-43-

snd IS;70. Although not ex- ctly correl; tinr; ith the* growth

of white popul tion it rho s the r in period:' of development,

reflectin ' economic conditions • nd -pir tions within

the : timicip: . itier. Tn fret in there seventy years it was

only in the 1950* th; t ther r lr.rge surplus of

nroc. .imed residential : t; ndr in the region, hich,h ving

been t ken up in the 1960':; cxolr in the Lov number of

residential ~tr nd.- %roc nined between I960 --nd 1969,

compared to the t o th of • hite nopul: tion ( hich ill be

seen :n the 1970 Popul tion C«nru ).

hilrt the locav " on of ine to nrhip: h ’-' be en

function of the occurence of p-y ble o d b< ne;-th thf

errth' • rurf ee, nd the '■ • ;r o ned by th» ?« n-r t< /:>ld

mining comp Jiirs, ri i. i r l y ,ext-nsions of the nodes of

re S34 denti 1 • nd commerci: • re- s h ve be* n influenced by

the nines. The proximity of cold ine • whose I -ndr could

not be included in .’own 1 nning Jche r ffected the

pi saining of r sidenti I r , eei 11.y in ;>orin r: here

for m-ny years development• to the outh- -e: t of tkf i n

centre ..ere impossible t e lnnd ' being utilised by

Springs Gold Mining Co ■ r> ny Limit' d. Th- » ; r ; c.v i xm: *

has had -n even m u t e r . ega y through undermined nd,

preventing re 'identi 1 deve • -o me ut t t o ">uth no. >uth—

east of Springs, nd to north- v t f : n o . m h i o .

In the light of the bove- entioned f store the

sp,ti'l development of the reridenti 1 to nrh pr in toe

region be tv eon 1900 nd 1970 c; n be under tood. -re­

development round the e t o is een in 11 three cents r by

1920, 1 though t, • beji f in the more per runt n ture •:

gold mining th- n cor 1 mining h d lei to the earlier

nrocl' m; tion of to.vnshi os in I.'igel. dy 1‘ "0 however ith

the nrocl-m-tion of dr kpr.n,Spring- nd Geduld to-..nr hips,

Brs.kprn and fprin :s had overt k< n the *»o ml. tion oi Kigel

(see Tables 6 -nd 7). The next nr in period of development,

/ 1930-1939,.

1930-1939f r*;' • the orocl; • tion of Anznc,Dc lview • nd

Brenthurst,developing from the core of B r lcp n, ’ nd the

extensions in hnrings t Caeyeld -lr, Strubenvale ■■ nd

Peter field,set rated from the core by undermined lend.

( ince 1939 thin ba: ic pattern h"s been conso idated ith

the linking of the residentir 1 : rear, of Braktrn and Springs

by the nroclan tion of Pollack i’ r k tand the residential

devejopmentr south of Springe on the hpringr-higel road t

' election Park nd Sc,court, ith the so to be proclaimed

Sharon Psrk linking this deve.opment to Junnotar.

Although the 13 ntu rupul tion of the re gion hr r

rein ine.d virtu lly static be tv e en 1( *-6 nd 1'970 t h n • has

been a great ch nge in it: p ti 1 distribution in this

period. Until 1 9 ’6 the m. jca-ity of B ntu consi te d of

migrant ine orkesr, 1 ivin in con pounds >n m n . pro;%rty,

v.ith only a err 11 number of B ntu living in w u n i c i p l

to nships. ith t)if c .cure of the mines the ttigrent mine

workers returned to their hone . nds,..bii t there

general influx of B ntu into the ..it at or:-rand. This

influx of per.irnent i bour force h - ueccss.it ted the

creation of s p c i s j location ; k n*. for ilrakp n ;

K-.va-Theraa for Spring ; • nd Uc-dua: f )r i.igol.

