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CUIN 6371Models of Teaching
Fall, 2003
Mnemonics and Memory
Information ProcessingInformation Processing Inductive - Jerome Bruner/
Hilda Taba Deductive - David Ausubel Inquiry - J. J. Schwab/J. Richard Suchman
Jean Piaget/ L. Kohlberg
Memory - R. Atkinson/J. Levin/J. Lucas
Creativity - W. J. J. Gordon
A Wonderfully Effective Model…with
a limited set of outcomes…
names, labels, directions, your significant other’s birthday, recalling steps and procedures, recalling and saying dialogue, song lyrics, “’I’ before ‘e’ except after ‘c’,” John Dewey’s birthday, and even the height of Mt. Fuji….
A Wonderfully Effective Model…
Effect Sizes at or above 1.00….
12 XX s.d.
Functions of Memory….
Temporary HoldingMediational UseLifetime
Stimulus
The amount of informationreadily available to the learnerdrops at each successive level
SensoryRegister
Short-TermMemory
Active Processing
Long-Term Memory
Includes both conscious and
nonconscious stimuli – literally millions of
bits per second
Usually 5-20 sec.Only a small amountIs stored here
To retain it must be processed actively
Explicit, processedMemories and implicit Learning -skills and conditioned responses
Memory….what do you recall?
Bed Quilt
Dark Silence
Fatigue Clock
Snoring Night
Toss Tired
Night Artichoke
Turn Night
Rest Dress
Memory is Active, not Passive
And it is forgiving….
Mnemosyne In Greek mythology, the goddess of memory. A Titaness,
she was the daughter of Uranus (Heaven) and Gaea (Earth), and, according to Hesiod,
the mother (by Zeus) of the nine Muses.
Mnemonics Use
Attending
Linking
Practicing
“The true art of memory is the art of attention.”
Samuel Johnson
2
4
13
#*
5
7
6
8 9
0
ABC2
GHI4
1DEF
3
#*
JKL5
PRS7
MNO6
TUV8
WXY9
OPER0
FINISHED FILES ARE THE RE-FINISHED FILES ARE THE RE-
SULTS OF YEARS OF SCIENTIFIC SULTS OF YEARS OF SCIENTIFIC
STUDY COMBINED WITH THESTUDY COMBINED WITH THE
EXPERIENCE OF MANY YEARSEXPERIENCE OF MANY YEARS
FFINISHED INISHED FFILES ARE THE RE-ILES ARE THE RE-
SULTS OSULTS OFF YEARS O YEARS OFF SCIENTI SCIENTIFFIC IC
STUDY COMBINED WITH THESTUDY COMBINED WITH THE
EXPERIENCE OEXPERIENCE OFF MANY YEARS MANY YEARS
FIVE FILES OF FACTS WEREFIVE FILES OF FACTS WERE
FOUND AFTER THE CHIEF FOUND AFTER THE CHIEF
OF POLICE LEFTOF POLICE LEFT
FFIVE IVE FFILES OILES OFF FFACTS WEREACTS WERE
FFOUND AOUND AFFTER THE CHIETER THE CHIEFF
OOFF POLICE LE POLICE LEFFTT
A bird in the
the handTwo ofof a kind
Paris inin the spring
Who Studies This Stuff? …and Why?
Richard Atkinson – StanfordJoel Levin, Michael Pressley,
et al.- Wisconsin….And many others
Results are ambivalent…but a few things stand out
There is always a need for a link between ...
To Sleep Parallel
Word
dormir
Coding Link
Linus and Lucy Viewing a Herd of Cows
Linus…Do they always bring the cows in from the pasture at night?
Lucy..Of course, you blockhead. If they leave them out overnight they get
Guess what, Biff.After I go to thePost Office I am going to the Vet and get TUTORED!
Learning Can Be Fun
Jerry Lucas
“Learning is a process of recollection”
Socrates The Meno
A associated with B
Association Learning…one thing associated with another
.
Substitute Word…I’ll Ask YOU!
Alaska
After You Attend…Ways and Means of Ensuring Memory…
Linking
Boyle’s Law
P V
P
V
PV
After You Attend…Ways and Means of Ensuring Memory…
Linking Substitute Word
Substitute Word Technique
One --- RunTwo---Zoo
Three---TreeFour---DoorFive---HiveSix---Sticks
Seven---HeavenEight---GateNine---WineTen---Den
Eleven---Eleven (Football)
Twelve---Shelve
Thirteen---Hurting
Fourteen---Courting
Fifteen-Lifting
After You Attend…Ways and Means of Ensuring Memory…
Linking
Substitute WordKey Word or Phrase
Key Word System
CaveBondage to Ignorance
Escape
Wisdom
Responsibility
Key Phrases…EBDGFRoy G. BivPlease Excuse My Dear Aunt SallyMary Eats Peanut ButterIn Persia Men Are TallHOMESLucy Can’t Drink Milk (50,100,500,1000)
Every Bible Gets Dusty After Easter (Standard Guitar Tuning)
King Henry Died Miserable Death, Caught Measles(Kilometer, hectometer, decameter, meter, decimeter, centimeter, millimeter)
Capitals Always San…Agua = waterIf at end - capital same name as country
Western Australia
South Australia
PAM ShouldBe Here,Dear
Victoria inher castlein Wales
N
E
S
W
Anticlockwise
A Variation on the Theme
First Chief Judge of Supreme Court of the United States
John Jay
Key Questions About Using Mnemonics
How best to get learners to attend?How often do you review?Linking things together Who gives the links? Teacher or
learners?How is the new information linked to
old? Use ridiculous associations?
