Clinical research

Clinical researchCranfield University 11Shovan. K. BAlcohol, alcoholism and withdrawalShovan K BICRI,Cranfield University.2Throughout the 10,000 or so years that humans have been drinking fermented beverages, they've also been arguing about their merits and demerits. The debate still simmers today, with a lively back-and-forth over whether alcohol is good for you or bad for you.

3INTRODUCTION:An alcohol is any organic compound in which a hydroxyl functional group (-OH) is bound to a carbon atom, usually connected to other carbon or hydrogen atoms.E.g.: ethanol (C2H5OH).

Simply .Alcohol is a mood altering agent.It's safe to say that alcohol is both a tonic and a poison.

4The affect that alcohol has on you is dependant on :

Your sex,

Your weight,

How fast you metabolize alcohol,

The situation,

Your mood, and

Presence of food in the stomach.

5If you are a woman, the affects also depend on the:

Time of your menstrual cycle,

If you are on the birth control pill.

Women respond more quickly to alcohol due to: Their smaller body size and body fat distribution,

A decreased amount of alcohol metabolizing enzyme, and

Due to increased hormonal changes.6The three steps of Drinking:Absorption:Once alcohol is swallowed, it is not digested like food. Instead, a small amount is absorbed directly by the mucosal lining of the mouth.

Once in the stomach, alcohol is absorbed directly into your blood stream through the tissue lining the stomach and small intestine.

Food, water and fruit juice help to slow this absorption,

7Transportation:Once alcohol is in your blood stream, it is carried to all the organs of your body.

In the majority of healthy people, blood circulates through the body in 90 seconds,

thereby allowing alcohol to affect your brain and all other organs in 90 seconds.8Conversion!Like any other drug, Alcohol also undergoes the process of conversion:

Ten percent of the alcohol is eliminated through sweat, breath, and urine.

Liver must detoxify the remaining alcohol.

The liver detoxifies, or breaks down, alcohol at a rate of one half of an ounce per hour.

Usually nothing will speed this rate. When the rate of alcohol consumed exceeds the livers detoxification rate, the amount of alcohol in the bloodstream continues to increase, further impairing the brain, causing intoxication, coma or possibly death.

9The effects: hic!Alcohol moves quickly to the brain and passes the blood-brain barrier, which normally keeps harmful substances away from the brain. In the brain, alcohol affects the neurons, causing judgment problems, coordination problems, and a host of other problems.

Alcohol dehydrogenase helps in ultimate M & E.10There is also some evidence that genes influence how alcohol affects the cardiovascular system. The enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase helps metabolize alcohol.One variant of this enzyme, called alcohol dehydrogenase type 1C (ADH1C), comes in two "flavors." One quickly breaks down alcohol, the other does it more slowly. Moderate drinkers who have two copies of the gene for the slow-acting enzyme are at much lower risk for cardiovascular disease than moderate drinkers who have two genes for the fast-acting enzyme. Those with one gene for the slow-acting enzyme and one for the faster enzyme fall in between. It's possible that the fast-acting enzyme breaks down alcohol before it can have a beneficial.

11Mode!By dissolving in neuronal plasma membranes of the brain rather than by acting on specific receptors Ethanol, because of its amphophilic property (Hydrophilic and Lipophilic Activity).dissolved in lipid membrane, it disturbs the function of Ion channels and other proteins embedded there in which disrupts important cellular functions. It blocks the normal movement of Sodium and calcium ions that are responsible for the generation of electrical impulses and the release of neurotransmitters.

12Alcohol on you!When you abuse alcohol, you tend to be

Under nourished,

Making your hair dry,

Giving you cracked lips,

Aggravating acne,

Making your eyes look glassy, and

Giving your skin a puffy broken vein look.

13On brain!Alcohol is a depressant that slows brain activity down.

One or two drinks makes most people feel relaxed.

More alcohol may cause feelings of Anxiety, depression, and often aggression.

Alcohols first effect as it reaches the outer brain is todistort your judgment

14lowers your inhibition, while producing euphoria (a sense of pleasure). Continued alcohol use can cause depression. Alcohol robs brain cells of water and glucose, the brains food, contributing to a hangover the next day.

As you consume more alcohol, and it reaches the Cerebellum, your coordination and perception are affected and you can have memory blackouts.

