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Critical Thinking Critical Thinking and The Creative The Creative Personality Personality

Critical Thinking Critical Thinking and The Creative Personality

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Page 1: Critical Thinking Critical Thinking and The Creative Personality

Critical ThinkingCritical Thinking and

The Creative PersonalityThe Creative Personality

Page 2: Critical Thinking Critical Thinking and The Creative Personality

Key QuestionsKey Questions

How do creative people differ? How do creative people differ?

What makes someone creative? What makes someone creative?

Can anyone be creative? Can anyone be creative?

Do you need special skills and Do you need special skills and

characteristics to be an entrepreneur? characteristics to be an entrepreneur?

Are entrepreneurs born or made?Are entrepreneurs born or made?

Page 3: Critical Thinking Critical Thinking and The Creative Personality

Schumpeter’s EntrepreneurSchumpeter’s Entrepreneur The instrument of change, the agent who The instrument of change, the agent who

introduces introduces innovationsinnovations: new products, new ways of : new products, new ways of manufacturing, new sales techniques, new types of manufacturing, new sales techniques, new types of equipmentequipment

Creative disruption, technologies or innovations that Creative disruption, technologies or innovations that change the world...........change the world...........

Innovation is not new!Innovation is not new! http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=IaE3EaQte78v=IaE3EaQte78

Page 4: Critical Thinking Critical Thinking and The Creative Personality

The Cultural DiversityThe Cultural Diversity

Entrepreneurs are:Entrepreneurs are:

FemaleFemale

ImmigrantImmigrant

Socially oriented Socially oriented

Family orientedFamily oriented

Rurally basedRurally based

Young and oldYoung and old

Life style oriented (hobby/part time)Life style oriented (hobby/part time)

Serial EntrepreneursSerial Entrepreneurs

Page 5: Critical Thinking Critical Thinking and The Creative Personality

Entrepreneurial Personality Entrepreneurial Personality Chell, Haworth and Brearley (1994)Chell, Haworth and Brearley (1994)

OpportunisticOpportunistic InnovativeInnovative CreativeCreative ImaginativeImaginative Ideas peopleIdeas people ProactiveProactive Agents of changeAgents of change

Page 6: Critical Thinking Critical Thinking and The Creative Personality

The 10 Ds (Bygrave, 1997)The 10 Ds (Bygrave, 1997)

DreamersDreamers DecisiveDecisive DoersDoers DeterminedDetermined DedicatedDedicated

DevotedDevoted DetailsDetails DestinyDestiny DollarsDollars DistributeDistribute

Page 7: Critical Thinking Critical Thinking and The Creative Personality

EntrepreneursEntrepreneurs

Experience success and failureExperience success and failure Feel good about themselves, their work and the Feel good about themselves, their work and the

potential rewardspotential rewards Enjoy a challengeEnjoy a challenge Take pride in their workTake pride in their work Find their work invigorating/energising/ Find their work invigorating/energising/

meaningfulmeaningful Think the unlikely, do the unreasonableThink the unlikely, do the unreasonable

Page 8: Critical Thinking Critical Thinking and The Creative Personality

Desirable and Acquirable Attitudes Desirable and Acquirable Attitudes (Timmons)(Timmons)

Commitment and determinationCommitment and determination

LeadershipLeadership

Opportunity obsessionOpportunity obsession

Tolerance of risk, ambiguity and uncertainty Tolerance of risk, ambiguity and uncertainty

Creativity, self-reliance & ability to adaptCreativity, self-reliance & ability to adapt

Motivation to excelMotivation to excel

Page 9: Critical Thinking Critical Thinking and The Creative Personality

The Personality ApproachThe Personality Approach

Observations are that:Observations are that:

Entrepreneurs are not homogenous Entrepreneurs are not homogenous

Gender, age, social class, nationality and education Gender, age, social class, nationality and education

make a differencemake a difference

Environment and cultural influences must also be Environment and cultural influences must also be

taken into accounttaken into account

Entrepreneurial decision making is based on the Entrepreneurial decision making is based on the

interaction of many factors (motivations, stage in life interaction of many factors (motivations, stage in life

cycle, personal economic context)cycle, personal economic context)

Page 10: Critical Thinking Critical Thinking and The Creative Personality

A Model of the Entrepreneurial A Model of the Entrepreneurial ProcessProcess ( Source: Moore reproduced in Bygrave, ( Source: Moore reproduced in Bygrave, 1994)1994)

GROWTHTRIGGERINGEVENT

IMPLEMENTATION

Personal Personal Sociological Personal Organisational

AchievementLocus of controlAmbiguity toleranceRisk takingPersonal valuesEducationExperience

Risk takingJob dissatisfactionJob lossEducationAgeCommitment

NetworksTeamsParentsFamilyRole models

EntrepreneursLeaderManagerCommitmentVision

TeamStrategyStructureCultureProducts

Environment

OpportunitiesRole modelsCreativity

Environment

CompetitionResourcesIncubatorGovernment policy

Environment

CompetitorsCustomersSuppliersInvestors

BankersLawyersResourcesGovernment policy

INNOVATION

Page 11: Critical Thinking Critical Thinking and The Creative Personality

An Economic-Psychological An Economic-Psychological ModelModelSource: Davidsson (1995)Source: Davidsson (1995)

PERSONALBACKGROUNDGender

Vicarious experience

Education

Radical change experience

Age

GENERALATTITUDES

Change

Compete

Money

Achieve

Autonomy

DOMAINATTITUDES

Payoff

Societal

contribution

Know-how

CONVICTION INTENTION

SITUATION

Current

employment

status

Page 12: Critical Thinking Critical Thinking and The Creative Personality

Do entrepreneurs just Do entrepreneurs just behave differently, behave differently, because they because they thinkthink

differently ......differently ......

