CULTURE and Civilization (Adat Minangkabau

8/9/2019 CULTURE and Civilization (Adat Minangkabau

1/24

1

CULTURE

AND BEHAVIOR

A Perspective for

A Common Platform

Masoed Abidin Za Jabbar

2003

3/25/2010 H. Mas'oed Abidin


2/24

2

Culture is accumulation of symbolic (a. o.

scientific, artistic), behavioral (including social) ,

and physical characteristics of a community or

society or an autonomous group.

Culture incorporates individual and collective

responses to environmental conditions. As such,

contents of a culture is continually subjected to

historical and evolutionary forces.

Therefore, culture is generally a heritage as the

results of inter-generational communication of

information other than genetic/

biological information.

Symbolic aspects:

Systems of distinctions(classification, histories,

knowledge coded in symbolic

ideas or beliefs)

Behavioral aspects:

Distinctive forms of behavior

(songs, rituals, institutions,

organizational forms)

Physical aspects:

Material artifacts

(tools, weapons, buildings,

Works of art)

CULTURE



3/24

3

Religion

FOUNDATIONS OF CULTURE

Perspectives &

World Views

Medium

Of Expressions

Language Visual Arts Music

Logic &

Philosophy

Literature

Recorded in

Spiritual

practices

Maintained through

Influences

General

attitudes

Modes of

Social

interaction

Morality

Work

Leisure

PropertyCrime

Authority

Government

Human rights &

privileges

Places of

residence

Division of labor

Age roles

Family organizations

Child rearing practices

Social status

Degree of formality

Gender roles

Manners

Verbal communicationsNon-verbal communications



4/24

4

OVERTBEHAVIOUR:

External/observable/visible

acts/actions/behavior

COVERTBEHAVIOUR:

Internal dispositions:

1. Values2. Beliefs

3. Attitudes

HUMAN BEHAVIOR



5/24

5

Values are general central

principles concerning the patterns

of behavior within a particular

culture or society which itsmembers hold in high regards.

Around those values, individual and

social goals can be integrated.

Values are transmitted and adoptedthrough socialization process.

VALUES



6/24

6

Beliefs are emotional acceptance

of some proposition, statement, or

doctrines. Beliefs are learnedexpectations about the values of

people, events and objects in the

environment and the roles they play

with respect to ones behavior.

BELIEFS



7/24

7

Actions

DETERMINANTS OF BEHAVIOR:VALUES, BELIEFS AND ATTITUDES

Attitudes

Beliefs

Values Emotion

The Self

Instigating

stimuli

Physiological

correlates

Cognitive

appraisal

Motivational

properties

Emotional acceptanceOf values

Evaluative component

(positive or negative)

Cognitive component(Consciously held belief )

Affective

component

(Emotional

Tone or feeling)



8/24

8

GAMBARANBUDAYAMINANGBERDASARSUMPAHSATIE ABS-SBK

ABS-SBKSEBAGAI

PANDANGANDUNIA

PANDANGANHIDUP

Sarana

Pengungkapan

BahasaSeni usik/

Seni Tari/

Seni Beladir

Benda &

Bangunan

( umah Bagonjong)

KatoPusako

Direkam lewat

I adah Mahdah

Di Masjid/Surau

Dilestarikan lewat

Memengaruhi

Sikap Umum

Tata-cara

Pergaulan

Mas arakat

an ancak dan Nan lok

Tanah Ulayat

arta mi lik kaum

ukum/ upakTigo Tungku Sajarangan

Balai dat

Musajik/Surau

Taratak, Nagari

Musyawarah/mupakaik

dat istiadat

Sistim kekeluargaan

Matrilinial

Pangulu

Mamak, Tungganai,

Pidato Adaik

Komunikasi informal

Komunikasi non- er al

Sastera

Lisan

ALLAHS. .T

KITABULLAH

(Al-Quan &

Sunnah Rasul

ALAMSEMESTAPeta Alam Semest

&Petunjuk/Pedoman

Hidup Manusia

H. Mas'oed Abidin 83/25/2010


9/24

A. Adat Nan Sabana Adat

Adalah aedah Alam, sifatnya sudah given tidak berubahsepanjang waktu disebut indak lakang dek paneh indak lapuak dek

