118
GUIDELINES NO. AERB/NRF/SG/EP-5 (Rev. 1) GOVERNMENT OF INDIA CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE FOR NUCLEAR OR RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY AERB SAFETY GUIDELINES GUIDELINES NO. AERB/NRF/SG/EP-5 (Rev. 1) ATOMIC ENERGY REGULATORY BOARD

CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    6

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

GUIDELINES NO. AERB/NRF/SG/EP-5 (Rev. 1)

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESSAND

RESPONSE FOR NUCLEAROR

RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY

AERB SAFETY GUIDELINES

GU

IDELIN

ES NO

. AER

B/N

RF/SG

/EP-5 (Rev. 1)

ATOMIC ENERGY REGULATORY BOARD

Page 2: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

AERB SAFETY GUIDELINES NO. AERB/NRF/SG/EP-5 (Rev. 1)

CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESSAND

RESPONSE FOR NUCLEAROR

RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY

Atomic Energy Regulatory BoardMumbai-400 094

India

October 2014

Page 3: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

Price:

Order for this Guidlines should be addressed to:

Chief Administrative OfficerAtomic Energy Regulatory Board

Niyamak BhavanAnushaktinagar

Mumbai-400 094India

Page 4: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

i

FOREWORD

Activities concerning establishment and utilisation of nuclear facilities and use ofradioactive sources are to be carried out in India in accordance with the provisions ofthe Atomic Energy Act 1962. In pursuance of the objective of ensuring safety ofmembers of the public and occupational workers, as well as protection of environment,the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) has been entrusted with the responsibilityof laying down safety standards and enforcing rules and regulations for such activities.The Board, therefore, has undertaken a programme of developing safety codes, safetystandards and related guides and manuals for the purpose. While some of thesedocuments cover aspects such as siting, design, construction, operation, qualityassurance and decommissioning of nuclear and radiation facilities, other documentscover regulatory aspects of these facilities.

Safety codes and safety standards are formulated on the basis of nationally andinternationally accepted safety criteria for design, construction and operation of specificequipment, structures, systems and components of nuclear and radiation facilities.Safety codes establish the safety objectives and set requirements that shall be fulfilledto provide adequate assurance for safety. Safety guides elaborate various requirementsand furnish approaches for their implementation. Safety manuals deal with specifictopics and contain detailed scientific and technical information on the subject. Thesedocuments are prepared by experts in the relevant fields and are extensively reviewedby advisory committees of the Board before they are published. The documents arerevised when necessary, in the light of experience and feedback from users as well asnew developments in the field.

This ‘safety guidelines’ document provides criteria for establishing an emergencypreparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclearand radiological emergency and supersedes the safety guide AERB/SG /HS-1(1992).This document provides reference levels, generic criteria, emergency action levels,and operational intervention levels including numerical values for these criteria forprotective actions and other response actions in the event of a nuclear or radiologicalemergency. This document also provides guidance dose value for protection ofemergency workers and the public in the event of a nuclear or radiological emergency.The criteria provided in this document calls for protective actions and other responseactions in precautionary action zone (PAZ), urgent protective action planning zone(UPZ), extended planning distance (EPD) and ingestion and commodities planningdistance (ICPD) which replace existing space-time domain.

Consistent with the accepted practice, ‘shall’ and ‘should’ are used in the document todistinguish between a firm requirement and a desirable option respectively. Appendicesare integral part of the document, whereas annexures, bibliography and referencesare included to provide information that might be helpful to the user. Approaches forimplementation different to those set out in the guidelines may be acceptable, if they

Page 5: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

ii

provide comparable assurance against undue risk to the health and safety of theoccupational workers and the general public, and protection of the environment.

For aspects not covered in this ‘safety guidelines’, applicable national and internationalstandards, codes and guides, acceptable to AERB should be followed. Non-radiologicalaspects such as industrial safety and environmental protection are not explicitlyconsidered in this ‘guidelines’. Industrial safety is to be ensured through compliancewith the applicable provisions of the Factories Act, 1948 and the Atomic Energy(Factories) Rules, 1996.

This ‘safety guidelines’ has been prepared by specialists in the field drawn from theAtomic Energy Regulatory Board, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Nuclear PowerCorporation of India and other consultants. It has been reviewed by the AdvisoryCommittee on Nuclear Safety.

AERB wishes to thank all individuals and organisations who have prepared andreviewed the draft and helped in its finalisation. The list of persons, who haveparticipated in this task, along with their affiliations, is included for information.

(S. S. Bajaj) Chairman, AERB

Page 6: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

iii

DEFINITIONS

Absorbed Dose

The fundamental dosimetric quantity D is defined as:

D = dE/dm

where, ‘dE’ is the mean energy imparted by ionising radiation to the matter in a volumeelement and ‘dm’ is the mass of matter in the volume element. The energy can beaveraged over any defined volume, the average dose being equal to the total energyimparted in the volume divided by the mass in the volume. The SI unit of absorbeddose is joule/kg (J.kg-1), termed the gray (Gy).

Activity

The quantity ‘A’ for an amount of radionuclide in a given energy state at a given timeis defined as:

A = dN/dt

where ‘dN’ is the expectation value of the number of spontaneous nucleartransformations from the given energy state in a time interval ‘dt’. The SI unit ofactivity is the reciprocal of second (s-1), termed the Becquerel (Bq).

Anticipated Operational Occurrences

An operational process deviating from normal operation, which is expected to occurduring the operating lifetime of a facility but which, in view of appropriate designprovisions, does not cause any significant damage to items important to safety, norlead to accident conditions.

Assessment

Systematic evaluation of the arrangements, processes, activities and related results fortheir adequacy and effectiveness in comparison with set criteria.

Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB)

A national authority designated by the Government of India having the legal authorityfor issuing regulatory consent for various activities related to the nuclear and radiationfacility and to perform safety and regulatory functions, including their enforcementfor the protection of site personnel, the public and the environment against undueradiation hazards.

Authorisation

A type of regulatory consent issued by the regulatory body for all sources, practicesand uses involving radioactive materials a nd radiation generating equipment (seealso “Consent”).

Page 7: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

iv

Averted Dose

The dose prevented or avoided by the application of a protective measure or set ofprotective measures.

Clearance Levels

A set of values established by the regulatory body and expressed in terms of activityconcentrations and/or total activity, at or below which sources of radiation may bereleased from regulatory control.

Committed Effective Dose, E (τ)

The time integral of the whole body effective dose rate following an intake of aradionuclide. The quantity ‘E (τ)’ is defined as

E (τ) = ΣwT HT (τ)

where ‘HT (τ)’ is the committed equivalent dose to tissue ‘T’ over the integration time‘τ’. When ‘τ’ is not specified, it will be taken to be 50 years for adults and age 70 yearsfor intake by children.

Committed Equivalent Dose, H (τττττ)

The time integral of the equivalent dose rate in an organ or tissue following an intakeof a radionuclide. The quantity ‘H (τ)’ is defined as

t0+ τHT (τ ) = + ∫ T (t) dt

t0

where ‘t0’ is the time of intake, ‘ T (τ)’ is the equivalent dose rate at time ‘t’ in an organor tissue ‘T’ and ‘τ’ is the time elapsed after an intake of radioactive substances. When‘τ’ is not specified it will be taken to be 50 years for adults and age 70 years for intakeby children.

Competent Authority

Any official or authority appointed, approved or recognised by the Government ofIndia for the purpose of the Rules promulgated under the Atomic Energy Act, 1962.

Consent

A written permission issued to the ‘consentee’ by the regulatory body to performspecified activities related to nuclear and radiation facilities. The types of consentsare ‘licence’, ‘authorisation’, ‘registration’ and ‘approval’, and will apply accordingto the category of the facility, the particular activity and radiation source involved.

Page 8: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

v

Consentee

A person to whom consent is granted by the competent authority under the relevantRules.

Contamination

The presence of radioactive substances in or on a material/the human body or otherplaces in excess of quantities specified by the competent authority.

Decommissioning

The process by which a nuclear or radiation facility is finally taken out of operation ina manner that provides adequate protection to the health and safety of the workers, thepublic and the environment.

Decontamination

The removal or reduction of contamination by physical or chemical means.

Design

The process and results of developing the concept, detailed plans, supportingcalculations and specifications for a nuclear or radiation facility.

Design Basis Accidents (DBAs)

A set of postulated accidents which are analysed to arrive at conservative limits onpressure, temperature and other parameters which are then used to set specificationsto be met by plant structures, systems and components, and fission product barriers.

Deterministic Effects

A radiation effect for which generally a threshold level of dose exists, above which theseverity of the effect is greater for a higher dose.

Discharge (Radioactive)

Planned and controlled release of (gaseous or liquid) radioactive material into theenvironment.

Disposal (Radioactive Waste)

The emplacement of waste in a repository without the intention of retrieval or theapproved direct discharge of waste into the environment with subsequent dispersion.

Documentation

Recorded or pictorial information describing, defining, specifying, reporting orcertifying activities, requirements, procedures or results.

Page 9: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

vi

Dose

A measure of the radiation received or absorbed by a target. The quantities termedabsorbed dose, organ dose, equivalent dose, effective dose, committed equivalent dose,or committed effective dose are used, depending on the context. The modifying termsare used when they are necessary for defining the quantity of interest.

Dose Limit

The value of the effective dose or the equivalent dose to individuals from controlledpractices that shall not be exceeded.

Early Protective Action

See “Protective Action”

Effective Dose

The quantity ‘E’ defined as a summation of the tissue equivalent doses, each multipliedby the appropriate tissue weighting factor:

E = ΣT WT HT

where ‘HT’ is the equivalent dose in tissue ‘T’ and ‘WT’ is the tissue weighting factorfor tissue ‘T’.

Effluent

Any waste discharged into the environment from a facility, either in the form of liquidor gas.

Emergency

A situation, which endangers or is likely to endanger safety of the site personnel, thenuclear/radiation facility or the public and the environment.

Emergency Alert

Declared abnormal condition with the possibility of leading to plant/site/off-siteemergency.

Emergency Exercise

A test of an emergency plan with particular emphasis on coordination of the manyinter-phasing components of the emergency response, procedures and emergencypersonnel/ agencies. An exercise starts with a simulated/postulated event or series ofevents in the plant in which an unplanned release of radioactive material is postulated.

Emergency Plan

A set of procedures to be implemented in the event of an accident.

Page 10: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

Emergency Planning Zone (EPZ)

Areas extending up to a specified distance around the plant, providing a basicgeographic framework for decision making on implementing measures as part of agraded response in the event of an off-site emergency.

Precautionary Action Zone (PAZ)

An area around a facility for which arrangements have been made to takeprecautionary urgent protective actions in the event of a nuclear or radiologicalemergency to reduce the risk of severe deterministic effects in public domain.Protective actions within this area are to be taken before or shortly after arelease of radioactive material or an exposure on the basis of the prevailingconditions at the facility.

Urgent Protective Action Planning Zone (UPZ)

An area around a facility for which arrangements have been made to takeurgent protective actions in the event of a nuclear or radiological emergencyto avert doses in public domain in accordance with international safetystandards. Protective actions within this area are to be taken on the basis ofenvironmental monitoring or, as appropriate, prevailing conditions at thefacility.

Emergency Preparedness

The capability to take actions that will effectively mitigate the consequences of anemergency for human health and safety, quality of life, property and the environment.

Emergency procedures

A set of instructions describing in detail the actions to be taken by response personnelin an emergency.

Emergency Response Arrangements

The integrated set of infrastructural elements necessary to provide the capability forperforming a specified function or task required in response to a nuclear or radiationemergency. These elements may include authorities and responsibilities, organisation,coordination, personnel, plans, procedures, facilities, equipment or training etc.

Emergency Worker

A person having specified duties as a worker in response to an emergency.

Emergency workers may include workers employed both directly and indirectly byregistrants and licensees as well as personnel of responding organizations, such aspolice officers, firefighters, medical personnel, and drivers and crews of evacuationvehicles.

vii

Page 11: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

Environment

Everything outside the premises of a facility, including the air, terrain, surface andunderground water, flora and fauna.

Equivalent Dose (HT, R)

The quantity ‘HT, R’ is defined as

HT, R = DTR WR

where ‘DTR’ is the absorbed dose delivered by radiation type ‘R’ averaged over atissue or organ ‘T’ and ‘wR’ is the radiation weighing factor for radiation type ‘R’.When the radiation field is composed of different radiation types with different valuesof ‘WR’ the equivalent dose is

HT = Σ WR DT, R R

Evacuation

The rapid, temporary removal of people from an area to avoid or reduce short termradiation exposure in an emergency.

Exclusion Zone

An area extending upto a specified distance around the plant, where no public habitationis permitted. This zone is physically isolated from outside areas by plant fencing andis under the control of the plant management.

Existing Exposure Situation

An existing exposure situation is a situation of exposure that already exists when adecision on the need for control needs to be taken.

Existing exposure situations include exposure to natural background radiation that isamenable to control; exposure due to residual radioactive material that arose frompast practices that were never subject to regulatory control or exposure due to residualradioactive material arising from a nuclear or radiation emergency after an emergencyexposure situation has been declared to be ended.

Exposure

The act or condition of being subject to irradiation. Exposure may be either external(irradiation by sources outside the body) or internal (irradiation by sources inside thebody). Exposure can be classified as either normal exposure or potential exposure;occupational, medical or public exposure; and in intervention situations, eitheremergency exposure or chronic exposure. The term ‘exposure’ is also used in radiationdosimetry to express the amount of ions produced in air by ionising radiation.

viii

Page 12: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

Exposure Pathway

A route by which radiation or radionuclides can reach humans and cause exposure.

Extended Planning Distance (EPD)

Distance around a nuclear power plant within which arrangements are made to conductearly monitoring of deposition to determine areas warranting (1) evacuation within aday following a release or (2) relocation within a week to a month following a release.

Generic Criteria

Dose levels (projected dose, the dose that has been received or the residual dose) atwhich protective actions and other response actions are to be taken.

Intake

The process of taking radionuclide into the body by inhalation or ingestion, or throughthe skin, and the amount of given radionuclide taken in during a given period.

Ingestion and Commodities Planning Distance (ICPD)

The distance around a nuclear power plant for the area within which arrangements aremade, within hours of being notified by the nuclear power plant of the declaration ofa General Emergency, to: (a) place grazing animals on covered feed and protect drinkingwater supplies that use rainwater (e.g. to disconnect rainwater collection pipes); and(b) restrict consumption of local produce and non-essential food, milk from grazinganimals and rainwater until further assessments are performed.

Long Term Protective Action

See “Protective Action”.

Member of the Public

Any individual in the population except for one who is subject to occupational ormedical exposure. For the purpose of verifying compliance with the annual dose limitfor public exposure, the member of the public is the representative individual in therelevant critical group.

Mitigatory Action

Immediate action by the operator or other party:

(i) To reduce the potential for conditions to develop that would result in exposureor a release of radioactive material requiring emergency actions on or off thesite; or

(ii) To mitigate source conditions that may result in exposure or a release ofradioactive material requiring emergency actions on or off the site.

ix

Page 13: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

Monitoring

The continuous or periodic measurement of parameters for reasons related to thedetermination, assessment in respect of structure, system or component in a facility orcontrol of radiation.

Nuclear or Radiation Emergency

An emergency in which there is, or is perceived to be, a hazard due to:

(i) The energy resulting from a nuclear chain reaction or from the decay of theproducts of a chain reaction; or

(ii) Radiation exposure.

Nuclear Fuel Cycle

All operations associated with the production of nuclear energy, including mining,milling, processing and enrichment of uranium or processing of thorium, manufactureof nuclear fuel, operation of nuclear reactors, reprocessing of irradiated nuclear fuel,decommissioning, and any activity for radioactive waste management and research ordevelopment activity related to any of the foregoing.

Occupational Exposure

All exposures of personnel incurred in the course of their work.

Occupational Worker

Any person, working full time or part time in a nuclear or radiation facility, who maybe employed directly by the “consentee” or through a contractor.

Off-site

Area in public domain beyond the site boundary.

Off-site Emergency

Accident condition/emergency situation involving excessive release of radioactivematerials/hazardous chemicals from the plant to the public domain calling forintervention.

Operation

All activities following and prior to commissioning performed to achieve, in a safemanner, the purpose for which a nuclear/radiation facility is constructed, includingmaintenance.

Observables/indicators

Observables/indicators are instrument readings or other parameters which provideinformation on the conditions on the scene.

x

Page 14: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

Plant Emergency

Declared emergency conditions in which the radiological/other consequences, confinedto the plant or a section of the plant, requiring immediate operator action.

Precautionary Action Zone

See “Emergency Planning Zones”

Precautionary Urgent Protective Action (PUA)

See “Protective Action”

Prescribed Limits

Limits established or accepted by the regulatory body.

Projected dose

The dose to be expected if no protective or remedial action is taken.

Protective Action

An action for the purposes of avoiding or reducing doses that might otherwise bereceived in an emergency exposure situation or an existing exposure situation.

Precautionary Urgent Protective Action (PUA)

A protective action in the event of a nuclear or radiation emergency whichmust be taken before or shortly after a release of radioactive material, orbefore an exposure, on the basis of the prevailing conditions to prevent or toreduce the risk of severe deterministic effects.

Urgent Protective Action (UPA)

A protective action in the event of an emergency which must be taken promptly(normally within hours) in order to be effective, and the effectiveness ofwhich will be markedly reduced if it is delayed.

Early Protective Action

A protective action in the event of a nuclear or radiological emergency thatcan be implemented within days to weeks and still be effective. (Note: Themost common early protective actions are relocation and longer termrestrictions on consuming contaminated food).

Long Term Protective Action

A protective action that is not an urgent protective action. Such protectiveactions are likely to be prolonged over weeks, months or years. These includemeasures such as relocation, agricultural countermeasures and remedialactions.

xi

Page 15: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

Quality Assurance (QA)

Planned and systematic actions necessary to provide the confidence that an item orservice will satisfy given requirements for quality.

Radiation Worker

Any person who is occupationally exposed to radiation, and who in the opinion of theregulatory body, should be subjected to radiation surveillance.

Radioactive Waste

Material, whatever its physical form, left over from practices or interventions for whichno further use is foreseen: (a) that contains or is contaminated with radioactivesubstances and has an activity or activity concentration higher than the level forclearance from regulatory requirements, and (b) exposure to which is not excludedfrom regulatory control.

Radiological Safety Officer (RSO)

Any person who is so designated by the employer and who, in the opinion of thecompetent authority is qualified to discharge the functions outlined in the RadiationProtection Rules, 2004.

Records

Documents, which furnish objective evidence of the quality of items and activitiesaffecting quality. They include logging of events and other measurements.

Recording Level

A level of dose, exposure or intake specified by regulatory body at or above whichvalues of dose, exposure or intake received by workers are to be entered in the individualexposure records.

Reference Level

Action level, intervention level, investigation level or recording level established forany of the quantities determined in the practice of radiation protection.

Relocation (Off-site Emergency)

The removal of members of the public from their homes, for an extended period ortime, as a protective action in a chronic exposure situation.

Residual Dose

The dose expected to be incurred in the future after protective actions have beenterminated (or a decision has been taken not to implement protective actions).

This applies in an existing exposure situation or an emergency exposure situation.

xii

Page 16: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

Safety Analysis Report (SAR)

A document, provided by the applicant/consentee to the regulatory body, containinginformation concerning the nuclear or radiation facility, its design, accident analysisand provisions to minimise the risk to the public, the site personnel and the environment.

Safety Assessment

A review of the aspects of design and operation of a source which are relevant to theprotection of persons or the safety of the source, including the analysis of the provisionsfor safety and protection established in the design and operation of the source and theanalysis of risks associated both with normal conditions and accident situations.

Safety Code

A document stating the basic requirements, which must be fulfilled for particularpractices or applications. This is issued under the authority of the regulatory body andmandatory to be followed by the respective utilities.

Safety Guide

A document containing detailed guidance and various procedures/methodologies toimplement the specific parts of a safety code that are acceptable to the regulatorybody, for regulatory review. This is issued under the authority of regulatory body andis of non-mandatory nature.

Safety Manual

A document detailing the various safety aspects/instructions and requirements relatingto a particular practice or application, that are to be followed by a utility.

Site

The area containing the facility defined by a boundary and under effective control ofthe facility management.

Site Emergency

Accidental condition/emergency situation in the plant involving radioactivitytransgressing the plant boundary but confined to the site, or involving release ofhazardous chemicals or explosion, whose effects are confined to the site, with off-siteconsequences being negligible.

Siting

The process of selecting a suitable site for a facility including appropriate assessmentand definition of the related design bases.

xiii

Page 17: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

Source

Anything that causes radiation exposure, either by emitting ionising radiation orreleasing radioactive substances or materials.

Stochastic Effects (Radiation)

Radiation effects generally occurring without a threshold level of dose whose probabilityis proportional to the dose and whose severity is independent of the dose.

Urgent Protective Action (UPA)

See ‘Protective Action’

Urgent Protective Action Planning Zone (UPZ)

See ‘Emergency Planning Zones’

xiv

Page 18: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

SPECIAL DEFINITIONS(Specific for the Present Guidelines)

Emergency Action Level (EAL)

A specific, predetermined, observable criterion used to detect, recognize and determinethe emergency class.

Operational Criteria

Observables or values of measurable quantities to be used in the early phase of theresponse in a nuclear or radiological emergency in order to determine the need forappropriate protective actions and other response actions (Note: These includeoperational intervention levels (OILs), emergency action levels (EALs), specificobservables and other indicators of conditions on the site).

Operational Interventional Level (OIL)

A set level of a measurable quantity that corresponds to a generic criterion. OILs aretypically expressed in terms of dose rates or of activity of radioactive material released,time integrated air concentrations, ground or surface concentrations, or activityconcentrations of radio-nuclides in environmental, food or water samples. An OIL is atype of action level that is used immediately and directly (without further assessment)to determine the appropriate protective actions on the basis of an environmentalmeasurement.

General Emergency

An event resulting in an actual release, or substantial probability of a release, requiringimplementation of urgent protective actions off-site.

This includes : (i) actual or projected damage to the reactor core or largeamounts of spent fuel; or (ii) releases off-site resulting in doses exceedingintervention levels for urgent protective actions within hours.

When a general emergency is declared, urgent protective actions arerecommended immediately for the public near the facility.

xv

Page 19: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

CONTENTS

FOREWORD ...................................................................................... i

DEFINITIONS ...................................................................................... iii

SPECIAL DEFINITIONS ........................................................................ xv

1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................... 11.1 General ....................................................................... 11.2 Objective ...................................................................... 11.3 Scope ....................................................................... 1

2. CLASSIFICATION OF EMERGENCY ................................... 32.1 General ....................................................................... 32.2 Emergency Alert ........................................................... 32.3 Plant Emergency ........................................................... 32.4 Site Emergency ............................................................. 42.5 Off-Site Emergency ...................................................... 4

3. BASIC CONSIDERATION FOR EMERGENCYRESPONSE ....................................................................... 53.1 General ....................................................................... 53.2 Basic Consideration ..................................................... 53.2.1 Hazard Category of Nuclear and Radiation

Facility and Response Actions Based OnHazard Category .......................................................... 6

3.2.2 System of Protective Actions and Establishmentof Emergency Planning Zone (EPZ) ............................ 7

3.3 Establishment of criteria .............................................. 8

4. SYSTEM OF PROTECTIVE AND OTHER RESPONSEACTION ....................................................................... 104.1 General ....................................................................... 104.2 System of Protective and Response Actions ................ 104.3 Protection Strategy ....................................................... 114.4 Reference Dose Levels for Public ............................... 114.5 Implementation Protective Action and Other

Response Action ........................................................... 11

5. GENERIC AND OPERATIONAL CRITERIA ........................ 135.1 General ....................................................................... 135.2 Generic Criteria ............................................................ 135.2.1 Generic Criteria to Avoid or Minimise Severe

Deterministic Effects .................................................... 14

Page 20: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

5.2.2 Generic Criteria for Protective Actions andOther Response Actions to Reduce the Riskof Stochastic Effects in an Emergency ......................... 15

5.2.3 Generic Criteria for Food, Milk and DrinkingWater to Reduce the Risk of StochasticEffects in an Emergency .............................................. 15

5.2.4 Generic Criteria for Vehicles, Equipment andOther Items to Reduce the Risk of StochasticEffects in an Emergency .............................................. 16

5.2.5 Generic Criteria for Response Actions forCommodities and Food Traded Internationally ........... 17

5.2.6 Generic Criteria as a Target Dose for theTransition to an Existing Exposure Situation .............. 18

5.3 Operational Criteria ..................................................... 195.3.1 Emergency Action Levels (EAL) ................................. 195.3.2 Operational Interventional Levels (OIL) ..................... 215.3.2.1 General ....................................................................... 215.3.2.2 OIL1 Measured Value of Ground Contamination

for Urgent Protective Action ........................................ 215.3.2.3 OIL2 Measured Value of Ground Contamination

Calling for Early Protective Actions ............................ 225.3.2.4 OIL3 Measured Value of Ground Contamination

Calling for immediate Restrictions .............................. 235.3.2.5 OIL4 Measured Value of Skin Contamination ............ 245.3.2.6 OIL5 and OIL6 Measured Values of

Concentrations in Food, Milk or Water ....................... 255.3.3 Observables .................................................................. 26

6. GUIDANCE VALUES FOR EMERGENCY WORKERS ....... 276.1 General ....................................................................... 276.2 Guidance Values ........................................................... 27

APPENDIX-I HAZARD CATEGORISATION OF NUCLEARAND RADIATION FACILITIES ................................ 29

APPENDIX-II USE OF OILS FOR RESPONDING TO ANUCLEAR OR RADIOLOGICALEMERGENCY ............................................................. 34

APPENDIX-III ADMINISTRATION OF STABLE IODINE .............. 40

APPENDIX-IV ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES FOREMERGENCY DECLARATION ANDPROTECTIVE ACTIONS ........................................... 41

Page 21: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

APPENDIX-V RADIONUCLIDE SPECIFIC OPERATIONALINTERVENTIONAL LEVELS (OIL) ......................... 46

APPENDIX-VI (A) EMERGENCY CLASSIFICATION ANDEMERGENCY CONDITIONS (EAL)FOR PHWR ......................................................... 53

APPENDIX-VI (B) EMERGENCY CLASSIFICATION ANDEMERGENCY CONDITIONS (EAL)FOR LWR ............................................................ 62

APPENDIX-VII OBSERVABLES ON THE SCENE OFRADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY .............................. 79

ANNEXURE-I TOOLS FOR EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENTOF EMERGENCIES ARISING OUT OFNUCLEAR ACCIDENTS............................................ 81

ANNEXURE-II POST ACCIDENT EMERGENCYMANAGEMENT IN PUBLIC DOMAINAROUND FUKUSHIMA DAIICHINUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (FDNPP,JAPAN) USING SIMILAR SAFETYSTANDARDS .............................................................. 84

ANNEXURE-III CONCEPTUAL PLAN FOR ESTABLISHINGAREAS ON THE SCENE AND USING OILSFOR RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY ..................... 86

REFERENCES ....................................................................... 90

BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................... 91

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS ....................................................................... 94

EXPERT COMMITTEE FOR PREPARATION OF CRITERIAFOR PLANNING PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE FORA NUCLEAR OR RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY ............................ 94

ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON NUCLEAR SAFETY (ACNS) ............ 95

PROVISIONAL LIST OF REGULATORY SAFETYDOCUMENTS ON EMERGECNY PREPAREDNESSAND RESPONSE ....................................................................... 96

Page 22: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

1

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 General

Nuclear and radiation facilities are designed, constructed and operated withstringent regulatory and safety requirements. Adequate measures are in placeto deal with occurrence of extremely low probability events that may lead toaccidental release of radionuclides to the environment resulting in off-siteradiological consequences. The radiological impact due to the nuclear andradiological emergencies can be mitigated (minimised) through timelyimplementation of emergency preparedness and response actions.

