CTS JANUARY 9TH

================= 1. If [x] indicates integral of x i.e is the largest integer less than x and |x| indicates absolute value of x then what is the maximum value of [x]/|x|. A. 1 B. 0 C.-1 D. None of these Ans: A 2. In the above question what is the minimum value of [x]/|x|. A. 1 B. 0 C.-1 D. None of these Ans: D (3-6) If the clock(Conventional clock with numbers from 1 to 12 in order) is cut into 3 pieces such that the sum of numbers on each piece are in Arithemetic Progression(A.P) with a common difference of 1. 3. What is the sum of even numbers in the group where 5 is present? A. 4 B.10 C.12 D.14 Ans: B 4. What is the produ ct of all numbers in the group in which 12 is present A. 212 B. 252 C. 244 D. None of these 5. What is the count of numbers in each piece. A. 2,2,5 B. 5,5,2 C. 3,4,5 D. 6,4,2 Ans: C 6. What is the sum of the numbers in the group wher 9 is present(excluding 9) A.12 B. 20. C.18 D.21 Ans C 7. 8. Avinash takes 15 days to complete a work and Bada takes 12 days to complete the same work. If they work in alternate days, In how many days they finish the work. A. 13 days B. 13 1/4 days C. 6 1/4 days D. None Ans: 9. There is a circular track of length 400 mts. If A and B Starts at the same point but in opposite direction with a speeds of 8 m/sec and 12 m/s respectively.Then at what time after the be gining they will meet for the second time. A. 1hr 40 sec B. 20 sec C. 40sec D. 3hr 20 sec Ans: C 10. In the above question when will they meet for the first time at the starting point. A. 1hr 40 sec B. 20 sec C. 40sec D. 3hr 20 sec Ans: A 11. If the vertices of the triangle are A(1,2), B(-2,-3) and C(2,3) then which is the largest angle? A. Angle(ABC) B.Angle(BAC) C.Angle(ACB) D.None Ans:B 12. If (-1,0), (0,-1) and (-1,-1) are three vertices of a square then what is the 4th vertex. 13. If [x] indicates integral of x i.e is the largest integer less than x and |x| indicates absolute value of x then find the value of [1.99]+[-2.99]+[1.03]+[2.50]

A. 2 B.1 C.-2 D. -5 Ans: A (14-15). Watch the below Algorithm for 4 digit number X. ; Step1: Add all the numbers Step2: If it is less than 10 STOP, else go to Step1. 14. If X=6724 then what is the end result after applying the above algorithm. A. 19 B.10 C.1 D. None Ans:C 15. If the 4 numbers are arranged in all possible orders then how many solutions are possible. A. ONE B. TWO 3.THREE 4. NONE Ans A 16. A trader frauds by 10% while buying and 10% while selling the same. What is the total gain he obtained during the transaction? A. 13 B.221/4 C.20 D.None of these Ans. 17. There are three cylinders with same height and surface area. If a new cylinder is created by me lting these three with the same height as before what is the surface area of the new cylinder when compared to that of the previous. A. 25% more B.50% more C.100% more D.None Ans. 18. If x=a then y=b except when x=b and y=a. If x=a, then p,q,r,s but when x not equal to a then p,q,r,s=e,f,g,h. If x=m or n then both charecters preeciding it and following it also equals the same with the precedence to the preceding charecter. There r 5 questions based on the above. (19-24) Based on Sentence completion. (25-31) Based on passages. (Barrons GRE must be enough) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CTS PAPER CONDUCTED ON NOV 6TH 2004 IN HYD

COLOR CODE:WHITE --------------------------------- 40 QUESTIONS ---1 HOUR WITH A NEGATIVE MARKING OF 0.25 PER QUESTION --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. If [x] indicates integral of x i.e is the largest integer less than x and |x| indicates absolute value of x then what is the maximum value of [x]/|x|. A. 1 B. 0 C.-1 D. None of these Ans: A 2. In the above question what is the minimum value of [x]/|x|. A. 1 B. 0 C.-1 D. None of these Ans: D (3-6) If the clock(Conventional clock with numbers from 1 to 12 in order) is cut into 3 pieces such that the sum of numbers on each piece are in Arithemetic Progression(A.P) with a common difference of 1.

