C.P.RCardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Chain of survival.Early Healthy Choices.Early Recognition.Early Access.Early CPR.Early Defibrillation.Early Advanced Care.Early Rehabilitation.

The 4 Rs of CPR are:Risk: factors in your life that predispose you to

developing heart problems or a stroke.Recognize: how to recognize the signs of a

developing medical emergency;React: what to do when you see a developing

emergency.Resuscitate: how to do CPR and how to help

someone who is choking.

What is a heart attack?The heart is a muscle that needs oxygen to

function. (like all muscles)If arteries which supply Oxygen to the heart are

blocked then the heart can’t function = HEART ATTACK!

Angina is when blood flow is temporarily blocked then clears. Person will experience some pain but it passes. (definite danger of heart attack!)

Cardiac Arrest is when the heart stops beating and is no longer pumping blood to the rest of the body.

Without oxygen serious brain damage starts in 4 to 6 minutes.

What is a stroke?A stroke, or cerebrovascular accident (CVA).Occurs when blood supply to part of the brain is

blocked, causing brain cells to die.

Risk Factors for Heart Attack and Stroke Risk Factors You Can't ControlAge Gender Family history Race Risk Factors You Can ControlSmoking Lack of exercise High blood pressure High blood cholesterol Unhealthy weight Diabetes Stress

What You Can do to Lower Your RiskBe aware of your risk factors Be smoke free Be physically active Know and control your blood pressure Eat a healthy diet that is lower in fat, especially

saturated and trans fats Maintain your diabetes Limit your alcohol use Reduce stress See your doctor regularly and follow your doctor's

advice

Recognize the warning signs of heart attack and stroke.

Heart AttackOne or more of the 5 P’s

1. Pain- Chest pain or discomfort, radiating pain in arm, neck jaw or back.

2. Pale skin - Sweating 3. Puffing – trouble breathing 4. Pooped – feeling very tired5. Puking – sick to stomach or vomiting

StrokeOne or more of SUDDEN

Weakness, numbness in face and or limbs Trouble speaking Visions problems Severe headache Dizziness

Call 911 or your medical emergency number immediately

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation for an Adult Victim

Situation: Adult (8 years old and up) was found, looking unconscious. This incident was un-witnessed by yourself or any bystanders.

1. Check for hazards: make sure the environment is safe for you and the victim. The area around him/her may give you clues about what happened

2. Assess Responsiveness: without actually moving the victim, tap shoulders, bang the ground, shout, pinch his/her earlobes, etc. See if they will wake up.

3. Call 911 If there is no one around, you need to call 911. If you have a cell phone,

remember to give your address/location – 911 cannot trace cell phone locations! If you do not, you must leave your victim and find the nearest phone. Remember, if you don’t go and call, no one is coming to help you!

If there is a bystander around, direct him/her to go and call 911 and tell them there is an adult who was choking and passed out. Ask your bystander if s/he understands then tell to report back to you so that you know the call was made.

4.  Open the airway: using the head tilt-chin lift - (chin should be the highest point of face) and check for breathing

5. Check for breathing: for up to 10 seconds. Put your ear over the persons mouth and nose.

Look for chest movement Listen for sounds of breathing Feel for exhaled breath

 6. Give 2 Breaths: If victim is not breathing, give 2 full, slow breaths – each breath should take 1 second to administer. (full seal – either mouth-to-mouth, mouth-to-nose, mouth-to-stoma or mouth-to-mask).

7.  Begin compressions for cardiac arrest :Place the heel of the hand on the breastbone in the

center of the chest between the nipples.Place the heel of the second hand on top of the first so

that your hands are overlapping and parallel.You may link you fingers together for added stability but

keep them off the chest.Shoulders directly over hands with arms straight and

locked.8. Give 30 compressions: Compress to a depth of 2

inches. Make sure your compressions are sharp and vigorous

You need to compress at a rate of approximately 100 per minute (slightly less than 2 per second)

Keep your speed up, but don’t go so fast that your limbs cannot keep up with your count.

9. If the breathing has not returned to normal, continue administering CPR (Steps 7-9)

10. If the victim begins to breathe again, continue to monitor both breathing and circulation until help arrives.

11. Place in recovery position where applicable.

8 Steps to maintain life.1. Check for hazards2. Assess responsiveness3. Call 9114. Open airway5. Check for breathing (10 sec.)6. Give two breaths7. 30 compressions 2 breaths (repeat until

help arrives)

Basic First AidLesson 1

What is First AidThe objectives of first aid are:Preserve life.Prevent the illness or injury from becoming

worse.Promote recovery.

Who is a first aider? A first aider is someone who takes

charge of an emergency and gives first aid.