1.2 Objective

Objective of this safety guidelines is to provide criteria for establishing anemergency preparedness and response plans at nuclear and radiation facilitiesto mitigate the radiological consequences following nuclear accident orradiological emergency situation.

1.3 Scope

This safety guidelines can be used for preparing an emergency preparednessand response plans for facilities such as:

(a) nuclear power plants;

(b) research/experimental reactors;

(c) fuel enrichment/fabrication;

(d) fuel reprocessing;

(e) radioactive waste management plants;

(f) use of radionuclide in medicine, research and industries; and

(g) any other facility as determined by AERB.

Scope of this safety guidelines is to provide criteria for establishing anemergency preparedness and response plans to facilitate effectiveimplementation of protective measures during a nuclear and radiologicalemergency situation. It provides basic consideration and goal for emergencyresponse action, criteria for hazard categorisation and hazard assessment ofnuclear and radiation facilities, system for protective actions, other responseactions, guidance on dose levels for emergency workers and the referencedose levels for emergency and post emergency existing exposure situation.

This safety guidelines also provides guidance for establishing operationalcriteria that include operational intervention levels (OILs), emergency action

Page 23: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

2

levels (EALs), specific observables and other indicators on the scene tofacilitate decision making process during an emergency situation.

This document may not be applicable to the emergency that may occur inpublic domain during transportation of radioactive materials. For suchemergencies, the document cited under reference titled safety code on‘Emergency Response Planning and Preparedness for Transport AccidentsInvolving Radioactive Material’ AERB/SC/TR-3 [9] is applicable.

Page 24: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

3

2. CLASSIFICATION OF EMERGENCY

2.1 General

The emergency situation of nuclear/radiation facilities (based on hazardcategory) is classified as (i) Emergency alert, (ii) Plant emergency, (iii) Siteemergency and (iv) Off site emergency. Declaration of an emergency in anyof these emergency classes should initiate a response that is considerablybeyond normal operations. Each class initiates distinctly different level ofresponse as indicated below.

Emergency classification is based on plant conditions called as EALs asdetailed in section 5.3.1 and Appendix VI-A&B

2.2 Emergency Alert

The licensee should identify the events and develop appropriate emergencyoperating procedures to mitigate the consequences. The licensee shoulddeclare emergency alert in the facility on occurrence of such events. Theemergency alert should be intimated to the regulatory body within 24 hours.In a multi-unit site, the emergency alert situation at one facility may have thepotential of affecting other facilities. The emergency response plan of eachunit should clearly indicate such events and response action to be followed atother facilities and adequate mechanism should exist for promptcommunication among the co-located facilities.

2.3 Plant Emergency

An approved plant emergency preparedness and response plan commensuratewith the hazard assessment of the facility should be in place prior to thecommissioning. The plan should be tested by periodic exercises. The responseplan should be reviewed and modified based on the experience with theapproval of the regulatory body. If the site is having more than one facility,the plant emergency declared at one facility should call for an emergencyalert or plant emergency for other facilities depending on the situation. The

Emergency alert Plant emergency Site emergency Off site emergency

Immediate actions to analyse the plant condition and mitigate the consequencesImmediate actions to protect those on-site

Prepare to take off-site protective action

Immediate protectiveactions in publicdomain

Page 25: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

4

criteria and conditions of such emergency situation should be clearly broughtout in the emergency preparedness and response plan of each facility. Theplant emergency should be intimated to the regulatory body immediately.The facility should suspend operation during plant emergency and resume/re-start operation only after obtaining clearance from the regulatory body.

2.4 Site Emergency

An approved site emergency preparedness and response plan should be inplace prior to the commissioning of the facility. The licensee shouldimmediately report the site emergency to the regulatory body with relevantdetails. The important plant parameters and site radiological conditionincluding radiation exposure status of the radiation/emergency workers shouldbe intimated to the regulatory body in regular intervals or as directed by theregulatory body. If the site emergency is declared in a multi-unit/multi-facilitysite, all the units/facilities in the site should be shutdown. The role andresponsibilities of the site emergency response team should be clearly definedin the response plan and tested periodically. The licensee should be responsiblefor implementing the remedial measures for mitigating the site consequences.The site emergency should be terminated under intimation to the regulatorybody. The facility should resume/re-start operation only after obtainingclearance from the regulatory body. The site emergency response plan shouldbe periodically tested and revised if required based on the experience.

2.5 Off-Site Emergency

An approved off-site emergency preparedness and response plan should bein place prior to the commissioning of the facility. The emergency responseplan should delineate the role and responsibilities of all involved agencies.The emergency response plan should be periodically tested and revised ifrequired based on the experience. The off-site emergency response plan shouldbe inline with the national/state/district disaster management plan and shouldhave approval of the state/district authorities.

Page 26: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

5

3. BASIC CONSIDERATION FOREMERGENCY RESPONSE

3.1 General

For successful implementation of emergency management programme thepractical goals of emergency response plan are to be clearly brought out. Toachieve these goals the inputs required should be specified and quantified.These goals and related inputs form the basis for emergency planning,preparedness and response. The objective of emergency response is to preventthe deterministic effects, limit the stochastic effects and reduce otherconsequences to the workers, public and environment.

3.2 Basic Consideration

The practical goals of emergency response plan in a nuclear and radiologicalemergency are

(a) regain control of the situation;(b) prevent or mitigate consequences at the scene;(c) prevent the occurrence of deterministic health effects in workers and

the public;(d) render first aid and to manage the treatment of radiation injuries;(e) limit to the extent practicable, the occurrence of stochastic health

effects in workers and the population;(f) prevent to the extent practicable, the occurrence of non-radiological

effects on individuals and among the population;(g) protect to the extent practicable, property and the environment; and(h) prepare to the extent practicable, for the resumption of normal social

and economic activity.

To achieve the above goals following should be specified and quantified.

(i) hazard categorisation of the nuclear and radiation facility(ii) system of protective actions and emergency planning zones (PAZ,

UPZ and LPZ)(iii) establishment of criteria for undertaking protective measures

The emergency response plan should take into account the deterministiceffects, stochastic effects and socio economic consequences to the publicand environment. This is ensured by keeping residual doses well below thereference levels.

Page 27: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

6

3.2.1 Hazard Category of Nuclear and Radiation Facility and Response ActionsBased On Hazard Category

The nuclear and radiation facilities should be categorized into five categoriesbased on the nuclear and radiation related hazards for the purposes ofestablishing the emergency preparedness and response plan. Hazard categoriesI, II and III represent the decreasing levels of radiation related hazard. Hazardcategory IV involves transport of sources/orphan sources and category Vinvolves contamination at distant places from the accident. The stringency ofrequirements for emergency preparedness and response decrease fromcategory I to V. The licensee should carry out the hazard assessment of thefacility by analysing the hazards associated with facilities, activities or sourceswithin or beyond the site, on-site/off-site (refer Appendix-I)

Response actions based on Hazard category

(i) The licensee of a facility in hazard category I, II or III should makearrangements to ensure the safety of all persons on the site in theevent of a nuclear or radiological emergency. This should includearrangements: to notify people on the site of an emergency; for allpersons on the site to take appropriate actions immediately uponnotification of an emergency; to account for those on the site; tolocate and recover those unaccounted for; to take urgent protectiveaction; and to provide immediate first aid. The facility should providesuitable assembly points for all persons on the site and should beprovided with a sufficient number of safe escape routes, clearly anddurably marked, with reliable emergency lighting, ventilation andother building services essential to the safe use of these routes. Theescape routes should meet the relevant requirements for radiationzoning and fire protection and the relevant national requirementsfor industrial safety and security. Suitable alarm systems and meansof communication should be provided so that all persons present inthe facility and on the site can be warned and instructed, even underemergency conditions.

(ii) The licensee of a facility in hazard category I, II or III should ensurethe availability of means of communication necessary for protectiveactions to be taken within the facility and in the area controlled bythe operator and to off-site agencies with responsibility for takingprotective actions within the precautionary action zone and the urgentprotective action planning zone at all times. The response plan shouldtake into account the diversity of the methods of communicationselected.

(iii) State officials responsible for making recommendations/decisionson the protective actions in public domain within the precautionary

Page 28: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

7

action zone and/or the urgent protective action planning zone shoulddo so promptly upon the notification of a nuclear or radiologicalemergency.

(iv) The authorities under whose jurisdiction the precautionary actionzone and/or the urgent protective action planning zone fall shouldmake arrangements to take appropriate urgent actions promptly uponthe notification of a nuclear or radiological emergency. Thesearrangements should include arrangements for: taking appropriateactions for the protection of emergency workers; alerting permanent,transient and special population groups or those responsible for them;taking urgent protective actions; protecting supplies of food andwater; imposing restrictions on the immediate consumption ofproduce from farms or gardens and of locally produced milk;monitoring and decontaminating evacuees; caring for evacuees;alerting special facilities; and the control of access to and therestriction of traffic by air, water, road and rail. Arrangements shouldbe in place for co-ordinating with all the jurisdictions within anyemergency zone.

3.2.2 System of Protective Actions and Establishment of Emergency Planning Zone(EPZ)

System of protective action should be based on the projected dose and otherresponse action should be based on the actual dose received. This is furtherelaborated in chapter-4. For effective implementation of protective actionsthe area around the site is divided into following zones based on quantum ofrelease and atmospheric parameters:

(a) A precautionary action zone (PAZ), for facilities in hazard categoryI, for which arrangements should be made with the goal of takingprecautionary urgent protective actions, before a release ofradioactive material occurs or shortly after a release of radioactivematerial begins, on the basis of conditions at the facility (such as theemergency classification) in order to reduce substantially the risk ofsevere deterministic health effects. PAZ can extend up to 5 km.

(b) An urgent protective action planning zone (UPZ), for facilities inhazard category I or II, for which arrangements should be made forurgent protective action to be taken promptly, in order to avert dosesin accordance with the prescribed level. UPZ can extend up to 16km.

(c) Long-term protective action planning zone (LPZ) is a pre-designatedarea around a facility which can extend up to 30 km and includes theurgent protective action zone. The LPZ is the zone where preparationsfor effective implementation of protective actions to reduce the risk

Page 29: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

8

of deterministic and stochastic health effects from ingestion ofcontaminated foodstuffs, either locally grown or sold in the affectedarea should be developed in advance.

The sizes of the zones specified above are for emergency preparedness. Duringactual emergency situation, for implementation of specific protectivemeasures, the size of PAZ, UPZ and LPZ may vary based on operationalcriteria. The arrangements should be made for extended planning distanceand ingestion and commodities planning distance within LPZ for takingappropriate protective measures depending upon operational interventionlevels in the affected area.

3.3 Establishment of Criteria

Criteria discussed here take into account the projected dose, averted doseand residual dose during an emergency.

Reference Levels: In emergency exposure situations, the reference levelsrepresent the levels of doses or risks, above which it is judged to beinappropriate to plan to allow exposures to occur, and for which thereforeprotective actions should be planned and optimised. A reference level forprotection of public during emergency situation is set within an effectivedose range of 20-100 mSv, expressed in terms of residual dose, which includesdose contributions via all exposure pathways. The protection strategy shallbe optimised to reduce exposures below the reference level.

During emergency situation protective and other actions are undertaken toensure that the reference levels are not exceeded. The type and scale ofprotective and other actions undertaken in turn are based on:

(i) Generic Criteria : Generic criteria are set by considering two typesof the health consequences (i) severe deterministic effect and (ii)increase in stochastic effect. Generic criteria start at levels of dosethat are approaching the threshold for severe deterministic effects(could be as high as 1 Sv). Normally the generic criteria deal withestimated quantities such as projected dose and cannot be directlyseen or easily measured.

(ii) Operational Criteria : The generic criteria form the basis fordeveloping the operational criteria. Operational criteria include (i)emergency action levels (EAL) (ii) operational intervention levels(OIL) and (iii) observables (by operators or first responders); fordecision making on emergency categorisation and initiating theprotective actions. Operational criteria are established in advance(e.g control room indications, radiation and contamination levels inpublic domain etc.) by using the generic criteria and these arenormally the observables.

Page 30: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

Thus the system of protective actions and other response actions in anemergency includes numerical values of generic criteria as well as of thecorresponding operational criteria that form the basis for decision making soas to ensure that the residual doses normally remain well below referencelevels.

9

Page 31: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

10

4. SYSTEM OF PROTECTIVE AND OTHER RESPONSE ACTION

4.1 General

The emergency preparedness and response plan needs to include the protectiveaction and other response action commensurate with the hazard assessmentof the facility. The protective action includes precautionary urgent protectiveactions (PUA), urgent protective actions (UPA) and other response actionsto prevent severe deterministic effects and to reduce the risk of stochasticeffects.

4.2 System of Protective and Response Actions

System of protective action should be based on the projected dose and otherresponse action should be based on the actual dose received. Typical protectiveaction and other response actions are provided in Table 1.

TABLE-1 : SYSTEM OF PROTECTIVE ACTIONS AND OTHERRESPONSE ACTIONS IN AN EMERGENCY [1]

Types of possiblehealth consequences ofexposureSevere deterministiceffects (Generic criteriaare established at levelsof dose that areapproaching thethresholds for severedeterministic effects)

Increase in stochasticeffects

Basis for implementation of protective actions andother response actions

Based on projected doseImplementation ofprecautionary urgentprotective actions (e.gevacuation), even underadverse conditions, toprevent severe deterministiceffects

Implementation ofurgentprotective actions andinitiation of early protectiveactions (relocation and longterm restriction of consump-tion of contaminated food) toreduce the risk of stochasticeffects as far as reasonablypossible

Based on dose receivedOther response actionsfortreatment and management ofsevere deterministic effectsinclude immediate medicalexamination, consultation andtreatment as indicated,contamination control,decorporation where applicable,registration for long term healthmonitoring, and comprehensivepsychological counseling.Other response actions forearlydetection and effective manage-ment of stochastic effectsinclude screening based onindividual doses to specificorgans, considering the need forregistration for medical follow-up and counseling to allowinformed decisions to be madein individual circumstances.

Page 32: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

11

4.3 Protection Strategy

The protection strategy should include, but not be limited to the followingaspects:

(i) On the basis of the optimization of protection strategy and thereference level, generic criteria for particular protective actions andother response actions should be developed and included in theemergency preparedness and response plan of each facility and site.

(ii) The emergency preparedness and response plan should include thereference dose level for public.

(iii) Suitable remedial measures should be implemented to limit dose ofexisting exposure situation to less than 1 mSv per year (excludingexposure due to natural radiation).

(iv) Generic criteria for implementing precautionary urgent protectiveactions to prevent severe deterministic effects should be based onthe values specified in table 2.

4.4 Reference Dose Levels for Public

Reference dose levels for public are set typically between an effective dose20 mSv and 100 mSv, expressed in terms of residual dose, which includesdose contributions via all exposure pathways. During the emergency phase,a reference level between 20 and 100 mSv per year should be used toimplement protective actions driven by urgency, taking into account theprevailing conditions. The protection strategy should be optimized to reducethe exposures below the reference level. The regulatory body should beintimated for radiation dose level above 100 mSv during an emergencysituation. Once the emergency is over, a reference level for the existingexposure situations should be used between 1 and 20 mSv per year dependingupon the situation. Effort should be taken to reduce the radiation exposure.

4.5 Implementation of Protective Action and Other Response Action

The following possible impacts should be considered during the planningand implementation of protective actions and other response actions in anemergency:

(i) Development of severe deterministic effects.

(ii) Increase in stochastic effects.

(iii) Adverse effects on the environment and property.

(iv) Other adverse effects (e.g. psychological effects, social disorder,economic disruption).

Page 33: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

12

The following types of exposure should be taken into account in the planningand implementation of protective actions and other response actions in anemergency:

(i) The projected dose that could be prevented or reduced by means ofprecautionary urgent protective actions and urgent protective actions.

(ii) The dose that has been received, the detriment due to which may beminimised by medical actions and may be addressed by publicreassurance or counselling.

Precautionary urgent protective actions should be implemented on the basisof a substantial risk of a release or exposure under any circumstances, inorder to prevent the development of severe deterministic effects for veryhigh levels of dose (refer table 2; generic criteria for deterministic effects).The authorities should assess the potential of incidents such as acuteradioactive releases/exposure situation resulting events/accident consideringsingle or combination of facilities at the site and the assessment should betaken into account in the emergency preparedness and response plan.

If the risk of stochastic effects is the main concern and the risk of thedevelopment of severe deterministic effects is negligible, urgent and earlyprotective actions and other response actions, all of which are justified andoptimized and response action should be implemented to reduce the risk ofstochastic effects (table 3; generic criteria for stochastic effects). The licenseeshould assess the events/accidents considering single or combination offacilities at the site and the assessment should be taken into account in theemergency preparedness and response plan.

If the dose exceeds a particular generic criterion identified in Table 2 or 3,individuals should be provided with appropriate medical attention, includingmedical treatment, long term health monitoring and psychological counselling.

Medical actions should be initiated and performed on the basis of medicalsymptoms and observations. However, dosimetric information (e.g. basedon radiation survey data, dose measurements or dose calculations) can providea valuable input for determining the medical treatment.

Other response actions for early detection and effective management ofstochastic effects include screening based on individual doses to specificorgans, considering the need for registration for medical follow-up andcounselling to allow informed decisions to be made in individualcircumstances.

For all levels of dose that may result in an emergency exposure situation, theidentified responsible agency should inform the risk to the public and otherinvolved agencies including first responders.

Page 34: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

13

5. GENERIC AND OPERATIONAL CRITERIA

5.1 General

Generic criteria are used in terms of dose that can be projected or dose thathas already been received. Use of generic criteria meets the need for a commonterm for the system of values that would be used as the basis for theimplementation of protective actions (e.g. evacuation or food replacement)and other response actions (e.g. medical follow-up).

Projected dose and dose that has been received are not measurable quantitiesand cannot be used as a basis for quick actions in an emergency. There is aneed to establish in advance operational criteria (values of measurablequantities or observables) as a surrogate for the generic criteria for undertakingdifferent protective actions and other response actions.

The operational criteria are values of measurable quantities or observablesthat include operational intervention levels (OILs), emergency action levels(EALs), specific observables and other indicators of conditions on the scenethat should be used in decision making during an emergency. The operationalcriteria can be used immediately and directly to determine the need forappropriate protective actions and other response actions. These operationalcriteria are used as ‘triggers’ at the early stage of an emergency.

5.2 Generic Criteria (GC)

Generic criteria should be established on the basis of generic optimisation inconsideration of the range of conditions that prevail in an emergency. Genericcriteria should be in terms of dose that can be projected or dose that hasalready been received. Generic criteria should be established for precautionaryurgent protective actions, UPA and early protective actions, as well as forother response actions that may be required in an emergency. Precautionaryurgent protective actions/Urgent protective actions (e.g. evacuation) shouldbe taken promptly (e.g. within hours) to be effective, because theireffectiveness will be reduced if there is a delay. Early protective actions canbe implemented within days or weeks to be effective. They can be long lasting,even after the emergency (e.g. temporary relocation). In no case the urgentprotective actions and early protective actions based on the generic criteriashould cause more detriment than they avert.

The generic criteria are provided for:

(a) Protective actions and other response actions that are expected to beundertaken under any circumstances to avoid or to minimize severedeterministic effects;

(b) Protective actions and other response actions that are taken toreasonably reduce the risk of stochastic effects;

Page 35: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

14

(c) Restriction of trade if warranted; and

(d) Use as a target dose for the transition to an existing exposure situation.

These generic criteria shall be optimised for taking appropriate protectiveactions and other response actions in a nuclear or radiological emergency.The situation is ‘Safe’ when the generic criteria in table 2 and table 3 are notprojected or received, since no protective actions and other response actionsare justified to reduce the risk of severe deterministic effects or stochasticeffects.

5.2.1 Generic Criteria to Avoid or Minimise Severe Deterministic Effects

Generic criteria for acute doses for which protective actions and other responseactions are expected to be undertaken under any circumstances to avoid or tominimise severe deterministic effects are provided in table 2. This tableprovides generic criteria along with examples of protective actions andresponse actions for developing a protection strategy and operational criteriafor effective implementation of protective actions and other response actionsto avoid or to minimise severe deterministic effects.

TABLE 2 : GENERIC CRITERIA FOR ACUTE DOSES FOR WHICHPROTECTIVE ACTIONS AND OTHER RESPONSEACTIONS ARE TO BE TAKEN UNDER ANYCIRCUMSTANCES TO AVOID OR TO MINIMISESEVERE DETERMINISTIC EFFECTS [1]

Examples of protective actions and otherresponse actions

If the dose is projected:- Take precautionary urgent protective actions

immediately (even under difficult conditions)to keep doses below the generic criteria

- Provide public information and warnings- Carry out urgent decontaminationIf the dose has been received :- Perform immediate medical examination,

consultation and indicated medical treatment- Carry out contamination control- Carry out immediate decorporation (if

applicable)- Carry out registration for long term health

monitoring (medical follow-up)- Provide comprehensive psychological

Counseling

Generic criteria

External acute exposure (<10 hours)Whole Body (bone 1 Svmarrow)

Skin 10 Sv to 100 cm2

Internal exposure from acute intake(Delivered in 30 days)Thyroid 2 Sv

Lung 30 Sv

Page 36: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

15

5.2.2 Generic Criteria for Protective Actions and other Response Actions to Reducethe Risk of Stochastic Effects in an Emergency.

Table 3 provides generic criteria for use in developing a protection strategyand operational criteria for effective implementation of protective actionsand other response actions to reduce the risk of stochastic effects in a nuclearor radiological emergency.

TABLE 3 : GENERIC CRITERIA FOR PROTECTIVE ACTIONS ANDOTHER RESPONSE ACTIONS IN EMERGENCYEXPOSURE SITUATIONS TO REDUCE THE RISKOF STOCHASTIC EFFECTS [1]

Examples of protective actions andother response actions

Urgent protective actions :Iodine thyroid blockingUrgent protective actions :Sheltering; evacuation; decontamination;restriction on consumption of food, milkand water; contamination control;public reassuranceEarly protective actions :Temporary relocation; decontamination;replacement of food, milk and water;publicreassurance

Screening based on equivalent doses tospecific radiosensitive organs (as a basisfor medical follow-up), counseling

5.2.3 Generic Criteria for Food, Milk and Drinking Water to Reduce the Risk ofStochastic Effects in an Emergency

Table 3A provides generic criteria for developing a protection strategy andoperational criteria for effective implementation of protective actions andother response actions to reasonably reduce the risk of stochastic effectsfrom ingestion of food, milk and drinking water in a nuclear orradiological emergency.

Generic criteria

Projected dose that exceeds the following generic criteria: Take urgent protectiveactions/Protective actions and other response actionsThyroid dose 50 mSv in the

first 7 daysWhole body dose 100 mSv in the

first 7 days

Whole body Dose 100 mSv perannum

Dose that has been received and that exceeds the following generic criteria : Take longerterm medical actions to detect and to effectively treat radiation induced health effectsWhole body dose 100 mSv in a

month

Page 37: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

16

Generic criteria of 1/10 of the generic criteria for early protective actionsand other response actions given in table 3 is established for food, milk anddrinking water restrictions to ensure that the dose from all exposure pathways,including ingestion, will not exceed the generic criteria for early protectiveactions and other response actions given in table 3.

TABLE 3A : GENERIC CRITERIA FOR FOOD, MILK ANDDRINKING WATER TO REDUCE THE RISK OFSTOCHASTIC EFFECTS IN AN EMERGENCY [2]

Examples of protective actions andother response actions

Stop consumption and distribution of non-essential food, milk and drinking water.Replace essential food, milk and drinkingwater as soon as possible or relocate thepeople if replacements are not available.Estimate the dose of those who may haveconsumed food, milk and drinking waterthat may result in a dose exceeding thegeneric criteria to determine if medicalcounselling and follow-up is warranted inaccordance with table 3.

Generic criteria

Projected dose from ingestion of food, milk and drinking water that exceeds thefollowing generic criteria : Take protective actions and other response actions as justifiedWhole body dose 10 mSv per annum

HFetus 10 mSv for the fullperiod of in uterodevelopment

5.2.4 Generic Criteria for Vehicles, Equipment and Other Items to Reduce the Risk ofStochastic Effects in an Emergency

Table 3B provides generic criteria for determining a protection strategy andoperational criteria for effective implementation of protective actions and otherresponse actions to reduce the risk of stochastic effects from the use of vehicles,equipment and other items from an area affected by a nuclear or radiologicalemergency.