3. What is the sum of even numbers in the group where 5 is present? A. 4 B.10 C.12 D.14 Ans: B 4. What is the product of all numbers in the group in which 12 is present A. 212 B. 252 C. 244 D. None of these 5. What is the count of numbers in each piece. A. 2,2,5 B. 5,5,2 C. 3,4,5 D. 6,4,2 Ans: C 6. What is the sum of the numbers in the group wher 9 is present(excluding 9) A.12 B. 20. C.18 D.21 Ans C 7. 8. Avinash takes 15 days to complete a work and Bada takes 12 days to complete the same work. If they work in alternate days, In how many days they finish the work. &nb sp;A. 13 days B. 13 1/4 days C. 6 1/4 days D. None Ans: 9. There is a circular track of length 400 mts. If A and B Starts at the same point but in opposite direction with a speeds of 8 m/sec and 12 m/s respectively.Then at what time after the begining they will meet for the second time. A. 1hr 40 sec B. 20 sec C. 40sec D. 3hr 20 sec Ans: C 10. In the above question when will they meet for the first time at the starting point. A. 1hr 40 sec B. 20 sec C. 40sec D. 3hr 20 sec Ans: A 11. If the vertices of the triangle are A(1,2), B(-2,-3) and C(2,3) then which is the largest angle? A. Angle(ABC) B.Angle(BAC) C.Angle(ACB) D.None Ans:B 12. If (-1,0), (0,-1) and (-1,-1) are three vertices of a square then what is the 4th vertex. 13. If [x] indicates integral of x i.e is the largest integer less than x and |x| indicates absolute value of x then fin d the value of [1.99]+[-2.99]+[1.03]+[2.50] A. 2 B.1 C.-2 D. -5 Ans: A (14-15). Watch the below Algorithm for 4 digit number X. Step1: Add all the numbers Step2: If it is less than 10 STOP, else go to Step1. 14. If X=6724 then what is the end result after applying the above algorithm. A. 19 B.10 C.1 D. None Ans:C

15. If the 4 numbers are arranged in all possible orders then how many solutions are possible. A. ONE B. TWO 3.THREE 4. NONE Ans A 16. A trader frauds by 10% while buying and 10% while selling the same. What is the total gain he obtained during the transaction? A. 13 B.221/4 C.20 ;D.None of these Ans. 17. There are three cylinders with same height and surface area. If a new cylinder is created by melting these three with the same height as before what is the surface area of the new cylinder when compared to that of the previous. A. 25% more B.50% more C.100% more D.None Ans. 18. If x=a then y=b except when x=b and y=a. If x=a, then p,q,r,s but when x not equal to a then p,q,r,s=e,f,g,h. If x=m or n then both charecters preeciding it and following it also equals the same with the precedence to the preceding charecter. There r 5 questions based on the above. (19-24) Based on Sentence completion. (25-31) Based on passages. (Barrons GRE must be enough) Plain Text Attachment [ Download File | Save to my Yahoo! Briefcase ] hello Plzz help me to answer some technical & HR questions of CTS...... a) Transistor advantage over FET b) Use of DFT. c) Wheth er a DC source can be used to run a computer d) Storage class in C ? e) what type of I/O device is required for C. f) Application of the various bands in Satellite communication g) Process to convert a transistor to diode. h) effect of quantisation on the BW of a signal. Some typicals HRs..... i) how wud u like to spend 7 day holiday j) what u expect from CTS k) short term & long term goals l) How u can contribute from ECE to software m) Physical realization of Phase modulation. =================================================== CTS Paper of 8th November

TIME= 60 mins QUES= 40 VENUE= Kolkata COLOR = Purple =================================================== (1) What is the co-efficient of the term independent of x in the series [ (1/2)(1/x)^1/3 +(1/x)^(-1/5)]^8. where ^ denotes "to the power of". (2) In an examination a student must answer 65% of the questions

