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Crowding and Density

Crowding and Density. Crowding - Density Density -Objective measure -The number of people per area Crowding -Subjective feeling -Person’s experience of

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Page 1: Crowding and Density. Crowding - Density Density -Objective measure -The number of people per area Crowding -Subjective feeling -Person’s experience of

Crowding and Density

Page 2: Crowding and Density. Crowding - Density Density -Objective measure -The number of people per area Crowding -Subjective feeling -Person’s experience of

Crowding - Density

Density- Objective measure- The number of people per area

Crowding- Subjective feeling- Person’s experience of the number

of people per area

Page 3: Crowding and Density. Crowding - Density Density -Objective measure -The number of people per area Crowding -Subjective feeling -Person’s experience of

Social density - Spatial density

Consider a room of 30 students. To double density we could add 30 more students; or, half the size of the room.

Social density- When the number of people in a fixed

space is varied

Spatial density- When the space is varied for a fixed

number of people

Page 4: Crowding and Density. Crowding - Density Density -Objective measure -The number of people per area Crowding -Subjective feeling -Person’s experience of

Inside density - Outside density

Density inside and outside a building can be dramatically different.

Consider a one room apartment. In one building, there are 8 people; in another there are 4 people in two apartments, yet the density per block is constant.

Indoor density- Ratio of people to space inside buildings

Outside density- Ratio of people to space outside building

Page 5: Crowding and Density. Crowding - Density Density -Objective measure -The number of people per area Crowding -Subjective feeling -Person’s experience of

Density - proximity - Crowding

Indoor and Outdoor density is often a function of the proximity of others.

Crowding is more related to the number and nearness of others in such a cluster; and not to area-based measures

Page 6: Crowding and Density. Crowding - Density Density -Objective measure -The number of people per area Crowding -Subjective feeling -Person’s experience of

Components of Crowding

Crowding is based on some situational antecedent- Too many people approach too close- Person’s goal is blocked- Resources are overcome by demand

Crowding implies emotion or affect – usually……??

Crowding will produce a behavioural response

- Flight, fight, avoidance, withdrawal ,……..??

Page 7: Crowding and Density. Crowding - Density Density -Objective measure -The number of people per area Crowding -Subjective feeling -Person’s experience of

Crowding experience

Situation modes. People feel- Behaviour is constrained- Interfered with physically- Presence of others causes discomfort- Expectations have not been met.

Affective modes include:- Negative, or positive, reactions to others- Negative, or positive, reactions to situations

Behaviour modes include:- Assertiveness (protesting)- Activity completion (let’s finish and get out of here)- Psychological withdrawal (tune-out the crowd)- Immediate physical withdrawal (I’m out-of-here!)- Adaptation (let’s make the best of the situation)

Page 8: Crowding and Density. Crowding - Density Density -Objective measure -The number of people per area Crowding -Subjective feeling -Person’s experience of

Influences on Crowding

Personal Influences- Personality and attitude- Psychiatric status- Preferences and norms- Experience- Gender

Page 9: Crowding and Density. Crowding - Density Density -Objective measure -The number of people per area Crowding -Subjective feeling -Person’s experience of

Social Influences

- Presence and behaviour of others- Coalition formation- Interpersonal familiarity- Provision of information

Page 10: Crowding and Density. Crowding - Density Density -Objective measure -The number of people per area Crowding -Subjective feeling -Person’s experience of

Physical Influences

- Scale- Architectural variations

- Place variations- Temperature

Page 11: Crowding and Density. Crowding - Density Density -Objective measure -The number of people per area Crowding -Subjective feeling -Person’s experience of

Living in high density residential spaces

- Encourage more psychological distance between individuals

- Allow more times and places for escape- Develop strong norms about what may be said to

whom- Restrict who may go where within the ‘home’ and

how each space within the home is to be used- Discourage social interactions with acquaintances

inside the home; encourage it in public places- Learn to appreciate higher levels of social

stimulation.

Page 12: Crowding and Density. Crowding - Density Density -Objective measure -The number of people per area Crowding -Subjective feeling -Person’s experience of

Model of Crowding

Physical setting

Perception of spatial adequacy

Congruenceuncrowded

Behavioural and Intrapsychic Adaptation

Mediating factors

IncongruenceCrowded or Under-crowded

Personal factorsSocial setting

Physiological and Psychological

Stress

Page 13: Crowding and Density. Crowding - Density Density -Objective measure -The number of people per area Crowding -Subjective feeling -Person’s experience of

Crowding and Space Design

How do we lessen the perception of crowding (How do we reduce sensory overload) in:

- Residences - Offices- Prisons- Wilderness Areas (hiking trails, camping,

Mt. Everest)

Page 14: Crowding and Density. Crowding - Density Density -Objective measure -The number of people per area Crowding -Subjective feeling -Person’s experience of

Applications to your place

Take the concepts from crowding and density and apply to the space you are designing.

Consider: - Social and spatial density- Personal, physical and social influences

on crowding

Page 15: Crowding and Density. Crowding - Density Density -Objective measure -The number of people per area Crowding -Subjective feeling -Person’s experience of