handsome as Tom.

OF INFERIORITY

The first book

Charles

is

is

less good than the second.less valuable than the second.not so good as the second.worse than the second.not so valuable as the second.less tall than Tom.less handsome than Tom.not so tall as Tom.not so handsome as Tom.

Grammar Consolidation Fill in the blanks with the correct word:

1. He’s the most … man I’ve ever met.a) generously; b) generous; c) generousest2. David is … than Mike.a) intelligenter; b) more intelligenter; c) more intelligent3. John’s care is not … big … Tom’s.a) as…as; b) so…as: c) more…than4. The young bride didn’t look very… .a) happier; b) happy; c) happily5. She is the youngest in their family. Her sister is 4 years …. than her.a) older; b) elder; c) oldest6. Luke is … of our family.a) the fatter; b) the fatest; c) the fattest7. Which of the two roses do you like …?a) the best; b) better; c) the better8. “How far is the drug-store?” “It’s … than you think.”a) further; b) farther; c) farer9. We need some… information to write the report.a) farther; b) far; c) further10. Her … brother is 2 years older than she is.a) elder; b) older; c) oldest

Complete the sentences with the appropriate comparative or superlative form of the adjective and the appropriate form of the verb in brackets:1. This is the strangest… (strange) story I have ever HEARD… (to hear).2. Two weeks ago I …HEARD (to hear) something …MORE DEFINITE (definite) about the affair.3. When I …AM (to be) THE RICHEST (rich) man in the world, I will remember you.4. January …IS (to be) THE HOTTEST (hot) month in South Africa.5. We …HAVE BEEN OBSERVING (to observe) you for THE LAST… (late) few days.6. After those matters HAD BEEN SETTLED… (to settle), there remained three FURTHER… (far) important points for consideration.7. My …ELDER (old) brother WILL BE… (to be) twenty-six next week.8. He EATS… (to eat) LESS (little) chocolate than he used to.9. I think I WON’T BUY… (not to buy) that house because …THE NEAREST (near) town to it is twenty miles away.10. Cold … IS (to be) one … of THE MOST COMMON (common) illnesses.

What is the comparative form of these adverbs and adjectives?biga)biger b)bigger c)more bigexpensivea)expensiver b)expensiveer c)more expensivebluea)bluer b)blueer c)more bluered

a)reder b)redder c) more redtalla)taller b)taler c)more tallprettya)prettyer b)prettier c)more prettysillya)sillyer b)sillier c)more sillyintelligenta)intelligenter b)intelligentier c)more intelligentstupida)stupider b)stupidder c)more stupidlazya)lazyer b)lazier c)more lazygooda)gooder b)better c)more goodbada)badder b)worse c)more badslowa)slower b)slowwer c)more slowslowlya)slowlyer b)slowlier c)more slowlylittlea)littler b)less c)more littlefast(adjective)a)faster b)fastlier c)more fastfast (adverb)a)faster b)fastlier c)more fastshorta)shorter b)shortier c)more shorthappya)happyer b)happier c)more happybeautifula)beautifuler b)beautifuller c)more beautiful

Match the items on the right with the items on the left.

1. English wine is good but French wine is THE BETTER______ .2. English cooking is bad but Scottish cooking is ___WORSE___ .3. It's a long way from London to Moscow but London to Sydney is even __LONGER____ .4. I've got two daughters. Sophie is the younger one and Kathryn is the __ELDER____ one.5. My job is getting harder and __HARDER____ . I cannot cope.6. The earlier we leave, the _SOONER_____ we'll arrive.7. It's becoming more and _MORE_____ difficult to find time to play golf.8. Do it when you can but the sooner it's done, the __BETTER____ .9. I like visiting Switzerland but it is getting _MORE_____ and more expensive.

10. The older I get, the __MORE____ I forget!11. I'm so happy. I must be the __HAPPIEST____ man in the world!12. The _MORE_____ I think about it, the less happy I feel.

Rewrite the following sentences, correcting the errors.1. The truth is that Ann is much less young than she looks.2. John is very lazy, and so does IS Tom.3. Is Mary as intelligent like AS Jane, for instance?4. John’s Elder brother is four years elder.OLDER5. Their knowledge was superior than TO ours.6. Jane lives more MUCH nearer to Helen than Tom.7. Both Jane and Mary are very beautiful women, but I think Mary is the more beautiful of the two.8. I’m not very rich and neither IS isn’t my friend.9. Jerry is less shorter than George.10. No, you cannot give up now, you’ve got to move farFARTHER/FURTHER.

UNIT 10The Telephone

Motto:"We picture inventors as heroes with the

genius to recognize and solve a society's problems. In reality, the greatest inventors have been tinkerers who loved tinkering for its own sake and who then had to figure out what, if anything, their devices might be good for." Jared Diamond

Read the following article:

Little Bit of HistoryA standard dictionary defines the telephone as "an apparatus for reproducing sound, especially that of the voice, at a great distance, by means of electricity; consisting of transmitting and receiving instruments connected by a line or wire which conveys the electric current." Electrical current 1) operates the telephone and 2) your voice varies that current to communicate. With those two important points established, let's look at telephone history.

Probably no means of communication has revolutionized the daily lives of ordinary people more than the telephone. A practical telephone was actually invented independently by two men working in the United States, Elisha Gray (1835-1910) and Scottish-born Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922). Incredibly, both men filed for a patent on their designs at the New York patent office on February 14, 1876, with Bell beating Gray by only two hours! According to the famous story, the first fully intelligible telephone call occurred on March 6, 1876, when Bell, in one room, called to his assistant in another room. "Come here, Watson, I want you." And what followed after that is a history of the founding of the Bell Telephone Company (later AT&T), which grew to be the largest telephone company in the world.

The coin operated pay telephone was patented in 1889. The first rotary dial telephone was developed in 1923 in France. The mobile telephone was invented by Bell Telephone Company and introduced into New York City police cars in 1924. Although the first commercial mobile telephone service became available in the U.S.A. in 1946, the mobile telephone would not become common for another four decades. In 1978, American Telephone and Telegraph’s (AT&T) Bell Laboratories began testing a mobile telephone system based on hexagonal geographical regions called cells. As the caller’s vehicle passed from one cell to another, an automatic switching system would transfer the telephone call to another cell without interruption. The cellular

telephone system began nationwide usage in the United States in 1981.

Nowadays the telephone is part of us. What would we do without it? As much a part of our lives as learning to walk and talk and perhaps that is why we, at most times, give it little thought. Nonetheless, we do think about it, when we have had the experience of being treated rudely or abruptly while using this mode of communication. We bristle at the idea of someone's brusqueness to us, and most probably never take thought of the times we have shown our bad manners while speaking on the telephone.

Golden Rule of the Telephone

The proper way to answer the telephone is "hello". On the other hand, simply answering "yes" is an inappropriate response. The person making the call draws a very quick conclusion, and that is, to think of that person as cold and aloof, and hesitate to communicate readily.

When making telephone calls: Think about what time it is, when

placing a call. You would not want to call when there is the possibility that person may be asleep. For example on a work morning before 7:00 a.m. would not be a good time. After 9:00 to 10:00 p.m. in the evening is not a good time, and remember to avoid calls around the usual period most people will be eating. Courtesy is expected when using the telephone just as if you are talking in person.

Give your name when the telephone is answered, before asking for the person you are requesting.

Dialing too quickly, or in inadequate lighting may be the cause of dialing a "wrong number," never just hang-up. Express your apology, letting them know you have dialed a wrong number. To avoid disturbing another person unnecessarily dial carefully and make sure you can see the dial pad.

When speaking, think of the way you sound. Make sure you enunciate you words clearly and precisely. It is embarrassing to be asked to repeat what you are saying. Your voice

reflects your courtesy, since that person on the other end of the line cannot see your facial expressions your "tone of voice" will need to express this.

Basic Good Manners

* Let the telephone ring a reasonable length of time. It is frustrating to just get to the telephone and hear a dial tone. * If you dial a number that is wrong, apologize, promptly and hang-up. * Calling a business at or very near closing time is to say the least un-thoughtful. When it is time to go home, after a long day, do not delay them. * State your name when placing a call. The game of "guess who this is" may not play very well to a busy friend. * When speaking to anyone who is working and time is of the essence, make your call informative and short. *Dial carefully and in proper lighting to avoid calling a wrong number and in-conveniencing others

Put each of the following words or phrases into its correct place in the text below:

charges reversed connection dialdirect directory inquiries engagedinternational code number lift long-distancemessage number operatorperson-to-person receiver telephone directorywrong number

When making a telephone call you ………. the receiver. Then you ……… the number. If you don’t know the ……….you can look it up in the ……….. . if you can’t find it there you an call ……… .