correctly. But it was found t hat after answer 7 questions corretly out of the first 14, the student qualified. What is the min no. of questions in the paper. (a) 22 (b) 18 (c) 20 (d) Can't say (3) There r two jars. In the first jar there is 25%Milk and in the second jar there is 50% milk. What ratio of milk should be added to get 12 lit of milk from the two jars such that we get 62.5% Milk in the whole mixture. [Ans: 6lit : 6lit] (4) There r 8 envelops and 8 letters. What is the probability that the all the letters will be inserted in the correct envelop. (5) There r two bridges at a distance of 1Km. A person starts rowing upstream from 1st bridge and when he reaches the second bridge he losses his cap. After 15mins he realises it and turns bach and rows downstream and catches his hat at the bottom of 1st bridge. Find : The speed of boat in still water (6) Same problem but find the speed of the river (7) There are 1000 doors that are of the open-close type. When a person opens the door he closes it and then opens the other. When the first person goes he opens-closes the doors ion the multiples of 1 i.e., he opens and closes all the doors. when the second goes he opens and closes the doors 2, 4 6 8 respectively. Similarly when the third one goes he does this for 3 6 9 1 2 15th doors resly. Find number of doors that are open at last. [Ans: 31] (8) 40 people can do a work in 60 days. After every 10 days 5 persons keeps leaving the job. In how many days will the job be completed. (9) A square field is there of dim : 40 X 60 m. A 1 m path is surrounded on the field outside it. What is the area of the path. (10) x=2 + 2^(1/3) + 2^(2/3). Find the value of x^3 -6x^2 - 8x. Something like this we have to find the answer was 8. (11) There was a puzzle on 5 traders in the name Steel,wood,Timber....and they produce Steel, wood, timber ...and supply them to others but not to the manufacturer of it. For eg: Steel supplies Wood's Product to the r eciver of Timber. this was a comfusing puzzle. About 4 questions were from this part (12) A person starts from A to B. After 1hr his tyre gets punctured and he repairs it for 10 mins and travels the rest of the distant with 30km/hr and arrives 30 min late. had the puncture occured 30 Kms earlier he wud been only 15 mins late. Find the ditance betn. A & B and his intila speed. Beside these there were about 20 question on English like Fill in the blanks, passage with conclusion, passage with some questions, Questions on whether cond. A is sufficient to solve the problem, whether cond. B is sufficient to solve the problem, whether cond. A & B both r neccessary to solve the problem. Whether the problem cannot be solved with the two conditions given. I was surprised to see s many English portions in the paper very much unlike CTS.

TECH QUESTIONS What is an OS? Types of Os? Deadlock? Deadlock detection? what is batch file? Multiprocessing? segments,paging? Page fault? how virtual memory implemented? Thrashing? Memory leakage?(i said its something deals with memory wastage but no idea sir) Semaphore? P() v() conditions.. u designed ur college website did u know j2ee , scripting? ( I have no idea abt j2ee I used tools to design a website) What tools (dream weaver,fireworks) Whats ur collegesite address ( our old college site is not yet updated with mine but one I designed is at www.adhiparasakthienggcollege.tk) What is Datastructure? Stack? which is FIFO and LIFO ? (queue and stack respectively) Linklist? dangling pointer? Types of sorting? Explain heap sort? y link list rather than array? (my ans is - max memory usage through pointers in link list, easy to insert and delete) What is normalisation? Types? -i explained first normal form he said proceed with 2nd,3rd,BCNF,fourth normal form...i said all but confused abt fifth normal form..) What is RDBMS and compare with DBMS? Explain OSI what is open system in network? ( system which has nodes communicate independent of underlying architecture) what is a microprocessor? (my ans-a programmable electronic device with memory and processes input data) What is OPCODE? Diff between C & C++? which is faster c r c++?

What is a JOIN types of join explain equi join? innerjoin, outerjoin left join outer join what i in oracle8i stands for ? internet i may left some questions but every questions r fundamentals only. No questions on Proj as mine is an application in VC++. No question frm Software engg (for me) PROGRAMS AND SQL While i am answering tech questions simultaneously he wrote questions in a sheet 1.Swap two nos without third var(temp) swap(a,b) { a=a+b;b=a-b;a=a-b; } 2.Example for operator overloading 3.example for Multiple inheritance he drawed two tables emp and dept and asked for 4.Find the nth max frm sal in emp table? ( i tried with MAX() in sql but couldnt get it right) 5.equijoin emp and dept table 6.Left and right join emp and dept table ========================= 1)tell us abt urself 2)family background 3)If u r completely unaware abt' the question being asked, just don't blunder something, instead say with a little smile "Sorry sir". These were told by my friends, who arrived there at CTS. 4)They asked me why there was a variation in performance in various academical periods. 5)They also asked me in detail about every hobby/interest. One of my hobbies is poetry. They saw a couple of poems I had written and then they asked me to write a poem on the spot. They also wanted clarification on my answers to the rest of the 4 questions I mentioned earlier.So if you mention any detail (in the questionairre or in the interview), I suggest you be honest. 6)Do some research about the company before the interview.