15In GIT:Increased stomach acid production, causing heartburn and eventually ulcers.

Alcohol use is linked to cancer of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines.

Destruction of liver cells, fat accumulation around the liver, and cirrhosis which is a fatal condition.16In reproductive system!Alcohol decreases the male hormone testosterone.

Causes increased sexual desire, but decreased performance.

Toxic to unborn children causing permanent tissue and organ damage.

17Others!Depresses the bodys immune system ,

Disrupts your sleep patterns,

An increased risk of breast cancer,

High blood pressure, Diabetes,

Kidney disease,

Heart disease,

Constipation, and Strokes.1819Blood Alcohol Level Affect On Body 0.02 Slight mood changes 0.06 Lowered inhibition, impaired judgment, decreased rational decision-making abilities. 0.08 Legally drunk, deterioration of reaction time and control. 0.15 Impaired balance, movement, and coordination. Difficulty standing, walking, talking. 0.20 Decreased pain and sensation. Erratic emotions. 0.30 Diminished reflexes. Semi-consciousness. 0.40 Loss of consciousness. Very limited reflexes. Anesthetic effects. 0.50 Death. STAGES OF THE WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME OF CHRONIC ETHANOL ABUSE.

20Stage 1:ONSET OF NAUSEA.

VOMITING.

SWEATING.

TREMORS .

HYPERACTIVITY.

21Stage 2:INCREASED SEVERITY OF ABOVE

AUDITORY OR VISUAL HALLUCINATIONS

SEIZURES.22Stage 3:DELIRIUM TREMENS.

PROFOUND CONFUSION.

DISORIENTATION.

EXTREME AUTONOMIC ACTIVITY.

23MYTHS AND FACTS OF ALCOHOL

24Myth:

"The worst thing that can happen is that Ill pass out and have a hangover tomorrow."

The fact:

Death can and does occur from drinking too much alcohol. This is known as alcohol poisoning or acute alcohol intoxication and occurs when the level of alcohol in the body acts as a poison, causing death from the drug overdoseMyth:

"People pass out from drinking all the time. Its nothing to worry about." The fact:

You pass out due to the bodys inability to tolerate the amount of alcohol that you have put into it.The amount of alcohol it takes to make you pass out is dangerously close to the amount of alcohol it takes to make you dead! Myth:

"The best thing to do for someone who is drunk is to put them to bed and let them sleep it off." The fact:

DO NOT LEAVE A DRUNK (INTOXICATED) PERSON ALONE!!!!! Stay with the person, check their breathing, check their skin temperature, and frequently try to wake them.Myth:

"If my friend passed out, I wouldnt call for help. I couldnt live with myself if I got them in trouble". The fact:

If you dont call for help, your friend may not live to be mad at you. When someone passes out from drinking too much, they are unconscious and have consumed too much alcohol. This person is suffering from alcohol poisoning and needs medical attention.In the end!Alcohol's link with health is a bit Dr. Jekyll and a bit Mr. Hyde. Exactly which face it shows depends largely on who's drinking and how much. For most moderate drinkers, alcohol has overall health benefits. Moderate drinking seems to be good for the heart and circulatory system, and probably protects against type 2 diabetes and gallstones.Heavy drinking is a major cause of preventable death in most countries. 29Even moderate drinking carries some risks. Alcohol can disrupt sleep.

Its ability to cloud judgment is legendary.

Alcohol interacts in potentially dangerous ways with a variety of medications, including acetaminophen, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, painkillers, and sedatives.

It is also addictive, especially for people with a family history of alcoholism.30Heavy drinking can damage the liver and heart, harm an unborn child, increase the chances of developing breast and some other cancers, contribute to depression and violence, and interfere with relationships.

Non-drinkers, however, shouldn't feel the need to start drinking to improve their health. A pregnant woman should also avoid alcohol, since it can cause brain damage to the unborn child.

31The drinking problem actually touches drinkers' families, friends, and communities. According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and others:

18.2 million Americans meet standard criteria for alcohol abuse or alcoholism. Alcohol plays a role in one in three cases of violent crime.

More than 16,000 people die each year in automobile accidents in which alcohol is involved.

Alcohol abuse costs more than $185 billion dollars a year.

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NESSECITY IS THE MOTHER OF ALL INVENTION

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