Making a call to a place far away is called a ……….. call. For most countries in Europe you can phone ………; first dial the ……… .

If you don’t have enough money you can ask for a ……… call and have the ……… . this means that the ……… of the call has to pay for it.

When there is a difficulty with the ……… the ……… may tell you to hold the line. If the person we want to call is already speaking to someone, the number is ……… .

When you call a friend and somebody else answers the phone, you can leave a ……… , or it may mean that you have dialed a ……… .

Choose the right answer;1. If you don’t know the number, you can look it up in the telephone ………

a) dictionary b)index c)directory2. Mr. Suspicious concluded that his telephone has been ………

a) connected b)encoded c)tapped3. Can you ……… a pound? I need some money for the phone box.

a) change b) exchange c)spend4. His telephone must be out of order. I have been unable to ……… him.

a) arrive at b) reach c) transmit5. Would you ………a minute, please. I’ll try to connect you.

a) hold on b) keep on c) stay on6. Can I ………London directly from here or must I ask the operator to get the number for me?

a) choose b) dial c) select7. The telephone operator said she would put the caller ……… when the line was free.

a) forward b) up c) through8. I phoned him this morning but when I said who I was he ……… .

a) hung up b) rang up c)shut down9. I ……… his telephone number while he was still talking.

a) dashed off b) jotted down c) set down10. Hello! The University? May I speak to Prof. Black on ………233, please?

a) branch b)exchange c)extension

Professional Telephone Manners

Professional telephone manner is an important skill to master for your current job search as well as for future jobs you may hold. Knowing how to professionally use the telephone is a basic function of any job in any field. A telephone call is often the first contact you will have with an employer. It is important to make a good first impression. Poor telephone skills may give the person you are calling a bad impression of you and may reduce your chances of getting the help or information you are looking for. The following tips will be helpful whether you are looking for a job or have a job that involves using the telephone.

Telephone Tips for the Job Search The telephone is an important resource for the job search process. Please be mindful of proper telephone etiquette. The following reminders may be of assistance.Always plan your calls. Know whom you are calling and the correct pronunciation of the name. Be courteous to all those with whom you talk. Receptionists and telephone operators often talk with the person who will make the employment decision. Remember to say thank you to everyone with whom you come in contact.Be concise, positive, upbeat and optimistic. Your personality, attitude and demeanor are reflected in your voice. No one likes to talk to someone with a bad attitude, let alone hire that person. The telephone conversation may be your first contact with that employer. Be certain to make a positive impression. Never keep a person on the telephone longer than necessary.Be professional. Always conduct yourself in a highly professional, ethical and honest manner. Never misrepresent yourself or any facts. Be persistent. It is often difficult to make contacts over the telephone. If your contact person is not available, leave a message. Include your name, time and date of your call, your telephone number and a short message. If you say that you will call again at another time or date, do so. Follow-up is extremely important.Don't become discouraged. If you are making prospecting calls (cold calls), be prepared for many rejections. Remember that this is a numbers game. The more contacts you make, the more positive results you will receive. If you are unable to get past the secretary or receptionist, try calling before or after the secretary's regular office hours. Frequently the manager will work longer hours than his or her staff and will answer the phone during those hours. If that fails, contact someone you know within the organization and ask that person to transfer your call directly to the desired person. Special note on answering machines: Make certain that your outgoing message is professional. During a job search is not the time to use your rap, duet, or presidential impersonation.

Put each of the following words or phrases into its correct place:

answer call caller come through directoryhang up identify message mouthpiece numberoperator reach receiver replaced ringsave telephone tone

Telephone Etiquette

1. Know the right number before making a ……… . When in doubt, consult a ………, your personal number list, or the information ……… .

2. Allow time to ……… . Give the person you are calling enough time to ……… his telephone. A little patience may ……… you a second call.

3. Speak distinctly and in a normal ……… of voice. Your lips should be about an inch away from the ……… .

4. Answer promptly. Try to answer your telephone on the first ……… . Otherwise the ……… may hang up and you might miss an important message.

5. ……….. yourself when you answer the ……… . Do not merely say ‘hello’, give your name, your telephone ………, or the name of your firm.

6. Take messages for people who are not there. Write down the name and telephone number of the person calling. Place the ……… where it can be seen.

7. ……… gently. Slamming the ……… down is discourteous. Be sure the receiver is always ……… properly. Otherwise no calls can ……….. to you.

LANGUAGE STUDYConditional sentences

There are three main types of conditional. These are usually referred to as the First, Second and Third Conditionals.

The First Conditional

FORM

if + present simple futureIf you drop it, it’ll break.If you come later you will miss the concert.If he phones me he’ll find out the truth.orfuture if + present simpleIt’ll break if you drop it.You will miss the concert if you come later.He’ll find out the truth if he phones me.

The first conditional refers to the future. It is used when there is a possibility that the if- event might happen.If it rains, we’ll go to the cinema. (it might rain, it might not)If they buy the house, they will regret it. (they might buy the house, they might not)If the sun shines, we’ll go to the beach. (the sun might shine, it might not)

The Second Conditional

FORMif + past simple would/ could/ might + infinitiveIf I lived by the sea, I would do a lot of walking.If they asked me to work for them, I might accept.

orwould/ could/ might +infinitive if + past simpleI would do a lot of walking if I lived by the sea.I might accept if they asked me to work for them.

The ‘past’ here is actually the subjunctive, which is the same as the past simple except for two forms – I and he/ she + were:If I were in your shoes, I’d change my job.If Peter were there, he would be very unhappy.

In colloquial English, these two forms can be replaced by the past:If I was in your shoes, I’d change my job.If Peter was there, he would be very unhappy.

would is always shortened to ‘d. The second conditional refers to the present or future.

The if – event is either a) hypothetical:If I spoke Spanish, my job would be a lot easier. (but I don’t speak Spanish)

b) unlikely: If he left the country, he might be happier. (but I don’t think He is going to leave the country)

The Third Conditional

FORMif + past perfect would/ could/ might + perfect infinitiveIf I had met you earlier, I wouldn’t have married Jack.If I’d worked harder, I would earn more.

orwould/ could/ might +perfect infinitive if + past perfectI wouldn’t have married Jack if I had met you earlier.I would earn more if I’d worked harder.

The third conditional refers to the past (it is also called the past conditional):She would have arrived if she had caught the plane. (but she didn’t arrive, so she didn’t catch the plane)I’d have warned you if I’d seen you last week. (but I didn’t see you, so I didn’t warn you)If I’d passed my exams, I would have gone to Art College. (but I didn’t pass my exams, so I didn’t go to Art College)

We use this conditional to speculate about what might have happened in the past.

Zero ConditionalThere is another conditional often called zero conditional.

FORM

if + present simple present simpleIf you press the button, the machine keeps working.If you keep a diet you lose weight.

orpresent simple if + present simpleThe machine keeps working if you press the button.You lose weight if you keep a diet.

If has the same meaning as when here. The zero conditional is used: a)for instructions:

If the camera is on, a red light appears.b) for general truths:If it’s autumn leaves fall turn yellow.

Notes:1. As well as if, conditional clauses can be introduced by:

as long as, unless(=if not), provided that, on condition (that), so long as, (just) suppose, what if, imagine:e.g.

I won’t come unless you pay my fare.Provided that you pay my fare, I will come.Suppose it didn’t rain for two months, would we have enough water?

The words are not always interchangeable. Their use depends on the context of the sentence.

2. When the if clause is in second position, no comma is needed to separate the two clauses.

Mixed conditional sentences

In mixed conditional sentences, each clause refers to a different time.Sarah would be here (now) if she has caught the train on time. (past)I would have told you (past) if I knew the answer. (I don’t know now and I didn’t before)

Grammar ConsolidationRephrase the following sentences using IF so as the meaning stays the same:1. I think you are wrong not to trust him.

If I …..2. He didn’t drown because that brave fellow reached him and saved him.

If the fellow….3. You had only to ask me to find out the real fact.

If you…..4. Since Peter doesn’t like tennis, he never watches it.