, ocal K.ark^t Cr> -.■ d by tsa iold '~im

The growth of gold mining in t t Rsnd created

ocal spending no er from two 1 jureir,thc hining Com ny

itself ■ nd t. e mine emn oyeeo. Figures for this tot 1

spending power h v^ ’ lready been civ* n in Oh >ter tor

Nigel **nd I.'odder. ' B' Gold I.'.im s,both -ine in I‘ 1 0

exceeding the m >unt of '.500,000 (K • ft.D.C., I960 ) • la dies,

to sr y,not ] this vould b- spent in t,.< locality .but

many services .ere neces'arily ioc 1 nd led to the

exp; n: ion of the com iorci 1 nd indu:.trial sectors. It was

mainly the pending pover of the white mine employees th t

boosted the local economy,cresting the demand for increased

number of shops : nd services in the locslity, thif dein.md

/ being ....

being supplemented by the purchasing novver of the Mining

Companies,obt; ining some provisions in the loci lity. ..ith

sn active, no pul.' tion of 15,000 ./hi ten nd 120,000 non­

whites, e: rning over £ 10 million in w; g:s eng ged in gold

mining ■ t its per-k in 1950 (Ch mber of incs,1963),the

boost to the commercial sector from thi source is

understrnd: ble, nd the three -r in commercial centres of the

region, ir. kirn, opri "s nd ill gel, all no ed signs of

prosperity, itlx thi: develoi -sent of i;he loc: 1 economy tla

toons bfcarn< the n tural focus points for cornercial

den:nd from neighbouring rc.-s, boosting the loc. 1 economies

still further. Springs ir e >cci lly not: ble in thin resoect

becoming the buriness centre for b large proportion of the

Eastern Pr*-ixsvarl.

Gold mining therefore ere ted the dem nd nd sti.uJus

for the devolc\>menS of n o n - b : d c ctiviti.s ?n the lart

•Hand,' sector .vhose support h s : ince IS1 o.en in the

p'rocess of transference fro- gold :i ing to indu: try.

Build of Seecnd.'ry Indu: try in the a: t R nd

Although gold mining stimulated the commercial rnd

business developments in the 1 rt R n d , i t did little to

stimulate industry.

Gold mines do of cour:e require engineering fir.nr to

service ' nu mend nine e q u i p m e n t , nd s. v r 1 of the: e

specif list firms loc- ted round the business centre:-. In the

main,due to the fr et that nost of t e miner, were tied to

1 rge mining houses .ho purch. e stores nd m chinery for

their mines through a centr-1 department,the loc tion of

firms manufacturing mi chinery and equipment for the gold

mines in thi .itvatersri nd .ere little influenced by the

particular localities of the line .

The development of industry in the :;art R n d since

1950 hr - largely been r».■ 1; ted to other lo<*.*-tionr 1 factors,

although gold mining h: indirect j been of import?nee in

itn ere; tion of rcon mic develo wient in the region. Very

ittle m; nufeeturing industry existed prior to 19 50, with

moet of ,vhi t there ; being in prings, which by 1950 h'd

21 r-m: 11 menufac-uring concerns' (Springe To.vn Council, 1962).

Industri: lint tion of the region came with the s etting

up of vi rious industrial townships in the municipalities

and the efforts of the nuiici-v liticr to ttr ct industry.

Ap; rt from the priv: tcly owned industrial to n; hir> of

Enr.trr:|tv.o to. nshipt .ere • r o d imed t o - r,Vu C'nia and

Nuffield* Br k p n ' s Vulc- ni- however very small

township of 33 lorgen, eet u-' . r,:ely for the re-loc; tion of

existing industries in the to n. Kufi.‘.eld,by eontr : t,r

site of I5f' mcrgen, re ry. . ented erious ttem >t by the

municipality to ttrwet industry to Springs. Little

i

develo.irannt took place til ft r the r, hen several

industries .vere ert ■ blished v.hich encour ged the council to

t Ice further -tepo,vtrultinc i: the eet'blishm. nt of n

second industri: L to n h i n , k n o n : He..* ; r , in 195*.. 2 prings

thus got a head-st' rt over the other municiP J n es in

the industri: lisr.tion of the ■ : t R nd.

