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Control of Nitrification at Willmar, MN

Control of Nitrification at Willmar, MN. John T. O’Connor Bart Murphy Tom O’Connor

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Page 1: Control of Nitrification at Willmar, MN. John T. O’Connor Bart Murphy Tom O’Connor

Control of Nitrification at Willmar, MN

Page 2: Control of Nitrification at Willmar, MN. John T. O’Connor Bart Murphy Tom O’Connor

John T. O’ConnorBart Murphy

Tom O’Connor

Page 3: Control of Nitrification at Willmar, MN. John T. O’Connor Bart Murphy Tom O’Connor

Willmar Municipal Utilities - Water System

Supt. of Water Bart Murphy - (612) 235-4422

Water Sources Southwest Wells, Northeast WellsTreat. Plants Southwest Plant, Northeast Plant

Treatment Packed Tower Aeration, Permanganate Oxidation of Mn, Pressure Greensand Filtration, Chloramination, Fluoridation

Population 22,000 (1995)Production 3.4 mgd (avg.) 6.9 mgd (peak)

Page 4: Control of Nitrification at Willmar, MN. John T. O’Connor Bart Murphy Tom O’Connor

Southwest and Northeast Treatment PlantsSouthwest and Northeast Treatment Plants

Page 5: Control of Nitrification at Willmar, MN. John T. O’Connor Bart Murphy Tom O’Connor

Willmar’s Tower Willmar’s Tower AeratorsAerators

Aerated Water pH ≥ 8.0Aerated Water pH ≥ 8.0

Willmar staff haveWillmar staff have

developed a developed a freezingfreezing

techniquetechnique for cleaning for cleaning

plastic media plastic media

in the tower aeratorin the tower aerator

Page 6: Control of Nitrification at Willmar, MN. John T. O’Connor Bart Murphy Tom O’Connor

Willmar, MNWillmar, MN pH = 7.5 ;Temperature: 5 - 15 °CSource Water Alk.= 400 - 441 mg CaCO3 equiv. / l

Ca = 150 - 260 mg CaCO3 equiv. / l

Ammonium Ion 3.2 mg N / l (NE) ; 2.5 mg N / l (SW)

Iron Removal 1.67 0.00 mg Fe / lMn Removal 0.109 0.05 mg Mn / l

Lead (1992) < 5 to 43 µg Pb / l Copper (1992) < 0.50 to 7.0 mg Cu / l

Corrosion Control Treatment: Aeration to increase pH from 7.5 to

8.1

Page 7: Control of Nitrification at Willmar, MN. John T. O’Connor Bart Murphy Tom O’Connor

Uniform, Smooth, Colored Deposits in Copper Pipe

Page 8: Control of Nitrification at Willmar, MN. John T. O’Connor Bart Murphy Tom O’Connor

Optimum Copper Corrosion Control Treatment Optimum Copper Corrosion Control Treatment (OCCT)(OCCT)

pH / alkalinity to decrease solubility of metal carbonates, oxides

calcium to increase calcium carbonate supersaturation,

deposition

polyphosphate to cause formation of phosphate films on mains and plumbing silicate to promote formation of

protective silicate films

Page 9: Control of Nitrification at Willmar, MN. John T. O’Connor Bart Murphy Tom O’Connor

Copper Pipe Test Loops

and

Copper Pipe Test Sections

Page 10: Control of Nitrification at Willmar, MN. John T. O’Connor Bart Murphy Tom O’Connor

Sampling Copper Pipe Test LoopsSampling Copper Pipe Test Loops

Page 11: Control of Nitrification at Willmar, MN. John T. O’Connor Bart Murphy Tom O’Connor

Copper Pipe SectionsCopper Pipe Sections

MgO ColumnsMgO Columns

Copper Pipe Loops

Page 12: Control of Nitrification at Willmar, MN. John T. O’Connor Bart Murphy Tom O’Connor

On-Site Studies - an Opportunity for Mutual EducationOn-Site Studies - an Opportunity for Mutual Education

Page 13: Control of Nitrification at Willmar, MN. John T. O’Connor Bart Murphy Tom O’Connor