If Peter……5. He didn’t find a taxi and so he missed the train.

If ……..6. With a lot of hard work, you may win the prize.

If you…….7. I wish I had taken her advice.

If……

8. Unless the driver had seen us, he wouldn’t have stopped the car.If……

Choose the correct word or words in italics in these sentences:1. ‘If all the hotels were full, where would we stay?’ (provided that, as long as, suppose )2. ‘I’ll complain to the manager if you don’t give me another room.’(as long as, imagine, unless)3. ‘If your company went bankrupt, what would you do?’(just suppose, on condition, as long as)4. ‘If you had to live in another country, where would you go?’(on condition, unless, imagine)5. ‘We’ll let him out of prison if he reports to the police station every day.’(supposing, as long as)

Put the verbs into the correct tense:1. If the temperature falls below zero, water (freeze).

If the temperature falls below zero, water freezes.2. If he’s angry, his face always (go) red.3. His car would be a lot safer if he (buy) some new tyres.4. If you drove more carefully, you (not have) so many accidents.5. Will you phone me if there (be) any problems?6. If he (see) me here, he will be very surprised.7. If he (have) any money, I’d give him some.8. If I (have) to, I will complain to the manager.9. I would have visited you in hospital if I (know) you were there.10. What would you have done if I (not lend) you the money?

Write these sentences in full, using the words given. Put the verbs into the correct tense:1. If / you/ asked/ me for tickets/ I / could/ get/ you / some.

If you had asked me for tickets, I could have got you some.2. I / not/ marry/ him/ if/ I / know/ what he was like.3. I / not hire/ a car/ if/ I / know/ how expensive it was.4. If / I / be born/ a year earlier/ I / have to do/ military service.5. If / we/ got/ to the cinema on time/ we/ not miss/ the start of the film.6. I / wouldn’t/ go out/ yesterday/ if/ you asked/ me not to.7. I / could/ give you/ a lift/ if/ my car/ not broke down.8. I / would/ stay/ longer/ if/ she/ wanted me to.

Rewrite the sentences using if:1. Give me back the money or I’ll call the police.

If you don’t give me back the money, I’ll call the police.2. I must go now or I’ll miss the train.3. They’d better come soon or they’ll miss the start of the concert.4. Stop shouting or you’ll wake the whole house up.5. I must fill in this form or I won’t get a refund.6. She’d better turn up on time or she won’t create a good impression.

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets:1. If you can lend me $10, I …‘ll pay… (pay) you back tomorrow.

2. John would probably have to borrow the money from the bank if his parents……………….(not/give) him extra money every month.

3. Don’t worry. My parents ……………. (not/ mind) if you stay the night.4. …………………..(you/ buy) the shoes if they were in the sale?5. I …………………(definitely/ have) a party if I pass all my exams.6. I’d come with you to the film if it …………………(not/ finish) so late.7. If I didn’t have extra English lessons, I …………………(not/ be able to) stay in the class.8. How …………………….(you/ get) home if you miss the last train?

An English language school have asked students their opinion about some proposed improvements. Here are some answers. Choose the correct conditional expressions to complete them.

COMPUTERS Yes, I would the computers after school, (as long as, even if) there were a teacher there to help.

TRIPS No, I would not want to take part in school trips, (provided that/ unless) they took place at the weekend.

VIDEO Yes, I would like to have a video lesson once a week (unless/ provided that) it were related to the course work.

TESTS Yes, I would find it helpful to have regular tests (unless/ as long as) the teacher gave us time to prepare for them

END-OF-TERM PARTY Yes, I would come along to a party at the end of term (provided that/ unless) I could bring a friend.

CANTEEN PRICES I always bring a packed lunch, so I would not eat in the canteen (even if/ as long as) it were much cheaper.

Laura is talking to Mrs. White, a career adviser, about the possibility of trainingas a nurse. Complete the dialogue using the correct form of the verb in brackets.

LAURA: I’m thinking of training as a nurse. What do you think?MRS W: It depends. Would you mind working long hours?LAURA: No, I ………….……. (not/ mind) as long as I ………………..(enjoy)

the work.MRS W: Could you work at weekends?LAURA: Yes, I …………………… (can), provided that) I …………………..

(have) some time off during the week.MRS W: How would you feel about working overtime?LAURA: That would be O.K. as long as I ………………(be) paid for it.MRS W: Could you work at nights?LAURA: Probably not, unless I …………………(be able to) get someone to

baby-sit.

Write what would you say in these situations, using the third conditional.

1. You have made some soup. Your brother comes back with three friends. He didn’t tell you he was going to do this and you don’t have enough soup for everyone. What do you say to your brother?If you’d told me you were going to invite three friends, I’d have made some more soup.

2. You were in the shower when the telephone rang so you couldn’t answer. Your friend told you later that it was she on the phone and worried why you hadn’t answered it. What do you day to her?……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

3. A friend has just reminded you that there is a party on Saturday night. You nearly forgot about it. What do you say to your friend?…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

4. Your younger sister took a photo of her best friend but unfortunately she stood too close so the photo was unclear. What do you say to her?……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

5. A company offered you a job but the salary was very low. You didn’t take the job. Your father wonders why. What do you say to him?……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

UNIT 11THE MAIL

Motto:“E-mail is far more convenient than the telephone, as far as I'm concerned.

I would throw my phone away if I could get away with it.” Tom Hanks, American actor

Electronic mail is rapidly becoming the dominant form of written communication, and effective e-mail writing skills are essential for everyone in both professional and personal settings. Electronic mail is a natural use of networked communication technology that developed right along with the evolution of the Internet.

A SHORT HISTORY OF COMPUTER

In The Beginning...

The history of computers starts out about 2000 years ago, at the birth of the abacus, a wooden rack holding two horizontal wires with beads strung on them. When these beads are moved around, according to programming rules memorized by the user, all regular arithmetic problems can be done. Another important invention around the same time was the Astrolabe, used for navigation.

Blaise Pascal is usually credited for building the first digital computer in 1642. It added numbers entered with dials and was made to help his father, a tax collector. In 1671, Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz invented a computer that was built in 1694. It could add, and, after changing some things around, multiply. Leibniz invented a special stepped gear mechanism for introducing the addend digits, and this is still being used.

The prototypes made by Pascal and Leibniz were not used in many places, and considered weird until a little more than a century later, when Thomas of Colmar (A.K.A. Charles Xavier Thomas) created the first successful mechanical calculator that could add, subtract, multiply, and divide. A lot of improved desktop calculators by many inventors followed, so that by about 1890, the range of improvements included:

Accumulation of partial results Storage and automatic reentry of past results (A memory function) Printing of the results

Each of these required manual installation. These improvements were mainly made for commercial users, and not for the needs of science.

Charles Babbage designed the first computer, starting in 1823. Though not completed until 1990, his Difference Engine worked. Ada King, Countess of Lovelace and daughter of Lord Byron, wrote programs for the Difference Engine, thus becoming the world's first programmer.

Babbage's computers were never finished. Various reasons are used for his failure. Most used is the lack of precision machining techniques at the time. Another speculation is that Babbage was working on a solution of a problem that few people in 1840 really needed to solve. After Babbage, there was a temporary loss of interest in automatic digital computers.

Between 1850 and 1900 great advances were made in mathematical physics, and it came to be known that most observable dynamic phenomena can be identified by differential equations (which meant that most events occurring in nature can be measured or described in one equation or another), so that easy means for their calculation would be helpful.

Moreover, from a practical view, the availability of steam power caused manufacturing (boilers), transportation (steam engines and boats), and commerce to prosper and led to a period of a lot of

engineering achievements. The designing of railroads, and the making of steamships, textile mills, and bridges required differential calculus to determine such things as:

center of gravity center of buoyancy moment of inertia stress distributions

The ENIAC was the first successful electronic digital computer.

The start of World War II produced a large need for computer capacity, especially for the military. New weapons were made for which trajectory tables and other essential data were needed. In 1942, John P. Eckert, John W. Mauchly, and their associates at the Moore school of Electrical Engineering of University of Pennsylvania decided to build a high - speed electronic computer to do the job. This machine became known as ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator And Calculator)

The size of ENIAC’s numerical "word" was 10 decimal digits, and it could multiply two of these numbers at a rate of 300 per second, by finding the value of each product from a multiplication table stored in its memory. ENIAC was therefore about 1,000 times faster then the previous generation of relay computers.