Generic criteria of 1/10 of the generic criteria for early protective actions and otherresponse actions given in table 3 is established for vehicles, equipment and otheritems from an affected area to ensure that the dose from all exposure pathways,including use of such vehicles, equipment and other items, will not exceed the genericcriteria for early actions given in table 3 for a member of the public.

Page 38: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

17

TABLE 3B : GENERIC CRITERIA FOR VEHICLES, EQUIPMENTAND OTHER ITEMS TO REDUCE THE RISK OFSTOCHASTIC EFFECTS IN AN EMERGENCY [2]

Examples of protective actions andother response actions

Stop non-essential use.

Use essential vehicles, equipment andother items from an affected area untilreplacements are available if: (a) use willnot result in doses exceeding the genericcriteria in table 3 for a member of thepublic or the guidance values in table 10for the emergency workers and helpers inan emergency, and (b) actions are taken toreduce the dose to the user as an emergencyworker, helper in an emergency or amember of the public, as appropriate.Estimate the dose of those emergencyworkers, helpers in an emergency andmembers of the public who may have useda vehicle, equipment and other item froman affected area that may result in a doseexceeding the generic criteria for whichmedical counselling and follow-up iswarranted in accordance with table 3

Generic criteria

Projected dose from the use of vehicles, equipment or other items from an affectedarea that exceed the following generic criteria : Take protective actions and otherresponse actions as justified.Whole body dose 10 mSv per annum

HFetus 10 mSv for the fullperiod of in uterodevelopment

5.2.5 Generic Criteria for Response Actions for Commodities and Food TradedInternationally

Table 3C provides generic criteria for the resumption of international trade. Thegeneric criteria for commodities and food traded internationally that could containradioactive material as a result of a nuclear or radiological emergency are establishedat 1/100 of the generic criteria given in table 3 for early protective actions and otherresponse actions to ensure that the dose to the public will be a small fraction.

Exceeding the generic criteria in table 3C does not mean that the commodities andfood are unsafe in terms of the radiation induced health effects. Commodities andfood are to be considered unsafe in terms of the radiation induced health effects onlyif the generic criteria in table 2 or 3 are projected to be exceeded.

For food traded internationally that could contain radionuclides as a result of a nuclearor radiological emergency, the operational criteria (guideline levels) as published bythe Joint FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission shall be used.

Page 39: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

18

TABLE 3C : GENERIC CRITERIA FOR RESPONSE ACTIONS FORCOMMODITIES AND FOOD TRADEDINTERNATIONALLY [2]

Generic criteria

Projected dose from commodities that exceed the generic criteria : Take responseactions to restrict international trade.Whole body dose 10 mSv per annum

HFetus 10 mSv for the fullperiod of in uterodevelopment

5.2.6 Generic Criteria as a Target Dose for the Transition to an Existing ExposureSituation

Generic criteria shall be established for use as a target dose for theimplementation of protective actions and other actions aimed at enabling thetransition to an existing exposure situation. The criteria shall be establishedat 1/5 of the generic criteria for the early protective actions and other responseactions given in Table 3 and are provided below:

(a) an effective dose of 20 mSv per annum; and

(b) an equivalent dose to a fetus of 20 mSv for the full period of in uterodevelopment.

The decision to terminate the emergency phase and the concurrent transitionto an existing exposure situation shall be taken after: (a) justified actionshave been taken to reach the target dose and it has been confirmed that furtherimplementation of actions to reach the target dose will do more harm thangood; (b) confirmation that the source of exposure is fully characterized forall members of the public living normally in the area; (c) the exposure situationis understood and remains stable; (d) any restrictions on normal livingconditions are limited and provisions are in place to confirm compliancewith such restrictions.

Any further reduction of the dose to a member of the public below the targetdose used for deciding on the transition to an existing exposure situationmay do more harm than good.

Examples of other response actions

Restrict non-essential international trade.

Trade essential commodities untilreplacements are available if: (a) trade isapproved with the receiving state; (b) tradewill not result in doses that exceed thegeneric criteria given in table 3 for thepublic; (c) actions are taken to control theuse and reduce the dose to the member ofthe public.

Page 40: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

19

Event specific conditions may warrant modification of the generic criteria.The system of generic criteria and operational criteria is illustrated in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1. System of generic criteria and operational criteria.

5.3 Operational Criteria

The operational criteria are values of measurable quantities or observablesthat include operational intervention levels (OILs), emergency action levels(EALs), specific observables and other indicators of conditions on the scenethat may be used in decision making during an emergency. The operationalcriteria can be used immediately and directly to determine the need forappropriate protective actions and other response actions. These operationalcriteria are used as ‘triggers’ at the early stage of an emergency.

Precautionary urgent protective actions, as applicable and urgent protectiveactions should be taken on the basis of pre-calculated operational criteria(e.g radioactive releases, exposure etc). The majority of urgent protectiveactions and early protective actions are also implemented on the basis of pre-calculated operational criteria. However, if the characteristics of an emergencydiffer from those assumed in the calculations of operational criteria, the criteriashould be recalculated. Methods for the recalculation to address prevailingconditions in an actual emergency should be established during the planningphase.

5.3.1 Emergency Action Levels (EAL)

The EAL are the specific, predetermined, observable operational criteria usedto detect, recognize and determine the emergency class of an event at facilitiesin hazard categories I, II and III. The EALs are used for classification and fordecisions on the implementation of precautionary urgent protective actionscorresponding to a particular emergency class. These criteria should be

Operational criteria

GenericCriteria

Emergency ActionLevels (EALs)

Operational Inter-ventional Levels (OILs)

Observables/Indicators

Page 41: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

20

predefined. The emergency preparedness and response plan should includethe EALs of the respective facilities. There are two different types of EAL:

(i) Symptom based EAL. Symptom based EAL are site specificinstrument readings (e.g. reactor coolant system pressure higher/lower than a certain level) or other observable or quantifiablethresholds (e.g. failure of emergency power supply systems asindicated by a specific parameter).

(ii) Event based EAL are more subjective criteria requiring the judgementof the operating staff. An example of an event based EAL would be‘fire detected in an area containing vital safety systems’.

When possible, symptom based EALs should be used because they make theclassification process more timely and less subject to error. For facilitieswhere safety significant systems are monitored by means of instruments andalarms, a large fraction of the EALs may be symptom based in nature, whereasclassification procedures for simple facilities with few instruments will consistalmost exclusively of event based EALs. The following guidelines should beused while developing EALs:

(a) Site-specific classification procedure should be designed for prompt(to be completed in a few minutes) and easy use during an event.

(b) To ensure that the classification procedures are usable under accidentconditions;

(c) The performance of the instruments during an emergency shouldalso be considered in developing the EALs.

(d) The site-specific EALs system should be tested/validated duringexercises and walk-through sessions to ensure it is usable by theassigned control room staff under emergency conditions.

The EALs and corresponding procedures should be revised based onoperational experience and feedback from exercises. The licensee shouldmake arrangements for the prompt identification of an actual or potentialnuclear or radiological emergency and determination of the appropriate levelof response. Any conditions that would warrant the use of emergency operatingprocedures (EOPs) should be classified as an emergency alert and wouldtrigger a predetermined emergency response at the site.

Once conditions of actual or imminent core damage exist, a transition fromthe domain of emergency operating procedures to the domain of emergencymanagement guidelines should take place. To ensure a consistent andcoordinated response to accident conditions, the emergency operatingprocedures and accident management guidelines should be integrated intothe plant emergency response plan.

Page 42: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

21

Plant conditions in the emergency operating procedures and accidentmanagement guidelines should provide clear inputs for accident classificationfor declaring appropriate emergency action levels (EALs).

Similarly, it should be ensured that there are no conflicts between accidentmanagement guidelines and severe accident management guidelines.

5.3.2 Operational intervention levels (OIL) : For Radionuclide Deposition,Personal/Individual Contamination and Contamination of Food, Milk andWater

5.3.2.1 General

OILs are expressed in terms of dose rates or of activity of radioactive materialreleased, time integrated air concentrations, ground or surface concentrations,or activity concentrations of radionuclides in environmental, food or watersamples. OILs can be measured by means of instruments in the field or canbe determined by means of laboratory analysis or assessment. OILs arecategorised into OIL1 to OIL6 and indicate decreasing order of severity ofemergency situation.

OIL is a type of action level that can be used immediately and directly todetermine the appropriate protective actions. The OILs are used with theother operational criteria (EALs and observables) to determine appropriateprotective actions and other response actions.

The appropriate protective action should be promptly invoked if OILs areexceeded, but the action will not normally be taken if the levels are notexceeded. OILs should be developed based on the site specific condition ifrequired and should be included in the emergency preparedness and responseplan.

Arrangements should be made for promptly assessing the results ofenvironmental monitoring and monitoring for contamination on people inorder to decide on or to adapt urgent protective actions to protect workersand the public, including the application of operational intervention levels(OILs).

For effective emergency response actions arrangement should exist to revisethe OILs as appropriate based on the conditions prevailing during theemergency with intimation to the regulatory body.

5.3.2.2 OIL1 - Measured Value of Ground Contamination for Urgent ProtectiveActions

OIL1 is a measured value of ground contamination calling for:

Urgent protective actions (e.g. evacuation) to keep the dose to any

Page 43: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

22

person living in a contaminated area below the generic criteria forurgent protective actions provided in table 3;

Medical actions, as required, because the dose received by evacueesmay be above the generic criteria for medical actions provided intable 3.

TABLE 4 : TYPICAL VALUES OF GROUND CONTAMINATION FORURGENT PROTECTIVE ACTIONS (OIL 1) [1]

OIL value

Environmental measurementsGamma (γ) 1000 µSv/h at 1mfrom surface or a source2000 counts/s direct beta (β)surface contaminationmeasurement50 counts/s direct alpha (α)surface contaminationmeasurement

Response action (as appropriate) if theOIL is exceeded

- Immediately evacuate- As an alternate provide substantial shelter- Provide for decontamination of evacuees- Consider providing iodine thyroid

blocking- Avoid inadvertent ingestion- Stop consumption of local produce,

rainwater and milk from animals grazingin the area

- Register and provide for a medicalexamination of evacuees

- If a person has handled a source with adose rate equal to or exceeding 1000 µSv/h at 1m, provide an immediate medicalexamination

OIL

OIL1

5.3.2.3 OIL2 - Measured Value of Ground Contamination Calling for Early ProtectiveActions

OIL2 is a measured value of ground contamination calling for early protectiveactions to keep the dose for one year to any person living in the area belowthe generic criteria for taking actions to reasonably reduce the risk of stochasticeffects provided in Table 3.

Page 44: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

23

TABLE 5 : TYPICAL VALUES FOR GROUNDCONTAMINATION CALLING FOR EARLYPROTECTIVE ACTIONS (OIL 2) [1]

OIL value

Environmental measurementsGamma (γ) 100 µSv/h at 1mfrom surface or a source200 counts/s direct beta (β)surface contaminationmeasurement10 counts/s direct alpha (α)surface contaminationmeasurement

Response action (as appropriate) if theOIL is exceeded

- Immediately evacuate- Consider providing iodine thyroid

blocking- Stop consumption of local produce,

rainwater and milk from animals grazingin the area until they have been screenedand contamination levels have beenassessed using OIL5 and OIL6

- Temporarily relocate those living in thearea; before relocation, reduce inadvertentingestion; register and estimate the doseto those who were in the area to determineif medical screening is warranted;relocation of people from the areas withthe highest potential exposure shouldbegin within days

- If a person has handled a source with adose rate equal to or exceeding 100 µSv/hat 1m, provide medical examination andevaluation; any pregnant women who havehandled such a source should receiveimmediate medical evaluation and doseassessment

OIL

OIL2

5.3.2.4 OIL3 - Measured Value of Ground Contamination Calling for ImmediateRestrictions

OIL3 is a measured value of ground contamination calling for immediaterestrictions on the consumption of leaf vegetables, milk from animals grazingin the area and rainwater collected for drinking to keep the dose to any personbelow the generic criteria for taking the urgent protective actions provided intable 3.

Page 45: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

24

TABLE 6 : TYPICAL VALUES OF GROUND CONTAMINATIONCALLING FOR IMMEDIATE RESTRICTIONS ONCONSUMPTION OF FOOD (OIL 3) [1]

OIL value

Gamma (γ) 1 µSv/h at 1mfrom surface20 counts/s direct beta (β)surface contaminationmeasurement2 counts/s direct alpha (α)surface contaminationmeasurement

Response action (as appropriate) if theOIL is exceeded- Stop consumption of non-essential local

produce, rainwater and milk from animalsgrazing in the area until it has beenscreened and contamination levels havebeen assessed using OIL5 and OIL6

- Screen local produce, rainwater and milkfrom animals grazing in the area out to atleast 10 times the distance to which OIL3is exceeded and assess samples using OIL5and OIL6

- Consider providing iodine thyroidblocking for fresh fission products and foriodine contamination if replacement foressential local produce or milk is notimmediately available

- Estimate the dose of those who may haveconsumed food, milk or rainwater from thearea where restrictions were implementedto determine if medical screening iswarranted

OIL

OIL3

5.3.2.5 OIL4 - Measured Value of Skin Contamination

OIL4 is a measured value of skin contamination calling for performingdecontamination or providing instructions for self-decontamination and forlimiting inadvertent ingestion so as:

To keep the dose due to skin contamination to any person below thegeneric criteria for taking urgent protective action (table 3);

To initiate medical treatment or screening, as required, because thedose received by any person may exceed the generic criteria formedical actions (table 3).

Page 46: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

25

TABLE 7 : TYPICAL VALUES OF SKIN CONTAMINATIONCALLING FOR PERFORMING DECONTAMINATIONOR MEDICAL EXAMINATION (OIL 4) [1]

OIL value

Gamma (γ) 1 µSv/h at 10 cmfrom the skin1000 counts/s direct beta (β)skin contaminationmeasurement50 counts/s direct alpha (α)skin contaminationmeasurement

Response action (as appropriate) if theOIL is exceeded

- Provide for skin decontamination andreduce inadvertent ingestion

- Register and provide for a medicalexamination

OIL

OIL4

Beta monitors should detect both high and low energy beta emitters. Instrumentcoefficient (IC = Axη) in (counts/s x cm2)/Bq of contamination monitorsshould be greater than or equal to 1 (for high energy beta), 0.2 (for lowenergy beta) and 0.5 for alpha emitters suitable for contamination monitor.Where A is area (cm2) of detector and η is efficiency of detector (cps/Bq).

5.3.2.6 OIL5 and OIL6- Measured Values of Concentrations in Food, Milk orWater

OIL5 and OIL6 are measured values of concentrations in food, milk or waterthat warrant the consideration of restrictions on consumption so as to keepthe effective dose to any person below 10 mSv per annum. OIL values forrestriction of food, milk or water is given in tables 8 and 9 for decidingresponse action if the OIL is exceeded. If more than one radionuclide ispresent then the rule of mixtures should be applicable and the sum of thefraction of the actual concentration of each radionuclide to the specified OILshould be less than one.

TABLE 8 : SCREENING OILs FOR FOOD, MILK AND WATERCONCENTRATIONS (OIL 5) [1]

Skin contamination

OIL value

Gross beta (β): 100 Bq/kgOrGross alpha (α): 5 Bq/kg

Response action if the OIL is exceeded

Above OIL5 : Assess using OIL6

Below OIL5 : Safe for consumption duringthe emergency phase

OIL

OIL5

Page 47: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

Radionuclide OIL6 (Bq/Kg) Radionuclide OIL6 (Bq/Kg)H-3 2x105 Cr-51 8x105

C-14 1x104 Mn-54 9x103

F-18 2x108 Fe-59 9x103

Na-24 4x106 Co-60 8x102

Zn-65 2x103 Sr-90 2x102

Rb-87 2x103 Y-90 9x104

Ru-106 6x102 Zr-95 6x103

Sb-122 2x105 Nb-95 5x104

Sb-124 5x103 Tc-99 4x103

La-140 2x105 Tc-99m 2x108

Ce-144 8x102 I-131 3x103

Ir-192 8x103 I-132 2x107

Th-232 4.0 I-133 1x105

U-232 20 I-134 2x108

U-233 100 I-135 2x106

U-235 2x102 Cs-134 1x103

U-238 100 Cs-137 2x103

Pu-238 50 Tl-204 3x103

Pu-239 50 Pb-210 2.0Pu-240 50 Po-210 5.0Pu-241 4x103 Ra-224 2x103

Am-241/Be-9 50Pu-239/Be-9 50

26

TABLE 9 : RADIONUCLIDE SPECIFIC OILs FOR FOOD,MILK AND WATER CONCENTRATIONS FROMLABORATORY ANALYSIS (OIL 6) [1]

5.3.3 Observables

For emergencies in hazard category I, II & III, the typical observables can bea major fire incident affecting safety systems, major earthquake, loss of coolantaccident (LOCA), station blackout, etc.

For emergencies in hazard category IV, observable on the scene could beradiation symbol on damaged container.

Page 48: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

27

6. GUIDANCE VALUES FOR EMERGENCY WORKERS

6.1 General

An emergency worker is a person having specified duties as a worker inresponse to an emergency who might be exposed while taking responseactions. Emergency workers may include those employed by registrants andlicensees as well as personnel from response organizations, such as policeofficers, fire-fighters, medical personnel, drivers and crews of evacuationvehicles.

6.2 Guidance Values

Guidance values should be established for managing, controlling andrecording the radiation dose of emergency workers for different types ofresponse activities and should be included in the emergency preparednessand response plan. In setting the guidance values of dose for emergencyworkers the contribution to doses via all exposure pathways should be takeninto account.

Pregnant female workers should be excluded from emergency duties. Thefollowing guidance values should be used for the protection of emergencyworkers responding to an emergency;

TABLE 10 : GUIDANCE VALUES FOR EMERGENCY WORKERS

TasksLife saving actions

Actions to prevent severedeterministic effects and actionsto prevent the development ofcatastrophic conditions that couldsignificantly affect people and theenvironmentActions to avert a large collectivedose

Guidance valueEffective Dose <500 mSvThis value may be exceeded undercircumstances in which(a) the expected benefits to others clearly

outweigh the emergency worker’s ownhealth risks, and

(b) the emergency worker volunteers to takethe action and understands and acceptsthis health risk

Effective Dose < 500 mSv

Effective Dose < 100 mSv

Page 49: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

28

Life saving actions resulting in doses that approach or exceed the thresholdfor severe deterministic effects should be considered only if (a) the expectedbenefit to others would clearly outweigh the emergency worker’s own riskand (b) the emergency worker volunteers to take the action, and understandsand accepts the risk associated with the response activities.

Emergency workers who undertake response actions having the potential ofradiation doses expected to exceed 50 mSv should be clearly informed inadvance of the associated health risks, as well as of available protectivemeasures, and should be trained to the extent possible the actions that theymay be required to take. The voluntary basis for response actions by theemergency workers should be addressed in the emergency response plan.

Emergency workers should be given appropriate medical attention. The dosesreceived and information concerning the consequent of health risks shouldbe communicated to the workers. Female workers who are aware that theyare pregnant should be encouraged to notify the appropriate authority andshould be excluded from emergency duties.

The operational guidance provided to emergency workers should be basedon measurements of radiation (e.g. as displayed on an active or self-readingdosimeter). The dose from intake or skin contamination should be limited bymeans of the use of protective equipment, the use of stable iodine prophylaxisand the provision of instructions concerning operations in potentiallyhazardous radiological conditions. Available information about the radioactiveconditions on the site should be used in aiding decisions on the appropriateprotection of emergency workers.

When undertaking intervention, all reasonable efforts should be made to keepdoses to workers below 100 mSv, except for life saving actions in whichevery effort should be made to keep doses below guidance dose value (500mSv) in order to avoid deterministic effects on health. In addition, workersundertaking actions in which their doses may approach or exceed guidancedose level should do so only when the benefits to others clearly outweightheir own risk.

Once the emergency phase of an intervention is over, workers undertakingrecovery operations, such as repairs to the facility and buildings, wastedisposal or decontamination/remediation of the site and surrounding areashould be subject to the system of occupational protection requirements andprocedures.

Workers should not normally be precluded from incurring further occupationalexposure because of doses received in an emergency exposure situation.However, qualified medical advice should be obtained before any such furtherexposure if a worker who has undergone an emergency exposure receives adose exceeding ten times the maximum single year dose limit or at the worker’srequest.

Page 50: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

29

APPENDIX - I

HAZARD CATEGORISATION OF NUCLEAR ANDRADIATION FACILITIES

I-1 General

The potential of nuclear and radiation emergencies depends on the natureand scope of the facility. The emergency preparedness and responseinfrastructures/system can be optimised by categorising the facilities basedon the nuclear and radiation related hazards and preparing the preparednessand response plan in-line with the hazard categories of the facilities.

I-2 Hazard categorisation of nuclear and radiation facilities

The nuclear and radiation facilities should be categorized into five categoriesbased on the nuclear and radiation related hazards for the purposes ofestablishing the emergency preparedness and response plan. Typical hazardcategorisation of nuclear and radiation facilities is given in Table 11.

Hazard categories I, II and III represent the decreasing levels of radiationrelated hazard. Hazard category IV involves transport of sources/orphansources and category V involves contamination at distant places from theaccident. The stringency of requirements for emergency preparedness andresponse decrease from category I to V.

The licensee should carry out the hazard assessment of the facility by analysingthe hazards associated with facilities, activities or sources within or beyondthe site, on-site/off-site. The assessment should also include the following:

events and the associated areas for which protective actions arerequired; and

actions that would be effective in mitigating the consequences ofsuch events.

Page 51: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

TABLE 11 : CATEGORISATION OF NUCLEAR AND RADIATIONFACILITIES BASED ON HAZARD POTENTIAL

30

Hazardcategory

I

II

III

Criteria

Facilities, such as nuclear power plants, forwhich on-site events (including very lowprobability events) are postulated that couldgive rise to severe deterministic health effectsoff the site, or facilities for which such eventshave occurred in similar facilities.Off-site: Emergencies involving severe core

damage have the potential to causesevere and even fatal deterministiceffect.

On-site: Emergencies involving severe coredamage, doses sufficient to resultin and even fatal deterministiceffect.

Facilities, such as spent fuel pool storage andsome types of research reactors, for whichon-site events are postulated that could giverise to doses to people off the site that warranturgent protective action, or facilities forwhich such events have occurred in similarfacilities.Off-site: Potential for doses in excess of

generic criteria (GC) if fuel coolingis lost.

On-site: Potential for doses in excess ofgeneric criteria (GC) if fuel coolingis lost.

Facilities, such as industrial irradiationfacilities, for which on-site events arepostulated that could give rise to doses thatwarrant or contamination that warrantsurgent protective action on the site, orfacilities for which such events have occurredin similar facilities. Off-site: No potential fordoses in excess of generic criteria (GC)Onsite: Potential for doses in excess ofgeneric criteria (GC) is possible.

Typical example of facilities

Nuclear power plants (>100MWth), freshly discharged spentfuel pool storage

Spent fuel pool storage, reactors< 100MWth

Industrial irradiationfacilities

Sealed source manufacturing Hospitals Radiopharmaceutical

manufacturing Teletherapy High and medium dose rate

brachytherapy Fuel fabrication

Page 52: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

31

Hazardcategory

IV

V

Criteria

Activities that could give rise to a nuclear orradiological emergency that could warranturgent protective action in an unforeseeablelocation. These include non-authorisedactivities such as activities relating todangerous sources obtained illicitly. Theyalso include transport and authorisedactivities involving mobile dangeroussources such as industrial radiographysources, nuclear powered satellites or radiothermal generators. Hazard category IVrepresents the minimum level of hazard,which is assumed to apply for all states andjurisdictions.Lethal dose is possible for persons handlingsources.Preparedness for events in hazard categoryV is intended for providing promptrestrictions on food, water or products inaccordance with standards.Off-site:deposition or contaminated material

may lead to dosses in excess.On-site: Risk would arise from unknowingly

brining radioactive material.

Typical example of facilities

Dangerous sources; Transport of radioactive or

fissile material; Severe overexposure. Mobile radiography source

Accidents in category I and IIresulting into contamination atdistant place.

In case of facilities belonging to hazard category I, II or III, a comprehensivesafety analysis should be carried out to identify all sources of exposures andto evaluate the radiation doses that could be received by workers at thefacility and the public, as well as the potential effects on the environment.The hazard/safety analysis should examine the event sequences that may leadto an emergency situation. On the basis of this analysis, the emergencypreparedness and response plan should be established.

The licensee should carry out the hazard assessment of the facility and theemergency response plan of the facility should meet the potential of hazardarising from that facility. If more than one facility is located in a particularsite, the hazard assessment should consider the consequences due to thecombination of all the facilities and the emergency preparedness and responseplan should meet such consequences.

The nature and extent of emergency arrangements for preparedness andresponse should be commensurate with the magnitude and nature of the hazardassociated with the facility or activities. All postulated events should be

Page 53: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

32

considered in the hazard assessment, including emergencies involving acombination of nuclear or radiological events and conventional emergenciessuch as an earthquake. The hazard assessment should also consider andidentify the populations at risk and to the extent practicable, the likelihood,nature and magnitude of the various radiation related hazards.

In a hazard assessment, facilities, sources, practices, on-site areas, off-siteareas and locations should be identified for which a nuclear or radiologicalemergency could warrant:

(a) Precautionary urgent protective action to prevent severedeterministic health effects by keeping doses below those for whichintervention would be expected to be undertaken under anycircumstances;

Urgent protective action to prevent stochastic effects to the extentpracticable by averting doses, in accordance with prescribedstandards;

(b) Agricultural countermeasures, countermeasures to ingestion andlonger term protective measures, in accordance with establishedstandards; or

(c) Protection for the workers responding (undertaking an intervention),in accordance with established standards.