The War Room – Studies were plannedThe War Room – Studies were plannedbased on the previous day’s resultsbased on the previous day’s results

Page 14: Control of Nitrification at Willmar, MN. John T. O’Connor Bart Murphy Tom O’Connor

Microscopic Enumeration of Total Bacteria

Page 15: Control of Nitrification at Willmar, MN. John T. O’Connor Bart Murphy Tom O’Connor

Tap 3 4 5 8 9 13 25 36 49 Main0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Sequential Household Tap Sampling at Bart Murphy Residence

Copper

NH4+

Sequential Sample, 250 ml Aliquot

Chloramine

Dissolved Oxygen

Bacterial Cells

Page 16: Control of Nitrification at Willmar, MN. John T. O’Connor Bart Murphy Tom O’Connor

BB

B

B

B

BB

B

B

B

B

BB

B B

BB

0

1

2

3

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Chloramine Consumed, mg Cl/l

1.3 mg Cu/l Copper Action Level

Page 17: Control of Nitrification at Willmar, MN. John T. O’Connor Bart Murphy Tom O’Connor

B

B

B BB

J

J

JJ

J

0

1

2

3

0 30 60 90

Time of Contact, minutes

B Copper, mg Cu/l

J Chloramine, mg Cl/l

Page 18: Control of Nitrification at Willmar, MN. John T. O’Connor Bart Murphy Tom O’Connor

Control StrategyControl Strategy

• • Control nitrifying bacteria in the distribution system.Control nitrifying bacteria in the distribution system.

• • Control formation of nitrite during distribution.Control formation of nitrite during distribution.

• • Control the loss of chloramine in distribution system.Control the loss of chloramine in distribution system.

• • Reduce concentration of chloramine applied as a Reduce concentration of chloramine applied as a

distribution system residual.distribution system residual.

Page 19: Control of Nitrification at Willmar, MN. John T. O’Connor Bart Murphy Tom O’Connor

Ozone Generator and Ozonation Pilot Plant Oxygen Cylinder; Ozone generator; Pump, Injector and Contactor Degassing Separator; Ozone Destruct Column (wall-mounted, black)

Two Greensand Filter Columns (black) in Series;

Clear Well (white)

Page 20: Control of Nitrification at Willmar, MN. John T. O’Connor Bart Murphy Tom O’Connor
Page 21: Control of Nitrification at Willmar, MN. John T. O’Connor Bart Murphy Tom O’Connor

AeratedAerated

Iron Iron OxidesOxides

Well Well Water Water SourceSource

Ozonated Ozonated and Filteredand Filtered Ozonated Ozonated

PermanganatePermanganate

Page 22: Control of Nitrification at Willmar, MN. John T. O’Connor Bart Murphy Tom O’Connor

Magnesium Oxide for pH Adjustment;Magnesium Oxide for pH Adjustment;Acceleration of Kinetics of OzonationAcceleration of Kinetics of Ozonation

Oxidation ofAmmonium Ion by ozone is acceleratedBy high pH and alkalinity

The addition of MgO particlesprovides pin-point regions of high pH

Page 23: Control of Nitrification at Willmar, MN. John T. O’Connor Bart Murphy Tom O’Connor

B

B

B

B

B

J

J

0

1

2

3

0 60 120 180

milligrams / liter

Time after Ozonation, minutes

Ammonium Ion

Ozone

Ozone and Ammonium Ion Persistence

Page 24: Control of Nitrification at Willmar, MN. John T. O’Connor Bart Murphy Tom O’Connor

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Chlorine Applied, mg Cl/l

Combined ChlorineResidual (Chloramine)

"Free"Chlorine, HOCl

NH2Cl

N2

Page 25: Control of Nitrification at Willmar, MN. John T. O’Connor Bart Murphy Tom O’Connor

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Chlorine Applied, mg Cl/l

Total Chlorine

Free Chlorine

Chloramines

Ammonia-N

Nitrate-N

Page 26: Control of Nitrification at Willmar, MN. John T. O’Connor Bart Murphy Tom O’Connor

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

0 5 10 15 20

Chlorine Contact Time, Minutes

20 mg Cl/l

23 mg Cl/l

25 mg Cl/l

Page 27: Control of Nitrification at Willmar, MN. John T. O’Connor Bart Murphy Tom O’Connor