The PDP-8 was the world's first minicomputer. It was priced at the amazingly low price of $20,000.00.

In the 1960’s, efforts to design and develop the fastest possible computer with the greatest capacity reached a turning point with the LARC machine, built for the Livermore Radiation Laboratories of the University of California by the Sperry - Rand Corporation, and the Stretch computer by IBM. The LARC had a base memory of 98,000 words and multiplied in 10 Greek MU seconds. Stretch was made with several degrees of memory having slower access for the ranks of greater capacity, the fastest access time being less then 1 Greek MU Second and the total capacity in the vicinity of 100,000,000 words.

During this period, the major computer manufacturers began to offer a range of capabilities and prices, as well as accessories such as:

Consoles Card Feeders Page Printers Cathode - ray - tube displays Graphing devices

These were widely used in businesses for such things as:

Accounting Payroll Inventory control Ordering Supplies Billing

Latest technology

In the 1980’s, very large scale integration (VLSI), in which hundreds of thousands of transistors were placed on a single chip, became more and more common. Many companies, some new to the computer field, introduced in the 1970s programmable minicomputers supplied with software packages. The "shrinking" trend continued with the introduction of personal computers (PC’s), which are programmable machines small enough and inexpensive enough to be purchased and used by individuals.

Many companies, such as Apple Computer and Radio Shack, introduced very successful PC’s in the 1970s, encouraged in part by a fad in computer (video) games. In the 1980s some friction occurred in the crowded PC field, with Apple and IBM keeping strong. In the manufacturing of semiconductor chips, the Intel and Motorola Corporations were very competitive into the 1980s, although Japanese firms were making strong economic advances, especially in the area of memory chips. By the late 1980s, some personal computers were run by microprocessors that, handling 32 bits of data at a time, could process about 4,000,000 instructions per second.

Microprocessors equipped with read-only memory (ROM), which stores constantly used, unchanging programs, now performed an increased number of process-control, testing, monitoring, and diagnosing functions, like automobile ignition systems, automobile-engine diagnosis, and production-line inspection duties.

Cray Research and Control Data Inc. dominated the field of supercomputers, or the most powerful computer systems, through the 1970s and 1980s. In the early 1980s, however, the Japanese government announced a gigantic plan to design and build a new generation of supercomputers. This new generation, the so-called "fifth" generation, is using new technologies in very large integration, along with new programming languages, and will be capable of amazing feats in the area of artificial intelligence, such as voice recognition.

Progress in the area of software has not matched the great advances in hardware. Software has become the major cost of many systems because programming productivity has not increased very quickly. New programming techniques, such as object-oriented programming, have been developed to help relieve this problem. Despite difficulties with software, however, the cost per calculation of computers is rapidly lessening, and their convenience and efficiency are expected to increase in the early future.

The computer field continues to experience huge growth. Computer networking, computer mail, and electronic publishing are just a few of the applications that have grown in recent years. Advances in technologies continue to produce cheaper and more powerful computers offering the promise that in the near future, computers or terminals will reside in most, if not all homes, offices, and schools.

! EMAIL FACTS Computer engineer, Ray Tomlinson invented Internet based email in late 1971. Message

exchange in one form or another has existed from the early days of timesharing computers. ARPAnet (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network ) was the first Internet. The first email was sent between two computers that were actually sitting besides each other.

However, the ARPANET network was used as the connection between the two. The first email message was "QWERTYUIOP".

Ray Tomlinson chose the @ symbol to tell which user was "at" what computer. The @ goes in between the user's login name and the name of his/her host computer.

Internet users are sending 5 billions of email per day and 1.4 trillion email messages per year! The email of the future brings with it high-speed connections enabling quick download of video

email or v-mail.

☺ FUNNY EMAIL FACTS After receiving spam, a Florida man tried to remove himself from the mailing list and was told

he "didn't have permission"! A man in New York, after having received 27 emails from a woman, politely replied that he

was not the J. Miller she wanted and was sorry her affair had just ended! Hormel's Spam remains a favorite with the Japanese where it is held in high esteem. Spam is

eaten for breakfast, lunch, and even a romantic candlelight dinner! The email of the future brings with it high-speed connections enabling quick download of video email or v-mail.

A woman in Holland began receiving email for her dog!

►PROS A very quick (timesaving) way of

communicating with others. Email is cheaper and faster than a letter

(cost-effective) Less intrusive than a phone call, less hassle

than a FAX. Using email, differences in location and time

zone are less of an obstacle to communication. Because of these advantages, email use is exploding.

You can include attachments (documents, photographs, graphics, etc.) to your e-mail and the person receiving it can easily just view, print or save it on the other side.

Disseminate information to a large audience quickly.

Stay attuned to issues, concerns, and changes in your field of interest.

►CONS Encourages poor writing habits. People tend

to type in a few sentences, click the "Send" button and ignore proper writing styles.

If your message is extremely confidential it is better not to send it via e-mail, as e-communication is not totally secure.

Often contains spam messages (junk mail). Your e-mail address can be overloaded with

too many messages coming through, especially when you are away for a few days and/or were unable to read your e-mail every day.

EMAIL ETIQUETTEElectronic communication, because of its speed and broadcasting ability, is fundamentally different from paper-based communication. Because the turnaround time can be so fast, email is more conversational than traditional paper-based media. Thus your email compositions should be different from both your paper compositions and your speech.

It is amazing to find that in this day and age, some companies have still not realized how important their email communications are. Many companies send email replies late or not at all, or send replies that do not actually answer the questions asked. If your company is able to deal professionally with email, this will provide your company with that all-important competitive edge.

Why do you need email etiquette?A company needs to implement etiquette rules for the following three reasons:

Professionalism: by using proper email language your company will convey a professional image.

Efficiency: emails that get to the point are much more effective than poorly worded emails.

Protection from liability: employee awareness of email risks will protect your company from costly law suits.

There are many etiquette guides and many different etiquette rules. Some rules will differ according to the nature of your business and the corporate culture. Below we list what we consider as the most important email etiquette rules that apply to nearly all companies:

1. Be concise and to the point 2. Answer all questions, and pre-empt further questions3. Use proper spelling, grammar & punctuation4. Make it personal5. Do not attach unnecessary files6. Use proper structure & layout7. Do not write in CAPITALS8. Read the email before you send it9. Take care with abbreviations and emoticons10. Do not forward chain letters11. Do not copy a message or attachment without permission12. Do not use email to discuss confidential information13. Use active instead of passive14. Avoid long sentences 15. Keep your language gender neutral

In summary, keep everything short. Keep your lines short, keep your paragraphs short, and keep the message short.

Every new medium develops its own protocols for opening and closing.Telephone conversations start with "Hello" and end with "Goodbye". Letters open with "Dear" and end with "Sincerely". Because email is so new, there aren't firm customs on how to open and close. Many people do not give either a salutation or a signature. After all, while a letter can get separated from its envelope easily, it is difficult to separate an email message's body from its addressing information. The email message itself says who it is to and from.

ACRONYMS & JARGON IN EMAILS

Every group that spends any time together develops its own shorthand notation; it is not surprising that people forced to use the unnatural action of typing would be inclined towards acronyms. Some of these come from Usenet newsgroups, some of the more "gestural" ones come from Internet Relay Chat (IRC). Obviously it would be nice of seasoned users to not pepper novices with an enormous amount of jargon, but on the Internet, nobody knows you are a newcomer. Here are some of the most common acronyms and expressions:

* BRB - Be right back *BTW - By the way *CUL - See you later * F2F - Face to Face * FWIW - For what its worth * FYA - For your amusement* FYI - For Your Information * HHOK - Ha ha only kidding* IMHO - In My Humble/Honest Opinion

* IOW - In other words * LOL - Laughing out loud* RTFM - Read The Manual ("Manual" here refers to any documentation) * LOL - [I] Laughed Out Loud [at what you wrote] * ROTFL - [I am] Rolling On The Floor Laughing [at what you wrote] * <hug> - hug These are less common, but show up occasionally: * TTFN - Ta-Ta For Now *TIA - Thanks In Advance * TNX - Thanks* WB - Welcome back * WRT - With respect to * WTG - Way to go*spam - unsolicited email sent to many people simultaneously, usually commercial, but occasionally political. * bounce - A message that was returned to the sender, either because the email address was incorrect or because there was a configuration problem on the receiver's end. Can also be a verb: "I tried sending email to my Aunt Mabel, but it bounced. I guess she doesn't work there any more." * flame - An electronic message that is particularly hostile. Can also be a verb: "Whooeee! I posted a rude cat joke to my company's cat-lovers mailing list, and wow, did I get flamed!" * lurk - To read messages anonymously (in either a mailing list or Usenet newsgroup) without posting. * ping - Test to see if the other person is there/awake/available. "Lunch tomorrow? I may be busy with a client. Ping me at eleven thirty or so."

