CS 108 Computing Fundamentals

April 7, 2015

GHP # 10 and GHP 11

• GHP 10 will be posted later today Due: Saturday, April 11, at midnight

• GHP 11 will be posted on Thursday Due: Thursday, April 16 at 8 AM

Structures

• Thus far we have used variables which have been atomic in nature single data types (int, double, char, etc…) these atomic variables cannot be "broken down" into anything

simpler and still maintain identity/meaning• C provides us with the capability to create composite data types and

use them to create composite variables• A composite data type is called a structure (struct) • A structure can contain both "built-in" data types (int, double, char,

etc…) and/or other structures

Structures

• Structures are the basis for more advanced data structures (more advanced than arrays or multi-dimensional arrays)

• Structures combined with pointers can be used to build linked data structures such as lists, stacks, queues, trees, graphs, etc… (CS 240 and beyond)

• We need these more advanced data structures to allow us to model more complex systems and solve more difficult problems

• Structures are important in computing… without them it would extremely difficult (if not impossible) to implement concepts like relational databases, file processing, and object-orientation

Structures

• Structures allow us to much more accurately describe (or model) an object

• Think of an object as a noun… a person, place, thing, or event• Examples of objects: students, courses, majors, flights, doctors,

concerts, musical groups, teams, players, etc…

Structures

• An object can be described or modeled by listing the unique characteristics of the object

• A course can be described by title, credit hours, prerequisites, description, meeting time, instructor, etc…

• A student can be described by first name, last name, ssn, major, gpa, date-of-birth, etc…

• Notice that the "characteristics" must have different data types• We can use a structure to create a model of an object

Structures • Creating a structure is a two-step process

1) create a structure definition ("defines" a structure framework)

2) create an instance of a defined structure • Memory is not actually allocated until an instance is created• Syntax of a structure definition:

struct structure_name {

data_type name_of_element_1 ;

data_type name_of_element_2 ;

. . .

data_type name_of_element_n ;

} ;

Structures

• Example of a structure definition:

struct student {

char first_name[20] ;

char last_name[20] ;

char ssn[10] ;

char major[50] ;

float gpa ;

} ;• Each listed characteristic of a structure definition is called an element

Structures

• Syntax for creating an instance of a defined structure:

struct structure_name instance_name ;

• Example of creating an instance of a defined structure :

struct student student_1 ;

• student_1 is a variable name that is an instance of the student structure… this means that student_1 has all the characteristics and properties of the student structure definition

Structures• Because a variable that is the instance of a structure may contain

many elements, each element must be reachable… we use "dot

notation" via the "." operatorstruct student {

char first_name[20]; char last_name[20]; char ssn[10];

char major[50]; float gpa ;

} ;

struct student student_1 ;

student_1.first_name = "Chris" ;

student_1.ssn = "111223333" ;

student_1.gpa = 2.0 ;

• We can initialize the instance of a structure while we are creating it:

struct student student_1 = {"Chris", "Urban", "111223333", "Computer Science", 2.0} ;

• Notice that it is possible to use the = operator on a structure variable, but only when creating a structure instance. When the = sign is used, each element of the structure at the right hand side is copied into the structure at the left hand side "in order" … if you mess-up the order then your input will be useless trash (if it doesn’t crash). An example of a mess:

struct student student_1 = { 2.0, "111223333", "Computer Science", "Chris", "Urban" } ;

Structures

#include <stdio.h> // 1.c#include<string.h>struct student {

char first_name[20] ; char last_name[20] ; char ssn[10] ; char major[50] ; float gpa ;

} ;int main ( void ) { struct student student_1; strcpy(student_1.major, "Computer Science" ); // The order is not strcpy(student_1.first_name, "Chris" ); // important when strcpy(student_1.last_name, "Urban" ); // directly assigning strcpy(student_1.ssn, "111223333" ); // element values. student_1.gpa = 2.0; printf("\n\nLast name: %s", student_1.last_name); printf("\nSSN: %s \n\n\n", student_1.ssn); return (0) ;}

typedef• typedef is used to create aliases for structure definitions by providing

a structure tag name• A structure tag name (alias) can be used to assign a specific structure

to a variable (create an instance of a structure) • Using the structure tag name (alias) provides a mechanism for

declaring an instance of a structure that is very similar to the mechanism we have used to declare variables of standard data types