Breakpoint Breakpoint Ammonium Ammonium Reduction Reduction

Treatment (BART)Treatment (BART)

Chlorine Injectors for Increased Application of Chlorine Gas

Page 28: Control of Nitrification at Willmar, MN. John T. O’Connor Bart Murphy Tom O’Connor

2.4

0.02

-

8

0

1.16

1.56

7.6

0

0.76

1.01

7.6

1.92

0.14

3.12

8.02

1.96

0.13

3.18

8.07

0.93

0.17

2.48

8.1

-

0.14

2.44

-

AeratorEffluent

#1:BART

Influent

#1:BART

Effluent

#2:Chloramine

Influent

#2:Chloramine

Effluent

CombinedPlant Effluent

Clearwell

2.4

0.02

-

8

0

1.16

1.56

7.6

0

0.76

1.01

7.6

1.92

0.14

3.12

8.0

1.96

0.13

3.18

8.1

0.93

0.17

2.48

8.1

-

0.14

2.44

-

NH4+

Free Chlorine

Total Chlorine

pH

AeratorEffluent

#1: BARTInfluent

#1: BARTEffluent

#2: ChloramineInfluent

#2: ChloramineEffluent

CombinedPlant Effluent

ClearwellSouthwest

Plant

Page 29: Control of Nitrification at Willmar, MN. John T. O’Connor Bart Murphy Tom O’Connor

2.11

0.13

0.001

14

9

7.46

-

-

-

2.11

0.14

0.001

14

10

-

-

-

-

0.006

0.03

0.001

4

10

7.57

0.0

1.50

0.80

0.005

0.08

0.001

3

10

8.03

2.0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1.0

2.12

0.11

Fe, mg/l

Mn++, mg/l

H2S, mg/l

Color, Pt-Co

Temp. °C

pH

NH4+ , mg N/l

Total Cl, mg Cl/l

Free Cl, mg Cl/l

Influent Aerated #1: BART#2: Chloramine

+ KMnO4#1 + #2: FinishedSouthwest Plant

after BART

Page 30: Control of Nitrification at Willmar, MN. John T. O’Connor Bart Murphy Tom O’Connor

18

26

25

3

3

3

10

10

10

11

10

10

27

31

BART-12/7/96

BART-12/8/96

BART-12/9/96

Chloramine-12/7

Chloramine-12/8

Chloramine-12/9

Combined-12/7

Combined-12/8

Combined-12/9

Clearwell-12/7

Clearwell-12/8

Clearwell-12/9

College Sys.-Near

College Sys.-Far

Total THM,µg/l

SouthwestPlant

Page 31: Control of Nitrification at Willmar, MN. John T. O’Connor Bart Murphy Tom O’Connor

B

B

B

B B BB

B

B

B

B B

J

JJ

J

J

J

J

J

J

J

JJ

H HH

H H H

H

HH H

H

H

F F

F

F F

F

FF

F

FF

F

Ñ

ÑÑ

Ñ ÑÑ

Ñ Ñ

Ñ

Ñ Ñ

Ñ

É

É

É É É É

É

ÉÉ

ÉÉ

É

ÇÇ

Ç Ç Ç

Ç

Ç Ç

Ç Ç

Ç

Ç

Å

ÅÅ

Å Å ÅÅ

Å

Å ÅÅ Å

M

M

M

M M

M M

M

MM

M

â

â

ââ â

ââ

â â

â

â

Ö

ÖÖ

Ö Ö ÖÖ

Ö

Ö ÖÖ Ö7

7

7

7 7

77

7

77

7

7

Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov0

1

2

3

B 1

J 4

H 7

F 9

Ñ 11

É 12

Ç 13

Å 14

M 17

â 18

Ö 24

7 30

Monitoring Stations

Willmar Distribution System Ammonium Ion after BART

Average SWP Influent

Page 32: Control of Nitrification at Willmar, MN. John T. O’Connor Bart Murphy Tom O’Connor