............and if so, why ?............and if so, why ?

Page 13: Critical Thinking Critical Thinking and The Creative Personality

Critical Attributes for Success Critical Attributes for Success (Brannick 1995)(Brannick 1995) Numerical ability 1%Numerical ability 1% Verbal ability 3%Verbal ability 3% Professional marketing qualification 5%Professional marketing qualification 5% Computer literacy 5%Computer literacy 5% Imagination 17%Imagination 17% Observational powers 18%Observational powers 18% Personal judgement 24%Personal judgement 24% Ability to get on with others 27%Ability to get on with others 27%

Page 14: Critical Thinking Critical Thinking and The Creative Personality

Entrepreneurs Cognitive Entrepreneurs Cognitive ProcessesProcesses (Palich & Bagby 1995) (Palich & Bagby 1995)

Entrepreneurs do NOT perceive Entrepreneurs do NOT perceive themselves as being more pre-themselves as being more pre-disposed to taking risks than disposed to taking risks than managersmanagers

Entrepreneurs interpret Entrepreneurs interpret equivocalequivocal data data in a more positive way than managersin a more positive way than managersStrengths versus weaknessesStrengths versus weaknessesOpportunities versus threatsOpportunities versus threats

Page 15: Critical Thinking Critical Thinking and The Creative Personality

Entrepreneurs Cognitive Entrepreneurs Cognitive Processes Processes (Palich & Bagby 1995)(Palich & Bagby 1995)

““What each man wishes, that he also What each man wishes, that he also believes to be true” - believes to be true” - DemonsthenesDemonsthenes

Entrepreneurs categorise situations as Entrepreneurs categorise situations as having strengths and opportunities, having strengths and opportunities, because the positive attributes, are because the positive attributes, are more salient to themmore salient to them

Page 16: Critical Thinking Critical Thinking and The Creative Personality

ConclusionsConclusions

The identification and exploitation of The identification and exploitation of opportunities is a complex and interactive opportunities is a complex and interactive processprocess

The entrepreneur is just one of many The entrepreneur is just one of many contributing factorscontributing factors

They can however be the critical catalyst They can however be the critical catalyst that spots the opportunity and begins the that spots the opportunity and begins the process of firm creationprocess of firm creation

Page 17: Critical Thinking Critical Thinking and The Creative Personality

So what is an Entrepreneur?So what is an Entrepreneur? ““Who is the entrepreneur ?” may be Who is the entrepreneur ?” may be

the wrong questionthe wrong question Why successful entrepreneurs think Why successful entrepreneurs think

the way they do, might be better?the way they do, might be better? Thinking processes can be taught, Thinking processes can be taught,

so we can all be entrepreneurs if we so we can all be entrepreneurs if we learn how to develop and evaluate learn how to develop and evaluate opportunitiesopportunities

Page 18: Critical Thinking Critical Thinking and The Creative Personality

High Low

High Stars Questionmarks

Low Cashcows

Dogs

Figure 4.12a The original Boston Consulting Group Matrix (BCG)

Market share

Marketgrowth

What is Critical Thinking?

Page 19: Critical Thinking Critical Thinking and The Creative Personality

This matrix is (in my opinion):

Subjective, so needs analysis Useful for small and large organisations

alike Relatively easy to apply, but improves

with discussion and feedback Helps to determine overall positioning

Page 20: Critical Thinking Critical Thinking and The Creative Personality

This matrix is (according to Zufan, 2000) identified as:

Objective Mainly applicable to large organisations Difficult to apply

So, what someone else says or writes is not always agreed, accurate or easily determined - who is right, who is wrong and why?