hujan , inilah yang disebut Sunnatullah yaitu ketentuan Allah

Pencipta Alam Semesta, dalam filsafat ilmu disebut fenomena alam

Dipakai sebagai timbangan yang asli (cupak usali) karena begitulah

sifat alam (manusia, hewan, tumbuhan, air, tanah, api, angin)

diciptakan Allah SWT. Sifat ini tidak akan berubah, dalam tubuh

manusia/hewan/tumbuhan dibawa oleh gen yang berupa struktur

RNA dan DNA (tidak sama di setiap individu)

Cupak usali dalam bahasa hukum adalah yurisprudensi yaitu

pedoman untuk memepat (atau menara) cupak buatan (hukum

yang dibuat manusia), inilah yang dikenal dengan istilah alamtakambang jadi guru dalam bahasa filsafat ilmu disebut analogi

,pengungkapannya dilafatkan dalam pahatan kato (yaitu kalimat

pendek yang luas maknanya), itulah kato dahulu , nilainya berada

pada domain Hakekat.


9


10/24

B. Adat Nan Terdadat

Adalah dokrin terhadap cupak buatan yang telah dipepat (ditara)dengan cupak usali yang dipakai sebagai sebagai hukum pokok untukmembuat hukum-hukum lebih lanjut di Alam Minangkabau yangmenyangkut dengan interaksi manusia dengan manusia dan interaksimanusia dengan alam sekitarnya.

Interaksi manusia dengan manusia adalah; bentuk dan susunan

komunitas/ masyarakat, dalam aspek ; ekonomi, sosial, budaya, danpolitik, begitu juga dengan hak-hak / kewajiban-kewajiban, begitu jugadengan tata kelola pemerintahan.

Interaksi manusia dengan alam sekitarnya adalah bagaimana manusiaberoleh manfaat dari eksploitasi sumberdaya alam tanpa merusaksumberdaya alam itu sendiri. Artinya begaimana pembengunan dapatdilakukan secara berkelanjutan.

Pengungkapannya dilafatkan dalam pahatan kato (yaitu kalimatbersambung yang dalam maknanya), yaitu kato kudian (katakemudian), disebut juga dengan petatah-petitih inilah yang disebutdengan adat sa batang panjang berlaku di seantero alamMinangkabau, nilainya berada pada domain makrifat.


10


11/24

C. Adat Istiadat

Adalah cara tentang bagaimana menerapkan cupak buatan yang telahdipepat atau bagaimana cara menerapkan adat nan ter adat secara

konsekuen (bertanggung jawan dan bertanggung gugat).

Di berbagai nagari berbagai-bagai langgamnya atau coraknya, inilah

yang disebut dengan adat sa lingka nagari . Inilah yang berubah

mengikuti kemajuan yang disebut dengan peradaban , nilainya

berada pada domain syariat.

Pengungkapannya dilafatkan dalam pahatan kato (yaitu ungkapan

kalimat bersambung yang dalam maknanya), dalam petatah-petitih,

disebut kato ba cari berlaku dimana nagari yang memakainya, ada

yang sama dan ada yang tidak, namun nilai hakekat dan nilai

makrifatnya sama.


11


12/24

D. Adat Nan Diadatkan

Adalah cara tentang bagaimana para penghulu mengundangkan adatistiadat itu dalam nagari, sehingga ia menjadi keputusan yang

mempunyai hukum tetap dan menjadi acuan dalam tata

kemasyarakatan di nagari, mungkin sekarang bisa disebut peraturan

nagari .

Pengungkapannya dilafatkan dalam pahatan kato (yaitu ungkapan

kalimat bersambung yang dalam maknanya) berupa petatah-petitih

yang disebut kato mufakat , nilainya berada pada domain tarekat,

berlaku dimana nagari yang memakainya, ada yang sama dan ada

yang tidak, namun nilai hakekat dan nilai makrifatnya tidak berubah.