Tne non-conter:r)or- neour build un of industry in the

three municipalities c* n be vi . ed as a function of v.hat

could be c. lled the ‘un.tci ool factor',th t is,the efforts

of differing •?unici,r litieo to attract industry. These

efforts t'ke three r.-in forme s-

(i) Getting 1 na r.oned and 1 id out for

industri 1 town: hinn with all the nrovisions

thnt indue try require, especially, r il way

ridings, ter <tid electricity.

(ii) Providing the 1 nd t cheap nd competitive

rates.

(iii) Providing sufficient residonti- 1 townships

to house the workers for tne industries.

/ Nigel . . . .

Nigel I.Iunicipr lity,realising the need for industry

to real; ce gold mining 1 id out t.vo to nehipr in the

1950*s fPretoriuortad in 1951 ond Vorsterskroon in 1956,at

land prices of only £ ICO ner ;'cre,the cheapest at that

time in the it ..aterrrand (corrp to £ 17^0 aer acre in

Germiston),r nd stressed the chear> residential stands and

rdequcte labour supply v il ble. (Nigel To n Council.).

Consequently most of the rt nds c j e filled by I960.

In contrr rt the Br- k^an Municipality -var hesitant

to attract industry 00 the to n, irhing to preserve it as

the garden-suburb of the it • tersr nd. By the end of the

1 950 'r,realising that hey ere being left behind,they

proclaimed a l.-rge extension to Vulc ’..a (109 morgen),and

went beyond nroviding baric f; ciliti : by ouilding some

factories themselves,renting them out to industrialists.

Brakpan hence lagged behind Nigel and ‘carings in municincl

-initiative, and on^y no.,, ith the prcclr m, tion of V-n ck

Fark in 1970,is it beginning to r: l i r-e its potentialities

for industrialisation.

The municipal uthoritier h-ve therefore,by their

actions in attracting industry to the reas,been bie to

pi-y rn iiportent role in countering the effects on the

locrl economy of the decline in the rold vines,the effects

of which ill be exrrrined in the n rxt ch: pter.

-53-

CHAPTER 4

EFFECTS OP THU ‘i'KANSITIOii OF Ti.B ; COKO IIC BASE

The tr?.ne-ition of the economic base of the region

has hr.d extensive geogrr nhical nd economic effects. The

decline in the industry utilising the m: jor proportion of

land in the region nd its rcpi cement by <• more stv. ti' lly

concentrated form of economic development,has, nd will

continue to hr ve import-nt so ti 1 conseauencer in the

region. These snati- 1 consequences h vc- however p: rtly

been considered in Ch ? uor 3,and ill on.y be r ightly

el.-bor ted in this ch' nter. It is more the effects on uie

structural economy of the region th"t will be examined in

this section,developing from the dyn*mic .a lysis of the

economy between 1951 r..nd I?64 and its c-xplrn: tion of the

'continued gro th of the service rector of the region,to

an analysis of the ch nge in employment and oopul: tion,

rnd the more recent indicators of economic health.

K p r t i r l a f f e c t s

The spatial effects viewed - lrendy have been rel. ted

to the fragmented p ttern of residential deve opnent

resulting from,the restriction on expansion of certain

residential areas by the proximity of -ining land,and the

proclamation of some mine to nrhips r r municipal to nshios.

Apart from the effects on r identi 1 rcas,other effects

on the sp-tial pattern of development in the transition ry

period h-ve resulted from two factors. Firstly,the closure

of the mines nd consequent release of mining I na,cnd

s econdly,l o c tion ■ nd e x n m s i o n of industrial townships in

the region.

Release of "i.ning I/ nd

The release of mining 1 nd .vi.ll hrve great significance

/ for . . . .