Non-radiological hazards (such as the release of uranium hexafluoride (UF6)or other hazardous chemicals) to people on and off the site that are associatedwith the practice should be identified in the hazard assessment.

Locations at which there is a significant probability of encountering adangerous source that has been lost, abandoned, illicitly removed or illicitlytransported should also be identified in the hazard assessment.

Licensee of a facility or practice in hazard category I, II, III or IV shouldensure that adequate arrangements are made for identifying a situation thatwarrants emergency response and generating adequate information promptlyand communicating it to the responsible authorities, for:

(a) the early prediction or assessment of the extent and significance ofany unplanned discharge of radioactive substances to the environmentor exposures;

(b) rapid and continuous assessment of the nuclear or radiologicalemergency as it proceeds; and

(c) determining the need for protective actions for the public andworkers.

Page 54: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

33

Declaration of a particular class of emergency at a facility or practice inhazard category I, II, III or IV should promptly initiate appropriate level ofco-ordinated and pre-planned emergency response action on and off the site.The responsibilities and initial response actions of all response organisationsshould be defined for each class of emergency.

For facilities in hazard category I and II the hazard assessment shoulddemonstrate, for the range of postulated emergencies, that identification,notification, activation and other initial response actions can be performedin time to achieve the practical goals of emergency response. To perform theabove response actions, the response organisations should have sufficientpersonnel available.

Page 55: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

34

APPENDIX - II

USE OF OILS IN RESPONDING TO A NUCLEAR ORRADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY

II-1 General

For the purposes of describing the use of the OILs, nuclear or radiologicalemergencies resulting in contamination can be of three types:

(a) A nuclear or radiological emergency resulting in contamination of alarge area (hundreds of square kilometres) with the possibleinvolvement of a large number of people; that is, contamination ofan area is so large, that in order to be effective, implementation ofurgent protective actions and early protective actions should beperformed in two phases: first, urgent protective actions (e.g.evacuation) are taken, followed by early protective actions (e.g.relocation). An emergency of this type could occur at nuclear facilitiessuch as nuclear power plants that are in hazard category I or II.

(b) A nuclear or radiological emergency resulting in contamination of amoderate area (tens of square kilometres) with the possibleinvolvement of a large number of people; that is, contamination ofan area small enough that urgent protective actions and earlyprotective actions can be effectively performed at the same timewithout the need for a phased response. An emergency of this typecould be the result of an explosion of a radiological dispersal deviceor could be caused by a damaged dangerous radioactive source.

(c) A nuclear or radiological emergency resulting in contamination ofsmall areas and/or with the possible involvement of a small numberof people; that is, contamination of small areas that can easily andquickly be isolated, with the involvement of a small number of peoplewho can all be decontaminated and medically assessed by usingavailable resources, without causing any major disruptions. This typeof emergency includes those confined to a single room or a singlespill. For this type of emergency, the response involves isolating thepotentially contaminated area and decontaminating all those involvedwithout necessarily using the OILs.

II-2 Responding to a nuclear radiological emergency that results incontamination of a large area

The process of assessing and responding to an emergency of this type, startswith the first protective actions being taken on the basis of conditions observed

Page 56: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

35

on the scene or on the basis of an emergency classification before data fromradiological monitoring become available (figure 2).

Within hours, areas where ground deposition levels exceed or are likely toexceed OIL1, the default OIL should be identified and the appropriate urgentprotective actions should be taken such as evacuation, stopping theconsumption of local produce and medical evaluation of evacuees.

Within hours, actions should also be taken to reduce the consequences ofcontamination for those people who were in the area where OIL1 wasexceeded. If OIL4 is exceeded, the evacuees should be monitored anddecontaminated (if these actions can be carried out promptly). If monitoringand decontamination are not immediately possible, the evacuees should bereleased and instructed to take actions to reduce inadvertent ingestion, and toshower and change their clothing as soon as possible. OIL4 levels may bevery difficult to detect under emergency conditions. Therefore, any personwho may have been contaminated, including those who were monitored andhad contamination levels below OIL4, should take actions to reduceinadvertent ingestion, and should shower and change their clothing as soonas possible.

Page 57: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

36

Figure 2 : Process of assessment of a nuclear or radiologicalemergency resulting in contamination of a large area

Take action basedon observations and

classificationsbefore monitoring

OIL1exceeded

OIL2exceeded

OIL3exceeded

Sample food, milkand water far

beyond where OIL3is exceeded

OIL5&6exceeded

Take longer term actionbased on criteria

developed with stake-holders after assessment

of conditions

Take OIL6 food andmilk response

actions

Take OIL3 food,milk and water

response actions

Take OIL2 earlyresponse actions

Take OIL1urgent

responseactions

Immediatedecontamination

possible

Monitor anddecontaminateevacuees using

OIL4

Release evacuees withinstruction to control

ingestion and todecontaminate when

possible

The dose to evacuees should also be evaluated and the medical actions asappropriate based on the dose received should be taken.

Within a day, the areas where ground deposition levels exceed default OIL2should be identified and early protective actions should be taken such asstopping the consumption of locally produced vegetables and milk andcommencing the process of implementing temporary relocation. Relocationshould be accomplished within a week.

Yes

No

No

NoYes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Page 58: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

37

Within days, the areas where ground deposition levels exceed default OIL3should be identified and actions should be taken to stop consumption of locallyproduced vegetables and milk, and of rainwater collected for drinking, untilthey have been screened and analysed. Within a week, food, milk and watershould be screened and analysed, possibly out to a distance of more than 100km, and actions should be taken to restrict consumption of food, milk andwater with concentrations of radionuclides in excess of OIL5 and OIL6.

Within days, the mixture of the radionuclides over the affected area shouldbe determined and the OILs being used to make decisions should be revised,if required. Any recommendation to the public to take any protective actionsshould be accompanied by a plain language explanation of the criteria. Afterthe emergency is over, further actions should be taken on the basis of criteriadeveloped after careful assessment of conditions and in consultation withinterested parties.

II-3 Responding to a nuclear or radiological emergency resulting incontamination of a moderate area

The process of assessing and responding to a nuclear or radiologicalemergency resulting in contamination of a moderate area through theimplementation of protective actions are taken on the basis of conditionsobserved on the scene or on the basis of an emergency classification beforedata from radiological monitoring become available (Figure 3).

Within hours, areas where ground deposition levels exceed default OIL2should be identified, and the appropriate urgent protective actions and earlyprotective actions should be taken where OIL2 is exceeded. The dose toevacuees should also be evaluated and any medical actions if required shouldbe taken.

Evacuees should be monitored and if OIL4 is exceeded, the evacuees shouldbe decontaminated promptly. If monitoring and/or decontamination are notimmediately possible, the evacuees should be released and should beinstructed to take actions to reduce inadvertent ingestion, and to shower andchange their clothing as soon as possible. OIL4 levels may be very difficultto detect under emergency conditions. Any person who may have beencontaminated, including those who were monitored and had contaminationlevels below OIL4, should therefore take actions to reduce inadvertentingestion, and should shower and change their clothing as soon as possible.

Within days, areas where ground deposition levels exceed default OIL3 shouldbe identified and actions should be taken to stop the consumption of rainwaterand locally produced vegetables and milk until they have been screened andanalysed. However, if only limited amounts of food (e.g. fruit and vegetablesfrom local gardens) and non-essential food could have been affected, thisstep may be omitted, and instead restrictions should be placed on the

Page 59: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

38

consumption of all the food that could be contaminated until it can be screenedand analysed.

Finally, food, milk and rainwater should be screened and analysed, out to adistance of several kilometres, and actions should be taken to restrict theconsumption of food, milk and rainwater having concentrations ofradionuclides in excess of OIL5 and OIL6.

Within days, the mixture of radionuclides over the affected area should bedetermined and the OILs being used to make decisions should be revised, ifwarranted.

Any recommendations to the public to take any protective actions should beaccompanied by a plain language explanation of the criteria.

Figure 3 : Process of assessment of a nuclear or radiological emergencyresulting in contamination of moderate area

Take action based onobservations and

classifications beforemonitoring

OIL2exceeded

OIL3exceeded

Sample food, milkand water far

beyond where OIL3is exceeded

OIL5&6exceeded

Take longer term actionbased on criteria

developed with stake-holders after assessment

of conditions

Take OIL6 food andmilk response

actions

Take OIL3 food,milk and water

response actions

Take OIL1urgent &

OIL2 responseactions

Immediatedecontamination

possible

Monitor anddecontaminateevacuees using

OIL4

Release evacuees withinstruction to control

ingestion and todecontaminate when

possible

Yes

No

No

NoYes

Yes

Yes

No

Page 60: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

39

After the emergency is over, further actions should be taken on the basis ofdose criteria developed after careful assessment of the conditions and inconsultation with the interested parties.

Page 61: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

40

APPENDIX - III

ADMINISTRATION OF STABLE IODINE

III-1 Administration of stable iodine means oral intake of KIO3 tablets.Administration of KIO3 tablets should be done as follows:

(a) All individuals above the age of 12 years :

170 mg (KIO3) - as soon as possible

85 mg (KIO3) - second and third day only;

170 mg (KIO3) - repeat after two weeks, if required (based onassessment).

(b) Pregnant women and children of age 3 to 12 years;

50 % of quantities given in (a)

(c) Children under the age of 3 years :

25% of quantities given in (a) above.

III-2 Time of administration of stable iodine is important for thyroid dose reduction.The reduction factors are given below:

TABLE 12 : TIME OF ADMINISTRATION AND DOSEREDUCTION

Time of stable iodineadministration

Before exposure1 hr after exposure6 hrs after exposure1 day after exposure

Dose reduction%

1008050

negligible

III-3 For inhalation exposure, decision should be taken to administer stable iodineas soon as possible depending on the assessed potential and estimated quantityof radio-iodine release.

III-4 Administration of stable iodine prior to intake through ingestion route is aseffective as for inhalation route.

Page 62: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

41

APPENDIX - IV

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES FOREMERGENCY DECLARATION AND PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

EXAMPLE-1

IV-1.0 Accident: Core meltdown and containment failure

IV-1.1 Use of operational criteria: For emergency classification and protectiveactions

Observables: Observations by operator

Emergency action levels (EALs): Exceeds as defined in the EAL for PHWR/PWR for off-site emergency

Operational intervention levels (OILs): Radiological monitored data aroundthe site

IV-1.2 Declaration of the emergency:

General emergency/off-site emergency based on observables and EALs

IV-1.3 Initiation of protective actions:

(a) Precautionary urgent protective actions: Based on substantial riskanalysis (predefined) having potential to cause severe and even fataldeterministic effect, certain actions should be implemented urgentlybefore the release. These precautionary urgent protective actionsinclude sheltering, evacuation, restriction of consumption of food,milk and water; public reassurance. The PAZ size will depend onrisk analysis. The suggestive size can be 2 km around site and 5 kmdownwind direction.

(b) Urgent protective actions: Based on projected dose and OIL1levels.

(i) Gamma (γ) 1000 μSv/h at 1 m from surface or a source

(ii) 2000 counts/s direct beta (β) surface contaminationmeasurement

If the risk of stochastic effects is the main concern and the risk of thedevelopment of severe deterministic effects is negligible, urgent andearly protective actions and other response actions, all of which arejustified and optimized, should be implemented. These actions mustbe taken promptly (normally within hours) in order to be effective,

Page 63: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

42

and the effectiveness of which will be markedly reduced if it isdelayed. These are evacuation, decontamination of individuals,sheltering, respiratory protection, iodine prophylaxis and restrictionof the consumption of potentially contaminated foodstuffs. Thesuggestive size of UPZ can be 16 km around site.

(c) Skin Contamination: OIL4

(i) Gamma (γ) 1 μSv/h at 10 cm from the skin

(ii) 1000 counts/s direct beta (β) skin contamination measurement

(iii) 50 counts/s direct alpha (α) skin contamination measurement

- Provide for skin decontamination and reduce inadvertentingestion

- Register and provide for a medical examination

(d) Protective actions based dose received: If the dose exceeds aparticular generic criterion identified in table 2 or 3, individualsshould be provided with appropriate medical attention, includingmedical treatment, long term health monitoring and psychologicalcounselling. Other response actions for treatment and managementof severe deterministic effects should include immediate medicalexamination, consultation and treatment as indicated, contaminationcontrol, decorporation where applicable, registration for long termhealth monitoring, and comprehensive psychological counselling.

IV-1.4 Termination of urgent protective actions and early protective action:

This shall be initiated when the projected dose is within or below referencelevel.

(a) Reference level for protection of people during emergencysituation

Residual dose (which includes dose contributions via all exposurepathways): Protective actions should be optimised for highest plannedresidual dose in the band of 20 to 100 millisieverts (mSv) of projecteddose. To the extent possible the residual dose should be close to 20mSv.

IV-1.5 Long term protective action (OIL5 & OIL6):

Long term protective action is a protective action that is not an urgentprotective action. Such protective actions are likely to be prolonged overweeks, months or years. These include measures such as relocation,agricultural countermeasures and remedial actions.

Page 64: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

43

Long term health monitoring of the persons affected should be carried out,such as to provide advanced medical care, to reduce their concern with regardto their health status and to advance scientific knowledge.

(a) Long term health monitoring is always justified at levels of doseabove the thresholds for deterministic effects.

(b) Justification of long term health monitoring at levels of dose belowthe thresholds for deterministic effects requires proper identificationof populations at higher risk of developing radiation induced cancers.

(c) Reference levels for protection of people after emergency situation:People living in long-term contaminated areas after a nuclear accidentor a radiation emergency

Even after the radiation source is under control, contaminated areasmay remain. Authorities will often implement all necessary protectivemeasures to allow people to continue to live there rather thanabandoning these areas. In this case, reference levels in the band of1 to 20 mSv per year, with the long-term goal of reducing referencelevels to 1 mSv per year are recommended.

EXAMPLE-2

IV-2.0 Accident: LOCA and containment intact

IV-2.1 Use of operational criteria: for emergency classification and protectiveactions

Observables: Observations by the operator

Emergency Action Levels (EALs): EALs are exceeded as defined in theEAL for PHWR/PWR for off-site emergency

Operational Intervention Levels (OILs): Radiological monitored dataaround the site

IV-2.2 Declaration of the emergency:

Declaration of general emergency/off-site emergency should be based onobservables and EALs.

IV-2.3 Initiation of protective actions:

(a) Precautionary urgent protective actions: Based on substantial riskanalysis (predefined): No substantial risk off-site.

No precautionary urgent protective actions required.

Page 65: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

44

(b) Urgent protective action: Based on projected dose and OIL3 levels.

(i) Gamma (γ) 1 μSv/h at 1 m from surface or a source

(ii) 20 counts/s direct beta (β) surface contamination measurement

If the risk of stochastic effects is the main concern urgent and earlyprotective actions and other response actions, all of which are justifiedand optimised, should be implemented. These actions must be takenpromptly (normally within hours) in order to be effective, and theeffectiveness of which will be markedly reduced if it is delayed.These are evacuation, decontamination of individuals, sheltering,respiratory protection, iodine prophylaxis and restriction of theconsumption of potentially contaminated foodstuffs.

(c) Skin Contamination: OIL4

(i) Gamma (γ) 1 μSv/h at 10 cm from the skin

(ii) 1000 counts/s direct beta (β) skin contaminationmeasurement

(iii) 50 counts/s direct alpha (α) skin contaminationmeasurement

- Provide for skin decontamination and reduce inadvertentingestion

- Register and provide for a medical examination

(d) Protective actions based dose received: If the dose exceeds a particulargeneric criterion identified in Table 2 or 3, individuals should be providedwith appropriate medical attention, including medical treatment, long termhealth monitoring and psychological counselling. Other response actions fortreatment and management of severe deterministic effects should includeimmediate medical examination, consultation and treatment as indicated,contamination control, decorporation where applicable, registration for longterm health monitoring, and comprehensive psychological counselling

IV-2.4 Termination of urgent protective actions and early protective action:

When the projected dose is within or below reference level termination ofurgent protective actions and early protective action shall be initiated.

(a) Reference level for protection of people during emergencysituation

Residual dose (which includes dose contributions via all exposurepathways): Protective actions should be optimised for highest planned

Page 66: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

45

residual dose in the band of 20 to 100 millisieverts (mSv) of projecteddose. To the extent possible the residual dose should be close to 20mSv.

IV-2.5 Long term protective action: OIL5 and OIL6 A protective actions that isnot an urgent protective action. Such protective actions are likely to beprolonged over weeks, months or years. These include measures such asrelocation, agricultural countermeasures and remedial actions.

Long term health monitoring of the persons affected should be carried out,such as to provide advanced medical care, to reduce their concern with regardto their health status and to advance scientific knowledge.

(a) Long term health monitoring is always justified at levels of doseabove the thresholds for deterministic effects.

(b) Justification of long term health monitoring at levels of dose belowthe thresholds for deterministic effects requires proper identificationof populations at higher risk of developing radiation induced cancers.

(c) Reference levels for protection of people after emergency situation:People living in long-term contaminated areas after a nuclear accidentor a radiation emergency

Even after the radiation source is under control, contaminated areasmay remain. Authorities will often implement all necessary protectivemeasures to allow people to continue to live there rather thanabandoning these areas. In this case, reference levels in the band of1 to 20 mSv per year, with the long-term goal of reducing referencelevels to 1 mSv per year are recommended.

Page 67: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

46

APPENDIX - V (CONTD.)

RADIONUCLIDE SPECIFIC OPERATION INTERVENTION LEVELS(OILs)

TABLE 13 : RADIONUCLIDE SPECIFIC OILs FOR FOOD, MILKAND ATER CONCENTRATIONS FROM

LABORATORY ANALYSIS

RadionuclideH-3Be-7Be-10C-11C-14F-18Na-22Na-24Mg-28Al-26Si-31Si-32P-32P-33S-35Cl-36Cl-38K-40K-42K-43Ca-41Ca-45Ca-47Ni-63Ni-65Cu-64Cu-67

OIL6 (Bq/kg)2 X 105

7 X 105

3 X 103

2 X 109

1 X 104

2 X 108

2 X 103

4 X 106

4 X 105

1 X 103

5 X 107

9 X 102

2 X 104

1 X 105

1 X 104

3 X 103

3 X 108

NA3 X 106

4 X 106

4 X 104

8 X 103

5 X 104

2 X 104

4 X 107

1 X 107

8 X 105

RadionuclideSc-44Sc-46Sc-47Sc-48Ti-44V-48V-49Cr-51Mn-52Mn-53Mn-54Mn-56Fe-52Fe-55Fe-59Fe-60Co-55Co-56Co-57Co-58Co-58mCo-60Ni-59Sr-89Sr-90Sr-91Sr-92

OIL6 (Bq/kg)1 X 107

8 X 103

4 X 105

3 X 105

6 X 102

3 X 104

2 X 105

8 X 105

1 X 105

9 X 104

9 X 103

3 X 107

2 X 106

1 X 104

9 X 103

7 X 101

1 X 106

4 X 103

2 X 104

2 X 104

9 X 107

8 X 102

6 X 104

6 X 103

2 X 102

3 X 106

2 X 107

Page 68: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

47

Zn-65Zn-69Zn-69mGa-67Ga-68Ga-72Ge-68Ge-71Ge-77As-72As-73As-74As-76As-77Se-75Se-79Br-76Br-77Br-82Rb-81Rb-83Rb-84Rb-86Rb-87Sr-82Sr-85Sr-85mSr-87m

2 X 103

6 X 108

3 X 106

1 X 106

2 X 108

1 X 106

3 X 103

5 X 106

6 X 106

4 X 105

3 X 104

3 X 104

4 X 105

1 X 106

4 X 103

7 X 102

3 X 106

5 X 106

1 X 106

8 X 107

7 X 103

1 X 104

1 X 104

2 X 103

5 X 103

3 X 104

3 X 109

3 X 108

Y-87Y-88Y-90Y-91Y-91mY-92Y-93Zr-88Zr-93Zr-95Zr-97Nb-93mNb-94Nb-95Nb-97Mo-93Mo-99Tc-95mTc-96Tc-96mTc-97Tc-97mTc-98Tc-99Tc-99mRu-97Ru-103Ru-105

4 X 105

9 X 103

9 X 104

5 X 103

2 X 109

1 X 107

1 X 106

3 X 104

2 X 104

6 X 103

5 X 105

2 X 104

2 X 103

5 X 104

2 X 108

3 X 103

5 X 105

3 X 104

2 X 105

2 X 109

4 X 104

2 X 104

2 X 103

4 X 103

2 X 108

2 X 106

3 X 104

2 X 107

APPENDIX - V (CONTD.)

RADIONUCLIDE SPECIFIC OPERATION INTERVENTION LEVELS(OILs)

TABLE 13 : RADIONUCLIDE SPECIFIC OILs FOR FOOD, MILKAND ATER CONCENTRATIONS FROM LABORATORY

ANALYSIS (Contd.)

Page 69: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

48

Ru-106Rh-99Rh-101Rh-102Rh-102mRh-103mRh-105Pd-103Pd-107Pd-109Ag-105Ag-108mAg-110mAg-111Cd-109Cd-113mCd-115Cd-115mIn-111In-113mIn-114mIn-115mSn-113Sn-117mSn-119mSn-121mSn-123Sn-125

6 X 102

1 X 105

8 X 103

2 X 103

5 X 103

5 X 109

1 X 106

2 X 105

7 X 104

2 X 106

5 X 104

2 X 103

2 X 103

7 X 104

3 X 103

4 X 102

2 X 105

6 X 103

1 X 106

4 X 108

3 X 103

5 X 107

1 X 104

7 X 104

1 X 104

5 X 103

3 X 103

2 X 104

Sb-126Te-121Te-121mTe-123mTe-125mTe-127Te-127mTe-129Te-129mTe-131Te-131mTe-132I-123I-124I-125I-126I-129I-131I-132I-133I-134I-135Cs-129Cs-131Cs-132Cs-134Cs-134mCs-135

3 X 104

1 X 105

3 X 103

5 X 103

1 X 104

1 X 107

3 X 103

2 X 108

6 X 103

4 X 108

3 X 105

5 X 104

5 X 106

1 X 104

1 X 103

2 X 103

NA3 X 103

2 X 107

1 X 105

2 X 108

2 X 106

1 X 107

2 X 106

4 X 105

1 X 103

3 X 108

9 X 103

APPENDIX - V (CONTD.)

RADIONUCLIDE SPECIFIC OPERATION INTERVENTION LEVELS(OILs)

TABLE 13 : RADIONUCLIDE SPECIFIC OILs FOR FOOD, MILKAND ATER CONCENTRATIONS FROM LABORATORY

ANALYSIS (Contd.)

Page 70: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

49

Sn-126Sb-122Sb-124Sb-125Ba-133mBa-140La-137La-140Ce-139Ce-141Ce-143Ce-144Pr-142Pr-143Nd-147Nd-149Pm-143Pm-144Pm-145Pm-147Pm-148mPm-149Pm-151Sm-145Sm-147Sm-151Sm-153Eu-147

5 X 102

2 X 105

5 X 103

3 X 103

9 X 105

1 X 104

4 X 104

2 X 105

3 X 104

3 X 104

5 X 104

8 X 102

6 X 105

4 X 104

6 X 104

8 X 107

3 X 104

6 X 103

3 X 104

1 X 104

1 X 104

3 X 105

8 X 105

2 X 104

1 X 102

3 X 104

5 X 105

8 X 104

Cs-136Cs-137Ba-131Ba-133Eu-156Gd-146Gd-148Gd-153Gd-159Tb-157Tb-158Tb-160Dy-159Dy-165Dy-166Ho-166Ho-166mEr-169Er-171Tm-167Tm-170Tm-171Yb-169Yb-175Lu-172Lu-173Lu-174Lu-174m

4 X 104

2 X 103

1 X 105

3 X 103

2 X 104

8 X 103

1 X 102

2 X 104

2 X 106

9 X 104

3 X 103

7 X 103

7 X 104

7 X 107

6 X 104

5 X 105

2 X 103

2 X 105

6 X 106

1 X 105

5 X 103

3 X 104

3 X 104

4 X 105

1 X 105

2 X 104

1 X 104

1 X 104

APPENDIX - V (CONTD.)

RADIONUCLIDE SPECIFIC OPERATION INTERVENTION LEVELS(OILs)

TABLE 13 : RADIONUCLIDE SPECIFIC OILs FOR FOOD, MILKAND ATER CONCENTRATIONS FROM LABORATORY

ANALYSIS (Contd.)

Page 71: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

50

Lu-177Hf-172Hf-175Hf-181Hf-182Ta-178aTa-179Ta-182Hg-194Hg-195Hg-195mHg-197Hg-197mHg-203Tl-200Tl-201Tl-202Tl-204Pb-201Pb-202Pb-203Pb-205Pb-210Pb-212Bi-205Bi-206Bi-207Bi-210

Eu-148Eu-149Eu-150bEu-150aEu-152Eu-152mEu-154Eu-155W-178W-181W-185W-187W-188Re-184Re-184mRe-186Re-187Re-188Re-189Os-185Os-191Os-191mOs-193Os-194Ir-189Ir-190Ir-192Ir-194

2 X 104

9 X 104

3 X 106

4 X 103

3 X 103

4 X 106

2 X 103

1 X 104

2 X 105

1 X 105

2 X 104

1 X 106

3 X 103

2 X 104

3 X 103

1 X 105

5 X 105

7 X 105

8 X 105

2 X 104

8 X 104

1 X 107

7 X 105

8 X 102

2 X 105

6 X 104

8 X 103

6 X 105

2 X 105

2 X 103

3 X 104

2 X 104

1 X 103

1 X 108

6 X 104

5 X 103

2 X 102

2 X 107

8 X 105

1 X 106

2 X 106

1 X 104

5 X 106

3 X 106

2 X 105

3 X 103

2 X 107

1 X 103

2 X 106

2 X 104

2.02 X 105

7 X 104

8 X 104

3 X 103

1 X 105

APPENDIX - V (CONTD.)

RADIONUCLIDE SPECIFIC OPERATION INTERVENTION LEVELS(OILs)

TABLE 13 : RADIONUCLIDE SPECIFIC OILs FOR FOOD, MILKAND ATER CONCENTRATIONS FROM LABORATORY

ANALYSIS (Contd.)