7)Preparation makes you thorough. Thoroughness instills confidence in you. So PREPARATION IS THE KEY. Plan your interview. 8)Before interview You will be given One form to fill in…asking some personal questions……ur strengths, weakness; aim in the life; what do u expect from the company…..etc etc…It is better to take help from any english “funda master ” or after discussing with our friends.. Interview will be cool… Technical…..bit from unix shell prg…OOPS.. Whatever u say make sure u say in good english ..without “babbabba….” Or “pardon sir”. I guess they value the communiation skills very much. That’s all 9)about your hobbies. 10)Tell us about yourself, your background. 11)What does your father do currently. 12)Your performance in schooling, B.E. 13)Your points. 14)Aren't you going for higher studies abroad? Why? 15)What qualities do you have that make you a person suitable for going into the IT industry . 16)What do your friends opine about you. 17)When do you think you will complete and be able to join. 18)How can you assure that you will join by that time. 19)Anything you want to know about us. 20)Significant achievements in life. ( may be paper publications etc. ) ************************************************************************ 1. Hobbies/Interests 2. Strengths and weaknesses 3. Expectations from CTS 4. Short-term and long-term goals 5. What are the qualities required to be a successful software professional? Why do you think you can be a successful software professional?

TECHNICAL QUESTIONS

CC 1)diff b/w c,c++ & java 2)What is FILE pointer? 3)How do u do fopen operation, explain abt the various arguments of the function? 4)What is the difference b/w the small and large memory model? Small memory model: The poiners length is by default 16 bit and if u were to address more than plus or minus 32k then u need to use "far pointer" in the case of small memory model. An example, is our Turbo C as well as Turbo C++ wherein by default we operate with small memory model Large memory model: The pointers are by default 32 bit wide and they can address a lot, of course. 5)What is the maximum addressable memory in DOS? Ans: 1 MB 6)How much memory can be addressed by DOS if it were being used in a 24 bit processor? (Ans: Ha! Ha! The same 1MB ) 7)write strlen()function & signature of printf() function. 8)difference between c &c++? C-structured C++-OOPs The main difference between C and C++ is that C isn't object-oriented. • structs don't copy in C. That is, if a and b are structs then the line a = b; doesn't work. Nor will structs be fed into functions as arguments. The only way to deal with them sensibly is to use pointers to them, or to write functions to copy their elements explicitly. classes (with private members) don't exist in C. • There is no operator and function overloading in C. If a function has a name, then that's it---you can't have another version with the same name that does the same thing with different arguments, as you can in C++. The fact that << and >> (left and right shift) do output and input in C++ is a consequence

of the ability of the language to overload those operators. Output and input in C are handled by functions called printf and scanf respectively (these also work in C++ if you want, of course). • In C storage allocation and de-allocation are not handled by new and delete but by a function called malloc. In general, the whole process is a bit more messy in C, but is not too bad once you get the hang of it. 9)Diff b/w uniniatialised pointer and null pointer 10)What is File pointer? 11)How do u do fopen operation, explain abt the various arguments of the function? 12)What is the difference b/w the small and large memory model? Small memory model: The poiners length is by default 12 bit and if u were to address more than plus or minus 32k then u need to use "far pointer" in the case of small memory model. An example, is our Turbo C as well as Turbo C++ wherein by default we operate with small memory model Large memory model: The pointers are by default 32 bit wide and they can address a lot, of course. 13)What is the maximum addressable memory in DOS? Ans: 1 MB 14)How much memory can be addressed by DOS if it were being used in a 24 bit processor? The same 1MB 15)Write the syntax of malloc 16)Diff b/w calloc and malloc 17)What is a pointer. How memory is allocated in pointer?

CC++++

1) explain different concepts of OOPS 2) explain each one of them 3) what is object 4) what is class 5) how do u implement inheritance in c++ and in java 6) what is static variable in c++ 7)What is inheritance, encapsulation etc. inheritance deriving parent class properties and methods to the derived class encapsulation is th process of binding data and methods together. 8)Operator overloading ,virtual functions(write programs) They are used for polymorphism 9) what is oops. supports bottom up way of programming supports reusablility thro' inheritance

supports polymorphism thro' operator overloading and virtual functions 10)properties of oops. 11)inheritence,sequence diagram.