B

BB

B B B B BB B

B B

B

B

B

BB B

BB

B B B BDec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov

0

1

2

3

4

Range of Ammonium Ion Concentrations after BART

Average Southwest Plant Influent

Average Northeast Plant Influent

Average of 12 Distribution

SystemSampling Sites

Page 33: Control of Nitrification at Willmar, MN. John T. O’Connor Bart Murphy Tom O’Connor

B BB

B BB

B BB B

BB

Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov0

1

2

3

4

Average Ammonium Ion Concentration after BART

Average SWP Influent

Average NEP Influent

Average of 12 Distribution System Sampling Sites

SWP BART Effluent

Page 34: Control of Nitrification at Willmar, MN. John T. O’Connor Bart Murphy Tom O’Connor

B

B

B

B B

J

J

JJ

JH H H H H

F

F

F FF

ÑÑ Ñ Ñ

ÑÉÉ

ÉÉ É

Ç Ç Ç Ç ÇÅÅ

ÅÅ

ÅM

M MM M

â

ââ â â

Ö

ÖÖ Ö Ö

77

7

7 7

Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

B 1

J 4

H 7

F 9

Ñ 11

É 12

Ç 13

Å 14

M 17

â 18

Ö 24

7 30

Sampling Station

Distribution System Nitrite Ion - Willmar, MN

Page 35: Control of Nitrification at Willmar, MN. John T. O’Connor Bart Murphy Tom O’Connor

B

B

B

B B B B

B

B B

B B

J

J

JJ

JJ

J

JJ J

JJ

HH H H H H

HH

H HH H

F

F

FF

F F FF F F

F F

ÑÑ

Ñ ÑÑ Ñ

Ñ Ñ

Ñ ÑÑ Ñ

ÉÉ

ÉÉ É

É

ÉÉ

ÉÉ É

É

Ç Ç Ç Ç Ç Ç Ç Ç Ç Ç Ç ÇÅÅ

ÅÅ

Å Å

ÅÅ

ÅÅ Å ÅM

M MM M

MM M M M M M

â

ââ â â â â

â ââ â â

Ö

Ö

Ö Ö Ö Ö Ö Ö Ö Ö Ö Ö

77

7

7 7

77 7

7

77

7

Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov

0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

B 1

J 4

H 7

F 9

Ñ 11

É 12

Ç 13

Å 14

M 17

â 18

Ö 24

7 30

Monitoring Stations

Distribution System Nitrite Ion after BART, Dec. '96 - Nov. '97

USEPA MCL: 1 mg N / l

Page 36: Control of Nitrification at Willmar, MN. John T. O’Connor Bart Murphy Tom O’Connor

B

B

B BB B

B B

B BB B

B B B B B B B B B B B BDec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov

0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

Range of Nitrite Ion Concentrations after BART - Willmar, MN

USEPA MCL

Page 37: Control of Nitrification at Willmar, MN. John T. O’Connor Bart Murphy Tom O’Connor

B

B

B B B BB B B B

B B

Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Average of Nitrite Ion Concentrations after BART

USEPA MCL

Page 38: Control of Nitrification at Willmar, MN. John T. O’Connor Bart Murphy Tom O’Connor

B

B

B

BB

J

J

JJ

JH H

H HH

F

F

FF F

Ñ ÑÑ

Ñ ÑÉ

É

É ÉÉ

Ç ÇÇ

Ç Ç

Å ÅÅ

ÅÅ

M

MM

MM

â

ââ

ââ

ÖÖ

ÖÖ Ö

77

7

77

Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

B 1

J 4

H 7

F 9

Ñ 11

É 12

Ç 13

Å 14

M 17

â 18

Ö 24

7 30

Sampling Station

Distribution System Nitrate Ion - Willmar, MN

Page 39: Control of Nitrification at Willmar, MN. John T. O’Connor Bart Murphy Tom O’Connor