LANGUAGE STUDYIndirect/Reported Speech

Indirect or reported speech refers to using a finite that clause or a non-finite clause to report what someone has said. The reported clause is introduced by a reporting verb, such as admit, answer, apologise, ask, assure, beg, cry, deny, exclaim, explain, implore, inform, inquire, promise, remember, remind, reply, request, say, suggest, tell, wonder etc.When quoted or direct speech is converted into indirect or reported speech, several changes take place, which affect the tense of the verb in the reported clause, some of the pronouns, and the adverbial modifiers of place and time.

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECHthistheseherenowtodayyesterdaythe day before yesterdaytomorrow

that/thethose/thetherethenthat daythe day beforetwo days before

the next/the following day

last week

a year ago

the previous week/ the week beforea year before/the previous year

If the reporting verb in the main clause is in the present, Present Perfect, or future, the verb in the reported clause remains unchanged:e.g. She says, “I watch TV news every evening.” She says she watches TV news every evening. If the reporting verb in the main clause is in the past, the verb in the reported clause will usually be in a past tense form, as follows:

TENSE CHANGESDIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH1. Present Simple She said, “I walk there every day”. Mary asked, “What do you want?”He said, “I don’t like this cake.”

Past SimpleShe said she walked there every day.Mary asked me what I wanted.He told me that he didn’t like that cake.

2. Present ContinuousHe said, “You are talking too much.”

Past ContinuousHe said that I was talking too much.

3. Present Perfect The child said, “I have finished my homework.”

Past PerfectThe child said that he had finished his homework.

4. Present Perfect Continuous“He’s been washing the car.”

Past Perfect ContinuousFather said he had been washing the car.

5. Past SimpleShe said, “They broke the house last night.”

Past PerfectShe said that they had broken the house the previous night.

6. Past ContinuousHe said, “I was trying to fix the TV.”

Past Perfect ContinuousHe said that he had been trying to fix the TV.

7. Future Simple He said, “I’ll keep in touch.”

Future-in-the-pastHe said that he would keep in touch.

8. Future ContinuousShe said, “He will be sleeping at that hour.”

Future-in-the-past ContinuousHe said that he would be sleeping at that hour.

9. Past PerfectFather had left for work.

Past PerfectThey told the manager that father had left for work.

In indirect speech, an interrogative sentence has the word order of a statemente.g. “Do you like sweets?” She wanted to know whether4 I liked sweets. Imperatives or direct orders become infinitive clauses in reported speech.e.g. “Marry me!” He asked her to marry him. Reported exclamations are either object clauses or simply paraphrases of direct exclamations:e.g. “Thank, you dear.” She thanked me.4 We use IF or WHETHER after the predicate in the main clause expressed by one of the verbs, ask, want to know, wonder, didn’t say when it is transformed into yes/no type questions.

“ How awful the weather is!” He complained about the weather. “Good morning!” She greeted me./ She wished me a good morning. “Merry Christmas!? They wished us Merry Christmas.

MODALSDIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECHCANCOULDMAYMIGHTSHALLSHOULDWILLWOULDMUST HAVE/ CAN / COULD HAVEMUST (obligation)

MUSTNEED

COULDCOULDMIGHTMIGHTSHOULDSHOULDWOULDWOULDMUST HAVE/CAN/COULD HAVEHAD TO/WOULD HAVE TO

MUSTNEED

Grammar consolidation

Choose the best way to complete the sentences below:

1)  Please tell me ………..

where is the bus stop

where the bus stop be

where stops the bus

where the bus stop is2)  I told him ……………..

what the homework was

what was the homework

what was to be the homework

what is the homework 3)   I think ……………….

will be the plane on time

the plane will be on time

the plane to be on time

it will be on time the plane 4)  I didn't know ………..

what he mean

what did he mean

what did he meant

what he meant  5)  He said ………………...

that the weather colder than usual

the weather be colder than usual

the weather was colder than usual

the weather it is colder than usual6)  I think ……………...

today it is Wednesday

that is today Wednesday

today is Wednesday

today was Wednesday 7)  He said ……………….

that yesterday he gone downtown

he goes downtown yesterday

he go downtown yesterday

he went downtown yesterday8)  I believe ………….

him he is right

he is right

he be right

that he right9)  She said …………...

that she was hungry

she hungry

she be hungry

her was hungry10)   He told us …………..

that he enjoy the movie

he enjoyed the movie

he be enjoying the movie

that enjoyed the movie

Take the following sentences in direct speech and put them into indirect (or reported) speech.

1. Tom said, "I want to visit my friends this weekend." 2. Jerry said, "I'm studying English a lot at the moment." 3. They said, "We've lived here for a long time." 4. He asked me, "Have you finished reading the newspaper?" 5. "I get up every morning at seven o'clock.", Peter said. 6. Susan reassured me, "I can come tonight." 7. She said, "I really wish I had bought that new car." 8. Jack said, "He must be guilty!" 9. Cheryl asked her, "How long have you lived here?" 10. He said, "I must get going. Otherwise, I'm going to be late."

UNIT 12GETTING A JOB

Mind Your Own BusinessMotto:

"I like work; it fascinates me. I can sit and look at it for hours.” Jerome K. Jerome, American writer

Discussion points

1.Think of a job that implies:

seasonal work / freelance work / shift work / casual labour / teleworking / a 9-5 job.

2. Which of the following could be o feature of these jobs? working as part of a team or on your own a high salary and/or high status working in a competitive environment working flexible or fixed hours lots of variety or repetitive tasks travelling a lot for your job job security working under pressure to tight deadlines

Read the text below paying attention to vocabulary items connected to jobs:

The MillerNigel Moon, a graduate in history and archeology, always wanted to buy a windmill. When a

chance came to buy Downfield Mill, he left his job and took a variety of part-time jobs for the five years needed to restore the building.

On milling days, he can be seen dashing frantically around the five floors, tools usually in hand as he strives to keep all systems going. "Even when there is no wind and the sails are down, it is hard work because I have a set of stones powered by an electric motor. Working the mill this way is not

as satisfying as when it is running on the sails, buy the two systems often run in concert and the electric system helps to keep production going. I'm not really in the business for the money. There

must be a thousand easier ways of making a living."Although it is exhausting, seven-day-a-week occupation, Moon says he would not do anything else.

The Art Dealer"It is a myth," says Anna -Mei Chadwick, "that running an art gallery is

all about opening shows and bottles of wine." She regularly works ten hours a day, seven days a week. She regards herself as a retailer.

"The retail trade is very tough - you need stamina and a lot of help. Dealing with the general public takes a certain strength. Anybody can walk through the door.

Initially, she approached artists she knew and found others by going to shows and competitions. She concentrates on artists with promise who are not necessarily well-known.

Each year the gallery runs seventeen shows. Although turnover has risen steadily since the gallery opened, it was two years before she took on a full-time assistant. She still needs to be in the gallery

much of the time. Clients and artists expect to see her. "Running an art gallery is a very personal business - you have to be there rather than an assistant.

Discuss this question.Do you think there is a single, right job for each of us or could we all do a number of different jobs equally?

Read the text below to find out how people normally choose their jobs. Then read the text again and circle the word (a, b, c, d) that best fits each space.

How do you choose the right job?

A few people decide early in life what they want to do and then follow a prescribed path of training to reach their (1)... . more often, a young person takes the best job available, and that (2)... to a lifetime in a particular field. Of course, both who you know and what you know are important. Frequently an individual finds a job through a friend, relative or other (3)... person. However, with a university degree the minimum (4)...for many jobs - and advanced training and qualifications a (5)... in most professional fields - what you can be the (6)... to a good job.