Page 72: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

51

Pt-188Pt-191Pt-193Pt-193mPt-195mPt-197Pt-197mAu-193Au-194Au-195Au-198Au-199Th-227Th-228Th-229Th-230Th-231Th-232Th-234Pa-230Pa-231Pa-233U-230U-232U-233U-234U-235U-236

6 X 104

9 X 105

8 X 104

3 X 105

3 X 105

2 X 106

1 X 108

8 X 106

1 X 106

2 X 104

3 X 105

5 X 105

9 X 101

2 X 101

8.05 X 101

2 X 106

4.08 X 103

5 X 104

2 X 101

3 X 104

8 X 102

2 X 101

1 X 102

2 X 102

2 X 102

2 X 102

Bi-210mBi-212Po-210At-211Ra-223Ra-224Ra-225Ra-226Ra-228Ac-225Ac-227Ac-228Pu-242Pu-244Am-241Am-242mAm-243Am-244Am-241/Be-9Cm-240Cm-241Cm-242Cm-243Cm-244Cm-245Cm-246Cm-247Cm-248

2 X 102

7 X 107

5.02 X 105

4 X 102

2 X 103

2 X 102

2 X 101

3.03 X 103

5.07 X 106

5 X 101

5 X 101

5 X 101

5 X 101

5 X 101

4 X 106

5 X 101

4 X 103

3 X 104

5 X 102

6 X 101

7 X 101

5 X 101

5 X 101

6 X 101

1 X 101

APPENDIX - V (CONTD.)

RADIONUCLIDE SPECIFIC OPERATION INTERVENTION LEVELS(OILs)

TABLE 13 : RADIONUCLIDE SPECIFIC OILs FOR FOOD, MILKAND ATER CONCENTRATIONS FROM LABORATORY

ANALYSIS (Contd.)

Page 73: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

APPENDIX - V (CONTD.)

RADIONUCLIDE SPECIFIC OPERATION INTERVENTION LEVELS(OILs)

TABLE 13 : RADIONUCLIDE SPECIFIC OILs FOR FOOD, MILKAND ATER CONCENTRATIONS FROM LABORATORY

ANALYSIS (Contd.)

U-238Np-235Np-236lNp-236sNp-237Np-239Pu-236Pu-237Pu-238Pu-239Pu-240Pu-241

1 X 102

7 X 104

8 X 102

4 X 106

9 X 101

4 X 105

1 X 102

2 X 105

5 X 101

5 X 101

5 X 101

4 X 103

Bk-247Bk-249Cf-248Cf-249Cf-250Cf-251Cf-252Cf-253Cf-254Es-253Pu-239/Be-9

2 X 101

1 X 104

2 X 102

2 X 101

4 X 101

2 X 101

4 X 101

3 X 104

3 X 101

5 X 103

5 X 101

52

Page 74: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

53

APP

EN

DIX

- V

I (A

)TA

BL

E 1

4 : E

ME

RG

EN

CY

CL

ASS

IFIC

ATIO

N A

ND

EM

ER

GE

NC

Y A

CT

ION

LE

VE

LS

(EA

L) F

OR

PH

WR

For

the

follo

win

g en

try

cond

ition

sE

mer

genc

y al

ert

Dec

lare

pla

ntD

ecla

re si

teD

ecla

re o

ff-s

iteem

erge

ncy

ifem

erge

ncy

if e

mer

genc

y if

AB

CD

E

Glo

bal p

ower

(AP)

incr

ease

lead

ing

toau

to a

ctua

tion

of P

SSor

SDS-

1 or

SSS

or

SDS-

2 on

neu

troni

cpa

ram

eter

s (Li

n N

,Lo

g ra

te)

AP/

DP

(Pre

-trip

alar

m),

AP/

DP

mor

eth

an o

ne d

ecad

e- O

ccur

renc

e of

unin

tend

ed re

acto

rpo

wer

rise

/crit

ical

ityor

;- A

P-D

P>4%

FP(a

larm

)and

man

ual/

auto

act

uatio

n of

SSS

/SD

S-2

----

-

----

-

----

-

----

-

----

-

----

-

1.R

EA

CT

IVIT

Y A

ND

PO

WE

R D

IST

RIB

UT

ION

AN

OM

AL

IES

(a)

Unc

ontro

lled

reac

tivity

add

ition

toth

e co

re d

urin

g po

wer

ope

ratio

ns b

yan

y m

eans

such

as u

ncon

trolle

dw

ithdr

awal

of a

djus

ters

/ZC

C fo

rla

rge

reac

tors

, los

s of

reac

tor

regu

latio

n, m

al-o

pera

tion

ofm

oder

ator

pur

ifica

tion

syst

em o

rhe

avy

wat

er a

dditi

on r

esul

ting

inde

crea

se in

bor

on c

once

ntra

tion

orpr

ecip

itatio

n of

gad

olin

ium

poi

son

etc.

(LO

RA

)(b

)D

urin

g S/

D c

ondi

tion

failu

re to

mai

ntai

n re

acto

r in

long

term

subc

ritic

al st

ate

due

to d

ecre

ase

inbo

ron

conc

entra

tion

(or a

ny o

ther

neut

ron

pois

on) i

n m

oder

ator

sys

tem

Page 75: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

54

APP

END

IX -

VI (

A) (

CO

NTD

.)TA

BL

E 1

4 : E

ME

RG

EN

CY

CL

ASS

IFIC

ATIO

N A

ND

EM

ER

GE

NC

Y A

CT

ION

LE

VE

LS

(EA

L) F

OR

PH

WR

For

the

follo

win

g en

try

cond

ition

sE

mer

genc

y al

ert

Dec

lare

pla

ntD

ecla

re si

teD

ecla

re o

ff-s

iteem

erge

ncy

ifem

erge

ncy

if e

mer

genc

y if

AB

CD

E

Aut

o ac

tuat

ion

ofre

acto

r trip

on

neut

roni

c pa

ram

eter

(Log

rate

, Lin

N) w

ithau

to in

itiat

ion

ofLO

CA

sign

al

Aut

o ac

tuat

ion

ofre

acto

r trip

on

proc

ess

para

met

ers (

PHT

low

pres

sure

/sto

rage

tank

low

leve

l) w

ith a

uto

initi

atio

n of

LO

CA

sign

al

Con

ditio

n B

and

appe

aran

ce o

f pum

pro

om p

ress

ure

very

high

and

initi

atio

n of

ECC

S lig

ht w

ater

inje

ctio

n.

-C

ondi

tion

B a

ndap

pear

ance

of p

ump

room

pre

ssur

e ve

ryhi

gh a

nd-

Initi

atio

n of

EC

CS

light

wat

er in

ject

ion.

Con

ditio

n C

with

cont

ainm

ent

impa

irmen

t or

cond

ition

B a

ndfa

ilure

of E

CC

S or

cond

ition

C w

ithm

ultip

le ra

diat

ion

mon

itors

of R

Bsh

owin

g >1

00 ti

mes

incr

ease

(per

sist

ent)

in ra

diat

ion

field

s.C

ondi

tion

B a

ndfa

ilure

of E

CC

S or

cond

ition

C w

ithco

ntai

nmen

tim

pairm

ent

orco

nditi

on C

with

mul

tiple

radi

atio

nm

onito

rs o

f RB

show

ing

>100

tim

esin

crea

se (p

ersi

sten

t)in

radi

atio

n fie

lds.

Con

ditio

n B

and

failu

re o

f EC

CS

with

loss

of

mod

erat

or h

eat s

ink

or m

ultip

lera

diat

ion

mon

itors

of R

B sh

owin

g>

1000

tim

esin

crea

se(p

ersi

sten

t) in

radi

atio

n fie

lds.

Con

ditio

n B

and

failu

re o

f EC

CS

with

loss

of

mod

erat

or h

eat s

ink

or m

ultip

lera

diat

ion

mon

itors

of R

B sh

owin

g>1

000

times

incr

ease

(per

sist

ent)

inra

diat

ion

field

s.

2.D

EC

RE

ASE

IN P

HT

SY

STE

M IN

VE

NT

OR

Y(a

)R

uptu

re a

t any

loca

tion

of P

HT

syst

em p

ipin

g of

a si

ze b

igge

r tha

ndo

uble

end

ed la

rges

t fee

der p

ipe

and

incl

udin

g up

to d

oubl

e en

ded

guill

otin

e br

eak

of b

igge

st p

ipin

g in

the

syst

em (L

arge

bre

ak L

OC

A)

(b)

Rup

ture

at a

ny lo

catio

n of

PH

Tfe

eder

s (sm

all L

OC

A)

Page 76: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

55

For

the

follo

win

g en

try

cond

ition

sE

mer

genc

y Ale

rtD

ecla

re p

lant

Dec

lare

site

Dec

lare

off

-site

emer

genc

y if

emer

genc

y if

em

erge

ncy

ifA

BC

DE

(c)

Failu

re o

f coo

lant

cha

nnel

clo

ser

plug

lea

ding

to e

ject

ion

of fu

elbu

ndle

s fr

om c

oola

nt c

hann

els

and

cons

eque

ntia

l LO

CA

(Sm

all L

OC

A)

(d)

PHT

syst

em le

ak c

oupl

ed w

ith th

efo

llow

ing

i.Le

ak in

to c

onta

inm

ent

Aut

o ac

tuat

ion

ofre

acto

r trip

on

proc

ess

para

met

ers(

PHT

low

pres

sure

/sto

rage

tank

low

leve

l) w

ith a

uto

initi

atio

n of

LO

CA

sign

al

- Sha

rp d

rop

in P

HT

stor

age

tank

leve

l and

beet

le a

larm

- Inc

reas

ing

trend

inst

ack

loss

; and

- Aut

o ac

tuat

ion

ofre

acto

r trip

; and

- Aut

o in

itiat

ion

ofPH

T fa

st c

ool d

own

and

smal

l lea

kha

ndlin

g sy

stem

Con

ditio

n B

and

appe

aran

ce o

f pum

pro

om p

ress

ure

very

high

and

-initi

atio

n of

ECC

S lig

ht w

ater

inje

ctio

n.

Con

ditio

n B

and

failu

re o

f any

of t

hem

itiga

ting

syst

ems ;

- Sm

all l

eak

hand

ling

syst

em; o

r- C

onta

inm

ent b

ox u

p

Con

ditio

n C

with

mul

tiple

radi

atio

nm

onito

rs o

f RB

show

ing

>100

tim

esin

crea

se (p

ersi

sten

t)in

radi

atio

n fie

lds..

Con

ditio

n C

with

mul

tiple

radi

atio

nm

onito

rs o

f RB

show

ing

>100

tim

esin

crea

se (p

ersi

sten

t)in

radi

atio

n fie

lds.

Con

ditio

n C

with

cont

ainm

ent

impa

irmen

t or

cond

ition

B a

ndfa

ilure

of E

CC

Sw

ith L

oss o

fm

oder

ator

hea

t sin

kor

mul

tiple

radi

atio

n m

onito

rsof

RB

show

ing

>100

0 tim

esin

crea

se (p

ersi

sten

t)in

radi

atio

n fie

lds.

----

APP

END

IX -

VI (

A) (

CO

NTD

.)TA

BL

E 1

4 : E

ME

RG

EN

CY

CL

ASS

IFIC

ATIO

N A

ND

EM

ER

GE

NC

Y A

CT

ION

LE

VE

LS

(EA

L) F

OR

PH

WR

Page 77: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

56

APP

END

IX -

VI (

A) (

CO

NTD

.)TA

BL

E 1

4 : E

ME

RG

EN

CY

CL

ASS

IFIC

ATIO

N A

ND

EM

ER

GE

NC

Y A

CT

ION

LE

VE

LS

(EA

L) F

OR

PH

WR

For

the

follo

win

g en

try

cond

ition

sE

mer

genc

y Ale

rtD

ecla

re p

lant

Dec

lare

site

Dec

lare

Off

-site

emer

genc

y if

emer

genc

y if

em

erge

ncy

ifA

BC

DE

ii.SG

tube

rupt

ure

(e)

Failu

re o

f Shu

tdow

n co

olin

g sy

stem

pum

ps to

rem

ove

deca

y he

at.

Sha

rp d

rop

in P

HT

stor

age

tank

leve

l and

shar

p, in

crea

se in

SG

feed

wat

er a

ctiv

ity;

and

auto

act

uatio

n of

reac

tor t

rip; o

r Aut

oin

itiat

ion

of P

HT

syst

em fa

st c

ool d

own

and

smal

l lea

kha

ndlin

g sy

stem

All

SGs o

n ei

ther

side

are

not f

illed

from

seco

ndar

y si

de le

adin

gto

loss

of t

herm

osi

phon

ing

whe

n PH

Tsy

stem

is in

clo

sed

cond

ition

and

fai

lure

to e

stab

lish

forc

edci

rcul

atio

n fo

r 30

min

utes

Con

ditio

n B

and

pers

istin

g ve

ry h

igh

activ

ity in

SG

feed

wat

er sy

stem

; and

activ

ity r

elea

se to

envi

ronm

ent t

hrou

ghun

auth

oris

ed ro

ute

viz

ASD

Vs

Con

ditio

n B

and

failu

re to

inje

ctem

erge

ncy

feed

wat

erto

SG

s or

failu

re to

re-e

stab

lish

forc

edci

rcul

atio

n a

nd P

HT

heat

up

lead

ing

toop

enin

g of

relie

fva

lves

(PH

T st

orag

eta

nk R

V-/IR

V/B

CD

)

----

--

Exte

nded

failu

re to

esta

blis

h co

reco

olin

g ei

ther

by

forc

ed c

ircul

atio

n or

by th

erm

o-sy

phon

ing.

----

--

----

--

Page 78: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

57

APP

END

IX -

VI (

A) (

CO

NTD

.)TA

BL

E 1

4 : E

ME

RG

EN

CY

CL

ASS

IFIC

ATIO

N A

ND

EM

ER

GE

NC

Y A

CT

ION

LE

VE

LS

(EA

L) F

OR

PH

WR

For

the

follo

win

g en

try

cond

ition

sE

mer

genc

y al

ert

Dec

lare

pla

ntD

ecla

re si

teD

ecla

re o

ff-s

iteem

erge

ncy

ifem

erge

ncy

if e

mer

genc

y if

AB

CD

E

Con

ditio

n B

cont

inui

ng fo

r 6m

inut

es a

nd in

itiat

ion

of c

rash

coo

l dow

nan

d fir

e w

ater

inje

ctio

n in

to S

Gs

Con

ditio

n B

and

inab

ility

to p

utem

erge

ncy

feed

wat

eran

d/fir

e w

ater

in S

G.

Leak

is n

on-is

olab

le;

Inab

ility

to in

ject

emer

genc

y fe

edw

ater

into

SG

sfo

llow

ing

cond

ition

B o

r con

ditio

n C

exte

ndin

g fo

r > 8

hrs

or In

itiat

ion

of s

mal

lbr

eak

LOC

A th

roug

hPH

T re

lief r

oute

(PH

T st

orag

e ta

nkRV

/IRV

/BC

D)

Con

ditio

n C

with

initi

atio

n of

sm

all

brea

k LO

CA

thro

ugh

PHT

relie

f rou

te(P

HT

stor

age

tank

RV-/I

RV/B

CD

)

----

-

----

-

----

-

----

-

3.FA

ILU

RE

OF

EL

EC

TR

ICA

L A

ND

PR

OC

ESS

SY

STE

MS

(a)

Stat

ion

blac

k ou

t

(b)

Rup

ture

at a

ny lo

catio

n of

any

pip

ein

act

ive

proc

ess w

ater

syst

em/

Act

ive

proc

ess w

ater

coo

ling

syst

em

(c)

Rup

ture

in m

oder

ator

syst

em p

ipe.

Cla

ss-I

V p

ower

supp

lyfa

ilure

and

Cla

ss-I

IIPo

wer

Sup

ply

not

rest

ored

on

auto

Inab

ility

to p

ut fi

rew

ater

in S

/D H

X

Incr

ease

in tr

itium

DA

C>1

000

in ac

cess

ible

area

sor

sect

ion

of R

B fo

r mor

eth

an a

day

; or

tri

tium

rele

ase

from

the

rea

ctor

buil

ding

exc

eeds

>10

tim

es

of

the

dail

yte

chni

cal

spec

ific

atio

nlim

its

Page 79: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

58

For

the

follo

win

g en

try

cond

ition

sE

mer

genc

y al

ert

Dec

lare

pla

ntD

ecla

re si

teD

ecla

re o

ff-s

iteem

erge

ncy

ifem

erge

ncy

if e

mer

genc

y if

AB

CD

E4.

RA

DIA

TIO

N L

EV

EL

S(a

)Lo

ss o

f spe

nt fu

el c

oolin

g du

ring

FT o

pera

tion

(b)

Loss

of c

oolin

g to

spen

t fue

l bay

bund

les

Loss

of s

pent

fuel

cool

ing

duri

ng

FT

oper

atio

nle

adin

g to

per

sist

ent

FTro

om h

igh

radi

atio

n al

arm

Loss

of c

oolin

g of

spe

ntfu

el f

or m

ore

than

48

hrs

as id

entif

ied

by a

nyof

the

follo

win

g :

- Low

flow

ala

rm- S

FSB

wat

er le

vel L

Oal

arm

on

CO

IS- B

ay w

ater

O/L

tem

pe-

ratu

re h

igh.

(50

degC

) or

- Con

tinuo

us d

rop

infu

el p

ool w

ater

leve

l

Pers

iste

nce

ofco

nditi

on B

. and

-RB

exh

aust

act

ivity

high

ala

rm/a

ctua

tion

of R

B b

ox u

p lo

gic

Loss

of c

oolin

g of

spen

t fue

l for

mor

eth

an 7

day

s (Ti

me

tobo

il) le

adin

g to

wat

erte

mpe

ratu

re to

rise

to10

0 de

gree

Cor C

ontin

uous

dro

p in

fuel

poo

l wat

er le

vel

due

to a

ny re

ason

.

Con

ditio

n B

and

cont

ainm

ent

impa

irmen

t (fa

ilure

of c

onta

inm

ent

isol

atio

n lo

gic/

com

pone

nt) l

eadi

ngto

act

ivity

rele

ase

tosi

te e

nviro

nmen

t and

mul

tiple

radi

atio

nm

onito

rs o

f RB

show

ing

>100

incr

ease

(per

sist

ent)

in ra

diat

ion

field

sC

ondi

tion

C a

ndre

leas

e of

act

ivity

mor

e th

an te

n tim

esof

lim

its th

roug

hst

ack

rout

e. o

rm

ultip

le ra

diat

ion

mon

itors

of S

Bsh

owin

g >1

00 ti

mes

incr

ease

(per

sist

ent)

in ra

diat

ion

field

s.

----

-

----

-

APP

END

IX -

VI (

A) (

CO

NTD

.)TA

BL

E 1

4 : E

ME

RG

EN

CY

CL

ASS

IFIC

ATIO

N A

ND

EM

ER

GE

NC

Y A

CT

ION

LE

VE

LS

(EA

L) F

OR

PH

WR

Page 80: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

59

For

the

follo

win

g en

try

cond

ition

sE

mer

genc

y al

ert

Dec

lare

pla

ntD

ecla

re si

teD

ecla

re o

ff-s

iteem

erge

ncy

ifem

erge

ncy

if e

mer

genc

y if

AB

CD

E(c

)R

uptu

re o

f rad

ioac

tive

liqui

d st

orag

eta

nks/

stor

age

tank

dyk

esR

uptu

re o

f rad

ioac

tive

liqui

d st

orag

e ta

nks/

stor

age

tank

dyk

es.

Rup

ture

of

radi

oact

ive

liqui

dst

orag

e ta

nks/

stor

age

tank

dyk

es re

sulti

ngin

spill

age

ofra

dioa

ctiv

e w

ater

outs

ide

dyke

are

a.

----

---

---

Occ

urre

nce

of se

ism

icev

ent b

ased

on

seis

mic

alar

m (g

roun

dac

cele

ratio

n ve

ry h

igh;

or n

otifi

catio

n re

ceiv

edfo

r tsu

nam

i for

coa

stal

site

Occ

urre

nce

of t

urbi

nebl

ade

failu

re l

eadi

ng t

ofir

e an

d el

ectri

cal p

ower

lost

to

m

ajor

sa

fety

rela

ted

equi

pmen

ts.

Abn

orm

al r

ains

in a

ndar

ound

the

site

; or

Occ

urre

nce

of se

ism

icev

ent o

f >O

BE

leve

lan

d au

to/m

anua

lR

eact

or tr

ip.

Turb

ine

blad

e fa

ilure

lead

ing

to o

il/H

2 fir

e.

Occ

urre

nce

of fl

ood

insi

de p

lant

are

aseq

ual t

o or

mor

e th

an

Occ

urre

nce

of se

ism

icev

ent o

f equ

al to

or

mor

e th

an S

SE le

vel

----

-

- Flo

od le

vels

exc

eed

desi

gn b

asis

lead

ing

to -

Impa

ired

Incr

ease

in ra

diat

ion

fiel

ds

to

1µSv

/har

ound

site

bou

ndar

yan

d co

ncur

renc

e of

seis

mic

eve

nt

----

-

----

-

APP

END

IX -

VI (

A) (

CO

NTD

.)TA

BL

E 1

4 : E

ME

RG

EN

CY

CL

ASS

IFIC

ATIO

N A

ND

EM

ER

GE

NC

Y A

CT

ION

LE

VE

LS

(EA

L) F

OR

PH

WR

5.N

AT

UR

AL

CA

LA

MIT

Y, F

IRE

, SE

CU

RIT

Y A

ND

OT

HE

R E

VE

NT

S(a

)Se

ism

ic e

vent

(b)

Turb

ine

failu

re le

adin

g to

mis

sile

bein

g th

row

n of

f

(c)

Floo

d ev

ent

Page 81: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

60

For

the

follo

win

g en

try

cond

ition

sE

mer

genc

y al

ert

Dec

lare

pla

ntD

ecla

re si

teD

ecla

re o

ff-s

iteem

erge

ncy

ifem

erge

ncy

if e

mer

genc

y if

AB

CD

E

(d)

Cyc

lone

eve

nt

(e)

Dam

failu

re le

adin

g to

loss

of

ultim

ate

heat

sink

----

-

----

-

----

-

The

wat

er b

ody

near

the

site

at d

ange

r lev

el; o

rfa

ilure

of p

ipe

or ta

nk in

the

plan

t lea

ding

tolo

calis

ed fl

oodi

ng

Adv

isor

y is

sued

by

met

eoro

logi

cal

depa

rtmen

t hig

h w

ind

spee

ds a

roun

d th

e si

te

Dam

failu

re le

adin

g to

failu

re o

f pla

nt m

ake

upw

ater

.

Des

ign

basi

s flo

odle

vel d

ue to

any

reas

on.;

orup

stre

am d

am fa

ilure

,pr

ecip

itatio

n be

yond

the

drai

nage

cap

acity

lead

ing

to fl

oodi

ng o

fpl

ant a

reas

Cyc

lone

hits

the

site

;an

d In

terr

uptio

n in

off-

site

pow

er su

pply

;or

mov

emen

t of

stat

ion

pers

onne

l is

affe

cted

Exte

nded

failu

re o

fm

ake

up w

ater

syst

eman

d de

crea

se in

sto

red

func

tions

of s

afet

ysy

stem

s i.e

.-EC

CS,

Emer

genc

y A

C p

ower

supp

ly o

r em

erge

ncy

feed

wat

er su

pply

for

a pr

olon

ged

perio

dflo

od w

ater

show

sra

dioa

ctiv

eco

ntam

inat

ion

mor

eth

an 1

00B

q/kg

of

gros

s be

ta o

r 5B

q/kg

of g

ross

alp

ha.

Cyc

lone

hits

the

site

;an

d Im

paire

dfu

nctio

ns o

f saf

ety

syst

ems l

ike

ECC

S,Em

erge

ncy

AC

pow

ersu

pply

or e

mer

genc

yfe

ed w

ater

supp

ly fo

ra

prol

onge

d pe

riod.

----

-

APP

END

IX -

VI (

A) (

CO

NTD

.)TA

BL

E 1

4 : E

ME

RG

EN

CY

CL

ASS

IFIC

ATIO

N A

ND

EM

ER

GE

NC

Y A

CT

ION

LE

VE

LS

(EA

L) F

OR

PH

WR

Page 82: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

61

For

the

follo

win

g en

try

cond

ition

sE

mer

genc

y al

ert

Dec

lare

pla

ntD

ecla

re si

teD

ecla

re o

ff-s

iteem

erge

ncy

ifem

erge

ncy

if e

mer

genc

y if

AB

CD

E

(f)

Fire

in m

ain

cont

rol r

oom

, tur

bine

,re

acto

r and

con

trol b

uild

ing,

(g)

Oth

er e

vent

s suc

h as

airc

raft

atta

ck,

mis

sile

cra

sh, e

xplo

sion

, ent

ry o

fto

xic/

flam

mab

le g

ases

in v

ital a

reas

(h)

A lo

cal s

ocia

l dis

turb

ance

cau

sing

abse

nce

of st

atio

n st

aff f

or sa

feop

erat

ion

of t

he p

lant

.

