Control of Blood Control of Blood GlucoseGlucose

Changes in glucose Changes in glucose concentrationconcentration

What makes blood glucose What makes blood glucose concentration increase?concentration increase? EatingEating

What makes blood glucose What makes blood glucose concentration decrease?concentration decrease? Exercise Exercise RespirationRespiration

Detecting and responding Detecting and responding to changes in blood glucoseto changes in blood glucose

PANCREAS detects changesPANCREAS detects changes Then releases HORMONESThen releases HORMONES

- INSULIN when there is high blood sugarINSULIN when there is high blood sugar- GLUCAGON when there is low blood GLUCAGON when there is low blood

sugarsugar

The disease in which the pancreas The disease in which the pancreas does not produce or the body does does not produce or the body does not respond to INSULIN is:not respond to INSULIN is: DIABETESDIABETES

We eat food containing carbohydrates

The carbohydrates are fully digested to glucose which is absorbed

Controlling GlucoseControlling Glucose

The amount of glucose in our blood (“blood sugar level”) is controlled by the

pancreas…

The pancreas detects the change in blood glucose concentration and releases the appropriate hormone

Controlling Controlling GlucoseGlucose

The amount of glucose in our blood is controlled by the hormones insulin and

glucagon working with the PANCREAS:

Glucose returns to normal (80 - 100 mg of glucose/100cm³ of 80 - 100 mg of glucose/100cm³ of

bloodblood)

Alpha cells of

Β cell of

Summary

Control of Blood glucose levels over a day

What is diabetes?What is diabetes?•The body does not make or respond to insulin•blood glucose levels may rise to a fatally high level

The symptoms:

Types of DiabetesTypes of Diabetes There are two types of diabetics - Type 1 (insulin dependent)/ Juvenile onset (10%)

Degeneration of β cells = unable to produce insulin

Must take insulin - Type 2 / Adult onset 90%)

Decreased insulin production or decreased sensitivity to insulin

Controlled with diet and drugs that stimulate the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas to function

Note: Gestational diabetes occurs in 24% of pregnancies

DIABETESDIABETES

No insulin means that cells can’t take in No insulin means that cells can’t take in sugarssugars

Therefore no cellular respiration = lack of Therefore no cellular respiration = lack of energyenergy

Body turns to fat and protein metabolismBody turns to fat and protein metabolism Acetone produced as a result of fat metabolism Acetone produced as a result of fat metabolism

and can be smelled on breathand can be smelled on breath Ketones produced as a result of protein Ketones produced as a result of protein

metabolism (liver and kidney under strain metabolism (liver and kidney under strain because they have to detox and eliminate high because they have to detox and eliminate high amounts of protein byproducts)amounts of protein byproducts)

How can diabetes be How can diabetes be treated?treated?

Insulin injections or controlled diet

Frequent checking of blood glucose levels

What What increases increases the risk the risk

of of diabetes?diabetes?

The discovery of InsulinThe discovery of Insulin

Before 1921 Before 1921 diabetics only lived diabetics only lived a year or twoa year or two

Two Canadian Two Canadian scientists scientists experimented on experimented on dogsdogs

They were Banting They were Banting and Bestand Best

Sir Frederick Grant Sir Frederick Grant BantingBanting

(1891 - 1941)(1891 - 1941)

Canadian Canadian Physician/SurgeonPhysician/Surgeon

30 Years old in 192130 Years old in 1921

Won Nobel Prize for Won Nobel Prize for medicine in 1923medicine in 1923

Charles Herbert Best Charles Herbert Best

(1899 - 1978)(1899 - 1978)

Canadian Science Canadian Science Student & PhysiologistStudent & Physiologist

22 Years old in 192122 Years old in 1921

Banting and Best’s LabBanting and Best’s Lab

Their researchTheir research

University of Toronto in Canada. University of Toronto in Canada. Experimented on dogsExperimented on dogs

tied off ducts in the dog's pancreases tied off ducts in the dog's pancreases observed and isolated the internal observed and isolated the internal

secretionssecretions constant monitoring of blood sugars constant monitoring of blood sugars

through blood and urine samples through blood and urine samples Imagine the difficulties of collecting urine Imagine the difficulties of collecting urine

samples from dogs!samples from dogs! Isolated insulin and injected it into diabetic Isolated insulin and injected it into diabetic

dogs (dogs with the pancreas removed)dogs (dogs with the pancreas removed)

The first human to be given The first human to be given insulininsulin

Leonard Thompson- Leonard Thompson- had been diagnosed in had been diagnosed in

1920 at the age of 111920 at the age of 11 11th January 1922 at the 11th January 1922 at the

Toronto General HospitalToronto General Hospital He was near to death He was near to death

and already spending and already spending most of his time in bedmost of his time in bed

Leonard agreed to be Leonard agreed to be injected with the new injected with the new 'insulin' drug and it 'insulin' drug and it saved his life.saved his life.