-54-

for pi: ruling in the raunicip' i ities, owing to the peculiar

position hich .ining ground occupies in the legal

frcmework of South Afric; . In its short history of

development most of the Last H: nd rogion h-r been sub­

divided into procl imed nining land, (see Figure 8 ) , t h t is,

land /.hi eh h r been proclaimed public digging for

preciour met Is or be.ee inei- ln, hilst ' procl iraed lrnd'

it is exempt fro a ny municip; i or to -n nlMining scheme.

hen the nin°s ciOre the 1 nd ir not iram di te'.y do-oroclaimed

ss most commonly the mining companies ke<. o the 1 nd for a

period longer end only for U.H.?.*s , .ritten permission

from the Mining Commissioner to use the rurf ce of * procl iraed

land' for other th n lining nurposee. Eventually ir the

Government Hining Engineer is convinced thrt the lrnd is no

longer needed for mining >um o r e s he m y h v it de-proclaimed.

The land ti.en becomes like ny other )iece of lrnd waiting

development (Gregory,1969)•

In resoect of the dispor 1 of mine infr structure,

the leg 1 position is further comp icated by the different

forms of land ownership by mining companies. Often the

mining comp ny ill h vc- leased the lining rights from the

owner of the original fi rm ;nd hencc when the mine closes

the ownership revertr to the origin; 1 o.ner,whilst other

mines own the 1 nd themselves. In the Er~t nd there h- ve

been exrmpler of both tyoes of ownership, iJart Gedu1 ',

Grootvlci,lIe Kleinfontcin and Hew Van Ryn being the mines

which have le ed mining rights. The significance is that

if the mines h^ve only leased the lend they ..ill h've no

rights over the mine infrastructure hich will be left on

closure,whilst those mines that own the J n d frequently

dispose of the infrastructure,either through a property

c o m p m y e.g. Dagg.r fontein G. . (’The Star*, 3.3 • 69), or

sometimer, themselves e.g. Vogelstruisbult G. . selling

one-third of Vogelrtruirbult mine town lip to Union

Carriage nd Y.agon Co. Ltd. ,Nigel ('The Star' ,8.3*69) •

/ The ....

The-, complicated 1 eg- 1 petition, ;v outlined bove,

has hence led to very different procesrer of soatial re-

adapt- tion following the closures of the mines. Lio far,the

effects have not been 1-- that gre; t. The time lags involved

in the de-procl rations and the municipr.1 planning process

hrve led to little ctu 1 development on de-procl imed

1- nd, with the not ble exception of Springs G. i.,the

infrastructure of which has been conpletely cleaned up

since closure in 1962 and is no incorporated in to.n

planning schemer. The significance on t'.e spatia? patterns

of develooment in the future ./ill be much greater, ith

planning being able to be based on 11 land in the

municipalities rather th n only a smnll portion.

The Location of Industri'1 To’ nrhios

hereas the rpati:1 economic develo ment of the gold

mining phare was spread out over the. entire region, the

industri'1 devc-lonp.ent is so ti lly concentr ted in lrrge

industrial to nships of -vhich there re at nresent seven

fully d?v?loped Vulcania,Enstrr,New ra,i.uffield,

Selection Park, Vorsterskroon, Pri toriusstad, and Van Eck Pe rk

to be oroclai ied in 1970.

The development of these industrial townships has

been faci itated by one of the main location- 1 advantages of

the region,in its P- -V context,the flatnes: of 1 nd,

allowing the develo->ment, nd possible extensions,of lrrge

industri 1 townships. Vor: terakroon for example,a township

of 115 morgen, h.s a degree of topogr phy of only 40 feet

over its area. The other mrin location; 1 factors influencing

site h ve been,the proxinity to existing railvays (on sites

v/here South African Rail ays can be persuaded to out

sidings through to the townshin),and secondly,the spatial

relationship to residenti • rear,it being general policy

to site an industri; 1 to nshin so that B;mtu workers do

not hrve to cross white residential areas to reach vork.