----

-

----

-

----

-

Pers

iste

nt fi

re in

turb

ine

build

ing

oper

atin

g flo

or,

insi

de p

ump

room

,co

ntro

l roo

m, c

ontro

leq

uipm

ent r

oom

, ser

vice

build

ing,

con

trol

build

ing

Mov

emen

t of p

lant

pers

onne

l to

and

from

the

plan

t/col

ony

isin

terr

upte

d

wat

er in

vent

ory

ofem

erge

ncy

mak

e up

pond

;Fa

ilure

of s

afet

ysy

stem

s due

to fi

re; o

rif

ther

e is

a c

hanc

e of

inte

rrup

tion

in c

ore

cool

ing;

or c

ontro

lro

om b

ecom

esun

inha

bita

ble

due

tosm

oke/

fire

Maj

or fi

res,

num

ber

of p

lant

per

sonn

el g

etin

jure

d lo

ss o

f pow

ersu

pply

, fai

lure

of

safe

ty sy

stem

sEx

tend

ed a

bsen

ce o

fac

cess

of k

ey p

lant

man

agem

ent

pers

onne

l

----

-

----

-

----

-

APP

END

IX -

VI (

A) (

CO

NTD

.)TA

BL

E 1

4 : E

ME

RG

EN

CY

CL

ASS

IFIC

ATIO

N A

ND

EM

ER

GE

NC

Y A

CT

ION

LE

VE

LS

(EA

L) F

OR

PH

WR

Page 83: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

62

APP

END

IX -

VI (

B)TA

BL

E 1

5 : E

ME

RG

EN

CY

CL

ASS

IFIC

ATIO

N A

ND

EM

ER

GE

NC

Y A

CT

ION

LE

VE

LS

(EA

L) F

OR

LW

R

For

the

follo

win

g en

try

Dec

lare

an

aler

t if :

Dec

lare

pla

nt e

mer

genc

y if

Dec

lare

site

em

erge

ncy

ifD

ecla

re o

ff-s

ite/

cond

ition

sge

nera

l em

erge

ncy

ifA

BC

DE

Failu

re t

o fu

lly s

hut

dow

n(in

crea

sing

neu

tron

flux)

3 as

part

of

norm

al s

hutd

own

with

suf

ficie

nt h

eat r

emov

alav

aila

ble

(ulti

mat

e he

at si

nkav

aila

ble

and

suff

icie

nt)

Vess

el w

ater

leve

lde

crea

sing

ove

r a lo

nger

time

perio

d th

an e

xpec

ted

whi

le sy

stem

s are

resp

ondi

ng a

s de

sign

ed

Failu

re to

scra

m w

hen

abov

e 5%

pow

er [o

r ins

ert

site

spec

ific

pow

er le

vel]

and

abno

rmal

con

ditio

nsin

dica

te th

at a

n au

tom

atic

or m

anua

l scr

am is

nece

ssar

y

Vess

el w

ater

leve

l is o

r is

proj

ecte

d to

be

belo

w to

pof

act

ive

fuel

Failu

re to

scra

m w

hen

abov

e 5%

pow

er [o

rin

sert

site

spec

ific

pow

erle

vel]

and

abn

orm

alco

nditi

ons

indi

cate

that

an

auto

mat

ic o

r man

ual

scra

m is

nec

essa

ry

Vess

el w

ater

leve

l is o

r is

proj

ecte

d to

be

belo

w to

pof

act

ive

fuel

for m

ore

than

10

min

Failu

re to

scra

m w

hen

abov

e 5%

pow

er[o

rin

sert

site

spec

ific

pow

er le

vel]

2 and

any

of

the

follo

win

g:- P

ress

uris

ed w

ater

reac

tor n

egat

ive

cool

ing

mar

gin.

o

r- V

esse

l wat

er le

vel

belo

w to

p of

activ

e fu

el

or

- Maj

or (1

00-1

000

times

) inc

reas

esin

mul

tiple

radi

atio

nm

onito

rs

or- O

ther

indi

catio

n of

actu

al o

rimm

inen

t cor

eda

mag

eVe

ssel

wat

er le

vel i

s, or

is p

roje

cted

to b

e, b

elow

top

of a

ctiv

e fu

el fo

rm

ore

than

15

min

Failu

re to

sto

p nu

clea

rre

actio

n1

Inad

equa

te c

ore

cool

ing

- ves

sel l

evel

4

CR

ITIC

AL

SAFE

TY

FU

NC

TIO

N I

MPA

IRM

EN

T

Page 84: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

63

APP

EN

DIX

- V

I (B

) (C

ON

TD

.)TA

BL

E 1

5 : E

ME

RG

EN

CY

CL

ASS

IFIC

ATIO

N A

ND

EM

ER

GE

NC

Y A

CT

ION

LE

VE

LS

(EA

L) F

OR

LW

R

For

the

follo

win

g en

try

Dec

lare

an

aler

t if :

Dec

lare

pla

nt e

mer

genc

y if

Dec

lare

site

em

erge

ncy

ifD

ecla

re o

ff-s

ite/

cond

ition

sge

nera

l em

erge

ncy

ifA

BC

DE

----

---

---

----

-

Vess

el w

ater

leve

l is o

r is

proj

ecte

d to

be b

elow

top

of a

ctiv

e fu

el a

nd a

nyof

the

follo

win

g:- V

esse

l inj

ectio

n ra

te le

ssth

an [u

se c

apac

ity v

ersu

spr

essu

re c

urve

s of

oper

atin

g pu

mps

]or

- Maj

or (1

00- 1

000

times

) inc

reas

es in

mul

tiple

radi

atio

nm

onito

rsor

- Oth

er in

dica

tions

of

imm

inen

t or a

ctua

l cor

eda

mag

eN

ote:

Imm

inen

t rea

ctor

cool

ant s

yste

m o

rco

ntai

nmen

t bou

ndar

yfa

ilure

mig

ht b

eco

nsid

ered

as

addi

tiona

lcr

iteria

.5

Not

es a

bout

leve

lm

easu

rem

ent:

- Pre

ssur

ised

wat

erre

acto

r pre

ssur

izer

leve

ls m

ay n

ot b

e va

lidin

dica

tors

of v

esse

lw

ater

leve

l und

erac

cide

nt c

ondi

tions

- Pre

ssur

ised

wat

erre

acto

r wat

er le

vels

mea

sure

d in

the

vess

elca

n ha

ve c

onsi

dera

ble

unce

rtain

ties

(30%

)an

d sh

ould

onl

y be

used

for t

rend

asse

ssm

ent

- Boi

ling

wat

er re

acto

rhi

gh d

ry w

ell

tem

pera

ture

and

low

pres

sure

acc

iden

ts(e

.g. L

OC

As)

can

caus

e th

e w

ater

leve

l to

read

err

oneo

usly

hig

h

Page 85: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

64

APP

EN

DIX

- V

I (B

) (C

ON

TD

.)TA

BL

E 1

5 : E

ME

RG

EN

CY

CL

ASS

IFIC

ATIO

N A

ND

EM

ER

GE

NC

Y A

CT

ION

LE

VE

LS

(EA

L) F

OR

LW

R

For

the

follo

win

g en

try

Dec

lare

an

aler

t if :

Dec

lare

pla

nt e

mer

genc

y if

Dec

lare

site

em

erge

ncy

ifD

ecla

re o

ff-s

ite/

cond

ition

sge

nera

l em

erge

ncy

ifA

BC

DE

Cor

e ex

it th

erm

ocou

ple

read

ing

grea

ter t

han

370o C

Una

vaila

bilit

y of

the

norm

al f

eed

wat

er s

yste

mfo

r dec

ay h

eat r

emov

al7

Pres

suriz

ed w

ater

rea

ctor

-pr

imar

ysys

tem

pre

ssur

e an

dte

mpe

ratu

re

indi

cate

nega

tive

cool

ing

mar

gin

onth

e ba

sis

of F

ig. 7

for

mor

eth

an 5

min

Not

e: N

egat

ive

cool

ing

mar

gin

is re

ad a

s so

on a

sth

e sy

stem

tem

pera

ture

ishi

gher

than

the

satu

ratio

nte

mpe

ratu

re a

t the

set

pres

sure

of t

he re

acto

rco

olan

t sys

tem

safe

tyva

lves

.11

Cor

e ex

it th

erm

ocou

ple

read

ing

grea

ter t

han

500o C

Act

ual f

ailu

re o

r pro

ject

edlo

ng te

rm fa

ilure

of t

heab

ility

to re

mov

e de

cay

heat

to th

e en

viro

nmen

t

----

-

Cor

e ex

it th

erm

ocou

ple

read

ing

grea

ter t

han

650o C

Act

ual f

ailu

re o

r pro

ject

edlo

ng te

rm fa

ilure

of t

heab

ility

to re

mov

e de

cay

heat

to th

e en

viro

nmen

t,po

tent

ially

aff

ectin

g th

eab

ility

to p

rote

ct th

e co

re

Pres

suris

ed w

ater

reac

tor

- neg

ativ

e co

olin

g m

argi

non

the

basi

s of

Fig

. 7 fo

rm

ore

than

15

min

[or

inse

rt si

te sp

ecifi

c tim

eth

at c

ore

dam

age

ispo

ssib

le fo

llow

ing

a lo

ssof

coo

lant

acc

iden

t]

Cor

e ex

it th

erm

ocou

ple

read

ing

grea

ter t

han

800o C

----

-

Pres

suris

ed w

ater

reac

tor

- neg

ativ

e co

olin

g m

argi

non

the

basi

s of

Fig

. 7or

prim

ary

syst

emte

mpe

ratu

re e

xcee

ds sc

ale

for m

ore

than

15

min

[or

inse

rt si

te sp

ecifi

c tim

efo

r co

re d

amag

efo

llow

ing

a lo

ss o

fco

olan

t acc

iden

t]an

d an

yof

the

follo

win

g:- v

esse

l inj

ectio

n ra

te le

ssth

an w

ater

loss

due

tode

cay

heat

boi

l off

[use

Inad

equa

te c

ore

cool

ing

- cor

ete

mpe

ratu

re6

Inad

equa

te c

ore

cool

ing

- dec

ay h

eat

rem

oval

(con

side

ring

the

oper

atio

ns o

fpu

mps

, pip

ing,

hea

tex

chan

gers

, hea

t sin

ks,

pow

er su

pply

, aux

iliar

yflu

id)

Pres

suris

ed w

ater

reac

tor -

abno

rmal

prim

ary

syst

emte

mpe

ratu

rein

adeq

uate

cor

eco

olin

g)N

ote:

Tem

pera

ture

shou

ld b

e m

easu

red

inth

e ve

ssel

. Mos

tpr

essu

rized

wat

erre

acto

rs h

ave

core

exi

tth

erm

ocou

ples

tom

easu

re te

mpe

ratu

res

in th

e ve

ssel

. Use

the

Page 86: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

65

APP

EN

DIX

- V

I (B

) (C

ON

TD

.)TA

BL

E 1

5 : E

ME

RG

EN

CY

CL

ASS

IFIC

ATIO

N A

ND

EM

ER

GE

NC

Y A

CT

ION

LE

VE

LS

(EA

L) F

OR

LW

R

For

the

follo

win

g en

try

Dec

lare

an

aler

t if :

Dec

lare

pla

nt e

mer

genc

y if

Dec

lare

site

em

erge

ncy

ifD

ecla

re o

ff-s

ite/

cond

ition

sge

nera

l em

erge

ncy

ifA

BC

DE

AC

or D

C p

ower

nee

ded

for

oper

atio

n of

safe

ty sy

stem

s

----

-

----

-A

ctua

l or p

roje

cted

loss

of A

C o

r DC

pow

er

Fig

. 8 a

nd c

apac

ityve

rsus

pre

ssur

e cu

rves

of

oper

atin

g pu

mps

]9

or- V

esse

l wat

er le

vel

belo

w to

p of

activ

e fu

elor

- Maj

or (1

00- 1

000

times

) inc

reas

es in

mul

tiple

radi

atio

nm

onito

rsor

- Oth

er in

dica

tions

of

actu

al o

rimm

inen

t cor

eda

mag

eN

ote:

Imm

inen

t rea

ctor

cool

ant s

yste

m o

rco

ntai

nmen

t bou

ndar

yfa

ilure

mig

ht b

eco

nsid

ered

as

addi

tiona

lcr

iteria

.10

Act

ual o

r pro

ject

ed lo

ssof

all

AC

or D

C p

ower

aver

age

of th

e hi

ghes

tfo

ur c

ore

exit

ther

moc

oupl

e re

adin

gs.

If th

ere

is w

ater

flow

,th

e ho

t leg

tem

pera

ture

(Tho

t) co

uld

be u

sed

ifco

re e

xit t

herm

o-co

uple

s ar

e no

tav

aila

ble,

alth

ough

this

indi

catio

n is

less

prom

pt.8

For b

oilin

g w

ater

reac

tors

ther

e ar

e no

inst

rum

ents

that

prov

ide

a va

lid r

eadi

ngof

cor

e te

mpe

ratu

re.

Loss

of A

C o

r DC

pow

er so

urce

s

Page 87: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

66

APP

EN

DIX

- V

I (B

) (C

ON

TD

.)TA

BL

E 1

5 : E

ME

RG

EN

CY

CL

ASS

IFIC

ATIO

N A

ND

EM

ER

GE

NC

Y A

CT

ION

LE

VE

LS

(EA

L) F

OR

LW

R

For

the

follo

win

g en

try

Dec

lare

an

aler

t if :

Dec

lare

pla

nt e

mer

genc

y if

Dec

lare

site

em

erge

ncy

ifD

ecla

re o

ff-s

ite/

cond

ition

sge

nera

l em

erge

ncy

ifA

BC

DE

and

thei

r sup

porti

ngsy

stem

sis

lost

or r

educ

ed to

a s

ingl

eso

urce

----

-

need

ed fo

r ope

ratio

n of

safe

tysy

stem

s and

thei

rsu

ppor

ting

syst

ems f

orm

ore

than

30

min

[or

inse

rt si

tesp

ecifi

c tim

ere

quire

d to

unc

over

thec

ore]

need

ed fo

r ope

ratio

n of

safe

ty sy

stem

s and

thei

rsu

ppor

ting

syst

ems i

slik

ely

for m

ore

than

45

min

[or i

nser

t site

spec

ific

time

requ

ired

toun

cove

r cor

e fo

r mor

eth

an 1

5 m

in]

Loss

of a

ll A

C o

r DC

pow

er n

eede

d fo

r saf

ety

syst

ems o

pera

tion

and

any

of th

e fo

llow

ing:

- Ves

sel w

ater

leve

lbe

low

top

of a

ctiv

e fu

elor

- Maj

or (1

00- 1

000

times

) inc

reas

es in

mul

tiple

radi

atio

nm

onito

rs

o

r- O

ther

indi

catio

n of

actu

al o

rimm

inen

t cor

eda

mag

e

Page 88: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

67

APP

EN

DIX

- V

I (B

) (C

ON

TD

.)TA

BL

E 1

5 : E

ME

RG

EN

CY

CL

ASS

IFIC

ATIO

N A

ND

EM

ER

GE

NC

Y A

CT

ION

LE

VE

LS

(EA

L) F

OR

LW

R

For

the

follo

win

g en

try

Dec

lare

an

aler

t if :

Dec

lare

pla

nt e

mer

genc

y if

Dec

lare

site

em

erge

ncy

ifD

ecla

re o

ff-s

ite/

cond

ition

sge

nera

l em

erge

ncy

ifA

BC

DE

Con

ditio

ns w

hich

are

not

unde

rsto

od a

nd w

hich

coul

d po

tent

ially

aff

ect

safe

ty sy

stem

sU

nrel

iabl

e fu

nctio

ning

of

seve

ral

safe

ty

syst

emin

stru

men

ts o

r con

trols

in th

eco

ntro

l roo

m f

or m

ore

than

15 m

in

----

-

Una

vaila

bilit

y of

safe

tysy

stem

inst

rum

ents

or

cont

rols

in th

e co

ntro

lro

om fo

r mor

e th

an 1

5 m

inan

d m

ajor

tran

sien

t in

prog

ress

----

-

Una

vaila

bilit

y of

safe

tysy

stem

inst

rum

ents

or

cont

rols

in th

e co

ntro

lro

om fo

r mor

e th

an 1

5m

in a

nd m

ajor

trans

ient

inpr

ogre

ss p

oten

tially

affe

ctin

g th

e ab

ility

topr

otec

t the

cor

e

----

-

Una

vaila

bilit

y of

safe

tysy

stem

inst

rum

ents

or

cont

rols

in th

e co

ntro

lro

om a

nd re

mot

e co

ntro

llo

catio

ns a

nd a

ny o

f the

follo

win

g:- V

esse

l wat

er le

vel

belo

w to

p of

activ

e fu

el

or

- Maj

or (1

00- 1

000

times

) inc

reas

esin

mul

tiple

radi

atio

nm

onito

rs

or

- Oth

er in

dica

tions

of

imm

inen

t ora

ctua

l cor

eda

mag

e

Con

diti

ons

of

anun

know

n ca

use a

ffect

ing

safe

ty sy

stem

s

Loss

of o

r deg

rade

dco

ntro

l of s

afet

ysy

stem

s inc

ludi

ng p

ost-

acci

dent

inst

rum

enta

tion12

Page 89: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

68

APP

EN

DIX

- V

I (B

) (C

ON

TD

.)TA

BL

E 1

5 : E

ME

RG

EN

CY

CL

ASS

IFIC

ATIO

N A

ND

EM

ER

GE

NC

Y A

CT

ION

LE

VE

LS

(EA

L) F

OR

LW

R

For

the

follo

win

g en

try

Dec

lare

an

aler

t if :

Dec

lare

pla

nt e

mer

genc

y if

Dec

lare

site

em

erge

ncy

ifD

ecla

re o

ff-s

ite/

cond

ition

sge

nera

l em

erge

ncy

ifA

BC

DE

Act

ual o

r pr

edic

ted

failu

res

leav

ing

only

one

tra

in t

opr

even

t cor

e da

mag

e, s

pent

fuel

dam

age

or a

maj

orre

leas

e

131 I

conc

entra

tion

is g

reat

erth

an [i

nser

t site

spec

ific

valu

e 10

0 tim

es th

ete

chni

cal s

peci

ficat

ions

or

othe

rope

ratio

nal l

imits

]

----

-

131 I

conc

entra

tion

is g

reat

erth

an [i

nser

t site

spec

ific

valu

e 12

0 tim

es th

ete

chni

cal s

peci

ficat

ions

or

othe

r op

erat

iona

l lim

its]

Failu

re o

f an

addi

tiona

lsa

fety

syst

emco

mpo

nent

will

resu

lt in

unc

over

ing

of th

e co

re o

r spe

nt fu

el

131 I

conc

entra

tion

is g

reat

erth

an [

inse

rt s

ite s

peci

ficva

lue

indi

catin

grel

ease

of

20%

of t

he g

ap in

vent

ory]

Loss

for

mor

e th

an 4

5m

in o

f al

l th

e sy

stem

sre

quir

ed t

o pr

otec

t th

eco

re o

r sp

ent

fuel

[or

inse

rt s

ite s

peci

fic t

ime

requ

ired

to u

ncov

er c

ore

for

mor

e th

an 1

5 m

in]

131 I

co

ncen

trat

ion

isgr

eate

r th

an

[inse

rt s

itesp

ecifi

c val

ues f

or re

leas

eof

10%

of c

ore i

nven

tory

]

Maj

or in

crea

sed

risk

ofda

mag

e to

thec

ore

orsp

ent f

uel

Not

e: C

ore

dam

age

can

occu

r if t

he c

ore

isun

cove

red

for m

ore

than

15

min

.H

igh

131 I

conc

entra

tion

in th

e pr

imar

y co

olan

tN

ote:

Coo

lant

sam

ples

shou

ld n

ot b

etak

en if

they

will

resu

lt in

hig

hin

divi

dual

dos

es.

- Use

onl

y co

ncen

-tra

tions

from

sam

ples

take

n af

ter t

he st

art o

fth

e ev

ent

- Coo

lant

con

cen-

tratio

ns m

ay n

ot b

ere

pres

enta

tive

- Ass

umes

the

core

may

not b

e co

olab

le a

fter

10%

mel

t

LO

SS O

F FI

SSIO

N P

RO

DU

CT

BA

RR

IER

S

Page 90: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

69

APP

EN

DIX

- V

I (B

) (C

ON

TD

.)TA

BL

E 1

5 : E

ME

RG

EN

CY

CL

ASS

IFIC

ATIO

N A

ND

EM

ER

GE

NC

Y A

CT

ION

LE

VE

LS

(EA

L) F

OR

LW

R

For

the

follo

win

g en

try

Dec

lare

an

aler

t if :

Dec

lare

pla

nt e

mer

genc

y if

Dec

lare

site

em

erge

ncy

ifD

ecla

re o

ff-s

ite/

cond

ition

sge

nera

l em

erge

ncy

ifA

BC

DE

Prim

ary

syst

em le

ak ra

te fo

rm

ore

tha

n 15

min

gre

ater

than

2%

of n

orm

al fu

ll po

wer

feed

wat

er fl

ow17

(for

boi

ling

wat

er r

eact

or r

efer

to

the

reac

tor

cool

ant

inve

ntor

yco

ntro

l sy

stem

) [i

nser

t si

tesp

ecifi

c in

dica

tors

— a

s an

alte

rnat

ive,

ref

eren

ce t

ono

rmal

cha

rgin

g flo

w m

ight

be m

ade]

[Ins

ert s

ite sp

ecifi

cre

adin

gs fr

om p

ost a

ccid

ent

sam

plin

g sy

stem

indi

catin

gre

leas

e of

0.5

% o

f gap

inve

ntor

y]

----

-

[Ins

ert

site

sp

ecif

icre

adin

gs

from

post

acci

dent

sam

plin

g sy

stem

indi

catin

g re

leas

e of 1

% o

fga

p in

vent

ory]

Prim

ary

syst

em l

eak

for

mor

e tha

n 15

min

requ

iring

all

norm

al

and

high

pres

sure

em

erge

ncy

core

cool

ant s

yste

ms t

o m

aint

ain

prim

ary

syst

em w

ater

leve

l[i

nser

t si

te

spec

ific

indi

cato

rs]

[Ins

ert

site

sp

ecif

icre

adin

gs

from

po

stac

cide

nt

sam

plin

gsy

stem

13in

dica

ting

rele

ase

of 2

0% o

f gap

inve

ntor

y14]

Prim

ary

syst

em le

akre

quiri

ng a

ll no

rmal

and

high

pre

ssur

e em

erge

ncy

core

coo

lant

syst

ems t

om

aint

ain

prim

ary

syst

emw

ater

leve

l15 a

nd a

nyof

the

follo

win

g:- I

njec

tion

into

the

vess

el le

ss th

an t

here

quire

d ra

te fo

und.

or- V

esse

l wat

er le

vel

belo

w to

p of

act

ive

fuel

and

decr

easi

ng

or

- Maj

or (1

00- 1

000

times

) inc

reas

es in

mul

tiple

radi

atio

nm

onito

rs

Con

firm

ed c

ore

dam

age

Prim

ary

syst

em le

ak

Page 91: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

70

For

the

follo

win

g en

try

Dec

lare

an

aler

t if :

Dec

lare

pla

nt e

mer

genc

y if

Dec

lare

site

em

erge

ncy

ifD

ecla

re o

ff-s

ite/

cond

ition

sge

nera

l em

erge

ncy

ifA

BC

DE

Pres

suriz

ed w

ater

reac

tor:

prim

ary

syst

em le

ak to

the

seco

ndar

y sy

stem

requ

iring

cont

inuo

us o

pera

tion

ofm

ore

than

the

usua

llyop

erat

ing20

char

ging

pum

psto

mai

ntai

n pr

imar

y sy

stem

wat

er le

vel B

oilin

g w

ater

reac

tor:

mai

n st

eam

isol

atio

n va

lve

failu

rew

ithou

t los

s of i

nteg

rity

ofst

eam

pip

ing

to tu

rbin

e an

d/or

con

dens

er21

----

-

----

-

Prim

ary

syst

em le

akdi

rect

ly to

atm

osph

ere18

or

Pres

suriz

ed w

ater

reac

tor:

sign

ifica

nt le

ak fr

om th

epr

imar

y to

the

seco

ndar

ysy

stem

19

o

r- O

ther

indi

catio

ns o

fim

min

ent o

r act

ual c

ore

dam

age

Not

e: Im

min

ent

cont

ainm

ent

boun

dary

failu

re m

ight

be

cons

ider

ed a

s an

addi

tiona

l crit

erio

n16.