CCOOBBOOLL 1)four division in cobol? Identification division,Environment division, Data division, Procedure division. (If you did’nt include in your resume don’t worry much abt this). 2)significance of 01,77,88,66 level? Level numbers are used to express data hierarchy. The higher the level number, the lower the item is in the hierarchy. At the lowest level the data is completely atomic. Level 77's can only be used to define individual elementary items. Level 88's are used to define Condition Names. Level 66's (RENAMES clause) are used to apply a new name to an identifier or group of identifiers.

CCOOMMPPIILLEERR 1)How much time is spent usually in each phases and why ? 2)function of compiler? 3)difference between object file & exe file? obj file generated by compiler from source code exe file generated by linker from obj files 4)Diff between compilers and interpreters. Some fundaes about how to link code in different files. Compilers do multiple passes or single pass and generate code Interpreters interpret line by line. Abt linking code after compilation if there are some external functions being referred linker takes care of generating the code for linking those external functions.

CCLLIIEENNTT SSEERRVVEERR 1)Which one is not suitable for client-server application? tcp/ip,message passing,rpc,none of the above.

DDBBMMSS

1)Qs from 1 DBms that u know well 2)what is RDBMS, primary & foreign key Here informations stored as relations or tables. Uses relational calculus 3)what is dbms 4)what is relational dbms 5)what is the diff betw them 6)what normalisation 7)explay different normalisation with ex

8)what is the necessity of normalisation 9)what is joins 10)different types of joins 11)explain right and left joins 12)triggers & its types. 13)UNION & UNION ALL 14)few queries 15)like what is data model types of data model 1.flat file 2.hierarchical 3.network 4.object oriented 5.rdbms 16)what is RDBMS. 17)what is normalization,functional dependency,1NF,2NF,3NF,BCNF. 18)data model a.record base b.logical base c.object base 19)what is a parent key 20)describe view mechanism 21)joining(outer,lossless!) 22)functional dependency A functional dependency occurs when one attribute in a relation uniquely determines another attribute. This can be written A -> B which would be the same as stating "B is functionally dependent upon A." 23)ffd 24)ddl,dml,dcl ddl-data definiton language(create,drop),dml(update,insert),dcl 25)three tier structure 26)vertical ,horizontal projection 27)explain rdbms,ddbms 28)fixed fomat data model 29)name the technology used to connect a dbms to front end 30)how will u design a dbms 31)what is data dictionary,dba,about normalization etc. 32)why it is called relational. 33)what is dba? DataBase Adminstrator 34)difference between primary,foreign,candidate&super key? candidate key is list of all candidates key who can be primary keys primary key is the key selected as the one among the candidate keys foreign key is the key in another table corresponding to primary key in a 1 to m relationship manner in the oreder primary - foreign. PRIMARY KEY :

The primary key of a relational table uniquely identifies each record in the table. It can either be a normal attribute that is guaranteed to be unique (such as Social Security Number in a table with no more than one record per person) or it can be generated by the DBMS (such as a globally unique identifier, or GUID, in Microsoft SQL Server). CANDIDATE KEY : A candidate key is a combination of attributes that can be uniquely used to identify a database record without any extraneous data. Each table may have one or more candidate keys. One of these candidate keys is selected as the table primary key. FOREIGN KEY : A foreign key is a field in a relational table that matches the primary key column of another table. The foreign key can be used to cross-reference tables. SUPER KEY : A Primary key is minimal superkey . For ex in a table X(car_name , vin_no , city..) Here car_name & vin_no can act as a key. But thn vin_no can alone act as a primary key. But thn car_name + vin_no is a super key . So a primary key can be a superkey but not the other way . 35)different type of databases? flat file hierarchical network object oriented rdbms 36)what is normalsation?explain them? NORMALIZATION : Normalization is typically a refinement process after the initial exercise of identifying the data objects that should be in the database, identifying their relationships, and defining the tables required and the columns within each table. First normal form (1NF). This is the "basic" level of normalization and generally corresponds to the definition of any database, namely: It contains two-dimensional tables with rows and columns. Each column corresponds to a sub-object or an attribute of the object represented by the entire table. Each row represents a unique instance of that sub-object or attribute and must be different in some way from any other row (that is, no duplicate rows are possible). All entries in any column must be of the same kind. For example, in the column labeled "Customer," only customer names or numbers are permitted. Second normal form (2NF). At this level of normalization, each column in a table that is not a determiner of the contents of another column must itself be a function of the other columns in the table. For example, in a table with three