• Essentially, typedef allows us to create our own data types

typedef• Creating a structure using typedef is (also) a two-step process:

1) use typedef and struct to create a structure definition with a structure tag name (alias)

2) create an instance of a typedef defined structure using struct and a structure tag name

• Syntax of a structure definition using typedef and a structure tag name:

typedef struct structure_name {

data_type name_of_element_1;data_type name_of_element_2; . . .data_type name_of_element_n ;

} tag_name ;

typedef• Example of a structure definition using typedef and a structure tag:

typedef struct student {

char first_name[20] ; char last_name[20] ; char ssn[10] ; char major[50] ; float gpa ;

} stdnt ;

• Again, each listed characteristic is called an element

• The name of the structure and the tag name may be the same… I typically don't make them the same to emphasize when I'm using the structure name or the structure tag

typedef• Syntax for creating an instance of a structure that has been defined

using typedef and a structure tag:structure_tag_name instance_name ;

• Example of creating an instance of a defined structure :stdnt student_1 ;

• student_1 is a variable name that is of type stdnt which means that student_1 is an instance of the student structure

• Using typedef makes passing structures to functions a little easier (more on this in a few slides)

#include <stdio.h> //2.c#include<string.h>typedef struct student {

char first_name[20]; char last_name[20]; char ssn[10]; char major[50]; float gpa ;

} stdnt ;int main ( void ) { stdnt student_1 ; strcpy(student_1.major, "Computer Science"); // The order is not strcpy(student_1.first_name, "Chris"); // important when strcpy(student_1.last_name, "Urban"); // directly assigning strcpy(student_1.ssn, "111223333"); // element values. student_1.gpa = 2.0; printf("\n\nLast name: %s", student_1.last_name); printf("\nSSN: %s \n\n\n", student_1.ssn); return (0) ;}

#include <stdio.h> //2a.c… the structure name and tag are the same#include<string.h>typedef struct student {

char first_name[20]; char last_name[20]; char ssn[10]; char major[50]; float gpa ;

} student ;int main ( void ) { student student_1 ; // I'm defining this variable using the structure tag strcpy(student_1.major, "Computer Science"); // The order is not strcpy(student_1.first_name, "Chris"); // important when strcpy(student_1.last_name, "Urban"); // directly assigning strcpy(student_1.ssn, "111223333"); // element values. student_1.gpa = 2.0; printf("\n\nLast name: %s", student_1.last_name); printf("\nSSN: %s \n\n\n", student_1.ssn); return (0) ;}

#include <stdio.h> //2b.c… the structure name and tag are the same#include<string.h>typedef struct student {

char first_name[20]; char last_name[20]; char ssn[10]; char major[50]; float gpa ;

} student ;int main ( void ) { struct student student_1 ; // I'm defining this variable using the structure name strcpy(student_1.major, "Computer Science"); // The order is not strcpy(student_1.first_name, "Chris"); // important when strcpy(student_1.last_name, "Urban"); // directly assigning strcpy(student_1.ssn, "111223333"); // element values. student_1.gpa = 2.0; printf("\n\nLast name: %s", student_1.last_name); printf("\nSSN: %s \n\n\n", student_1.ssn); return (0) ;}

Arrays of Structures• You can think of a single instance of a structure as a record from a

database• An array of structures is (conceptually) a collection of records…

essentially a database table typedef struct student {

char first_name[20];char last_name[20];char ssn[10];char major[50]; float gpa ;

} stdnt;

stdnt student_records [ 10 ];

#include <stdio.h> //3.c#include<string.h>typedef struct student {

char first_name[20] ; char last_name[20] ;

