.’.. CONTRACT REPORT BRL-CR-0600

BRL 1938-ServingtheArmyforFiftyYears-1988

AN ATTEMPT TO RECONCILE COMPRESSION SENSITIVITYDATA ON LIQUID GUN PROPELLANTS

NEALE A.MESSINA

JUNE 1988

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U.S: ARMY LABORATORY COMMAND

BALLISTIC RESEARCH LABORATORY

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IPERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NuM8ER(SI 5. MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMEER(S)

CRL-FR-88-003 ,

I. NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Sb. OFFICE SYMBOL 7a. NAME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATION

‘rincetonCombustion(If applkable)

.esearchLaboratories,Inc. U.S.ArmyBallisticResearchLaboratoryAOORESS (City, State, and ZIPCole) 7b. AOORESS (City, State, and ZIP Code)

}275U.S.HighwayOnelonmouthJunction,NJ 08852 AberdeenProvingGround,ND 21005-5066

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1.S.ArmY BallisticRschLab I SLCBR-IB DAAD05-86-M-M414;ADDRESS (City, State, ●nd ZIP COdeJ 10. SOURCE OF FUNOING NuM8ERS

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LberdeenProvingGround,MD 21005-5066ELEMENT NO. NO. ACCESSION NO.

I I I I~. TITLE (lnduds serurkry Ua=”tiation)

W ATTTMPTTO RECONCILECOMPRESSIONSENSITIVITYDATAON LIQUIDGUN PROPELLANTS!.PERSONAL AUTHOR(S)

iealeA. Messinala.TYPE OF REPORT 13b, TIME COVEREO 14. DATE OF REPORT (Year, month, OaYJ 15. PAGE COUNT

?Inal FROM 71576 TO-

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?. COSATI CODES 1.S. SUOIE~ TERMS (Con3inue on fwern if nuesswy md idmtify by blork .umberJ

FIELo I GROUP I SUB-GROUP CompressionIgnition LiqofdGun Propellants HazardsLiquidPropellantGuns Miabatic Compression

1I I I

9, ABSTRACT (ContAnue or! mvwm if nrresrafy ●nd idendo by Mork number)

This‘reportis an attemptto reconcileapparentdiscrepanciesbetweenconclusionsirawnfromcompressionignitionaenaitivitytestresultsof liquidgun propellantsobtainedindependentlyby PrincetonCombustionResearchLaboratories,Inc.(PCRL)andErnst-Nach-Institut,Abteilungfur Balliatik(EMI-AFB).Herewe definecompressionignitionas anundesirableignitioneventarisingfromhot s~t developmentassociatedwithentrappedbubblecollapseunderrapidcompressionof theliquidpropellantcharge.

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2a.NAME OF RESPONSIBLE INDIVIDUAL 22b. TELEPHONE Oncluds Area CodeJ 22c. OFFICE SYMBOLJohnD. Knapton (301)278-6170 SLCBR-IB-BDForm1473,JUN84 Previous editions are obdete. SECURITY CLASSIFlmTION OF THIS PAGE

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AN ATTEMPT TO RECONCILE COMPRESSION SENSITIVITY DATAON LIQUID GUN PROPELLANTS

PRINCETON COMBUSTION RESEARCH LABOR.4~RIJ=, INC.4275 u.S.HIGHWAY ONE,MONMOUTH JUNCTION,NEW JERSEY08852 TELEPHONE:(609)452.9200

Final.Report PCRL-FR-98-003April 15, 1988

AN ATTEMPT TO ~CONCILE COMPRESSION SENSITIVITY DATAON LIQUID GUN PROPELLANTS

Princeton Combustion Research Laboratories, Inc.4275 U.S. Eighway One

Monmouth Junction, NJ 08852

in fulfillment ofthe Reporting Requirements on

DAAD05-86-M-M414

U.S. Army Ballistic Research LaboratoryAberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005-5066