columns containing customer ID, product sold, and price of the product when sold, the price would be a function of the customer ID (entitled to a discount) and the specific product. Third normal form (3NF). At the second normal form, modifications are still possible because a change to one row in a table may affect data that refers to this information from another table. For example, using the customer table just cited, removing a row describing a customer purchase (because of a return perhaps) will also remove the fact that the product has a certain price. In the third normal form, these tables would be divided into two tables so that product pricing would be tracked separately. 37)difference between sql&c++?

DDAATTAA SSTTRRUUCCTTUURREE

1)time complexity of different sorting algos Nlogn : Quick sort , Heap sort , Merge sort 2)what is a linklist,stack,queue? linklist - unlimited(limited to size of primary memory or RAM)non-contiguos array stack-LIFO queue-FIFO 3)write a program to reverse a linklist? step1:traverse forward and store the addresses of nodes in a stack step2:pop stack and repoint the nodes to reverse the linked list 4)What is a Linked List?. What r the diff types of linked list and what r their advantages and disadvantages? 5)What r the various data structures that u have encountered?

HHAARRDDWWAARREE 1)What is a Micro-Kernel architecture. The microkernel includes only a small set of core services within the kernel, including thread services, message passing,condition variables, semaphores, signals, and scheduling. The kernel can be extended by dynamically plugging in service- providing processes, such as file systems, device drivers, POSIX message queues, and networking. These services run in userspace and benefit from protected memory.

IITT 1) What are the current trends and areas of focus in IT. J2EE,Mainframes

JJAAVVAA 1)What is your favourite package in Java. I have told jav.awt.,java.util 2)What is collection?

3)What are the classes inside the collection framework. 4)What is hash map? 5)What is hash table? 6)Diff. hash map and hash table? 7)What is array list? 8)Tell the interfaces in servlet package 9)What is Generic servlet and http servlet? 10)They have given me the situation and asked how we can use the ejb here. 11)What is the diff. between stateless and stateful 12)What is diff. between CMP and BMP 13)Tell any one design pattern 14)How we can can use the static variable inside a static method. 15)can we change static method valued inside static method and outside the nonstatic method. 16)What is jms(java messageing service). 17)They have given me the situation and asked how we can use the JMS here. 18)How the MVC architecture can 19)What is observer and Observer Class and with differences?

MMIICCRROOPPRROOCCEESSSSOORR

1)what is microprocessor,about 8085 etc.

IINNTTEERRNNEETT

1) how a "CHAT" application works. 2) how a search engine works (need not say in detail just say it briefly) visit this to find how search engine works: (its too long) http://www.infotoday.com/searcher/may01/liddy.htm 3)how internet works(for eg; when u type www.yahoo.com what actually happens how the yahoo page is loaded? You type in address bar of browser Browser - client Yahoo.com - Server client/server architecture the browser sends the requested resource here the html page