12


13/24


14/24

dasar bangunan segitiga = tigo tongku sa jarangan (raso pareso, alue patuik, ukue jangko)

6 sisi = rukun iman

4 bidang (hakekat, syariat, makrifat, tarekat = pakaian urang ampek jinih dan jinih nan ampek)

4 bidang tercermin dari kato nan ampek (kato dahulu, kato kudian, kato bacari, kato mufakat)

4 bidang terhimpun dalam Limbago Nan Sapuluah (Cupak Nan Duo, Kato Nan Ampek, Undang Nan Ampek)

Kompilasi Hukum ABS-SBK

Kabukik mandaki (kato dahulu)

Kabukik samo mandaki (kato kudian)

Kabukik ndak samo mandaki (kato bacari)

Kabukik harus samo mandaki (kato mufakat)

Niniak mamak Ulama Cadiak pandai

BangunanAdat

(Piramida)

3/25/2010 H. Mas'oed Abidin 14


15/24

15

The origin and background of Minangkabau Dominated by jungles,volcanoes, canyons and lakes, the Ranah Minang located inProvince of West Sumatra is an enormous and magnificent naturepark. It is the home of the Minangkabau, one of Indonesia's mostinteresting and influential ethnic groups. It has a distinct culturewhich distinguishes it from the rest of the Island. A land of scenicbeauty with blue green lakes and mountains. Ranah Minang, the

center of culture of Minangkabau, characterized by the hinterlandhigh mountains which dip into picturesque valleys. Among them arethe remnants of the old Minangkabau Kingdom which still proudlyprotected by the West Sumatran's people, even though they liveoutside of the province. They keep maintaining the way of life of

their ancestor. The house with traditional architecture, the style ofthe horn of the buffalo on the top as the symbol of victory andprosperity. According to a local legend, the Minangkabau Kingdomwas founded by a descendant of Alexander the Great (IskandarZulkarnain).


16/24

16

The name of Minangkabau firstly seemed to have appeared in a list dated 1365A.D. In local dialect, "Minang" means "win"or conquer, and "Kabau" means waterbuffalo. It is said, there was a king called the Maharaja of Majapahit Kingdom fromJava came to concour West Sumatra. There in the hinterland, he found a largekingdom ruled by a strong King, known as King Dang Tuangku. When the peacefulsettlement could not be reached, both parties decided to go to war. Realizing thedanger to her people, the Wise Mother of the local King that they called "BundoKanduang" (mother) suggested that both parties to settle the matter by conductinga Royal Bullfighting. Whoever won the fight will therefore entitled to rule the

Kingdom. Bundo Kanduang was quite right that the enemy has a strong army andabout three times larger than the local. Because the stake was very high, eachparty went to a very careful plan in order to win the fight. Majapahit army managedto get the strongest, biggest and fierce buffalo with long, strong and pointedhorns. The locals had a different strategy - they decided to offer a hungry babybuffalo of a few months and tied fake horns made of two strong and sharp knifes

on the baby's head, beside the ears. So when the two of them met, it was told thatthe baby buffalo thought that the big one is his mother and started running towardfor milking. He run straight toward the breast and by doing so the fake horns slicethe others belly. Heavily wounded, the larger buffalo ran away - and the locals wonthe fight without casualties.


17/24

17

The country was then renamed as Minangkabau (BuffaloChampion). To this day, these proud people from highlands ofWest Sumatra continue to call themselves the Minangkabauand will be glad to tell you this story in one of its many

forms. Since then the King also stated that due to WiseMother contributions, the Minangkabaus will pay special

respect to their mothers. It was then agreed that theirdescendants, tribal account and property will go through the

mother's side. A daughter of a family will therefore own thewill. This is known as "Matrilineal Society", which is practiced

by Minangkabau people in West Sumatra until now. The

capital city of Minangkabau Kingdom is called "Pagaruyung"which is located in the present city of Batusangkar (literally

means stone cage). In the beginning, the Kingdom wasdivided into three parts, which they called three "Luhak".


