1

ANEXO 4

Countable Nouns

Countable nouns are easy to recognize. They are things that we can count. For

example: "pen". We can count pens. We can have one, two, three or more pens. Here are some more countable nouns:

dog, cat, animal, man, person

bottle, box, litre

coin, note, dollar

cup, plate, fork table, chair, suitcase, bag

Countable nouns can be singular or plural:

My dog is playing. My dogs are hungry.

We can use the indefinite article a/an with countable nouns:

A dog is an animal.

When a countable noun is singular, we must use a word like a/the/my/this with it:

I want an orange. (not I want orange.) Where is my bottle? (not Where is bottle?)

When a countable noun is plural, we can use it alone:

I like oranges.

Bottles can break.

We can use some and any with countable nouns:

I've got some dollars.

Have you got any pens?

We can use a few and many with countable nouns:

I've got a few dollars. I haven't got many pens.

"People" is countable. "People" is the plural of "person". We can count people:

There is one person here.

There are three people here.

2

Uncountable Nouns

Uncountable nouns are substances, concepts etc that we cannot divide into separate

elements. We cannot "count" them. For example, we cannot count "milk". We can

count "bottles of milk" or "litres of milk", but we cannot count "milk" itself. Here are

some more uncountable nouns:

music, art, love, happiness

advice, information, news

furniture, luggage

rice, sugar, butter, water

electricity, gas, power money, currency

We usually treat uncountable nouns as singular. We use a singular verb. For example:

This news is very important. Your luggage looks heavy.

We do not usually use the indefinite article a/an with uncountable nouns. We cannot say "an information" or "a music". But we can say a something of:

a piece of news

a bottle of water a grain of rice

We can use some and any with uncountable nouns:

I've got some money. Have you got any rice?

We can use a little and much with uncountable nouns:

I've got a little money. I haven't got much rice.

Here are some more examples of countable and uncountable nouns:

Countable Uncountable

Dollar Money

Song Music

suitcase Luggage

Table Furniture

Battery Electricity

3

Bottle Wine

Report Information

Tip Advice

Journey Travel

Job Work

View Scenery

When you learn a new word, it's a good idea to learn whether it's countable or uncountable.

Write c for countable and u for uncountable:

time - books - sugar - milk - pens - hair -

chairs - meat - butter - pencils - bread - jam - friends -

fingers - flour - apples - oil - cars - salt -

houses - cheese - rice - tea - games - tomatoes -

cream - honey - carrots -

a) a / an + singular countable noun ( a pen, an apple) some + plural countable nouns -

positive sentences ( There are some cars)

some + uncountable nouns - positive sentences ( There is some oil)

any - we use any in negative sentences and in most questions.(countable and uncountable

nouns) I don't have any pens. There isn't any salt.

Do you have any sisters?

2. Choose a, an, some or any

a) It is dog. b) Have you got friends?

c) I bought milk. d) Linda has not got pets.

e) There is orange on the table. f) Tim eats cheese every day.

g) We don't have bread. h) My brother found money.

i) My sister found pen. j) Do you have eggs?

k) There are students in the classroom. l) Is there pencil on the desk?

4

Modal Verbs (Ability) – can, could, be able to

I can ski / puedo esquiar

Una de las funciones del verbo modal can es para expresar habilidad.

Podemos utilizar el can si decidimos ahora que vamos hacer en el futuro.

Ej) I can have lunch with you tomorrow. / Puedo almorzar contigo mañana.

I can’t see you this weekend. / No puedo verte esta fin de semana.

Nota:

Después del can ponemos el infinitivo sin to ... can play tennis

... can't go tomorrow

La forma negativa completa se escribe como una sola palabra; cannot.

En otros casos, para expresar habilidad en el futuro utilizamos will be able to.

Ej) Do you think England will be able to win the World Cup one day?

Piensas que Inglaterra pueda ganar el Mundial algun día?

El pasado de can y can’t por habilidad es could y couldn’t

Ej) When I was young I could drink 10 or 12 pints of lager in one night.