The latter factor can be seen ir. t e tiding of industrial

to,.nrhiT)s in Brrkoan rnd Nigel,but in b’pringo, restrictions

cn development,namely mining land, hr vo prevented such

locations.

Hence r new ftv tial pr ttern of economic development

is beginning to emerge,based or the industrial t o n s h i p s

and residential areas having greater locational freedom

in the region.

Economic Effects

It is appropri; te when faced v.ith the decline of the

basic activity of gold ining rnd the change in the economic

base of the region to an-' lyse this transition in terms of

economic base analysis. Although not frequently utilised in

geographical essays,rnd having many limitations which

• detract fro \ its nure economic, nd planning us; ge (Isard,

i*960 ; Alexander, 1954 ; Lane, 1966), this form of cccnomic

analysis is suitable for the study of a region in hich

the basic and non-baric sectors can be clearly defined.

Not only is it ble to sho the : bsolute and structural

change in basic employment,but it can expl; in quantitatively

the "nonaly of the expansion of the service rector with

the simultaneous decline in base employment, hi 1st not

attempting to use the ratios in t eir dubious role of

exact prediction,they provide a useful aid to the understanding

of the effects of the transition and provide n base to

more dot' iled analysis of the industri l base to be

undertaken in Chapter 5.

Transition in terms of •■conomic Dose An; lysis

Segregation of Basic and Non-l3a:ic Activities . As outlined

in the Introduction,the prosperity of any region ia tied

to a limited number of basic economic ctivitier in which

it has specialised, rnd the prosperity of the non-basic

activities rnd the regional economy will vary • ccording

to changes in the base element. It is necessary,especially

when confronted with the situation of an economic base

transition in the region, to identify, ~egregntet • nd ..-eight,

the arc ; *s basic ;.cti vi tier over time, and to see their*

quantitative rel tionship to non-basic activities.

Two ru in problems here confront the • ne.l4 rt. Firstly,

the technique to segreg; te the baric from non-baric

activities, nd secondly,the ; ppropriate unit of measurement

for these activities.

As this recti on ir conccrncd vith the dyn: mic aspects

of the economic bare • n i n d uetry-by-idustry - urvey ir of

little u c ,ar thin ill only give d; tr for the .ore ent.

The method .hich h r been mo: t ide y used in analyses of

the economic b se har been the derivation of indices of

loc-'l speci liration (location quotients),and their

p pplic tion to .ployment figure: for th« region,to give

quantitatively the 'b sicnes ' of various indr tries

(Hoyt,1949 ; ''sttila , nd Thonron, 1955 ; Isard,I960) • For

thir inform tion one therefore hr to turn to published

statistic:'. ..i+h the dearth of comparative statirtics for

South Africa thir prerents many problems. For start,

comparative rt tirticr r re restricted to employment the

unit of me a urement, hi oh, J. though being n accepted

measure in ec.ziomic bare :tudier,ha; dcficiencts (Barna,I962)

and is not the ideal mersure. 1 Also,there is a great tine-

lag between the collection,r\arlysis nd publication of

statistics. The latest accurate rtrtirticr for nopul tion

ere the I960 Census , -h x. t 'or manufacturing,the I9&3A>4

Industri 1 Census, hich ill br published in 1970. To

obtain comp rative extri-n: nufacturing employment figures

for T963/64 therefore necessitated ext apolations from

popul tion figures.

It was only possible ithin the limitations imposed

by the statis tical base to t .ke three years for the

/ comparison ....