18/24

18

Luhak means district. The three Luhaks form the kernel of

Minangkabau. There were also three "rantaus", the small partsaround it and in loose relation to the central province, although theyacknowledge the supremacy of the Maharaja of

Minangkabau. Nowadays we still can see the remnant of the kingdomsuch as written stones, stabbed stone, artifacts and old villages and

cultures in Pagaruyung. There in Batusangkar stands the beautifulMinangkabau Palace with its Minang design exactly like the original

but was later renovated. According to the story, MinangkabauKingdom was later extended or at least had a very close relationship

with some area in Malaysia such as Negeri Sembilan. They havevery similar culture, matrilineal society, traditional house etcetra. West

Sumatran calls their land and rice field "Ranah Minang" means the

land of Minangkabaus. Living here is unique compare to the otherpart of Sumatra. For example, the spirit of cooperation in the familyatmosphere existed in many parts of daily activities. People will help

each other, work together to build their houses, plow and plant ricefields, organize ceremonial program including wedding parties and so

on


19/24

Rumah Gadang belongs to all members

of relatives along the mother's line. Thehouse is the place for all together athappy or sorrow time, and also for

discussing and make decision for any

problem in the family.For the name as "Rumah Adat" refers to

its function as the place for all Adat

(Custom and Traditon) ceremonies areheld like wedding or inauguration of a

head of clan.


20/24

The original Adat House is make of wood and bamboo for the backwall. The roof is made of palm fiber. It is about 12 to 20 meters long

and 6 to 8 meters wide and the position of floor is two to two andhalf meters above the ground. The roof of the house looks like thehorn of water buffalo with 4 or 6 points stretch along the house and

a point in addition forward for the front door and ladder. Forexpanding form of the construction later, there is no any right angleconnection for the pillars with the horizontal bars of the house. Both,

the upper and lower, horizontal bars of the building. The inside ofthe house is divided into 4 parts, living quarters along one side ofthe house which consists of five or more rooms, another side in

front of the rooms is a hall for meeting and at both ends are roomswith a higher floor, called "Anjuang" which is used only for a special

occasion such as a newly married daughter of the family. On bothsides in front of the house stand two rice barns flanking the house.

Usually the wall of the house and the barns are adorned withcolorful carving. Landholding is one of the crucial functions of the

female lineage unit called "suku.


21/24

Minangkabau People The fourth largest ethnic group inIndonesia, the Minangkabau is an influential and widelydistributed indigenous minority. Although they make up over 90%

of the population in West Sumatra, many have also migrated toother Indonesian Islands or "merantau" in local language. Thetradition of "merantau", a voluntary temporary migration to buildcharacter, stems from this matrilineal structure. Men go off to

seek their fortune while the women keep the property at home,

which often includes farming. Travelling is considered a mark ofsuccess and therefore many West Sumatrans are found in otherparts of the country. Proof of this is the many Minang restaurants,serving very spicy food, found in all major towns across the

nation. These highly literate and well-educated people hold many

key religious leadership positions and play a major role inIndonesian political, economic and religious life. They are knownthroughout Indonesia for their success in business, their hot spicy

food and their cultural pride.


22/24


23/24

Anthropologists believe that the Minangkabau ancestors wereactually came from Indochina, as can be traced from theceremonial ornamentation, accessories, clothing and others.Both Minangkabau's and Indochinese have someperseverance similarities and characters in conducting

business. In fact, both of them are tight competitors in somerespects. The spirit of democracy is widely seen as well. Say if

a family needs to have a party such as for the wedding of adaughter. A couple months in advance, the parent will invitethe relatives and the neighbors to come over to form acommittee and formalities for the party. Normally everybody

will volunteer happily. Usually the committee will amount to

more than fifty. They believe the wedding is not only for twopersons, but it is for the two big families or even two villages insome instance. Therefore, all of the related works pertaining tothe party will be done together. In many cases, the wholevillage will get involved.


24/24

Senteng tolong di bilaikurang tolong di tukuak

wassalam

3/25/2010 H. Mas'oed Abidin 24

Documents

CULTURE and Civilization (Adat Minangkabau