Cuando era joven, podía beber 10 o 12 pintas de cerveza en una sola noche.

El can y el could también se utiliza para pedir a las personas que hagan algo.

Ej) can/could you give me your phone number?

El Condicional

Podemos utilizar el could para decir podría (would be able to)

Ej) We could get a new car next year if we didn’t have a holiday this summer.

Podríamos comprarnos un nuevo coche si no tomamos vacaciones este verano.

5

EJERCICIOS

Elije can o can’t si es posible. Si no, elige could o will be able to.

1. I’m sorry, I take you to the airport in the morning because I’ve

got a business meeting at 9 o’clock.

2. I think I pass my driving test before my 50th birthday.

3. One day in the future I think we live on the moon.

4. If we left now, we before the shops close.

5. I’m not working this weekend so we go cycling on Sunday.

6. I meet you for coffee at 11, but I’ll only have fifteen minutes.

7. I’ll do the washing and the ironing, but I do the shopping.

8. If we worked together, we finish it before the film starts.

9. She was bad after the accident, but I think she go back to work

next week.

10. It’s not possible yet, but I think computers do the housework for

us in a few years.

11. I go for a run this evening. My parents are coming to visit and I

won’t have time.

12. I do your job. It’s so complicated and stressful.

Obligation

Have to and must are both used to express obligation. There is a slight difference

between the way they are used.

Have to shows us that the obligation comes from somebody else. It’s a law or a rule

and the speaker can’t change it.

Do you have to wear a uniform at your school?

John can’t come because he has to work tomorrow.

In Britain you have to buy a TV licence every year.

Must shows us that the obligation comes from the speaker. It isn’t a law or a rule.

I must call my dad tonight.

You must hand in your homework on Tuesday or your mark will be zero.

You must come and visit us the next time you come to London.

6

No obligation

We use don’t have to to show that there is no obligation. You can do something if you

want to but it’s not compulsory.

You don’t have to wear a tie in our office. You can wear a tie if you want to but

it’s OK if you don’t.

It’ll be nice if you do but you don’t have to come with me if you don’t want to.

You don’t have to dress up for the party. Wear whatever you feel comfortable

in.

EXERCISE 1. Fill in the blanks with MUST / MUST NOT / HAVE TO / DON’T HAVE TO

1. Ronaldo can go to Brazil next week because he ________________ attend the training.

2. You ______________ buy that CD. We have got so many Cds at home.

3. Look at my car. It’s really dirty. I ____________ wash it as soon as possible.

4. I have just ordered some pizza. You ____________ cook anything tonight.

5. Since Alex de Souza was injured in the middle of the match, he ___________ leave the

pitch.

6. You ___________ remember what I said to you. It’s very important.

7. You ___________ put the chains on the wheels. It’s going to be snowy.

8. Tayfun ___________ buy a new CD player. He can use mine.

9. In Turkey all men _____________ do military service.

10. You __________ prepare an impressive CV before applying a job.

EXERCISE 2. Fill in the blanks with MUST / MUST NOT / CAN / CAN’T / HAVE TO / DON’T HAVE TO

1. My mother has told me to buy some batteries. I ___________ forget to buy some.

2. The old lady is sleeping. You _____________ turn down the volume.

3. You ____________ walk on the grass. It’s forbidden.

4. I’m sorry I couldn’t come yesterday. I _____________ visit a very important client.

5. We’ve got a lot of time. You ____________ hurry.

7

Asking for, information phrases

1. Can you tell me…?

Could you tell me…?

This is the most common way to ask for information. You can use either can or could. Can is probably a little more informal.

“Could you tell me how to get to the train station?”

2. Can anyone tell me…? / Could anyone tell me…?

Use these phrases when you are addressing a group of people, not an individual.

“Can anyone tell me what time the bank opens?”

3. Do you know…?

Use this phrase if you’re not sure whether or not the person you’re speaking to knows the answer.

“Do you know how long the movie is?”

4. Do you have any idea…? Do you happen to know…?

These phrases, like #3, are used if it’s possible the person doesn’t know the answer.