B

B

B

BB

BB

B

BB B

B

J

J

JJ

J

J

J

J

JJ

J JH H

H HH H

H HH H H H

F

F

FF F F F F

FF

FF

Ñ ÑÑ

Ñ Ñ

ÑÑ

ÑÑ Ñ Ñ

ÑÉ

É

É ÉÉ

ÉÉ

É

É ÉÉ

ÉÇ Ç

ÇÇ Ç

ÇÇ

ÇÇ Ç Ç

Ç

Å ÅÅ

ÅÅ

ÅÅ

Å ÅÅ

Å ÅM

MM

MM

M M M M M M M

â

ââ

ââ

â â ââ â â

âÖ

Ö

ÖÖ Ö

ÖÖ

ÖÖ

Ö Ö Ö

77

7

77

77

77

77

7

Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

B 1

J 4

H 7

F 9

Ñ 11

É 12

Ç 13

Å 14

M 17

â 18

Ö 24

7 30

Monitoring Stations

Distribution System Nitrate Ion after BART, Dec. '96 - Nov. '97

Page 40: Control of Nitrification at Willmar, MN. John T. O’Connor Bart Murphy Tom O’Connor

B

B

BB B B

BB

BB B B

BB

B B B BB

B B B B B

Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

Range of Nitrate Ion Concentration after BART - Willmar, MN

Page 41: Control of Nitrification at Willmar, MN. John T. O’Connor Bart Murphy Tom O’Connor

B

B

BB B B

BB B B

BB

Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

Average Nitrate Ion Concentration after BART

Page 42: Control of Nitrification at Willmar, MN. John T. O’Connor Bart Murphy Tom O’Connor

BB

B

B

B

B

BB

B

B

BB

J

J J

J

J

J

J

JJ

J

J

J

HH

H

H

H

H

H

H HH

H

H

F

FF

F

F

F

F

FF

FF

F

Ñ Ñ

Ñ

ÑÑ

Ñ

ÑÑ

ÑÑ

Ñ

Ñ

É

É

É

É

ÉÉ

É

ÉÉ

É

ÉÉ

Ç

ÇÇ

Ç Ç

Ç

Ç

Ç Ç Ç

Ç Ç

Å

ÅÅ

Å

ÅÅ

ÅÅ

Å Å Å Å

M

M

M

M M

MM

M MM

M

M

â

â

â

â

â

â

ââ

ââ

â

â

Ö

Ö

ÖÖ

ÖÖ

Ö

ÖÖ

Ö

Ö

Ö

77

7

7

7

77

7

7

7 7

7

Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov0

1

2

3

B 1

J 4

H 7

F 9

Ñ 11

É 12

Ç 13

Å 14

M 17

â 18

Ö 24

7 30

Monitoring Stations

Distribution System Chloramine after BART

Target: Minimum Chloramine = 0.5 mg Cl/l

Page 43: Control of Nitrification at Willmar, MN. John T. O’Connor Bart Murphy Tom O’Connor

B

BB

BB

B BB

BB

BB

B

BB

B

BB

BB

B B B B

Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

Range of Chloramine Concentrations after BART

Target: Minimum Chloramine = 0.5 mg Cl/l

Chloramine Application at SWP reduced from 2.8 to 1.8 mg Cl/l

Page 44: Control of Nitrification at Willmar, MN. John T. O’Connor Bart Murphy Tom O’Connor

BB B

B

B

B

BB

BB

B B

Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov0

0.5

1

1.5

2

Average Chloramine Concentrations after BART

Target: Minimum Chloramine = 0.5 mg Cl/l

SWP Finished Water Chloramine = 1.8 mg Cl/l

Page 45: Control of Nitrification at Willmar, MN. John T. O’Connor Bart Murphy Tom O’Connor

BARTBreakpoint Ammonia Reduction Treatment

• Persistent disinfectant residuals

• Suppression of nitrite ion formation

• Avoidance of excessive trihalomethanes

• Enhanced manganese removal

• Reduction of true natural color = ozone

Page 46: Control of Nitrification at Willmar, MN. John T. O’Connor Bart Murphy Tom O’Connor
Page 47: Control of Nitrification at Willmar, MN. John T. O’Connor Bart Murphy Tom O’Connor

Back Road to Willmar’s East PlantBack Road to Willmar’s East Plant

Page 48: Control of Nitrification at Willmar, MN. John T. O’Connor Bart Murphy Tom O’Connor
Page 49: Control of Nitrification at Willmar, MN. John T. O’Connor Bart Murphy Tom O’Connor