Prim

ary

syst

em le

akdi

rect

ly to

the

atm

osph

ere

and

any

ofth

e fo

llow

ing:

- Pro

ject

ed o

r con

firm

edve

ssel

wat

er le

vel b

elow

top

of a

ctiv

e fu

el

or

- Maj

or (1

00- 1

000

times

) inc

reas

es in

mul

tiple

radi

atio

nm

onito

rs

or

- Oth

er in

dica

tion

ofac

tual

or i

mm

inen

t cor

eda

mag

e

Prim

ary

syst

em le

akdi

rect

ly to

atm

osph

ere,

such

as:

- Pre

ssur

ised

wat

erre

acto

r: st

eam

gene

rato

r tub

e ru

ptur

e- B

oilin

g w

ater

reac

tor:

mai

n st

eam

isol

atio

nva

lve

failu

re o

utsi

de o

fco

ntai

nmen

t- A

leak

with

a fa

ilure

of th

e co

ntai

nmen

t to

achi

eve

isol

atio

n- A

pla

nt w

ith n

oco

ntai

nmen

t

APP

EN

DIX

- V

I (B

) (C

ON

TD

.)TA

BL

E 1

5 : E

ME

RG

EN

CY

CL

ASS

IFIC

ATIO

N A

ND

EM

ER

GE

NC

Y A

CT

ION

LE

VE

LS

(EA

L) F

OR

LW

R

Page 92: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

71

APP

EN

DIX

- V

I (B

) (C

ON

TD

.)TA

BL

E 1

5 : E

ME

RG

EN

CY

CL

ASS

IFIC

ATIO

N A

ND

EM

ER

GE

NC

Y A

CT

ION

LE

VE

LS

(EA

L) F

OR

LW

R

For

the

follo

win

g en

try

Dec

lare

an

aler

t if :

Dec

lare

pla

nt e

mer

genc

y if

Dec

lare

site

em

erge

ncy

ifD

ecla

re o

ff-s

ite/

cond

ition

sge

nera

l em

erge

ncy

ifA

BC

DE

RA

DIA

TIO

N L

EV

EL

SEf

fluen

t mon

itor r

eadi

ngs f

orm

ore

than

15

min

gre

ater

than

[in

sert

site

spe

cific

list

of e

fflu

ent

mon

itor

s an

dre

adin

gs in

dica

ting

50 ti

mes

the

rele

ase

limits

]

Rad

iatio

n le

vels

gre

ater

than

0.10

m

Sv/h

po

tent

iall

yla

stin

g se

vera

l hou

rs

Efflu

ent m

onito

r rea

ding

s for

mor

e th

an 1

5 m

in g

reat

erth

an [

inse

rt s

ite s

peci

fic li

stof

eff

luen

t m

onit

ors

and

read

ings

ind

icat

ing

100

times

the

rele

ase

limits

]

Rad

iatio

n le

vels

gre

ater

than

0.50

m

Sv/h

po

tent

iall

yla

stin

g se

vera

l hou

rs

Efflu

ent m

onito

r rea

ding

sfo

r mor

e th

an 1

5 m

ingr

eate

r tha

n [i

nser

t site

spec

ific

list o

f effl

uent

mon

itors

and

read

ings

indi

catin

g th

at in

4 h

ours

the

off-s

ite d

oses

will

be

grea

ter

than

0.1

0 of

the

inte

rven

tion

leve

ls fo

rur

gent

pro

tect

ive

actio

ns,

assu

min

g av

erag

em

eteo

rolo

gica

lco

nditi

ons]

Rad

iatio

n le

vels

gre

ater

than

1 m

Sv/h

pot

entia

llyla

stin

g se

vera

l hou

rs

Efflu

ent m

onito

rre

adin

gs fo

r mor

e th

an15

min

gre

ater

than

[ins

ert s

ite sp

ecifi

c lis

tof

effl

uent

mon

itors

and

read

ings

indi

catin

g th

atin

1 h

our

the

off-s

itedo

ses w

ill b

e gr

eate

rth

an th

e in

terv

entio

nle

vels

for u

rgen

tpr

otec

tive

actio

ns,

assu

min

g av

erag

em

eteo

rolo

gica

lco

nditi

ons]

Rad

iatio

n le

vels

gre

ater

than

10

mSv

/h

Efflu

ent r

elea

se ra

tes

grea

ter t

han

100

times

the

rele

ase

limits

and

any

othe

r ind

icat

ion

ofac

tual

cor

e da

mag

e

Hig

h ra

diat

ion

leve

ls in

the

cont

rol r

oom

or

othe

r are

as re

quiri

ngco

ntin

uous

acc

ess

for

safe

ty sy

stem

ope

ratio

nan

d m

aint

enan

ceN

ote:

Inco

nsis

tent

mon

itor r

eadi

ngs

coul

dre

sult

from

inco

mpl

ete

Page 93: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

72

APP

EN

DIX

- V

I (B

) (C

ON

TD

.)TA

BL

E 1

5 : E

ME

RG

EN

CY

CL

ASS

IFIC

ATIO

N A

ND

EM

ER

GE

NC

Y A

CT

ION

LE

VE

LS

(EA

L) F

OR

LW

R

For

the

follo

win

g en

try

Dec

lare

an

aler

t if :

Dec

lare

pla

nt e

mer

genc

y if

Dec

lare

site

em

erge

ncy

ifD

ecla

re o

ff-s

ite/

cond

ition

sge

nera

l em

erge

ncy

ifA

BC

DE

Rad

iatio

n le

vels

gre

ater

than

1 m

Sv/h

pote

ntia

llyla

stin

g se

vera

l hou

rs

Con

tain

men

t rad

iatio

n le

vels

incr

ease

mor

e th

an 0

.10

mG

y/h

[or i

nser

t site

spec

ific

read

ing

indi

catin

g re

leas

e of

grea

ter

than

10%

coo

lant

inve

ntor

y]

Rad

iatio

n le

vels

gre

ater

than

5 m

Sv/h

pot

entia

llyla

stin

g se

vera

l hou

rs

Con

tain

men

t rad

iatio

n le

vels

incr

ease

mor

e th

an 0

.50

mG

y/h

[or i

nser

t site

spec

ific

read

ing

indi

catin

g re

leas

e of

grea

ter

than

50%

coo

lant

inve

ntor

y]

Rad

iatio

n le

vels

gre

ater

than

10

mSv

/hpo

tent

ially

last

ing

seve

ral

hour

s

Con

tain

men

t ra

diat

ion

leve

ls g

reat

er th

an 1

Gy/

h[o

r in

sert

sit

e sp

ecif

icre

adin

g in

dica

ting

rele

ase

of g

reat

er t

han

1% g

apin

vent

ory]

Rad

iatio

n le

vels

gre

ater

than

100

mSv

/hpo

tent

ially

last

ing

seve

ral h

ours

and

any

othe

r ind

icat

ion

of a

ctua

lco

re d

amag

eC

onta

inm

ent r

adia

tion

leve

ls g

reat

er th

an 5

Gy/

h [o

r ins

ert s

ite sp

ecifi

cre

adin

g in

dica

ting

rele

ase

of g

reat

er th

an20

% g

ap in

vent

ory]

mix

ing,

a fa

iled

mon

itor o

r irr

adia

tion

from

a c

onta

min

ated

syst

em n

earb

y.M

onito

rs m

ay sh

owhi

gh, l

ow o

r cen

trera

nge

if th

ey fa

il.R

eadi

ngs c

an b

eco

nfirm

ed u

sing

han

dhe

ld m

onito

rs o

utsi

deth

e ar

ea.

Hig

h ra

diat

ion

leve

ls in

area

s re

quiri

ngoc

casi

onal

occ

upan

cyto

mai

ntai

n or

con

trol

safe

ty sy

stem

s

Elev

ated

con

tain

men

t(f

or b

oilin

g w

ater

reac

tors

, dry

wel

l)22

radi

atio

n le

vels

Not

e: In

cons

iste

ntm

onito

r rea

ding

scou

ldre

sult

from

inco

mpl

ete

Page 94: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

73

For

the

follo

win

g en

try

Dec

lare

an

aler

t if :

Dec

lare

pla

nt e

mer

genc

y if

Dec

lare

site

em

erge

ncy

ifD

ecla

re o

ff-s

ite/

cond

ition

sge

nera

l em

erge

ncy

ifA

BC

DE

Mul

tiple

pla

nt ra

diat

ion

mon

itors

sho

w a

nun

plan

ned

or u

npre

dict

edin

crea

se b

y a

fact

or o

f 100

or m

ore

Am

bien

t dos

e ra

tes a

t or

beyo

nd th

e si

te b

ound

ary

grea

ter t

han

10µS

v/h

[or

inse

rt si

te sp

ecifi

c re

adin

gin

dica

ting

100

times

the

Mul

tiple

pla

nt ra

diat

ion

mon

itors

sho

w a

nun

plan

ned

or u

npre

dict

edin

crea

se b

y a

fact

or o

f 100

or m

ore

and

trans

ient

is in

prog

ress

Am

bien

t do

se r

ates

at

orbe

yond

the

site

bou

ndar

ygr

eate

r th

an 1

0µSv

/h [

orin

sert

site

spe

cific

rea

ding

indi

catin

g 10

0 tim

es th

e

Mul

tiple

pla

nt r

adia

tion

mon

itor

s sh

ow

anun

plan

ned

or u

npre

dict

edin

crea

se b

y a

fact

or o

f 100

or

mor

e an

d a

maj

ortr

ansi

ent

is i

n pr

ogre

sspo

tent

ially

aff

ectin

g th

eab

ility

to p

rote

ct th

e co

reA

mbi

ent

dose

rat

es a

t or

beyo

nd t

he s

ite b

ound

ary

grea

ter t

han

0.1

mSv

/h [o

rin

sert

one

tent

h of

the

site

spec

ific

oper

atio

nal

Mul

tiple

pla

nt ra

diat

ion

mon

itors

sho

w a

nun

plan

ned

orun

pred

icte

d in

crea

se b

ya

fact

or o

f 100

or m

ore

and

any

othe

r ind

icat

ion

of a

ctua

l cor

e da

mag

e

Am

bien

t dos

e ra

tes a

t or

beyo

nd th

esite

bou

ndar

ygr

eate

r tha

n 1

mSv

/h [o

rin

sert

the

site

spec

ific

oper

atio

nal i

nter

vent

ion

mix

ing

or a

faile

dm

onito

r or i

rrad

iatio

nfr

om a

con

tam

inat

edsy

stem

nea

rby23

.M

onito

rs m

ay sh

owhi

gh, l

ow o

r cen

trera

nge

if th

ey fa

il.R

eadi

ngs c

an b

eco

nfirm

ed u

sing

han

dhe

ld m

onito

rs o

utsi

deth

e co

ntai

nmen

t.U

npla

nned

incr

ease

inpl

ant r

adia

tion

leve

ls

Hig

h am

bien

t dos

e rat

esat

or

bey

ond24

the

site

boun

dary

APP

EN

DIX

- V

I (B

) (C

ON

TD

.)TA

BL

E 1

5 : E

ME

RG

EN

CY

CL

ASS

IFIC

ATIO

N A

ND

EM

ER

GE

NC

Y A

CT

ION

LE

VE

LS

(EA

L) F

OR

LW

R

Page 95: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

74

APP

EN

DIX

- V

I (B

) (C

ON

TD

.)TA

BL

E 1

5 : E

ME

RG

EN

CY

CL

ASS

IFIC

ATIO

N A

ND

EM

ER

GE

NC

Y A

CT

ION

LE

VE

LS

(EA

L) F

OR

LW

R

For

the

follo

win

g en

try

Dec

lare

an

aler

t if :

Dec

lare

pla

nt e

mer

genc

y if

Dec

lare

site

em

erge

ncy

ifD

ecla

re o

ff-s

ite/

cond

ition

sge

nera

l em

erge

ncy

ifA

BC

DE

back

grou

nd]

back

grou

nd]

inte

rven

tion

le

vel

for

evac

uatio

n; se

e Pr

oced

ure

B1 in

Ref

. [10

]]

leve

l for

eva

cuat

ion;

seeP

roce

dure

B1

in R

ef.

[10]

]

Secu

rity

even

t with

pot

entia

lto

aff

ect

safe

ty s

yste

mop

erat

ion,

or

un

cert

ain

secu

rity

cond

ition

s

Fire

or e

xplo

sion

pot

entia

llyaf

fect

ing

area

s co

ntai

ning

safe

ty sy

stem

sTo

xic

or fl

amm

able

gas

es in

the

plan

t

Plan

t can

be

cont

rolle

d fr

omem

erge

ncy

cont

rol r

oom

Maj

or n

atur

al e

vent

s th

atth

reat

en t

he p

lant

suc

h as

:-Ev

ents

bey

ond

the

desi

gn

----

-

----

-

----

-

----

-

Maj

or n

atur

al e

vent

sre

sulti

ng in

dam

age

orim

paire

d ac

cess

to sa

fety

Secu

rity

even

t res

ultin

g in

dam

age o

r im

paire

d ac

cess

to sa

fety

syst

ems

----

-

Flam

mab

le

gas

conc

entra

tions

that

pre

vent

cont

rol o

r m

aint

enan

ce o

fsa

fety

sy

stem

s

Nei

ther

the

mai

n co

ntro

lro

om n

or th

eem

erge

ncy

cont

rol r

oom

is h

abita

ble

Maj

or n

atur

al e

vent

sre

sulti

ng in

dam

age

orim

paire

d ac

cess

to sa

fety

Secu

rity

even

t re

sulti

ngin

los

s of

the

abi

lity

tom

onit

or

and

cont

rol

safe

ty fu

nctio

ns n

eede

d to

prot

ect t

he c

ore

----

-

----

-

----

-

----

-

Secu

rity

even

t (in

trude

ror

mal

icio

us a

ct)

Fire

or

ex

plos

ion

(inc

ludi

ng

turb

ine

failu

re)

Toxi

c or

fla

mm

able

gase

s in

clud

ing,

for

boili

ng w

ater

rea

ctor

s,hy

drog

en i

n th

e dr

yw

ell25

Evac

uatio

n of

the

mai

nco

ntro

l roo

m26

Maj

or n

atur

al d

isas

ter

such

as:

- Ear

thqu

akeSE

CU

RIT

Y E

VE

NT

S, F

IRE

S, E

XPL

OSI

ON

S, T

OX

IC G

AS

RE

LE

ASE

S, N

AT

UR

AL

AN

D O

TH

ER

EV

EN

TS

Page 96: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

75

APP

EN

DIX

- V

I (B

) (C

ON

TD

.)TA

BL

E 1

5 : E

ME

RG

EN

CY

CL

ASS

IFIC

ATIO

N A

ND

EM

ER

GE

NC

Y A

CT

ION

LE

VE

LS

(EA

L) F

OR

LW

R

For

the

follo

win

g en

try

Dec

lare

an

aler

t if :

Dec

lare

pla

nt e

mer

genc

y if

Dec

lare

site

em

erge

ncy

ifD

ecla

re o

ff-s

ite/

cond

ition

sge

nera

l em

erge

ncy

ifA

BC

DE

basi

s of

the

plan

t- E

vent

s re

sulti

ng in

actu

al

o

r

pote

ntia

llo

ss o

f acc

ess t

o th

e si

tefo

r a

long

per

iod

of ti

me

Even

ts re

sulti

ng in

act

ual o

rpo

tent

ial l

oss

of c

omm

uni-

catio

ns to

the

site

for a

long

perio

d of

tim

eA

bnor

mal

con

ditio

ns th

atw

arra

nt o

btai

ning

imm

edia

te a

dditi

onal

assi

stan

ce fo

r the

on-

site

oper

atio

ns st

aff

or

Abn

orm

al c

ondi

tions

that

war

rant

incr

ease

dpr

epar

edne

ss o

n th

e pa

rt of

off-

site

off

icia

ls

syst

ems a

nd/o

r dec

ay h

eat

rem

oval

syst

ems o

raf

fect

ing

thei

r lon

g te

rmop

erat

ion

----

-

Con

ditio

ns th

at w

arra

ntpr

epar

ing

the

publ

ic to

impl

emen

t urg

ent

prot

ectiv

e ac

tions

o

rC

ondi

tions

that

war

rant

taki

ng p

rote

ctiv

e ac

tions

on th

e si

te

----

-

----

-

Con

ditio

ns t

hat

war

rant

taki

ng u

rgen

t pr

otec

tive

actio

ns o

ff th

e si

te

- Tor

nado

- Flo

od- H

igh

win

ds- V

ehic

le o

r airc

raft27

cr

ash

- Hur

rican

e- T

suna

mi

- Sto

rm su

rge

- Low

wat

er le

vel

- Lig

htni

ng s

trike

28

Loss

of

com

mun

icat

ions

Plan

t shi

ft su

perv

isor

’sop

inio

n

syst

ems a

nd/o

r dec

ay h

eat

rem

oval

syst

ems o

raf

fect

ing

thei

r lon

g te

rmop

erat

ion

----

-

Con

ditio

ns th

at w

arra

ntta

king

pro

tect

ive

actio

ns a

tth

e pl

ant

or

Abn

orm

al c

ondi

tions

that

war

rant

incr

ease

d pr

epar

ed-

ness

on

the

part

of o

ff-s

iteof

ficia

ls

Page 97: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

76

APP

EN

DIX

- V

I (B

) (C

ON

TD

.)TA

BL

E 1

5 : E

ME

RG

EN

CY

CL

ASS

IFIC

ATIO

N A

ND

EM

ER

GE

NC

Y A

CT

ION

LE

VE

LS

(EA

L) F

OR

LW

R

For

the

follo

win

g en

try

Dec

lare

an

aler

t if :

Dec

lare

pla

nt e

mer

genc

y if

Dec

lare

site

em

erge

ncy

ifD

ecla

re o

ff-s

ite/

cond

ition

sge

nera

l em

erge

ncy

ifA

BC

DE

Loss

of a

bilit

y to

mai

ntai

nw

ater

leve

l abo

ve sp

ent f

uel

orD

amag

e to

spen

t fue

lor

Loss

of a

bilit

y to

mai

ntai

npo

ol w

ater

tem

pera

ture

belo

w 8

0°C

29

Wat

er l

evel

bel

ow t

op o

firr

adia

ted

fuel or

Rad

iatio

n le

vel i

n po

ol a

rea

grea

ter t

han

20 m

Gy/

h

Wat

er l

evel

bel

ow t

op o

firr

adia

ted

fuel or

Rad

iatio

n le

vel i

n po

ol ar

eagr

eate

r tha

n 30

mG

y/h

Full

y dr

aine

d po

olco

ntai

ning

mor

e tha

n on

eth

ird o

f a

core

rem

oved

from

the

rea

ctor

with

inth

e pa

st 3

yea

rsor

Rad

iatio

n le

vel

in p

ool

area

gre

ater

than

3 G

y/h

Abn

orm

al r

efue

lling

or

spen

t fue

l con

ditio

ns

SPE

NT

FU

EL

PO

OL

EV

EN

TS

1.‘S

top

nucl

ear r

eact

ion’

is a

gen

eral

term

that

incl

udes

‘rea

ctor

scr

am’,

whi

ch is

use

d on

ly fo

r the

inse

rtion

of c

ontro

l rod

s int

o th

e re

acto

r.

2Fa

ilure

to s

cram

the

reac

tor i

s us

ually

eva

luat

ed if

reac

tor p

ower

is g

reat

er th

an 5

% a

nd c

ondi

tions

indi

cate

that

scr

am is

nec

essa

ry (s

afet

ysy

stem

s are

usu

ally

capa

ble o

f rem

ovin

g he

at fo

r the

hea

ting

rate

at le

ss th

an 5

% o

f nom

inal

pow

er).

For s

ome p

lant

s, di

ffer

ent,

plan

t spe

cific

valu

es s

houl

d be

use

d.

3In

crea

sing

neu

tron

flux

is a

n ex

plic

it sy

mpt

om th

at th

e re

acto

r is n

ot fu

lly sh

ut d

own.

4In

adeq

uate

cor

e co

olin

g is

cha

ract

eriz

ed b

y th

ree

kind

s of e

ntry

con

ditio

n: v

esse

l lev

el, c

ore

tem

pera

ture

and

dec

ay h

eat r

emov

al c

apab

ility

.Th

ese

cond

ition

s are

val

id fo

r bot

h pr

essu

rized

wat

er re

acto

rs a

nd b

oilin

g w

ater

reac

tors

, and

are

put

bef

ore

the

prim

ary

syst

em te

mpe

ratu

re,

whi

ch is

rele

vant

for p

ress

uriz

ed w

ater

reac

tors

onl

y.

5In

the

even

t of c

ore

dam

age,

the

stat

us o

f the

reac

tor c

onta

inm

ent s

yste

m a

nd th

e co

ntai

nmen

t bar

riers

will

gre

atly

aff

ect t

he m

agni

tude

of t

here

leas

e of

fiss

ion

prod

ucts

.

Page 98: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

77

6El

evat

ed c

ore

exit

tem

pera

ture

is a

dire

ct s

ympt

om o

f cor

e co

olin

g de

grad

atio

n. T

here

fore

, thi

s sy

mpt

om is

use

d as

an

entry

con

ditio

n fo

rin

adeq

uate

cor

e co

olin

g. T

he c

ritic

al w

ater

tem

pera

ture

abo

ve w

hich

liqu

id w

ater

can

not e

xist

irre

spec

tive

of s

yste

m p

ress

ure

is 3

70°C

;65

0°C

is a

val

ue u

sual

ly u

sed

for i

nade

quat

e co

re c

oolin

g in

em

erge

ncy

proc

edur

es a

nd in

dica

tes t

hat s

team

–Zr r

eact

ion

will

star

t to

prod

uce

hydr

ogen

; 800

°C in

dica

tes c

ore

dam

age

that

star

ts a

t a c

ore

tem

pera

ture

of a

bout

120

0°C

.

7N

orm

al fe

ed w

ater

is u

sed

for h

eat r

emov

al in

thes

e m

odes

. If n

orm

al fe

ed w

ater

is n

ot a

vaila

ble,

the

alte

rnat

e w

ater

sour

ces s

houl

d be

use

dfo

r ste

am g

ener

ator

feed

ing.

8T ho

t pro

vide

s a

back

up f

or th

e co

re te

mpe

ratu

re s

ince

the

flow

thro

ugh

the

core

can

not r

eadi

ly b

e co

nfirm

ed a

nd T

hot c

hang

es a

re d

elay

edre

lativ

e to

the

core

exi

t tem

pera

ture

.

9Th

is p

rovi

des a

mor

e ac

cura

te d

escr

iptio

n of

the

phen

omen

a in

side

the

reac

tor v

esse

l.

10In

the

even

t of c

ore

dam

age,

the

stat

us o

f the

reac

tor c

oola

nt sy

stem

and

con

tain

men

t bar

riers

will

gre

atly

aff

ect t

he m

agni

tude

of t

he re

leas

eof

fiss

ion

prod

ucts

.

11If

ade

quat

e co

olan

t inj

ectio

n flo

w c

anno

t be

esta

blis

hed

to r

esto

re c

ore

heat

rem

oval

, the

rea

ctor

coo

lant

sys

tem

liqu

id s

tarts

to b

ecom

esa

tura

ted.

If th

e sy

stem

tem

pera

ture

is h

ighe

r tha

n th

e sa

tura

tion

tem

pera

ture

at t

he se

t pre

ssur

e of

the

reac

tor c

oola

nt sy

stem

safe

ty v

alve

s,th

is p

reve

nts f

urth

er p

ress

uriz

atio

n of

the

reac

tor c

oola

nt sy

stem

.

12Sa

fety

syst

em c

ontro

l cap

abili

ty c

an b

e ei

ther

deg

rade

d or

com

plet

ely

lost

; bot

h ca

ses a

re re

flect

ed. U

nrel

iabl

e fu

nctio

ning

of s

ever

al sa

fety

syst

em i

nstru

men

ts o

r al

arm

s an

d un

avai

labi

lity

of s

afet

y sy

stem

ins

trum

ents

or

cont

rols

are

con

side

red.

Pos

t-acc

iden

t in

stru

men

tatio

npr

ovid

es th

e es

sent

ial i

nfor

mat

ion

to su

ppor

t saf

ety

syst

em o

pera

tion

and

cont

rol.

13R

efer

ence

to a

faile

d fu

el m

onito

r in

a pr

essu

rized

wat

er re

acto

r and

off

-gas

mon

itor i

n a

boili

ng w

ater

reac

tor i

s rep

lace

d by

refe

renc

e to

apo

st-a

ccid

ent s

ampl

ing

syst

em.

14Th

e ga

p in

vent

ory

is th

e am

ount

of f

issi

on p

rodu

cts

in th

e fu

el p

in g

ap d

urin

g no

rmal

ope

ratio

ns.

15Th

e crit

erio

n w

as re

plac

ed b

y th

e sam

e req

uire

men

t use

d fo

r site

area

emer

genc

y to

refe

r to

the l

eak

rate

inst

ead

of th

e (pr

evio

usly

mis

lead

ing)

oper

atio

nal c

ore

cool

ing

syst

em.

16In

the

case

of a

loss

of c

oola

nt a

ccid

ent a

nd c

ore

dam

age,

the

stat

us o

f the

con

tain

men

t bar

rier w

ill d

irect

ly a

ffec

t the

mag

nitu

de o

f the

fiss

ion

prod

uct r

elea

se.

17Le

ak ra

te w

ith re

spec

t to

norm

al fe

ed w

ater

flow

for n

orm

al fu

ll po

wer

ope

ratio

n is

use

d in

stea

d of

leak

rate

with

resp

ect t

o th

e nu

mbe

r of

oper

atin

g pu

mps

. Suc

h le

ak r

ate

spec

ifica

tion

bette

r co

vers

the

conc

ern

durin

g a

loss

of

cool

ant a

ccid

ent (

i.e. t

o en

sure

suf

ficie

nt c

ore

cool

ing)

. For

som

e pl

ants

, the

leak

rate

sho

uld

also

be

dete

rmin

ed o

n th

e ba

sis

of th

e no

rmal

cha

rgin

g flo

w ra

te.

Page 99: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

78

18 A

ny si

gnifi

cant

prim

ary

leak

dire

ctly

to th

e at

mos

pher

e w

ill c

ause

rele

ases

of f

issi

on p

rodu

cts t

o th

e en

viro

nmen

t, an

d it

is n

eces

sary

tota

ke im

med

iate

act

ions

to st

op th

e le

ak.

19Fo

r pre

ssur

ized

wat

er re

acto

rs, a

sign

ifica

nt p

rimar

y sy

stem

to se

cond

ary

syst

em le

ak c

ould

cau

se re

leas

es o

f fis

sion

pro

duct

s to

the

envi

ronm

ent,

and

it is

nec

essa

ry to

take

imm

edia

te a

ctio

ns to

stop

the

leak

.

20 F

or p

ress

uriz

ed w

ater

reac

tors

, a p

rimar

y sy

stem

to se

cond

ary

syst

em le

ak a

t a ra

te a

bove

the

norm

al c

harg

ing

syst

em c

apab

ility

can

quic

kly

caus

e re

leas

es o

f fis

sion

pro

duct

s to

the

envi

ronm

ent,

and

it is

nec

essa

ry to

take

app

ropr

iate

act

ions

to st

op th

e le

ak.

21 F

or b

oilin

g w

ater

reac

tors

, fai

lure

of t

he m

ain

stea

m is

olat

ion

valv

e w

ithou

t los

s of i

nteg

rity

of st

eam

pip

ing

to th

e tu

rbin

e an

d/or

cond

ense

r cou

ld c

ause

ear

ly re

leas

es o

f fis

sion

pro

duct

s to

the

envi

ronm

ent,

and

it is

nec

essa

ry to

take

app

ropr

iate

act

ions

to st

op th

e le

ak.

22Fo

r boi

ling

wat

er re

acto

rs, t

he d

ry w

ell i

nste

ad o

f the

con

tain

men

t is m

ore

appr

opria

te.

23R

adia

tion

from

a c

onta

min

ated

syst

em n

earb

y co

uld

also

aff

ect t

he ra

diat

ion

mon

itors

insi

de th

e co

ntai

nmen

t.

24A

mbi

ent d

ose

rate

is u

sual

ly m

easu

red

at th

e si

te b

ound

ary.