“Do you have any idea why today’s class was cancelled?”

5. I wonder if you could tell me…

This phrase is the most indirect.

“I wonder if you could tell me who I need to contact to talk about job

openings.”

Practice: In pairs write a dialogue using some of the phrases above mentioned to

ask for information.

8

Transport - vocabulary Match the name with the right picture.

aeroplane bicycle boat bus cable car car carriage cruiser double-decker helicopter hot-air balloon lorry

motor boat motorbike roller-skates scooter skis sleigh spaceship steamer submarine train tram Underground

______________ ________________ ______________ _____________ ____________

__________ _____________ ____________ _______________ __________________

_____________ ____________ ______________ _________________ ___________________

__________________ ___________________ __________________ _______________

9

The Simple Past of the Verb "to be"

The simple past tense of the verb to be:

This page will present the simple past tense of the verb to be:

its form

and its use.

The affirmative form:

I, he, she, it was.

you, we, they were.

Examples:

I was in London in 1999.

Pam was in London in 1999, too.

We were together.

She was my girlfriend.

The interrogative form:

Was I, he, she, it?

Were you, we, they?

Examples:

Were you in London last year?

Was Pam with you?

Were you together?

The negative form:

I, you, he, she was not.

wasn't.

You, we, they were not.

10

weren't.

Examples:

I wasn't in Paris in 1999.

Pam wasn't in Paris in 1999.

We weren't in Paris.

Rememeber:

1. wasn't is the short form of was not. You can say either:

I was not in Paris, or

I wasn't in Paris.

2. weren't is the short form of were not. You can say either:

we were not in Paris, or

we weren't in Paris.

Put the verb "to be" into the simple past:

1. I in Canada last summer holiday.

2. My sister with me.

3. We in Montreal.

4. She very happy.

5. I happy, too

WAS OR WERE

I ___ at the cinema yesterday.

was

were You ___ at school last week.

were

was

He ___ on holiday in summer.

were

was

She ___ ill last week.

was

were

We ___ in Italy last summer.

were

was

You ___ in the USA in January.

was

were

11

PLACES, SIMPLE PRESENT, SIMPLE PAST 1. Write the names: (shop, park, swimming-pool, cinema, museum, restaurant, library, hospital)

2. Complete the sentences using the simple present (am - is - are):

They at the

I at the

She at the

They at the

12

You at the

We at the

He at the

We at the

3. Complete the sentences using the simple past (was - were):

They at the

I at the

She at the

They at the

You at the

We at the

He at the

We at the

13

WASN´T – WEREN´T I / he / she / it wasn't...... you / we / they weren't......

1. Peter (not be) very happy. He had too much homework to do.

2. The children didn't like their rooms because they (not be) big enough.

3. Nobody ate their lunch because it (not be) what they wanted.

4. We (not be) allowed to talk in class yesterday.

5. I (not be) very happy because I had so much to do.

6. We had to buy some bread because there (not be) any left.

7. There (not be) a good film on at the cinema yesterday, so we went home.

8. I tried to ring you up last night, but you (not be) at home.

Was/Were Questions

Type Was or Were in the boxes below.

1. you there last night?

2. the movie good?

3. you at school yesterday?

4. the doors closed?

5. it very windy?

6. the weather cold?

7. she angry with you?

8. Bill and Fred at the restaurant?

14

9. you thirsty after the walk?

10. the umbrella in the car?

The Simple Past

The simple past tense

This page will present the simple past tense:

its form

and its use.

Before you continue the lesson read the following passage and try to see how the verbs

are formed and used.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was an Austrian musician and

composer. He lived from 1756 to 1791. He started composing

at the age of five years old and wrote more than 600 pieces of

music. He was only 35 years old when he died.

The verbs "was, lived,started, wrote, died" are in the simple

past tense.

Notice that:

lived, started,died are regular past forms.

was, wrote are irregular past forms.

Regular verbs:

The verbs "lived, started, died" are regular past forms. The rule is the following:

Verb + ed

15

Examples:

The infinitive The simple past

live Lived

start Started

die Died

visit Visited

play Played

watch Watched

phone Phoned

marry Married

For the spelling of the -ed forms click here.