There is probably no single 'right' job for anybody. Out of the (7)... 20,000 types of occupations available in modern society, there are probably hundreds that you could perform well and find rewarding. Although circumstances (8)... one's choices, there are still more possibilities than most people realise. Chance always (9)... a part in finding a job you like, but vocational counsellors believe that a person can improve the (10)... by analysing his or her ambitions, interests and aptitudes. One person may want to earn a lot of money. Others may place priority to helping others, to being active, or having a low risk of becoming unemployed. Personal interests, such as love of the (11)... or the fascination with computers, may point the (12)... to a job a person enjoys and respects.

1. a. plan b. goal c. end d. object2. a. leads b. directs c. conducts d. introduces3. a. valuable b. beneficial c. helpful d. advantageous4. a. necessity b. obligation c. offer d. requirement5. a. need b. must c. want d. demand6. a. ticket b. admission c. direction d. certificate

7. a. expected b. assessed c. estimated d. calculated8. a. shorten b. press c. shrink d. narrow9.a. takes b. gives c. puts d. plays10. a. odds b. difference c. angles d. favour11. a. outwards b. outside c. outdoors d. outback12. a. course b. way c. passage d. progress

Discussion points:1. What has influenced you in your choice of your present or potential career?2. What other careers have you considered?3. To what extent has chance or good luck played a part?4. What jobs would you recommend for people with the following combinations of qualities?

numerate, computer-literate, meticulous patient, caring, physically fit articulate, outgoing, persuasive

You have asked an English friend to send you information about jobs in England during the summer. He has sent you two advertisements, to which you have added your comments. Read the advertisements and decide which job you would like to ally for.

STUDENT WANTEDWe require a student to help out in our small, friendly hotel during the busy summer months. Duties include reception, serving food and cleaning rooms. Hard work and long hours but a friendly atmosphere. Food and accommodation provided. Previous experience of hotel work desirable.

Write to Mrs. Turner, Mentmore Hotel, Castle Lane, St Ives, Cornwall.

Special Tours

INTERNATIONAL

Tour Leader

Special Tours International is looking for a tour leader to join its committed, enthusiastic and hard-working

team during the busy summer months. It could be you! This is a temporary post but could become permanent. You will have to drive the initiative

necessary to help organise international study tours for students aged 18-25. You will be able to speak two languages as well as English. You must be able to

work under pressure, have excellent interpersonal and organising skills, and accept to work unsociable hours.

You will spend half of your time at Head Office in London and the other half overseas. An attractive

salary is offered. Write and convince us that you are the person we are

looking for.

Write to Clare Clairmont, Director, STI, Trelawny House, Byron Crscent, London

Now write:a). a letter of application for the job that you would like to do. Give information about yourself and ask about any points that you are not sure of. Write about 200 words.b). a note to your friend thanking him and saying which job you have applied for and why. Write about 50 words

a letter of application is your way of introducing yourself to an employer. It represents you, and it should represent you well. Your application letter is the first important business letter you will write. It is a letter in which you are trying to sell your services. It must be attractive, persuasive, convincing, but always truthful and straightforward a curriculum vitae will provide your personal details and a summary of your qualification. You will include facts about your education, training with dates. Personal details

will include your age, your marital status, interests etc

_______________________________________________________________________________

LANGUAGE BANK/ WRITING TIPS

I am writing to apply for the post/position of…

Giving reasonsI believe that I have the necessary experience and personal qualities…Firstly, I am used to organising …

In addition, I have already done some part-time work…

Asking for information

I would like to know if/whether…I would appreciate it if you could send me further details about…

ConcludingI enclose a completed application form/ my curriculum vitae with full details of…I am available for interview at any time convenient to you…I look forward to hearing from you…! You have to produce two types of writing1. For the note, use an informal register and

informal punctuation. Don’t forget to mention which job you applied for and why.

2. For the letter, begin and end with a formal greeting. Follow this plan.

Paragraph 1: Say who you are and why you are writingParagraphs 2/3: Give reasons why you are interested in the job and why you think you are suitable for the position. Say what experience you have has and what sort of person you are.Concluding paragraph: Ask for more information about the job

Use these idiomatic expressions to comment on the sentences below.the daily grind/ donkey work/ slave driver/ pull your weight/ drive yourself too hard/ work your fingers to the bone/ not do a stroke of work

1. Mr. Slater makes his staff work much too hard.He’s a slave driver!

2. The new computer will do the repetitive, mundane work so we can concentrate on the creative side of the business.

3. Sally was fed up with the same journey to work and doing exactly the same things every day.

4. Jack just sits at his desk, doing nothing at all.5. Jane’s parents worked terribly hard for years in order to send her to an expensive

school.6. If Tony continues to work such long hours, he will make himself ill.7. Mary doesn’t work as hard as the other members of her team.

LANGUAGE STUDYThe Passive

FORM

Noun/ pronoun + to be + past participleIt was stolen.The televisions are made in Germany.

The passive is used to describe actions:a) when we don’t know who does, or did, the action:My briefcase was stolen last night.(I don’t know who stole it)b) when it is not important to know who does, or did, the action:The cars are taken to Europe every week.(It doesn’t matter who takes them).

Passive sentences describe what happens to people or things, often as a result of action by other people or things.

Passive sentences indicate that what happens is more important than who is responsible. For example:

ACTIVESimon has painted the house.The speaker is talking about Simon and the house.

PASSIVEThe house has been painted.Only the house is being discussed and not the person who painted it.

Mary was arrested yesterday by the police.The important news is about Mary, not about the police.

Present noun/ pronoun + is/ are + past participleThe cars are taken abroad

Past noun/ pronoun + was/ were + past participleThe cars were taken abroad.

Present Perfect noun/ pronoun + has/ have been + past participleThe cars have been taken abroad.

The rules for choice of tense are the same in the passive as they are for active sentences

The passive is frequently used to describe scientific or mechanical processes, or in formal explanations:

The passive is frequently used… It is not essential to repeat the auxiliary verb to be in a list of processes:

The cars are washed, cleaned, checked, and then driven to the garages.

Grammar consolidation

Rewrite these sentences in the passive:1. We had warned him the day before not to go too near the canal.

He was warned not to go too near the canal.2. Someone’s interviewing him at the moment.

He………………………………………………3. They’re cleaning the shoes at the moment.

The shoes …………………………………….4. You mustn’t use this machine after 5.30 p.m.

This machine ……………………………………5. They were watching the show when the accident happened.

The show ……………………………………………..6. You should pay your bill before you leave the hotel.

Your bill………………………………………………….7. Someone will drive your car tomorrow morning.

Your car……………………………………………..8. We don’t allow smoking in this room.

Smoking……………………………………9. We invited two hundred people to the wedding.

Two hundred people ……………………………..10. Someone will the whistle if there is an emergency.

The whistle………………………………………….

Rewrite the following sentences using the passive:1. My car/ damage/ last night. (past)2. This computer / make /in Japan. (future)3. Cheese / make / from milk. (present)4. The children / give/ some food. (present perfect)5. Several people/ hurt/ in an accident/ when/ we arrived there. (past perfect)6. The parcel/ post/ yesterday. (past)7. The man / change / his money into dollars/ at the bank. (future)8. The President / kill/ last night. (past)

Transform the following active sentences into passive sentences:1. Nobody will know the result of the election until late tonight.

The result of the election will not be known until late tonight.2. The hotel staff clean the rooms thoroughly every day.

………………………………………………………3. They have postponed the match until next Saturday.

……………………………………………………..4. They were raising money during the evening charity.

………………………………………………………5. Someone is repairing the video at this very moment.

……………………………………………………….6. They should have posted the parcel last week.

………………………………………………………..7. They are going to redecorate the college during the holidays.

……………………………………………………………….8. They discovered some Roman treasure in the middle of a cornfield in Sussex last

week…………………………………………………………………………………………….

Complete the article with the correct form of the passive using the verbs in brackets:

POACHING IN AFRICA

Last month more rhinos were murdered by poachers in Africa. The horns were cut off and the bodies left where they fell.

There is no doubt now that putting a fence around suitable areas to keep out poachers is the only way the rhinos …….can be protected..(can/ protect). A 200 km boundary has now been cleared in Kenya and is ready for electric fences ………………(build). Accommodation for the wardens has already been built and water powered generator is in the process of …………………(construct).

The second phase of this fencing project is now ready to begin. The fence posts …………………..(can/ obtain) in Kenya, but wire ………………………(have to/ buy) from Europe. We cannot allow the project …………………….(abandon) at this stage so we are asking for your help to raise the necessary funds.