I. Other theoretical alternatives for arded h ve been,

income generated by industrial origin rnJ v lue added

by firm.

comparison of the economic b re,19^1,I960 ind 1963/64,of

which >nly 1963/64 nece: sit ted extr- polations. This

period covered the main period of economic transition • nd

showed in cuantitative term? the effects on v- ir-ious sectors

of the economy. The extrapol tions,; . s shown in Table 21

(Appendix I) for the popul'tion of South Afric rnd the

Last R' nd re based on official extr; polationo by the

Bureau of Census nd : tatistics,: nd the individual

municipalities (I.Iunicip 1 Yer.r Book,1967 ; Statistics of

South Africa,1963), nilst the figures for extrt-

manufaccuring employment in the Kart Hand for 1963/64 have

been t'^.-n to bo the same as I960. Although the latter is

probably rn underestimate in most instances,it does not

affect the validity of the an: lysis a: none of the rectors

are basic or near-b sic, nd hence the only effect of the

assumption is to lo er the level of non-baric employment for

1963/64 below that hich could restonsbly be expected in the

light of develo 'nents in thi. period.

Loc’ tion quotients ^r e hence derived for 1951,1960

and 1963/64,for the various emp^o ment sectors of the

economy (see Appendix I for methodology ),.• nd applied to

local emp oyment figures to give quantitatively the surplus

(basic) vorkers in the v rious employment sectors. The

results cr< shown ir Table 9 with the division of

employment for the three years bet..eon basic rnd n o n-b sic.

As seen in the .’able the figures sho the decline of basic

employment in gold mining nd the increasing 'basicness' of

manufacturing indu: tries between 1951 nd 1963/64. It was

at this point that the figures for the segregation of

manufacturing e m p l o y m e n t , b a e d on extri-regional exports,

were checked against the results of the Input-Output survey

(to be forwarded in Ch' pter 5),and found to be substanti; lly

correct.

Prom the tot' Is of basic and lion-basic employment,

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economic- l l y c t iv e , nd. t o t e l population, in the re g io n by the method rho-,n belo , : -

e.g. 1951

Bar'ic : Kon-Brric Rr : Lo Brric : Tot- 3 P o mil?.-.tion R ■ tio

_ x • 0 4' a 1 1 1 .(jo1 1 : , Aj7 * 1 1 2 , 7TT7

to give the Ratio Pr.ttern shov.n in Teble 10

V 10

b :.;; v :.'3

IQf.I I960 I<63/64

Basic : Won-Basic 0.42 O . 7 3 0.34

Basic : Total Jrrnloyment 1.42 1.73 I.'34

Total Employment : Tot 1 opul tion I.13 1.74 1.73

Basic : Total ’opul: tion 1.69 3*02 3*27

Effects of the Tr r.rition on 1 >n-.- ic ,.ctiv tla s . Bar-c

ratio theory assumes th- t ch.?nr;e« in br ic employment

will lead to ch- nr;c' in other rr.t*o ele ientr, that ill,in

the lon^ run,revert to the r;>iio re' • tiorrhip rxi"ting

before the change in ba ic or.ployment took )1 ce. It as

this premire that led to the opinion rxnresred by both the

Nation 1 Re sources Jevelo p:\ent Oounci lid the a r g i n d

Mines Here-rch Unit (U.R.D.C.,I960 ; A. .R.U.,1964),that

service ?ctivity ou d decline bsolutely ith the decline

in the ba.ic activity of gold Mining. In f ct,ar Table 9

sho.vs, there ir n apparent anomaly between the decline in

basic employment and the increase in non-b-.sic employment

between 1951 and 1963/64. The- explanation of this

phenomenon was for.varded by Andrev.-s in that,

” . «.;he only \r.y i:* ,.u.iou non-bar ic activities

can peri.i nently prevent ■ negative r action

ip by a qu* lit tive change in brsic ctivity

r s it doclines cuantitatively."

This qu lit: tivc change in the 1; at Rand is represented by

the transition of She conponents of basij employment from

gold mining to manufacturing industry (no other employment

sector having loc. tion ouotient exceeding unity), ith

the nigher average age rates in runufacturing indurtry.