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1)Describe the Sliding window protocol. What is it's advantage over stop-and-wait? Sliding window protocol: SWP (Sliding Window Protocol) a connection-less protocol. It allows data to be sent in one direction between a pair of protocol entities, subject to a maximum number of unacknowledged messages. The protocol simulation shows a time-sequence diagram with transmitting and receiving protocol entities, and a communications medium that carries messages. The transmitter simply sends messages numbered DT(0), DT(1), etc. Once sequence numbers reach a maximum number (like 7), they wrap back round to 0. The content of messages is not explicitly identified. An acknowledgement AK(n) means that the DT message numbered n is the next one expected (i.e. all messages up to but not including this number have been received). Since sequence numbers wrap round, an acknowledgement with sequence number 1 refers to messages 0, 1, 7, 6, etc. Note that if a DT message is received again due to re-transmission, it is acknowledged but discarded. The protocol has a maximum number of messages that can be sent without acknowledgement. If this window becomes full, the protocol is blocked until an acknowledgement is received for the earliest outstanding message. At this point the transmitter is clear to send more messages.With sliding windows, it is possible to fully utilize a link, provided the window size is large enough. Throughput is ~ (w/RTT); Sender has to buffer all unacknowledged packets, because they may require retransmissionReceiver may be able to accept out-of-order packets, but only up to its buffer limits Stop & Wait is like w = 1. For additional information visit : http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Pines/1572/slidwin.htm 2)Why networks are layered ? What is the advantage of that ? Layering helps in abstractions. 1.Easy to understand 2.Being modular easy to modify if required 3)network topologies ?Which are the different network toplogies ? 4)an example of bus type network. 5)What is the Bandwidth of ethernet ? 6)Explain the advantage and disadvantage of ethernet ? 7)Which is the protocol used in ethernet. (CSMA/CD) Why is it called so ? 8)What is the advantage of Ring network ? 9)Compare it with ethernet. 10)Which one is not done by Data link layer ? bit stuffing, LRC,CRC,parity check 11)Which one is not related to Data link layer? 12)How many layers are there in OSI ? Why is it called OSI model ?

OOSS 1)OS & its functions Os is s/w for controlling and managing h/w, s/w, memory, i/o devices 2)How is paging implemented? How page faults are handled? Page faults are handled as misses and after miss occurs in Primary memory they are looked from secondary memory Paging: When a process starts in Unix, not all its memory pages are read in from the disk at once. Instead, the kernel loads into RAM only a few pages at a time. After the CPU digests these, the next page is requested. If it is not found in RAM, a page fault occurs, signaling the kernel to load the next few pages from disk into RAM. This is called demand paging and is a perfectly normal system activity in Unix 3)Why paging is used ? Without paging to address memory we need to address by byte or word. So with paging things are simplified. Also paging is very helpful for doing OS level operations such as pagein or pageout. Pagein - from secondary mem to primary Pageout - viceversa 4)Which is the best page replacement algo and Why ? Page replacement algorithms: · Random: pick any page at random (works surprisingly well!). · FIFO: throw out the page that has been in memory the longest. The idea is to be fair, give all pages equal residency. · MIN: naturally, the best algorithm arises if we can predict the future. · LFU: use the frequency of past references to predict the future. · LRU: use the order of past references to predict the future. 5)If there are too many page faults what is the problem? Then there occurs shuttling of data b/w primary and secondary memory and which inturn reduces the system performance drastically as more time is spend in shuttling rather than in processing. 6)To ensure one pgm. doesnt corrupt other pgm. in a Multi-pgm. Environment.what you should do? They use boundary registers 7)Which one you will use to implement critical section? Binary Semaphore 8)Which one is not needed for Multi-pgm. enviornment? options are: virtual memory,security,time sharing,none of the above. ans:none of the above 9)Term stickily bit is related to a)kernel b)undeletable file c) d)none 10)semaphore variable is different from ordinary variable by ? 11)Where semaphore is used?

A synchronization variable that takes on positive integer values. Invented by Dijkstra. Apart from initialisation,it is accessed thru 2 std atomic opertions.Wait and Signal. · P(semaphore): an atomic operation that waits for semaphore to become positive, then decrements it by 1. · V(semaphore): an atomic operation that increments semaphore by 1. Semaphores can be used mutual exclusion. 12)what is Test and set lock? 13)what is critical section and methods for mutual exclusion? Mutual exclusion: Mechanisms that ensure that only one person or process is doing certain things at one time (others are excluded). E.g. only one person goes shopping at a time. Critical section: A section of code, or collection of operations, in which only one process may be executing at a given time 14)what is internal fragmentation ,external fragmentation,compaction? External Fragmentation Eventually, main memory forms holes too small to hold any process. This is external fragmentation. Total memory space may exist to satisfy a request but it is not contiguous. Compaction reduces external fragmentation by shuffling memory contents to place all free memory together in one large block. Think what is needed to be able to move processes around? 8K 12K 22K 18K 31K 5K 43K