Page 21: Critical Thinking Critical Thinking and The Creative Personality

Critical Thinking Quote (1)

"For myself, I found that I was fitted for nothing so well as for the study of truth; as having a mind nimble and versatile enough to catch the resemblances of things … and at the same time, steady enough to fix and distinguish their subtler differences…"

Francis Bacon (1605)

Page 22: Critical Thinking Critical Thinking and The Creative Personality

Critical Thinking Quote (2)

“Critical thinkers: distinguish between fact and opinion; ask questions; make detailed observations; uncover assumptions and define their terms; and make assertions based on sound logic and solid evidence”

Ellis, D. ‘Becoming a Master Student’ (1997)

Page 23: Critical Thinking Critical Thinking and The Creative Personality

Two Components of CT

1. A set of skills to process and generate information and beliefs, and

2. The habit, based on intellectual commitment, of using those skills to guide behaviour

It is contrasted with the mere acquisition and retention of information alone, (because it involves a particular way in which information is sought and treated)

Page 24: Critical Thinking Critical Thinking and The Creative Personality

Critical Thinking

No one is a critical thinker all the time – everyone has blind spots and tendencies towards self-delusion

For this reason, the development of critical thinking skills and dispositions is a life-long endeavour

Page 25: Critical Thinking Critical Thinking and The Creative Personality

Critical Thinking

Allows: Judgement of a source’s credibility Conclusions to be reached, as well as identification of

the reasons and assumptions behind them Judgement of the quality of an argument, including

the acceptability of its reasons, assumptions, and evidence

Development and defence of a position relating to an issue

Appropriate clarifying questions to be asked Experiments to be set up and experimental design

evaluated

Page 26: Critical Thinking Critical Thinking and The Creative Personality

Why be a Critical Thinker?

Better grades: studies show that CT skills are strongly aligned to academic performance

Significant correlation between CT skills and reading comprehension

Useful in the context of professional practice Those in more senior positions have good CT skills Leads to new insights, fresh perspectives, new

ways of thinking

Page 27: Critical Thinking Critical Thinking and The Creative Personality

Attributes Of A Critical Thinker

Asks pertinent questions  Can/does admit a lack of understanding or info  Has a sense of curiosity  Is interested to find new solutions  Is willing to examine beliefs, assumptions, and

opinions and weigh them against facts  Listens carefully to others and can provide feedback  Seeks evidence to support assumptions and beliefs  Can/does adjust opinions when new facts are found 

Ferrett, S. Peak Performance (1997)

Page 28: Critical Thinking Critical Thinking and The Creative Personality

Core Critical Thinking Skills

Critical Critical ThinkingThinking

AnalysisAnalysis

ExplanationExplanation

InterpretationInterpretation

EvaluationEvaluation

Self-RegulationSelf-Regulation

InferenceInference

Source: Facione, P. A (1998)

Page 29: Critical Thinking Critical Thinking and The Creative Personality

Interpretation

Defined as ‘comprehending and expressing the meaning of a wide variety of experiences, data, events, judgements, procedures, beliefs, or criteria’

Exercises to find examples of interpretationRead a person’s intentions by checking body

language;Distinguish a main idea from subordinate ideas in a

text; Identify an author’s purpose, theme, or point of

view.

Page 30: Critical Thinking Critical Thinking and The Creative Personality

Analysis

Defined as ‘identification of the intended and actual inferential relationships among statements, concepts or other forms of representation intended to express belief, information, or opinions’

Exercises to find examples: Identify the similarities and differences between two

approaches to the solution of a given problem? Pick out the main claim made in a newspaper

editorial and trace back the various reasons the editor offers in support of that claim?

Page 31: Critical Thinking Critical Thinking and The Creative Personality

Evaluation

Defined as ‘assessment of the credibility of statements or other representations, which are descriptions of a person’s perceptions, experiences or opinions; and to assess the logical strength of the relationships among statements’

Exercises to find examples: Judge if two statements contradict each other, or if the evidence

supports the conclusions being drawn; Recognise the factors which make a person a credible witness; Judge if a given argument is relevant or applicable or has

implications for the situation.

Page 32: Critical Thinking Critical Thinking and The Creative Personality

Inference

Defined as ‘identification of the elements needed to draw reasonable conclusions; to form conjectures and hypotheses; to consider relevant information and to deduce the consequences flowing from data, evidence, questions, or other forms of representation’

Exercises to find examples: See the implications of a position someone is

advocating Conduct a controlled experiment scientifically and

apply the proper statistical methods to (attempt to) confirm or disconfirm an empirical hypothesis

Page 33: Critical Thinking Critical Thinking and The Creative Personality

Explanation

Defined as ‘a statement of the results of one’s reasoning; to justify that reasoning in terms of the evidential, conceptual, methodological and contextual considerations upon which results were based; and to present reasoning in the form of cogent arguments’

Exercises to find examples:Construct a chart which organizes your findingsCite the evidence that led you to accept or reject

an author’s position on an issue

Page 34: Critical Thinking Critical Thinking and The Creative Personality

Self-regulation

Defined as ‘consciously monitoring one’s cognitive activities and the results deduced, particularly by applying skills in analysis, and evaluation to one’s own inferential judgments in order to question, confirm, or correct reasoning or results’

Exercises: Examine your views on a controversial issue with

sensitivity to the possible influences on your personal biases or self-interest

Vary your reading speed and method according to the type of material and purpose for reading

Page 35: Critical Thinking Critical Thinking and The Creative Personality

Critical Thinking

Relevance to BCM lies in: Evaluation and assessment of new ideas Constructive criticism of the product/service ideas in

the context of the environment and a changing market place

Avoiding criticism in the initial stages of the exercise Considering the views, opinions and beliefs of all

team members Allowing for multicultural input and group decision

making