Andrew;, continued that,

" ...this type of qu: lit: tivc ch,nge in baric

activity could also le: <* to i po: itivr- shift

in service activities if the contrc t in

the local economies before and after were

rufficiently dram tic. But a condition of

this sort ould b. highly unu'-url." (Andrews, 1955(b) )

It is ex ctly thia "highly unusual cond tion” that has

occured in the iast R nd. hen the actual ag paid in

basic activities are computed it i seen,in T blc II,

that,derpite f 11 in b : ic ennloy.nent of 10,759 bet eon

I960 • nd 1963/64,t h e n ha: been n bsolutf increase in

total a g e s p. id (or, rt duced to I960 real a g e index,

only a very gti 11 decline,of less than 7 ),ar result

of n inert-' ce in non-gold mining baric employment of

6,756 from 4,641 11,397. It is this u lit tivc ch nge

in basic emplryme„ r». presented by the inor are in basic

employment in nrnufrcturing industry that has led to the

'rurviv 1' of non-b: : ic • ctiviti* ; in the t H nd.

V /.Gi o IN I3/.oI0 ‘C T I V VI

hite Non- hite

R.

IJ60 1963/64 I96O 1963/64

Gold uinir.g 24,3^3,420 I S , 350,635 1 2 , f C 3,200 10,357,163

•Caric' M: nufac. 2,678 , 5 13 7,343,155 1,335,579 3,631,113

27,0^6,933

1

27,693, /90113,393,779 13,938,276

Wager p' id in • nuf cturin, t' lccn ar : -

D'?ric ■rr'i'-r in nuf r . . I? ' ir m-'lo.v in :r nuf~ c,

Total v * g e < xn JiUi * Total ’ wploy In ; nui c,

Hence,total . >.ges in Bn. ic ctivitiec :-

I960 1963/64

R 40,935,71 R 41,68:,066

If 1963/64 figure ir amended to I960 re- 1 gf index

(taken from nrice indieor .ith tin^-lag of one-year;, hich

by 1963/64 h-d riren to 103.3,tot 1 ruger p. id were

R 40,156,132.

Two ether frvctorr h ve incv • ed the ictual poritive

rhift in non-ba.ic ctivitie . The fir-t of there ir an

a rerult of the neculi: r porition of D: ntu mine vorkcrr in

the region. There mine workerr nr1 purely 'ligr tory 1 pour,

remitting rnort of their wager back to their families in the

homelands. Hence their rh re of bas ic employment wages

c nnot be conridered to h ve the r; me imp >rt ;nce to the

local economy a thrt of other groups. II Bantu mine workers

wages are therefore rubtrrcted from the tot Is,an in

Table 12, it ir Been that there v.ar an b olute increase

(at 1^60 r ul . ago levels),of over K I ’ million in the

period bet.een 19>->0 nd 1963/64 in the writer of b ic

ouioloyc t-s.

TABLE 12

■ AG-:S 31. TV i i C C^'lViVI I-

Li-. I] HOil-.illT: _____ L__

R IC60 1 ^ 6 A

Tot'l ages 40,935,71 40,156,132

Non- hite ttmeri Vagea , , 9,977,999

23,372,51: 30,178,133

At I960 Her 1 ..age levels

Hence,reni incre e in local b; ic crn 3-1963/64

= R 1,805,621

Further,the recond frctor tendin. in thin direction

ir the gene)- lly greater 1 into re of n.inuf'.c turing indur try

to th#' non-b-ric ctiv.vie , thi: 1' ct, . ill be re - n in

Ch- pter 5,having led to the . ro th of -r ay non-b ic

activities ervin th<" . ith tl;L: gre *tc * link .;c the r tio

between baric ■ nd non-b* ' ic ctivitier hr been increasing,

from I : 0.42 in I95I,to I : 0.iJ4 in 1963/64, nd is likely

since 1963/64 to have exceeded u n ity,becoming noro in line

with ratios in indue trial rear in tht .r t Ccntr.l li nd.

Effects Tr* nil,ion -.)■ f> < rnd Tot 1 1‘opul tion.