Please allocate 63K for the next process. 15)what is page fault?How the os finds a page fault has really occured?(protection bits: valid bit, invalid bit) 16)producer-consumer problem ,reader- writer problem 17)what is an operating system. 18)what is multitasking.what is timesharing. 19)Diff b/w Multitasking,Multithreading Ability to execute more than one task at a time is multitasking . Multitasking: The ability to execute more than one task at the same time, a task being a program. The terms multitasking and multiprocessing are often used interchangeably, although multiprocessing implies that more than one CPU is involved. In multitasking, only one CPU is involved, but it switches from one program to another so quickly that it gives the appearance of executing all of the programs at the same time. Time sharing: Refers to the concurrent use of a computer by more than one user -- users share the computer's time. 20)what is memory management. 21)what is virtual paging. 22)what is o.s 23)semaphore semaphore is a protected variable for implementing mutual exclusion thro' critical sections enforcement. 24)what is o.s? 25)what is a deadlock? When 2 or more processes are in memory and when a situation occurs wherein none can proceed then deadlock is said to occcured. A deadlock is a situation in which two computer programs sharing the same resource are effectively preventing each other from accessing the resource, resulting in both programs ceasing to function. 26)what is a semaphore? 27)difference between semaphore & monitor?

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1)details abt projects done

SSOOFFTTWWAARREE EENNGGIINNEEEERRIINNGG 1)WHat is software life cycle ? The five things 1.req' analysis2.Desing 3.code 4.test 5.package and deployment and after that maintenance

SDLC

A systems development life cycle (SDLC) model is one of a number of structured approaches to information system development, created to guide all the processes involved, from an initial feasibility study through maintenance of the completed application. Various SDLC approaches include the waterfall model, the original SDLC method; rapid application development (RAD); joint application development (JAD); the fountain model; the spiral model; build and fix; and synchronize-and-stabilize. Frequently, several models are combined into some sort of hybrid process. Documentation is crucial regardless of the type of model chosen or devised for any application, and is usually done in parallel with the development process.

In general, an SDLC model follows the following steps:

1. The existing system is evaluated. Deficiencies are identified. This can be done by interviewing users of the system and consulting with support personnel.

2. The new system requirements are defined. In particular, the deficiencies in the existing system must be addressed with specific proposals for improvement.

3. The proposed system is designed. Plans are laid out concerning the physical construction, hardware, operating systems, programming, communications, and security issues.

4. The new system is developed. The new components and programs must be obtained and installed. Users of the system must be trained in its use, and all aspects of performance must be tested. If necessary, adjustments must be made at this stage.

5. The system is put into use. This can be done in various ways. The new system can phased in, according to application or location, and the old system gradually replaced. In some cases, it may be more cost-effective to shut down the old system and implement the new system all at once.

6. Once the new system is up and running for awhile, it should be exhaustively evaluated. Maintenance must be kept up rigorously at all times. Users of the system should be kept up-to-date concerning the latest modifications and procedures.

2)What is testing ? testing is seeing code with intention to find bugs Testing objectives include 1. Testing is a process of executing a program with the intent of finding an error. 2. A good test case is one that has a high probability of finding an as yet undiscovered error.

3. A successful test is one that uncovers an as yet undiscovered error. 3)Which are the different types of testing ? unit testing integration testing regression testing user acceptance testing a)White box testing----------- Basis path testing, loop testing, Conditional testing, Data flow testing b)Black box testing ----------equivalence partitioning, Boundry value analysis, Cause effect Graphing techniques 4)What is White box testing? 5)What is Black box testing? 6)Which are the different phases in Software life cycle (asked again) 7)Why is analysis and testing phases very important ? analysis phase helps one to clarify the req' with the customer and to get a clear understanding of the requirement.Testing helps to remove bugs and prevent it to happen at client side. 8)what is sdlc(software development life cycle)?

SSIITTEE

Founded in 1994 as a division of Dun & Bradstreet Corporation, Cognizant Technology Solutions began doing large-scale full lifecycle software projects. CTS works in fields related e-business and application management. CTS is also engaged in offshore development and provide services in other fields like wireless, data warehousing and euro-compliance. They also service varied industries like healthcare, finance, information services, retail and restaurant and telecom.

Headquartered in Teaneck, New Jersey, CTS has sales offices located in Chicago, Dallas, Minneapolis, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Toronto, London and Frankfurt. CTS has nine development facilities in India spread across Chennai, Calcutta, Pune and Bangalore.

For more information visit the company's home site at http://www.cognizant.com/

UUNNIIXX

1)Describe the memory management policies in Unix.

Memory management policies in UNIX are paging and swapping

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