} stdnt ;int main ( void ) { stdnt student_records [ 3 ]; int index = 0; strcpy(student_records[0].first_name, "Jane"); strcpy(student_records[0].last_name, "Jones"); strcpy(student_records[1].first_name, "Chris"); strcpy(student_records[1].last_name, "Urban" ); strcpy(student_records[2].first_name, "Peggy"); strcpy(student_records[2].last_name, "Flemming" ); for (index = 0; index < 3; index = index + 1)

printf("\nFirst: \t %s \t\t Last: \t %s \n", student_records[index].first_name, student_records[index].last_name) ; printf("\n\n\n") ; return (0) ;}

Passing Structures By Value• A structure must exist (we must create it) before a structure can be

passed to a function • Prototype syntax when typedef is not used to create the structure:

function_return _type function_name ( struct structure_name instance_name ) ; // italics means "optional"

• Example of a PCF prototype if typedef is not used to create the structure:

void printer (struct student ); // Notice that I did not use an

// instance name in this prototype

Passing Structures By Value• Prototype syntax when typedef is used to create the structure:

function_return _type function_name ( structure_tag_name

instance_name ) ; // italics means "optional"

• Example of a PCF prototype if typedef is used to create the structure:

void printer ( stndt );

• Note: stndt looks very similar to passing an int or char (for example) by value

#include <stdio.h> //4.c#include<string.h>typedef struct student { char first_name[20] ; char last_name[20] ; } stdnt ;void printer ( stdnt ) ;int main ( void ) { stdnt student_1; strcpy(student_1.first_name, "Jackie"); strcpy(student_1.last_name, "Jones"); printf("\n\n%s %s \n\n", student_1.first_name, student_1.last_name) ; printer (student_1); printf("%s %s \n\n", student_1.first_name, student_1.last_name) ; return (0);}

void printer ( stdnt zoo ) { strcpy(zoo.first_name , "Sarah" ) ;

printf("%s %s \n\n" , zoo.first_name, zoo.last_name) ; }

Passing Structures By Reference• Before learning to pass structures by reference, we must introduce

another means of accessing elements of a structure: the structure

pointer operator ->• Syntax for using the structure pointer operator ->

pointer_of_structure_type -> element_name

• Example of using the structure pointer operator ->student_ptr->gpa = 2.0 ;

Passing Structures By Reference

• Example of using the structure pointer operator ->student_ptr->gpa = 2.0 ;

• This can be very useful when a pointer of a structure type is created and we need to indirectly reference an element’s value

#include <stdio.h> //5.c#include<string.h>typedef struct student { char first_name[20];

char last_name[20]; } stdnt ;int main ( void ){ stdnt student_1; stdnt * st_ptr ; st_ptr = &student_1;

strcpy( st_ptr->first_name, "Jackie"); strcpy( st_ptr->last_name, "Jones"); printf("\n\n%s %s \n\n", st_ptr->first_name , st_ptr->last_name) ; return (0);}

Passing Structures By Reference• When you understand the structure pointer operator then passing

structures by reference is not too difficult• Essentially, it's the same as passing another variable by reference• You need to include in the function prototype and definition that a

pointer of structure type is going to be used• Also need to use the structure pointer operator

#include <stdio.h> //6.c#include<string.h>typedef struct student { char first_name[20];

char last_name[20] ; } stdnt ;void printer ( stdnt * );int main ( void ) { stdnt student_1; stdnt *st_ptr ; st_ptr = &student_1; strcpy(student_1.first_name, "Jackie"); strcpy(student_1.last_name, "Jones"); printf("\n\n%s %s \n\n", student_1.first_name, st_ptr->last_name) ; // Demo'ing use printer (st_ptr); // of

structure printf("%s %s \n\n", st_ptr->first_name, student_1.last_name) ; // pointer return (0) ; // operator}void printer ( stdnt *zoo ) { strcpy(zoo->first_name, "Sarah");

printf("%s %s \n\n", zoo->first_name, zoo->last_name) ; return ;}

Passing Arrays of Structures• Just like passing an array, passing an array of structures is