Irregular verbs:

The verbs "was, wrote" are irregular past forms. "Was" is the simple past of "to be";

"wrote" is the simple past of "write".

More on the simple past of "to be" here.

There is no rule for these verbs. You should learn them by heart.

The infinitive The simple past

be was/were

write Wrote

come Came

do Did

meet Met

speak Spoke

As you can see we can not predict the simple past forms of these verbs. They are

16

irregular. You should learn them by heart. Here is a list of irregular verbs.

The forms of the simple past:

The Affirmative form of the simple past:

I, you, he, she, it, we, they played.

wrote

did.

Examples:

I played tennis with my friends yesterday.

I finished lunch and I did my homework.

The interrogative form of the simple past:

Did I, you, he, she, it, we, they Play?

write

do?

Examples:

Did you play basketball yesterday?

Did you watch television?

Did you do the homework?

The negative form of the simple past:

I, you, he, she, it, we, they did not/didn't play

write

do

I didn't like the food in the wedding last Saturday.

I didn't eat it.

Remember:

17

didn't is the short form of did not. You can say either:

I did not play basketball, or

I didn't play basketball.

WHO IS J.K. ROWLING

Reading /Complete the story using the Past Simple.

J.K. Rowling is the author of the Harry Potter books.

J. K.'s name is Joanne Kathleen.

She________ ( be) born in 1965 in a small town near Bristol, England.

Joanne____________ (live) with her parents and her sister.

The Rowling family was not rich. Joanne___________ (not go ) to special

schools.

She was a quiet child. She_____________ (love) to read and write stories.

Joanne___________ (go) to Exeter University, and she_______________ (finish)

in 1987.

She___________ (work) in different offices. In her free time, she_________

(write) stories.

In 1990, Joanne's mother_______(die). Joanne______(is) sad, and

she_________(want) to leave England.

She________(see) a job in the newspaper for an English teacher. The job was in

Portugal.

She _______ (have) an interview, and she______ (get) the job. In Portugal,

Joanne______(marry) a Portuguese man.

The next year, Joanne had a daughter, but she _________(be) happy in her

18

marriage.

She _________ (leave) Portugal with her daughter and ______(go) to live to

Edinburgh, Scotland, near her sister.

Life was difficult for Joanne. She___________ (take) care of her

daughter.

She_________ (be) alone and nobody________ (help) her. She______ (have) no

money and no job.

She (live) in a small apartment and ___________ (begin) to write

stories again.

Joanne first_____________ (think) about the Harry Potter story many years

ago

on a train. Joanne liked to go a coffee shop to write. She_______ (sit) there

for many hours.

She___________ (drink) coffee and____________ (write). Her

daughter____________ (sleep) beside her.

After five years, Joanne____________(finish) writing the first

Harry Potter book.

She__________ (send) it to many publishers.

They all_______(say) that they didn't like it.

Finally, a publisher _________(like) it, but the publisher said," This is a

children's book.

Adults won't read. You won't make a lot of money."

Harry Potter and the Sorcerer'Stone was in the bookstores.

J.K.Rowling _____ (be) very happy. Her dream to publish her book________

(come) true.

The book was famous all over the world.

Now Harry Potter book is in forty-two languages.

The publisher was wrong about one thing: Everyone loves Harry Potter-

19

Comprehension/ True or False?:.

1. Joanne was an English teacher in Portugal ______

2. Joanne married an English man in Portugal _______

3. Joanne left her daughter in Portugal _________

4. Joanne finished writing the first Harry Potter book after five years _____

5. Every publisher liked the book _________

6. Harry Potter is in twenty-four languages _________

children and adults.

Over 100 million books were sold in 1999.Then two Harry Potter

books__________ (become) movies.

J.K.Rowling ________ (write) three more Harry Potter books after that.

People all over the world want more Harry Potter. And what is J.K.Rowling

doing now?

She is writing another book!