When this project began three years ago it seemed impossibly expensive, but there is now some hope that it …………………….(may/ achieve). Without these sanctuaries completely ………………….(fence), there is still the danger of some rhinos wandering out of the sanctuaries and ……………………(kill) by poachers.

We are appealing for your help with these important projects. The future of the rhino in Kenya is in our hands.

WORLD ANIMAL AID

Translate into English:1. Un student bun e lăudat pentru munca lui.2. Dacă va fi despărţit de prietenii lui, va studia mai mult.3. E împiedicat să părăsească spitalul deoarece nu e bine încă.4. Are de toate, nu e nevoie să-ţi faci griji.5. Se gătea supa, iar mirosul umplea casa.6. Toţi copiii mai mari de zece ani sunt trimişi la mare.7. Se curăţă camera pentru că se aşteaptă musafiri.8. Magazinul acesta a bine aprovizionat cu unelte.

REVISION II

Fill in the correct form of the plural.

1. half -

2. kilo -

3. woman -

4. foot -

5. mouth -

6. sheep -

7. penny -

8. bus -

9. day -

10. fish -

Singular or Plural ? Are these sentences correct?1. The police is still looking for him.2. Athletics are my favourite sport.3. Those is nice trousers.4. Twenty pounds is a lot of money.5. The news is not very good.6. Three years are a long time.7. My glasses is broken.8. My scissors is not cutting properly.

9. Economics are very difficult to understand.10. Physics is a very important subject.11. The police have arrested him.12. Many people is worried about this.13. The United States are very powerful.14. Fish and chips is nice to eat.15. One of my friends are coming to meet us here.16. More than one person are unhappy with this.17. A number of us is concerned.18. There are a couple of points to make.19. The rest of the staff are coming later.20. Five hundred dollars are expensive. Have you nothing cheaper?

Fill in the missing forms of the irregular verbs below

Top of Form1. dig    dug    dug

2. withdraw

3. lain

4. shake

5. frozen

6. bet

7. mistake

8. sting

9. forgave

10. swung

11. tear

12. draw

13. spin

14. bled

15. swore

16. meant

17. stick

18. lent

19. shoot

20. built

21. cost

22. lead

23. slept

24. forget

25. slid

Write the verbs in brackets in their correct forms into the gaps.

1. If they (to have) enough money, they would buy a new car.

2. If it rains, I (not/to play) football.

3. I (to phone) you if I hadn't seen you today.

4. We would pass the exam if we (to learn) more.

5. I (to go) to the party if you come with me.

6. If they (to buy) the cat, their children would have been happy.

7. You'll catch a cold if you (not/to wear) a pullover.

8. If I (to see) the film, I wouldn't have bought

9. If I went to the cinema, I __________ (to watch) an interesting film.

Rewrite the sentences in Passive voice. Remember the punctuation.

1. They built a house.

   2. Our uncle takes Susan to hospital.

     3. We have cleaned the car.

   4. They speak English.

   5. The policemen help the children.

   6. A robber broke the window of the shop.

   7. My mother sends me to the butcher.

   8. Peter will look after my little brother.

  

Rewrite the sentences in Passive voice. Remember the punctuation.

1. Mr Jones watches the film.

2. Somebody built the house last year.

 3. They speak English in the shop.

4. The waiter brought me a big steak.

5. She gave me the box.

6. Max will look after him.

7. We saw her in Dresden last week.

8. No one has ever beaten me at chess.

Finish the sentences using Reported speech. ALWAYS change the tense and the time expressions.

1. Emily: "My teacher will go to Leipzig tomorrow.

Emily said that .2. Helen: "I was writing a letter yesterday."

Helen told me that .3. Robert: "My father flew to Dallas last year."

Robert said that .4. Michael: "I'm going to read a book this week."

Michael told me that . 5. Jason: "I'll do my best in the exams tomorrow."

Jason told me that .6. Andrew: "We didn't eat fish two days ago."

Andrew said to me that .7. Alice: "I spent all my pocket money last Monday."

Alice complained that .8. David: "John had already gone at six.

David said that .

Finish the sentences using Reported speech. ALWAYS change the tense and the time expressions.

1. John: "Mandy is at home."

John said that .  2. Max: "I often read a book."

Max told me that . 3. Susan: "I'm watching TV."

Susan said that .4. Simon: "David was ill."

Simon said that . 5. Stephen and Claire: "We have cleaned the windows."

Stephen and Claire told me that .6. Charles: "I didn't have time to do my homework."

Charles remarked that .7. Mr Jones: "My mother will be 50 years old."

Mr Jones told me that .8. Jean: "The boss must sign the letter.

Jean said that

LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS

A

Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

arise arose arisen

awake awakened / awoke awakened / awoken

B

backslide backslid backslidden / backslid

be was, were been

bear bore born / borne

beat beat beaten / beat

become became become

begin began begun

bend bent bent

bet bet bet

bid (farewell) bid / bade bidden

bid (offer amount) bid bid

bind bound bound

bite bit bitten

bleed bled bled

blow blew blown

break broke broken

breed bred bred

bring brought brought

broadcast broadcast / broadcasted broadcast / broadcasted

browbeat browbeat browbeaten / browbeat

build built built

burn burned / burnt burned / burnt

burst burst burst

bust busted / bust busted / bust

buy bought bought

C

cast cast cast

catch caught caught

choose chose chosen

cling clung clung

clothe clothed / clad clothed / clad

come came come

cost cost cost

creep crept crept

crossbreed crossbred crossbred

cut cut cut

D

daydream daydreamed daydreamed

deal dealt dealt

dig dug dug

disprove disproved disproved / disproven

dive (jump head-first) dove / dived dived

dive (scuba diving) dived / dove dived

do did done

draw drew drawn

dream dreamed / dreamt dreamed / dreamt

drink drank drunk

drive drove driven

dwell dwelt / dwelled dwelt / dwelled

E

eat ate eaten

F

fall fell fallen

feed fed fed

feel felt felt

fight fought fought

find found found

fit (tailor, change size) fitted / fit fitted / fit

fit (be right size) fit fit

flee fled fled

fling flung flung

fly flew flown

forbid forbade forbidden

forecast forecast forecast

forego (also forgo) forewent foregone

foresee foresaw foreseen

foretell foretold foretold

forget forgot forgotten

forgive forgave forgiven

forsake forsook forsaken

freeze froze frozen

frostbite frostbit frostbitten

G

get got gotten / got

give gave given

go went gone

grind ground ground

grow grew grown

H

hand-feed hand-fed hand-fed

handwrite handwrote handwritten

hang hung hung

have had had

hear heard heard

hew hewed hewn / hewed

hide hid hidden

hit hit hit

hold held held

hurt hurt hurt

I

inbreed inbred inbred

inlay inlaid inlaid

input input / inputted input / inputted

interbreed interbred interbred

interweave interwove / interweaved interwoven /

interweaved

interwind interwound interwound

J

jerry-build jerry-built jerry-built

K

keep kept kept

kneel knelt / kneeled knelt / kneeled

knit knitted / knit knitted / knit

know knew known

L

lay laid laid

lead led led

lean leaned / leant leaned / leant

leap leaped / leapt leaped / leapt

learn learned / learnt learned / learnt

leave left left

lend lent lent

let let let

lie lay lain

lie (not tell truth) REGULAR lied lied

light lit / lighted lit / lighted

lip-read lip-read lip-read

lose lost lost

M

make made made

mean meant meant

meet met met

miscast miscast miscast

misdeal misdealt misdealt

misdo misdid misdone

mishear misheard misheard

mislay mislaid mislaid

mislead misled misled

mislearn mislearned / mislearnt mislearned / mislearnt

misread misread misread

misset misset misset

misspeak misspoke misspoken

misspell misspelled / misspelt misspelled / misspelt

misspend misspent misspent

mistake mistook mistaken

misteach mistaught mistaught

misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood

miswrite miswrote miswritten

mow mowed mowed / mown

N

No irregular verbs beginning with "N."