How

ever

, if a

ny m

easu

rem

ent o

f am

bien

t dos

e ra

te b

eyon

d th

e si

te b

ound

ary

isav

aila

ble,

it c

an b

e us

ed fo

r the

pur

pose

of t

his

EAL.

25Fo

r boi

ling

wat

er re

acto

rs, h

ydro

gen

conc

entra

tion

in th

e dr

y w

ell c

ould

incr

ease

, whi

ch c

an c

ause

sign

ifica

nt d

amag

e in

the

even

t of

igni

tion.

26In

the

case

of t

he n

eed

to e

vacu

ate

the

mai

n co

ntro

l roo

m, t

he a

bilit

y to

con

trol t

he p

lant

is a

ffec

ted

(the

seve

rity

of th

e si

tuat

ion

depe

nds

on th

e pl

ant d

esig

n). I

f the

em

erge

ncy

cont

rol r

oom

is u

sed

for p

lant

con

trol,

an a

lert

is th

e ap

prop

riate

EA

L; if

bot

h th

e m

ain

cont

rol

room

and

the

emer

genc

y co

ntro

l roo

m a

re a

ffect

ed a

nd th

e pl

ant h

as to

be

cont

rolle

d by

alte

rnat

ive

mea

ns, a

site

are

a em

erge

ncy

is th

eap

prop

riate

EA

L.

27A

n ai

rcra

ft cr

ash

coul

d al

so c

ause

seve

re d

amag

e to

the

plan

t and

redu

ce p

lant

safe

ty.

28 L

ight

ning

strik

es c

ould

als

o ca

use

seve

re d

amag

e to

the

plan

t and

redu

ce p

lant

safe

ty.

29H

igh

tem

pera

ture

in th

e sp

ent f

uel p

ool i

s a

resu

lt of

the

degr

adat

ion

of h

eat r

emov

al fr

om th

e sp

ent f

uel,

and

this

tem

pera

ture

sho

uld

also

be u

sed

as a

n ad

ditio

nal s

ympt

om o

f abn

orm

al re

fuel

ling

cond

ition

s or

spe

nt fu

el c

ondi

tions

.

Page 100: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

79

APPENDIX- VII

OBSERVABLES ON THE SCENE OFRADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY

VII-1 General

In radiological emergency, initial response is to be carried out based onindications of the hazards such as labels, signs or placards indicating thepresence of a hazardous material, the appearance of medical symptoms inexposed individuals or readings from specialised instruments.

VII-2 Observables in radiological emergency

In a radiological emergency, the inner cordoned area is where protectiveaction is implemented to protect responders and the public. Initially the sizeof the area is determined on the basis of information that can be directlyobserved (e.g. markings on container/flask/scene). The size of the area maybe expanded on the basis of dose rates and environmental measurement OILs(see sec. 5.3.2) when these data become available. Table 16 providessuggestions for the approximate radius of the inner cordoned area. The actualboundaries of the safety and security perimeters should be defined in such away that they are easily recognisable (e.g. by roads) and should be secured.However, the safety perimeter should be established at least as far from thesource as is indicated in the table until the radiological assessor has assessedthe situation.

TABLE 16 : SUGGESTED RADIUS OF THE INNER CORDONEDAREA (SAFETY PERIMETER) IN A RADIOLOGICALEMERGENCY (CONTD.)

Initial inner cordoned area(safety perimeter)

30 m radius around the source

100 m radius around the source

300 m radius

400 m radius or more to protectagainstan explosion

Situation

Initial determination - OutsideUnshielded or damaged potentiallydangerous sourceMajor spill from a potentiallydangerous sourceFire, explosion or fumes involving adangerous sourceSuspected bomb (possible radiologicaldispersal device), exploded orunexploded

Page 101: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

80

1000 m radius

Affected and adjacent areas (includingfloors above and below)Entire building and appropriate outsidedistance as indicated above

Wherever these levels are measured

Conventional (non-nuclear) explosionor a fire involving a nuclear weapon(no nuclear yield)

Initial determination - Inside a buildingDamage, loss of shielding or spillinvolving a potentially dangerous sourceFire or other event involving a potentiallydangerous source that can spreadradioactive material throughout thebuilding (e.g. through the ventilationsystem)

Expansion of safety perimeter based on radiological monitoringOIL1 and OIL2 from Table 4 & 5

TABLE 16 : SUGGESTED RADIUS OF THE INNER CORDONEDAREA (SAFETY PERIMETER) IN A RADIOLOGICALEMERGENCY

Page 102: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

81

ANNEXURE - I

TOOLS FOR EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OFEMERGENCIES ARISING OUT OF NUCLEAR ACCIDENTS

AI-1 Introduction

The general objectives of emergency planning and management are to reducethe risk of health effects owing to radiation exposure or mitigate theconsequences of the accident.

These objectives are accomplished by implementation of timely emergencyresponse using the tools such as reference levels, generic criteria andoperational criteria derived from generic criteria. The important protectiveactions as a part of emergency response are, in the early phases of an accident(mostly precautionary in nature), sheltering, evacuation, iodine prophylaxis,and control of access. In the later phase, foodstuff restrictions and relocationfor example are relevant protective actions.

AI-2 Phases of Emergency Response Based on Time of Radioactivity Releaseafter a Nuclear Accident

Emergency response undertaken by the authorities (figure AI-1) is oftendivided into three phases: a pre-release phase, a release phase with a timescale of hours/days and a post-release phase with a time scale of weeks/months/years, depending on the nature of the release.

In the early stages of an accident, the plume exposure pathways includinginhalation are most likely to dominate, although deposition of short-lived γ-emitting radionuclides could result in significant external exposuresfrom the ground. In later stages, when the release contains particulates, thedominating pathways will include ingestion of contaminated food, and externalradiation from deposited radionuclides.

Exp

osur

e ra

te

Time after start of accident

Page 103: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

82

Fig. AI-1. Time phases of a nuclear accident involving atmospheric releasesof radioactive materials. During the release phase the exposurepredominantly stems from the plume exposure pathways (a). In the post-release phase the exposure is dominated by the ground deposition pathway(b), the exposure rate is relatively low while the exposure time may be verylong.

At the onset of the accident, decisions are necessarily based on very limitedinformation and the operational criteria e.g. plant conditions (EALs) orenvironmental dose rate measurements (OIL) act as important decision aidingtools. As the accident evolves, management decisions will be based on morecomplete picture of the accident and its off-site radiological consequences.While the accident assessment is a probabilistic endeavour the uncertainty inthe assessment constantly decreases. With time a more complete picture ofthe accident emerges and the decision on implementation of protectivemeasures is based directly on an estimate of the residual doses.

AI-3 Tools for Emergency Management

Reference Levels : In emergency exposure situations, the reference levelsrepresent the level of dose or risk, above which it is judged to be inappropriateto plan to allow exposures to occur, and for which therefore protective actionsshould be planned and optimised. Reference levels for protection of publicduring emergency situation are set within an effective dose range of 20- 100mSv, expressed in terms of residual dose, which includes dose contributionsvia all exposure pathways. The protection strategy shall be optimized to reduceexposures below the reference level.

Fig. AI-2. Reference levels in emergency exposure situation and existingexposure situation.

During emergency situation emergency response actions (protective and otheractions) are undertaken to ensure that the reference levels are not exceeded.The type and scale of protective and other actions undertaken in turn arebased on:

(i) Generic Criteria : Generic criteria are set by considering two typesof the health consequences (i) severe deterministic effect and (ii)increase in stochastic effect. Generic criteria start at levels of dosethat are approaching the threshold for severe deterministic effects

100 mSv

20 mSv

1 mSv

Emergency Exposure Situation

Existing Exposure Situation

Page 104: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

83

(could be as high as 1Sv). Normally the generic criteria deal withestimated quantities such as projected dose and can not be directlyseen or easily measured.

(ii) Operational Criteria : The generic criteria form the basis fordeveloping the operational criteria. Operational criteria include (i)emergency action levels (EALs) (ii) operational intervention levels(OILs) and (iii) observables (by operators or first responders); fordecision making on emergency categorisation and initiating theprotective actions. Operational criteria are established in advance(e.g control room indications, radiation and contamination levels inpublic domain etc.) by using the generic criteria and these arenormally the observables.

Thus the system of protective actions and other response actions in anemergency include numerical values of generic criteria as well as of thecorresponding operational criteria that form the basis for decision making inan emergency so as to ensure that the residual doses normally remain wellbelow reference levels.

Page 105: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

84

ANNEXURE - II

POST ACCIDENT EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT INPUBLIC DOMAIN AROUND FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI

NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (FDNPP, JAPAN)USING SIMILAR SAFETY STANDARDS

AII-1 Introduction

In the year 2011, serious external events (earth quake followed by tsunami)resulted in prolonged interruption of core cooling and spent fuel cooling atFukushima Daiichi Plants which ultimately led to release of large quantitiesof radioactive materials from the plants.

AII-2 Implementation of Protective Actions

The Japanese authorities initiated and implemented precautionary urgentprotective actions/urgent protective actions based on plant conditions aloneto prevent severe deterministic health effects and to minimise stochastic effecton similar lines as prescribed in this document.

Further, to mitigate the consequences of the accident, actions taken byauthorities i.e. restriction/control on food stuff, temporary relocation, liftingof restriction etc were also based on similar safety guidelines.

Use of safety standards such as IAEA GSR part-7 (revised GS-R-2), GS-G2,GS G2.1, GSR-part-3 (revised BSS) etc. (on which this document is alsobased) has amply demonstrated the effectiveness of this guidance in an actualemergency situation.

Using this kind of guidance, the actions taken to protect the public (evacuationand sheltering) significantly reduced the radiation exposures that would haveotherwise been received. More than 95% of the members of public receiveddoses well below 10 mSv as against the reference level of 20 mSv to 100mSv. Thus, the exposure received by japanese population was low, leadingto correspondingly low risks of health effects later in life.

Some of the actions taken by the authorities consistent with this guidance arereproduced below:

(i) Precautionary urgent protective actions (evacuation, sheltering) basedon EALs (March 11 to March 15, 2011 in 20 km downwind sectorfrom FDNPP [viz. Minami Soma (N24)] before release ofradioactivity.

(ii) Urgent protective actions (foodstuff and water restrictions) basedon EALs & OILs (March 16 to March 23, 2011).

Page 106: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

85

(iii) Early protective actions (preparation for temporary relocation) basedon OILs (March 16 to March 23, 2011).

(iv) Use of OILs for evacuation and classification of new emergencyzones [rearrangement of area, termination of area].

(v) Transition from emergency exposure situation to existing exposuresituation

Page 107: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

86

ANNEXURE - III

CONCEPTUAL PLAN FOR ESTABLISHING AREAS ON THE SCENEAND USING OILS FOR RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY

AIII-1 Introduction

Radiation and radioactive substances have many beneficial applications,ranging from power generation to uses in medicine, industry and agriculture.The radiation risks to workers, the public and to the environment that mayarise from these applications have been assessed and controlled by regulatingthe practices. Also, regulations are in place to prevent accidents and to respondto emergencies so as to mitigate any harmful consequences.

Initially, the first responders/local emergency services (e.g. medical, lawenforcement agency and fire brigades) may use the following indications toidentify the possible potential radiological emergency:

(a) Suspected or actual bomb.

(b) Credible threats or threatening messages.

(c) Device that appears intended to spread contamination.

(d) Signs of possible contamination (e.g. spill).

(e) Gamma dose rates: > 100 μSv/h at 1 m from object or at 1m abovethe ground.

(f) Medical symptoms of radiation injuries (such as burns without anapparent cause).

(g) Building/area marked with the radiation symbol.

(h) Results of assessment of a radiological assessor.

(i) Neutron radiation.

(j) Dangerous source that is lost, stolen, damaged, in a fire, leaking,or potentially involved in a terrorist act or explosion.

The initial response is carried out based on indications of the hazards such aslabels, signs or placards indicating the presence of a hazardous material, theappearance of medical symptoms in exposed individuals or readings fromspecialized instruments. Indications of a dangerous source are:

(a) A heavy container with the radiation symbol.

(b) Item with labels pertaining to radioactivity.

Page 108: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

87

(c) Item with transport UN numbers or markings.

(d) Device used for cancer treatment (teletherapy or brachytherapy).

(e) Radiography cameras or sources.

(f) Well logging sources used in drilling operations.

(g) Dangerous quantity of material (> D-value), as assessed by aradiological assessor.

AIII-2 Use of Operational Intervention Levels (OILs) for EmergencyManagement

In case of a radiological emergency, to prevent the severe deterministic effects,the response actions can include:

(i) immediate medical examination,

(ii) consultation and treatment

(iii) contamination control,

(iv) administration of de-corporation agents where applicable,

(v) registration for long term health monitoring, and

(vi) comprehensive psychological counselling.

Similarly some of the early and other response actions to minimize thestochastic effects can include:

(i) relocation

(ii) long term restriction of consumption of contaminated food

(iii) screening based on individual doses to specific organs,

(iv) considering the need for registration for medical follow up

As the situation becomes clearer with time following actions are to beconsidered:

(i) Determining the boundary of the inner cordoned areaambient dose rate of 100 μSv/h at 1 metre> 1000 Bq/cm2 gamma/beta deposition> 100 Bq/cm2 alpha deposition(temporary relocation (30 mSv averted in 30 days))

(ii) For determining if skin and clothing decontamination is warranted> 1 μSv/h at 10 cm> 10000 Bq/cm2 beta/gamma contamination> 1000 Bq/cm2 for alpha emitters

Page 109: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

88

(iii) Screening of groups and locations> 100 μSv/h at 1 metre

(iv) Equipment or vehicle contamination criteriaambient dose rate at 10 cm:

Use of equipment or vehicle for response activities only> 1 μSv/h and < 10 μSv/hAllow use of equipment or vehicle for critical response activitiesonly> 10 μSv/h and < 100 μSv/hIsolation of equipment or vehicle and use only with approval ofradiological assessor> 100 μSv/h

(v) Ban on consumption of food, water, milk as per OILs

(vi) Follow up

Decontamination of soil, building etc.Termination of radiological emergency and restoration of normalcy

AIII-3 Conceptual Plan for Establishing Areas for Radiological EmergencyManagement

The conceptual plan for establishment of inner cordon area, outer cordonarea and emergency resource facilities for management of radiologicalemergency is given in figure AIII-1.

Page 110: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

89

Rad

iolo

gica

l Mon

itori

ng

and

Ass

essm

ent C

entr

eSe

curi

ty

Peri

met

er

Out

er

cord

oned

are

a

Inne

r co

rdon

ed a

rea

Tria

ge

area

Dec

onta

min

atio

n ar

ea

Safe

ty a

cces

s and

con

tam

inat

ion

cont

rol p

oint

Med

ical

R

espo

nse

base

Safe

ty a

cces

s an

d co

ntro

l po

int

Eva

cuee

Mon

itori

ng

regi

stra

tion

Cen

tre

Inci

dent

C

omm

and

Post

Inci

dent

C

omm

ande

r

Publ

ic

Info

rmat

ion

Cen

tre

Vehi

cle m

arsh

alin

g ar

ea

Rec

eptio

n ar

ea fo

r re

spon

se

pers

onne

l

Stag

ing

area

Prev

ailin

g W

ind

Dire

ctio

nTo

From

Fi

g AI

II-1

: Con

cept

ual p

lan

for e

stab

lishi

ng a

reas

to c

arry

out

em

erge

ncy

man

agem

ent

Page 111: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

90

REFERENCES

1. INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Safety Standards :General Safety Guide GSG-2 Criteria for Use in Preparedness and Responsefor a Nuclear or Radiological Emergency, IAEA, Vienna (2011).

2. INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, General SafetyRequirements Part 7 (GSR Part 7) Draft DS 457: Preparedness and Responsefor a Nuclear or Radiological Emergency, IAEA, Vienna (2013).

3. ATOMIC ENERGY REGULATORY BOARD, Safety Guide for InterventionLevels and Derived Intervention Levels for Off-Site Radiation Emergencies,AERB/SG/HS-1, AERB, Mumbai, India (1992).

4. EUROPEAN COMMISSION, FOOD AND AGRICULTUREORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS, INTERNATIONALATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, INTERNATIONAL LABOURORGANISATION, OECD NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY, PANAMERICAN HEALTH ORGANIZATION, WORLD HEALTHORGANIZATION, General Safety Requirements Part 3 (GSR Part 3):Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources : International BasicSafety Standards, IAEA, Vienna (2014).

5. INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Safety Standards: SafetyGuide GS G-2.1: Arrangements for Preparedness for a Nuclear or radiologicalEmergency, IAEA, Vienna (2007).

6. INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Safety Standards:Requirements GS R-2 (2002): Preparedness and Response for a Nuclear orradiological Emergency, IAEA, Vienna (2002).

7. INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY IAEA Safety Glossary:Terminology Used in Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection, 2007 Edition,IAEA, Vienna (2007).

8. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION,The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on RadiologicalProtection, ICRP Publication 103, Ann. ICRP 37 2–4 (2007).

9. ATOMIC ENERGY REGULATORY BOARD, Safety Code on EmergencyResponse Planning and Preparedness for Transport Accidents InvolvingRadioactive Material, AERB/SC/TR-3, AERB, Mumbai, India (1990)

10. INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY Generic AssessmentProcedures for Determining Protective Actions during a Reactor Accident,IAEA-TECDOC-955, IAEA, Vienna (1997).

Page 112: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. ATOMIC ENERGY REGULATORY BOARD, Safety Guide for InterventionLevels and Derived Intervention Levels for Off-Site Radiation Emergencies,AERB/SG/HS-1, AERB, Mumbai, India (1992).

2. INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Safety Standards :General Safety Guide GSG-2 Criteria for Use in Preparedness and Responsefor a Nuclear or Radiological Emergency, IAEA, Vienna (2011).

3. INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, General SafetyRequirements Part 7 (GSR Part 7) Draft DS 457: Preparedness and Responsefor a Nuclear or Radiological Emergency, IAEA, Vienna (2013).

4. EUROPEAN COMMISSION, FOOD AND AGRICULTUREORGANISATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS, INTERNATIONALATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, INTERNATIONAL LABOURORGANISATION, OECD NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY, PANAMERICAN HEALTH ORGANIZATION, WORLD HEALTHORGANIZATION, General Safety Requirements Part 3 (GSR Part 3):Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources : International BasicSafety Standards, IAEA, Vienna (2014).

5. INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Safety Standards : SafetyGuide GS G-2.1 : Arrangements for Preparedness for a Nuclear orRadiological Emergency, IAEA, Vienna (2007).

6. INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Safety Standards:Requirements GS R-2 (2002) : Preparedness and Response for a Nuclear orRadiological Emergency, IAEA, Vienna (2002).

7. INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Intervention Criteria ina Nuclear or Radiation Emergency, IAEA Safety Series No. 109, IAEA,Vienna (1994).

8. INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, IAEA Safety Glossary:Terminology Used in Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection, 2007 Edition,IAEA, Vienna (2007).

9. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITEDNATIONS, INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY,INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION, OECD NUCLEARENERGY AGENCY, PAN AMERICAN HEALTH ORGANIZATION,WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, International Basic Safety Standardsfor Protection against Ionizing Radiation and for the Safety of RadiationSources, Safety Series No. 115, IAEA, Vienna (1996).

91

Page 113: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

10. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION,The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on RadiologicalProtection, ICRP Publication 103, Ann. ICRP 37 2–4 (2007).

11. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION,Application of the Commission’s Recommendations for the Protection ofPeople in Emergency Exposure Situations, ICRP Publication 109, Ann. ICRP39 1, Elsevier, Amsterdam (2009).

12. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION,1990 Recommendations of the International Commission on RadiologicalProtection, ICRP Publication 60, Ann. ICRP 21 1–3, Pergamon Press, Oxford(1991).

13. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION,Principles for Intervention for Protection of the Public in a RadiologicalEmergency, ICRP Publication 63, Ann. ICRP 22 4, Pergamon Press, Oxford(1991).

14. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, Health Effects of the ChernobylAccident and Special Health Care Programmes, Report of the UN ChernobylForum (BENNETT, B., REPACHOLI, M., CARR, Z., Eds), WHO, Geneva(2006).

15. INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Generic Procedures forMedical Response during a Nuclear or Radiological emergency, EPR-MEDICAL (2005), IAEA, Vienna (2005).

16. ATOMIC ENERGY REGULATORY BOARD, Safety Guide “Role of theRegulatory Body with Respect to Emergency Response and Preparedness atNuclear and Radiation Facilities” AERB/SG/G-5, AERB, Mumbai, India(1998).

17. ATOMIC ENERGY REGULATORY BOARD, Safety Guide “Preparednessof the Operating Organisation for Handling Emergencies at Nuclear PowerPlants “ (AERB/SG/O-6), AERB, Mumbai, India (2000).

18. ATOMIC ENERGY REGULATORY BOARD, Radiation Protection forNuclear Facilities, AERB/NF/SM/O-2 (Rev. 4), AERB Safety Manual, AERB,Mumbai, India (2005).

19. ATOMIC ENERGY REGULATORY BOARD, Safety Guidelines AERB/SG/EP-1 “Preparation of Site Emergency Preparedness Plans for NuclearInstallations”, AERB, Mumbai, India (1999).

20. ATOMIC ENERGY REGULATORY BOARD, Safety Guidelines AERB/SG/EP-2 “Preparation of Off-Site Emergency Preparedness Plans for NuclearInstallations”, AERB, Mumbai, India ((1999).

92

Page 114: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

21. ATOMIC ENERGY REGULATORY BOARD, Safety Guidelines NO. AERB/SG/EP-3 “Preparation of Site Emergency Preparedness Plans for Non-NuclearInstallations”, AERB, Mumbai, India (2000).

22. ATOMIC ENERGY REGULATORY BOARD, Safety Guidelines NO. AERB/SG/EP-4 “Preparation of Off-Site Emergency Preparedness Plans for Non-Nuclear Installations”, AERB, Mumbai, India (2000).

23. NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY, NDMAGuidelines - Management of Nuclear and Radiological Emergencies, NDMA,New Delhi (2009).

24. NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY, NDMAGuidelines - Incident Response System, , NDMA, New Delhi (2010).

25. INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Development of anExtended Framework for Emergency Response Criteria, IAEA-TECDOC-1432, IAEA, Vienna (2005).

26. INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Method for DevelopingArrangements for Response to a Nuclear or Radiological Emergency, IAEA-TECDOC-953, IAEA, Vienna (2003).

27. INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Generic Procedures forAssessment and Response during a Radiological Emergency, IAEA-TECDOC-1162, IAEA, Vienna (2000).

28. INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Generic Procedures forMonitoring in a Nuclear or Radiological Emergency, IAEA-TECDOC-1092,IAEA, Vienna (1999).

93

Page 115: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

94

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

EXPERT COMMITTEE FOR PREPARATION OF CRITERIAFOR PLANNING, PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE FOR A

NUCLEAR OR RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY

Dates of meeting: July 8, 2011 September 8, 2011September 29, 2011 November 15, 2011December 19, 2011 October 1, 2012March 15, 2013 March 19, 2013March 21, 2013 July 24, 2013September 19, 2013 April 10, 2014

Members and Invitees of Working Group:

Shri P.R. Krishnamurthy (Convener) : AERB

Shri P.S. Nair : AERB (Former)

Shri S.A. Hussain : AERB (Former)

Shri A.P. Garg : AERB

Shri George Thomas : AERB (Former)

Shri M.P. Sharma : NPCIL

Shri S.K.Pawar (Member-Secretary) : AERB

Shri Shyam Vyas (Permanent Invitee) : AERB

Dr. Rajvir Singh (Invitee) : BARC

Dr. P.Vijayan (Invitee) : AERB

Shri M.Rama Somayajulu (Invitee) : NPCIL

Shri K. Venkataramana (Invitee) : NPCIL

Shri Vipin Chander (Invitee) : AERB

Shri Rahul Dhoke (Invitee) : AERB

Page 116: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

95

ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON NUCLEAR SAFETY (ACNS)

Date of meeting: March 6, 2014

Members and Invitees of ACNS:

Dr. Baldev Raj (Chairman) : IGCAR (Former)

Shri S.A. Bharadwaj : NPCIL (Former)

Shri K.K. Vaze : BARC (Former)

Shri S.G. Ghadge : NPCIL

Shri Rajnish Prakash : HWB

Dr. P.Chellapandi : IGCAR

Dr. D.N. Sharma : BARC

Prof. J.B. Doshi : IIT, Bombay (Former)

Shri R. Bhattacharya : AERB

Shri S.A. Hussain : AERB (Former)

Shri A.J. Gaikwad : AERB

Shri K. Srivasista (Member-Secretary) : AERB

Page 117: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

PROVISIONAL LIST OF REGULATORY SAFETYDOCUMENTS ON EMERGECNY PREPAREDNESS

AND RESPONSE

Safety Series No. Title

AERB/SG/EP-1 Preparation of Site Emergency Preparedness Plans forNuclear Installations

AERB/SG/EP-2 Preparation of Off-Site Emergency Preparedness Plansfor Nuclear Installations

AERB/SG/EP-3 Preparation of Site Emergency Preparedness Plans forNon-Nuclear Installations

AERB/SG/EP-4 Preparation of Off-Site Emergency Preparedness Plansfor Non-Nuclear Installations

AERB/NRF/SG/EP-5 Criteria For Planning, Preparedness and Response forNuclear or Radiological Emergency

AERB/SG/O-6 Preparedness of the Operating Organisation forHandling Emergencies at Nuclear Power Plants

AERB/SC/TR-3 Emergency Response Planning and Preparedness forTransport Accidents Involving Radioactive Material

96

Page 118: CRITERIA FOR PLANNING , PREPAREDNESS AND ......preparedness and response plan for nuclear and radiation facilities to deal with nuclear and radiological emergency and supersedes the

AERB SAFETY GUIDELINES NO. AERB/NRF/SG/EP-5 (Rev. 1)

Published by : Atomic Energy Regulatory BoardNiyamak Bhavan, AnushaktinagarMumbai - 400 094INDIA. BCS