automatically passing by reference• Supply the function prototype and declaration with a pointer to the

structure

#include <stdio.h> //7.c … using only array notation#include<string.h>typedef struct sq_cube { int input; int square; int cube ; } sq_c ;void populate ( sq_c [ ] );int main ( void ) { sq_c table_1 [ 12 ] ; int index = 0; populate ( table_1 ) ; for (index = 0; index <12; index++) printf("\nInput: \t %d \t\t Square: \t %d \t\t Cube: \t %d\n", table_1[index].input, table_1[index].square, table_1[index].cube) ; return (0) ;}void populate ( sq_c ssqq_cc [ ] ) { int index = 0; for (index = 0; index <12; index++) { ssqq_cc[index].input = index ; ssqq_cc[index].square = index * index ; ssqq_cc[index].cube = index * index * index ; } return ;}

#include <stdio.h> // 8.c… same a 7.c but using only pointer notation#include<string.h> // with the exception of creating the array table_1 in main ( )typedef struct sq_cube { int input; int square; int cube ; } sq_c ;void populate ( sq_c * ) ;int main ( void ) { sq_c table_1 [ 12 ] ; int index = 0; populate ( table_1 ) ; for (index = 0; index <12; index++) printf("\nInput: \t %d \t\t Square: \t %d \t\t Cube: \t %d\n", table_1[index].input, table_1[index].square, table_1[index].cube) ; return (0) ;}void populate ( sq_c * ssqq_cc ) { int index = 0; for (index = 0; index <12; index++) { (ssqq_cc + index)->input = index ; (ssqq_cc + index)->square = index * index ; (ssqq_cc + index)->cube = index * index * index ; } return ;}

#include <stdio.h> //9.c… same as 7.c but using both array and pointer notation#include<string.h>typedef struct sq_cube { int input; int square; int cube ; } sq_c ;void populate ( sq_c * ) ;int main ( void ) { sq_c table_1 [ 12 ] ; int index = 0; populate ( table_1 ) ; for (index = 0; index <12; index++) printf("\nInput: \t %d \t\t Square: \t %d \t\t Cube: \t %d\n", table_1[index].input, table_1[index].square, table_1[index].cube) ; return (0) ;}void populate ( sq_c * ssqq_cc ) { int index = 0; for (index = 0; index <12; index++) { ssqq_cc[index].input = index ; ssqq_cc[index].square = index * index ; ssqq_cc[index].cube = index * index * index ; } return ;}

#include <stdio.h> // 10.c… same a 7.c but using both array and pointer notation#include<string.h> // to the extreme, part 1typedef struct sq_cube { int input; int square; int cube ; } sq_c ;void populate ( sq_c [ ] );int main ( void ) { sq_c table_1 [ 12 ]; int index = 0; populate (table_1); for (index = 0; index <12; index++) printf("\nInput: \t %d \t\t Square: \t %d \t\t Cube: \t %d\n", table_1[index].input, table_1[index].square, table_1[index].cube) ; return (0) ;}void populate (sq_c * ssqq_cc ) { int index = 0; for (index = 0; index <12; index++) { (ssqq_cc + index)->input = index ; ssqq_cc [index].square = index * index ; (ssqq_cc + index)->cube = index * index * index ; } return ;}

#include <stdio.h> // 11.c… same a 7.c but using both array and pointer notation#include<string.h> // to the extreme, part 2typedef struct sq_cube { int input; int square; int cube ; } sq_c ;void populate ( sq_c * );int main ( void ) { sq_c table_1 [ 12 ]; int index = 0; populate (table_1); for (index = 0; index <12; index++) printf("\nInput: \t %d \t\t Square: \t %d \t\t Cube: \t %d\n", table_1[index].input, table_1[index].square, (table_1 + index)->cube ) ; return (0) ;}void populate (sq_c ssqq_cc [ ] ) { int index = 0; for (index = 0; index <12; index++) { (ssqq_cc + index)->input = index ; ssqq_cc [index].square = index * index ; (ssqq_cc + index)->cube = index * index * index ; } return ;}