A fist aider does not diagnose or treat injures or illness, this requires a medical professional.

A first aider suspects injuries and illness and gives first aid.

What can a first aider do?Protect casualty’s belongingsKeep unnecessary people awayReassure family and friends of the casualtyClean up the emergency scene and work to

correct any unsafe conditions that may have caused the injury in the first place.

First aid and the law.Principles of the good SamaritanYou are a good Samaritan if you help a

person and have no legal duty to do so.Whenever you help a person in an

emergency, you should abide by the following principles:

ConsentReasonable skill and careNegligenceAbandonment

Safety and First Aid.Risks to be aware of:Is the energy source still active? ie power

lines downExternal hazards. ie. At a car crash fuel

leaks, explosionInjury incurred by first aider. ie. The

casualty is to large to move alone

Preventing infection.Bloodborne and airborne. Protect yourself

and the casualty if possible with:GlovesFace masks or shield Hand washing

Safety in a violent situationProtect your safety and others if possibleGive first aid with awareness of casualty’s

emotional stateKeep onlookers awayLeave everything at the scene as is

Medical helpMedical help can only be given by a doctor

or under the supervision of a doctor.The Golden Hour is the first hour after the

injury.EMS emergency medical services

Emergency scene managementFour steps1. Scene survey- take control, what

happened etc.2. Primary survey- assess the casualty and

start first aid.3. Secondary survey- more thorough check

for injuries.4. On going casualty care- stay with

casualty until medical help arrives.

Primary surveyA= AirwayB= BreathingC= Circulation

Secondary surveyHistory of the casualtyAssess the vital signsHead to toe examinationGive first aid

Ongoing careGive first aid for shockMonitor the casualty’s conditionRecord the events of the situationReport what hapened

First Aid TrainingWounds and bleeding

WoundsOpen wound- a break in

the outer layer of the skin which results in bleeding and may permit germs to enter and infection to set in.

 Closed wound- no break

in outer layer of skin but bleeding is internal, low risk of infection (except with abdominal injuries)

 

Wound types

Contusions- bruisesAbrasions or scraps (road rash)Incisions-clean cuts (knife razor)Lacerations (tears in the skin)Puncture (object stuck into body)Avulsions and amputation (skin/muscle is

partially or completely torn away)

Signs and symptoms of bleedingPale, cool and clammy skinRapid pulse, gradually becoming weakerFaintness, dizziness, thirst and nauseaRestlessness, and apprehension

Controlling bleedingApply direct

pressureRestElevation

Dressings: (material applied directly to a wound)Sterile, or as clean

as possibleLarge enough to

completely cover the wound

Highly absorbent to keep wound dry

Compressible, thick and soft

Non-stick and lint free

Types of dressing:

AdhesiveGauze Pressure Improvised

Guidelines for applying dressingsPrevent contamination

as much as possible, clean dressing, wear rubber gloves

Extend the dressing beyond edges of the wound

If blood soaks through, leave dressing in place and cover with more dressing

Secure a dressing with tape or bandage

Bandages: (material applied over dressing to hold it in place)Apply firmly to insure bleeding is controlled or immobilization is achieved.

Check circulation beyond bandage frequently to ensure bandage is not too tight

Don’t use your bandages as dressings when other materials are available.

Triangular bandageWhole cloth- for slings, or

for holding large dressingBroad bandage-for holding

splints or to apply pressure evenly over a large area

Narrow bandage-to secure dressings or splints or to immobilize ankles and feet

Ring pad-to control bleeding when pressure can not be directly applied to a wound (embedded object)

Circulation checkSkin colorSkin temperatureChecking pulseNailbed test

AmputationsBegin EMS- assess scene 911Control bleedingCare for amputated tissueKeep amputated part in cool clean placeASAP amputated part in plastic and on ice

Internal bleeding: (not easy to recognize)Casualty received a severe blow or a penetrating injury to the chest, neck, abdomen or groin

Major limb fractures upper leg or pelvis

Signs of internal bleeding:

Blood is:Coming from ears, nose or may appear as

eyes are bloodshot or black eye. (internal head bleed)

Coughed up bright red frothy blood (bleeding into lungs)

Blood in vomitBlood in stool (upper bowel bleed black and

tar like, lower bowel bleed red)Blood in urine

First aid for severe, internal bleedingThere is little a first aider can do to control internal

bleeding.Begin with scene surveyGive first aid for life threatening injuries.If the causality is conscious place them at rest on their

back with legs elevated.If the casualty is unconscious place them in the recovery

position.Call 911On going care. http://www.backpacker.com/survival_skills_treating_bloody_wounds/videos/41

http://www.backpacker.com/survival_skills_treating_broken_bones/videos/42