Words and Meanings/ Choose the correct word.

quiet

author

adults

alone

interview

dreams

all over the

world

1. Good things happened to Joanne.All her____________

came true.

2. J.K.Rowling is an_______________. She writes books.

3. Joanne was not a noisy child. She was_______________.

4. Joanne lived_____________.She didn't live with another

person.

5. Joanne had a meeting about a new job. She had

an_______________.

6. People of all ages like Harry Potter: children

and________________.

7. Harry Potter is famous in every country.

It is famous ______________________________________

20

The past continuous / progressive

The past continuous:

The past continuous, also called past progressive, is used to refer to an action that was

continuous (i.e. an action that was going on) at a particular time in the past.

This page will present the form and the use of the past continuous (progressive.)

(More on the present continuous / progressive)

Before you continue the lesson, read the following passage and try to see how the verbs in

bold are formed and used.

Yesterday, Liza and Jim played tennis. They began at 10:00 and

finished at 11:30.

So at 11:00, they were playing tennis.

They were playing="they were in the middle of playing." They had not finished yet.

Was/were playing is the past continuous.

The form of the past continuous:

The past continuous is formed as follows:

to be in the simple past + verb + ing

The affirmative form:

I, he, she, it Was playing.

you, we, they were

Examples:

21

Yesterday evening I was watching a film, when someone knocked on the door.

This morning I was revising my lessons when my father came in.

Jim and Liza were playing tennis yesterday at 11:00.

The interrogative form:

Was I, he, she, it Playing?

were you, we, they

Examples:

What were you doing yesterday evening?

And what was your mother doing?

Where were you going, this morning at 7:30?

What were Jim and Liza doing?

The negative form:

I, he, she, it was not / wasn't playing.

you, we, they were not / weren't

Examples:

I wasn't reading a book yesterday evening; I was watching a film.

My mother wasn't preparing dinner; she was working on the computer.

We weren't playing cards.

The use of the past continuous:

We use the past continuous to say that somebody was in the middle of doing

something at a certain time in the past.

Example:

"This time yesterday, I was doing my homework."

We use the past continuous to say that something happened in the middle of

something else:

22

Example:

"Bob burnt his hand when he was cooking dinner yesterday"

"While I was working in the garden, I hurt my back."

Remember:

"Wasn't playing" and "weren't playing" are the short forms of "was not playing"

and "were not playing"

Put the verbs into the correct form (past progressive).

1. When I phoned my friends, they (play) monopoly.

2. Yesterday at six I (prepare) dinner.

3. The kids (play) in the garden when it suddenly began to rain.

4. I (practice) the guitar when he came home.

5. We (not / cycle) all day.

6. While Alan (work) in his room, his friends (swim) in the

pool.

7. I tried to tell them the truth but they (not / listen ) .

8. What (you / do) yesterday?

9. Most of the time we (sit) in the park.

10. I (listen) to the radio while my sister (watch) TV.

11. When I arrived, They (play) cards.

12. We (study) English yesterday at 4:00 pm .

PAST CONTINUOUS-DESCRIBING PAST EVENTS

Put the verbs in the Past Continuous tense.

23

Last night was hard. There was a blackout as well as a robbery. People in Smithville were

upset. But what were they doing when the lights went out? A man (wash) the

dishes while his wife ( give) her baby a bath. A blonde woman

(wash) her clothes. Another woman (watch) TV with her husband

and their children (do) their homework. A young man didn't realise the lights

went out because he (listen) to music on his mp3 player. But why did the

lights go out? The director of the power company claims that there was a blackout because

it (rain) heavily but it is said that they (have) a party and

they (not watch) the controls. One of the reporters, Bob,

(wash) the dishes and Dorris, his wife, (have) a bath. Jackie, Bob's colleague,

(work) in the building.

Now let's talk about the robbery. Burglars broke into all the apartments in the building when

all the tenants were out. But what (they/do)? One of the

tenants (wash) his clothes and a woman (visit) a friend. Another

woman (have) a picnic at the beach and a man (play) tennis in the

park. Two men (attend) a football game and a blonde woman

(visit) her grandchildren. What a night!