O

offset offset offset

outbid outbid outbid

outbreed outbred outbred

outdo outdid outdone

outdraw outdrew outdrawn

outdrink outdrank outdrunk

outdrive outdrove outdriven

outfight outfought outfought

outfly outflew outflown

outgrow outgrew outgrown

outleap outleaped / outleapt outleaped / outleapt

outlie (not tell truth) REGULAR

outlied outlied

outride outrode outridden

outrun outran outrun

outsell outsold outsold

outshine outshined / outshone outshined / outshone

outshoot outshot outshot

outsing outsang outsung

outsit outsat outsat

outsleep outslept outslept

outsmell outsmelled / outsmelt outsmelled / outsmelt

outspeak outspoke outspoken

outspeed outsped outsped

outspend outspent outspent

outswear outswore outsworn

outswim outswam outswum

outthink outthought outthought

outthrow outthrew outthrown

outwrite outwrote outwritten

overbid overbid overbid

overbreed overbred overbred

overbuild overbuilt overbuilt

overbuy overbought overbought

overcome overcame overcome

overdo overdid overdone

overdraw overdrew overdrawn

overdrink overdrank overdrunk

overeat overate overeaten

overfeed overfed overfed

overhang overhung overhung

overhear overheard overheard

overlay overlaid overlaid

overpay overpaid overpaid

override overrode overridden

overrun overran overrun

oversee oversaw overseen

oversell oversold oversold

oversew oversewed oversewn / oversewed

overshoot overshot overshot

oversleep overslept overslept

overspeak overspoke overspoken

overspend overspent overspent

overspill overspilled / overspilt overspilled / overspilt

overtake overtook overtaken

overthink overthought overthought

overthrow overthrew overthrown

overwind overwound overwound

overwrite overwrote overwritten

P

partake partook partaken

pay paid paid

plead pleaded / pled pleaded / pled

prebuild prebuilt prebuilt

predo predid predone

premake premade premade

prepay prepaid prepaid

presell presold presold

preset preset preset

preshrink preshrank preshrunk

proofread proofread proofread

prove proved proven / proved

put put put

Q

quick-freeze quick-froze quick-frozen

quit quit quit

R

read read (sounds like "red")  read (sounds like "red")

reawake reawoke reawaken

rebid rebid rebid

rebind rebound rebound

rebroadcast rebroadcast / rebroadcasted

rebroadcast / rebroadcasted

rebuild rebuilt rebuilt

recast recast recast

recut recut recut

redeal redealt redealt

redo redid redone

redraw redrew redrawn

refit (replace parts) refit / refitted refit / refitted

refit (retailor) refitted / refit refitted / refit

regrind reground reground

regrow regrew regrown

rehang rehung rehung

rehear reheard reheard

reknit reknitted / reknit reknitted / reknit

relay (for example tiles) relaid relaid

relay (pass along) REGULAR

relayed relayed

relearn relearned / relearnt relearned / relearnt

relight relit / relighted relit / relighted

remake remade remade

repay repaid repaid

reread reread reread

rerun reran rerun

resell resold resold

resend resent resent

reset reset reset

resew resewed resewn / resewed

retake retook retaken

reteach retaught retaught

retear retore retorn

retell retold retold

rethink rethought rethought

retread retread retread

retrofit retrofitted / retrofit retrofitted / retrofit

rewake rewoke / rewaked rewaken / rewaked

rewear rewore reworn

reweave rewove / reweaved rewoven / reweaved

rewed rewed / rewedded rewed / rewedded

rewet rewet rewet

rewin rewon rewon

rewind rewound rewound

rewrite rewrote rewritten

rid rid rid

ride rode ridden

ring rang rung

rise rose risen

roughcast roughcast roughcast

run ran run

S

sand-cast sand-cast sand-cast

saw sawed sawed / sawn

say said said

see saw seen

seek sought sought

sell sold sold

send sent sent

set set set

sew sewed sewn / sewed

shake shook shaken

shave shaved shaved / shaven

shear sheared sheared / shorn

shed shed shed

shine shined / shone shined / shone

shit shit / shat / shitted shit/ shat / shitted

shoot shot shot

show showed shown / showed

shrink shrank / shrunk shrunk

shut shut shut

sight-read sight-read sight-read

sing sang sung

sink sank / sunk sunk

sit sat sat

slay (kill) slew / slayed slain / slayed

slay (amuse) REGULAR slayed slayed

sleep slept slept

slide slid slid

sling slung slung

slink slinked / slunk slinked / slunk

slit slit slit

smell smelled / smelt smelled / smelt

sneak sneaked / snuck sneaked / snuck

sow sowed sown / sowed

speak spoke spoken

speed sped / speeded sped / speeded

spell spelled / spelt spelled / spelt

spend spent spent

spill spilled / spilt spilled / spilt

spin spun spun

spit spit / spat spit / spat

split split split

spoil spoiled / spoilt spoiled / spoilt

spoon-feed spoon-fed spoon-fed

spread spread spread

spring sprang / sprung sprung

stand   stood stood

steal stole stolen

stick stuck stuck

sting stung stung

stink stunk / stank stunk

strew strewed strewn / strewed

stride strode stridden

strike (delete) struck stricken

strike (hit) struck struck / stricken

string strung strung

strive strove / strived striven / strived

sublet sublet sublet

sunburn sunburned / sunburnt sunburned / sunburnt

swear swore sworn

sweat sweat / sweated sweat / sweated

sweep swept swept

swell swelled swollen / swelled

swim swam swum

swing swung swung

T

take took taken

teach taught taught

tear tore torn

telecast telecast telecast

tell told told

test-drive test-drove test-driven

test-fly test-flew test-flown

think thought thought

throw threw thrown

thrust thrust thrust

tread trod trodden / trod

typecast typecast typecast

typeset typeset typeset

typewrite typewrote typewritten

U

unbend unbent unbent

unbind unbound unbound

unclothe unclothed / unclad unclothed / unclad

underbid underbid underbid

undercut undercut undercut

underfeed underfed underfed

undergo underwent undergone

underlie underlay underlain

undersell undersold undersold

underspend underspent underspent

understand understood understood

undertake undertook undertaken

underwrite underwrote underwritten

undo undid undone

unfreeze unfroze unfrozen

unhang unhung unhung

unhide unhid unhidden

unknit unknitted / unknit unknitted / unknit

unlearn unlearned / unlearnt unlearned / unlearnt

unsew unsewed unsewn / unsewed

unsling unslung unslung

unspin unspun unspun

unstick unstuck unstuck

unstring unstrung unstrung

unweave unwove / unweaved unwoven / unweaved

unwind unwound unwound

uphold upheld upheld

upset upset upset

V

No commonly used irregular verbs beginning with "V."

W

wake woke / waked woken / waked

waylay waylaid waylaid

wear wore worn

weave wove / weaved woven / weaved

wed wed / wedded wed / wedded

weep wept wept

wet wet wet

whet  REGULAR whetted whetted

win won won

wind wound wound

withdraw withdrew withdrawn

withhold withheld withheld

withstand withstood withstood

wring wrung wrung

write wrote written

BIBLIOGRAPHY:1. Arhire, Mona, Micu, Anamaria, Limba Englezǎ, 1600 de teste

grilǎ, Editura Aula, Braşov, 20022. Chilǎrescu, Mihaela, Maxim, Adriana, Limba englezǎ pentru

bacalaureat şi nu numai, Editura Polirom, Iaşi, 20023. Chilǎrescu, Mihaela, Spiratos Roxana, BE THE BEST,

Culegere de exerciţii de limba englezǎ, Editura Polirom, Iaşi, 2004

4. Collie, Joanne, Slater, Stephen, Skills for Fluency, Cambridge University Press, 1991

5. Comişel, Ecaterina, Miloş, Doina, Bac la englezǎ, Editura Compania, Sibiu, 2001

6. Hodivoianu, Andreea, Tests That Teach, Editura All Educational, Bucureşti, 1999

7. Lupuleasa Radu, English in Communication, Editura Polirom, Iaşi, 2003

8. Mateescu, Gabriela, What Can I Get You? Limba englezǎ pentru personalul din restaurante, THR Consulting Group, Bucureşti, 2003

9. Nechifor, Cristina, Let’s Be the Best, Editura All Educational, Bucureşti, 2001

10. Pârlog, Hortensia, Brînzeu, Pia, Frenţiu, Luminiţa (coord.), Instant English, English for the Baccalaureate and Entrance Examinations, Editura Polirom, Iaşi, 2004

11. Sacuiu, Cǎtǎlina, Exams, Editura All Educational, Bucureşti, 2000

12.

Internet Sources:1. http://www.englishpage.com/irregularverbs/

irregularverbs.html2. http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/if1-3.htm 3. http://eslus.com/LESSONS/GRAMMAR/REPORTSP/

Rs1.htm