The eh-nge in the rrtio of bnric cm oioyment : total

population has been even more dr: m tic,inorearing from

I : I.Gy to I : 3.27,' nd reflects substanti. ! changer, in

employment ? n population in hat c; n be- reffered to as

the mining - nd inductri 1 phs. es. The period of the mining

economic base represented a very rge proportion of the

economically active population,seen in tse ratio for 1951

for Total snployment to Total Population of j : I.13. This

was- not only as a result of the high pruocrtion of the to t 1

of Bantu mine workers,but .also due to the large number of

single .hite mine employees. This situation an br contracted,

with that of 19^3/64, representing the o< inning of the

industrial plv_ e,with s ratio of I : 1.73,- very Large

incree e,mainly due to the ne permanent Bantu labour force

plus their families entering the region 'nd re pi: :ing the

Bantu mine orkers.

These statistics however do not tell the .’hole story

of the change in the actua st ucture oi the community

population, t». story hich c n be divided into two "..arts, the

changes resulting f r m thr closure of the sines snd,tne

build up of industry.

Closure of G)Id :‘i m s . The run-down in employment resulting

from the closure of the fold mines h ' lresdy been briefly

outlined else..here. To what degree h this led to .

problem of unemployment ?

Unlike many mining communities in other countries,

e.g. south • !f',t • r; net ployaent problems

resulting from the closure oi the gold in< . In io*oect O j

migrant Bantu mine workers no problems rose from the

closure of the mine: ,as the Bantu mine -worker noi.. lly

only -works on the mines for periods of nine months before

returning to his homeland. Similiarly,there h: ve teen few

hindrances to migration for white mine workers. Tnc

controlling Mine Houses have had vacancies in their new

mines opening in other areas, e.g. Union Corporation with

new mines opening in h'v: .nder at the same time or closures

at Gcduld nd Van Dyk Gold ines. Iso,in contrast to

South .(ales mining vill ages,there hr-, not been the ,:lose

communi y structure in the- .st li nd,v.hich acts as force

against migration. Admittedly,some hite miners,due to

their close link;..gee -.ith the are1.,did decide to st; y after

closure,but these only form a email proportion of the

earlier white employment in gold mining in the region.

Build u p of Industry. The ro..th oh industry in the Lai t

Rand has ttracted into the area a virtually new labour

force,replacing t) trine orkers. .'h-- B; ntu influx, as

already mentioned, part of : go era movement into the

V.it vater; r, nd and has expanded with the growth of industry

(up until the introduction of thrj Jhyrical PI; nnang Act),

necessitating the proclaaauion and .:ton- ions of Bantu

locations, to house these ,,orkers and their families* The

•white industrial labour force has been derived from three

sources. Firstly,from existing erviee nd mine Lovr in

the locality. Secondly,from n o f • rd movement from

Johannesburg,and lastly,from inward migration from other

regions rnd especially oversea s. Vhis led to •

cosmopo it: n white popula ;ion - ith ■ large number oi

Southern huropeanr present in the region.

Many firms moving into the area have brought rorkers

or management with t h e m . Ik< b« t ?•« I* tne Italian

firm of Po. erlinc; , ho established then, e lv< in .<i. el in

the late 1550* s. Being largely staffed by It

$0% of 1000 white emra o y e e s ), they h ve dded a m v.

dimension to the Nigel community in tie local to*tb;ll te m

the firm created, hich to mtny South Africans has given

Nigel a new importance. Other instances -re perhaps less

obvious, but the rmju armice of many nglish ubsidi: ry

firms,especially in the fields of steel and brass,has led

to the Lnglieh,Morth country and Sheffield d i a l e c t becoming

/ commonplace ....

Author Cockhead P J Name of thesis The East Rand: A Geographical Analysis of the transition of the economic base of the Region from Gold

Mining to Manufacturing, and its Effects upon future Economic and spatial Development 1970

PUBLISHER: University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg

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