Sesquipedalian
A Few SesquipedaliansBrumal
DiscommodeMendicityMuliebrityOmphalosAnchorite
Some Sesquipedalian Sentences1. The revolving lithic conglomerate accumulates no
congeries of a miniscule, verdant bryophytic plant2. The temperature of the aqueous content of an
unremittingly ogled saucepan does not reach 100 degrees C.
3. Where there are visible vapors having their prevalence in ignited carbonaceous materials, there is conflagration
4. Upon the non presence of the domestic Felis catus the Mus musculi proceed to engage in sportive capers.
5. A plethora of individuals with expertise in culinary techniques vitiate the potable concoction produced by steeping certain comestibles.
More Sesquipedalian Sentences1. It is fruitless to attempt to indoctrinate a
superannuated canine with innovative maneuvers.
2. Exigency is the matriarch of ingenious contrivance.
3. The person presenting the ultimate cachinnation possesses, thereby, the optimal cachinnation
4. Members of an avian species of identical plumage congregate.
5. You appear to be inebriated with the exuberance of your own verbosity.
Fears and Phobias acrophobia androphobia
categelophobia ergasophobia
erythrophobia gynephobia
pnignophobia ptergophobia thanatophobia villophobia
Fear of peanut butter sticking the roof of your mouth
Arachibutyrophobia
Okay, now no one gets intoHeaven unless you can answerthis…a train leaves Philadelphiaat 1:00 PM going 70 miles an hour. Another leaves Chicago at the same time…
The Mathphobe’s Nightmare….
A New Concept… Non-Examples
I wondered whether my Scotch Tape Dispenser had enough tape to complete the job. I noticed that it didn’t and added fresh tape.
ExamplesLeaving home this
morning I had gone but a mile when I asked myself whether I actually saw the garage door close. I turned around, returned home, and, indeed, found that the door was nicely closed.
A New Concept… Non-Examples
I remembered that I had not turned off the iron. I returned home to pull the plug.
Examples
Having handed in my weekly assignment to Prof. Jones, I left class early. On my way to the car I asked myself whether I had picked up the assignment for next week. I craftily sneaked back into class only to find that I had the sheet in my file folder that I carry everywhere.
A New Concept… Non-Examples
I forgot to have my oil changed last month and the entire engine of my new Ferrari froze up…or was that in my dreams that I won a Ferrari?
Examples
Having emailed my mother that I would send the recipe that she requested, I woke up at 2AM and just knew that I hadn’t attached it to my email. When I checked with my computer I determined that it had been sent
A New Concept…I simply forgot
to send my girl friend flowers for Valentine’s Day. She is
really steamed.
Examples
Did I send that check to cover my rent for this month? I don’t think so…soooooo …I called the apartment manager and he informed me that he had already deposited my check into his account.
Zeigarnik Effect
Learning Chains …
27
Adding Integers…to the tune of “Mr. Sandman”
When you adding and signs don’t match(Boom, Boom, Boom, Boom)Forget the signs and just subtractThen take the sign of the larger number(Boom, Boom, Boom, Boom)Your problem’s right and you won’t
wonder…
-21 +12 =
The Planet Song“She’ll Be Coming ‘Round the Mountain”
There are nine old planets moving ‘round the sun
‘round the sun
There are nine old planets moving ‘round the sun
‘round the sun
There are nine old planets moving,
There are nine old planets moving,
There are nine old planets moving ‘round the sun
‘round the sun
V, 2
We have Mercury and Venus, Earth and Mars…(Earth and Mars)
Then come Jupiter and Saturn, (giant balls, giant balls)
At last we have Uranus, Neptune, Pluto …
The Continent Song(“Frere Jacques…”)
North America
South America,
Europe too,
Good for you.
Asia and Australia
Don’t forget Antarctica
Africa.
Now you’re through
Avagadro’s Number (“Frere Jacques…”)
Avagadro, Avagadro
number please, number please
6 times 10 to the 23rd,
6 times 10 to the 23rd
atoms in a mole,
atoms in a mole
Mnemonics Use
Attending
Linking
Practicing
We Do Know That…
Practice..not repetition…works….
…Now nature herself teaches us what to do. When we see in everyday life things that are petty, ordinary, and banal, we generally fail to remember them, because the mind is not being stirred by anything novel or marvelous. But if we see or hear something exceptionally base, dishonorable, unusual, great, unbelievable, or ridiculous, that we are likely to remember for a long time. Accordingly, things immediate to our eye or ear we commonly forget; incidents of our childhood we often remember best. Nor could things be so for any other reason than that ordinary things easily slip from the memory while the striking and the novel stay longer in the mind.
Ad Herennium, ca. 1000 BCE
• The case against ridiculous associations
If there is to be a use of ridiculous associations…
Substitution – using one object in place of another
Action – Get movement or action into pictures
Exaggeration – see many items (millions) Out of Proportion – Larger or smaller than
real life Distortion – bent or damaged in some way
Effects of the Memory Model
Nurturant Creative Attitudes
and Capacities A Sense of
Intellectual Power
Instructional Mastery of Facts and
Ideas Attending Faculties A System for
Memorization