-iii-

TAELE OF CONTENTSPAGE

Title Page ............................................... i

DD Form 1473: Report Documentation Page................. ii

Table of Contents........................................ iii

List of Tables..........................................s iv

List of F’igures.......................................... v

Introduction............................................. 1

Discussion ............................................... 2

Summary.................................................. 7

References................................................. 8

DistributionL.lst.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

-iv-

LIST OF TABLES

T- Title

1. Comparison of Features o! PCRL Compress?.onIgnition Sensitivity Test Fixture and EMI Device

2. Summary of Analysis of High Speed CinematographicRecords for EMI Test 18-4-85, for LGP 1845

3. Tabulation of Pressure-Time Behavior for EMI Test18-4-85, for LGP 1845

4. Summary of Comparative Analysis of ?ompress~.onIgnition Tests for LGP 1845

5. Summary of Analysis of High Speed CinematographicRecords for EMI Test 6-4-85, for NOS-365

6. Tabulation of Pressure-Time Behavior for EM1 Test31-4-84, for NOS-365

7. Summary of Analysis of High Speed CinematographicRecords for EMI Test 31-4-84, for NOS-365

8. Summary of Comparative AnalysisIgnition Tests for NOS-365

of Compression

~

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

17

.

-v-

LIST OF FIGURES

Fiqure Title m

1. Schematic Drawing of PCRL Compression Ignition 18Sensitivity Test Fixture

2. Schematic Drawing of EMI-AFB Compression Test 19Fixture

3. Expanded Plot of Pressure-Time Behavior in EMI 20Test 18-4-85, for LGP 1845

4. Volumetric Compression of Individual Bubbles in 21EMI Test 18-4-85, for LGP 1845

5. Plot of Pressure-Time Behavior in EMI Test 2231-4-84, for NoS-365

6. Volumetric Compression of the Individual Bubbles 23.in EMI Test 31-4-84, for NOS-365

,,

-1-

INTRODUCTION

Safe start-up and operation of a liquid prope?.lantgun (LPG)system can be accomplished if the relevant sensitivity parametersof the candidate monopropellant as relates to compressionignition can be identified. I.tis essential that a quantitativecharacterization of the threshold for runaway reaction associat.efiwith compression ignition be established and brought underprecise control in LPG design. Aa a practical approach todefining the domain of safe start-up for LPG operation, it isnecessary to provoke runaway reactions, i.e., explosions, in aspecialized reusable laboratory-scale test fixture. It must alsobe recognized that residual ullage and cavitation bubbles broughtinto the liquid reservoir of a LPG during the pre-firing rapidfill process will influence the sensitization of the liquidmonopropellant to compression ignition. It is thereforeessential that cavitating flow dynamics induced by the rapid fill.process be incorporated into laboratory fixture design, asidefrom a quiescent or static liquid propellant loading with singleor multiple gaa pockets or bubbles.

To thk end, Princeton Combustion Research Laboratories,Inc. designed and fabricated a Compression Ignition SensitivityTest Fixture in 1979 to produce on a systematic basis rapidcompression of a liquid monopropellant charge, with or withoutullage, under rapid fill or quiescent loading conditions (Ref.1). The sensitivity to compression ignition of various liquidmonopropellant has been investigated over the years, includingOtto Fuel II, NOS-365, LGP 1845, and LGP 1846 (Ref. 2-4)..

AS a result of the recognized utility of the PCRGCompression Ignition Sensitivity Test Fixture in establishing thehazards potential of liquid gun propellants to rapid compressionstimulus, Dr. E. Schmolinske of Fraunhofer Institut furPdrzzeitdynamik, Ernst-Mach-Institut, Abteilung fur Ballistik(EMI-AFB) undertook an effort to design and test a windowed, highpressure, rapid compression apparatus modeled after the PCRLdesign (Ref. 5). The ability of the EMI-APB compressionapparatus to provide viewing access to the sample volumeundergoing rapid compression for high speed cinematography of thedynamics of the bubble compression process is a design featurenot present in the PCRL apparatus. Of course, there are otherinherent differences in apparatus design which are addressed inthis report.

The purpose of this report is an attempt to reconcileapParent discrepancies between conclusions drawn from compressionignition sensitivity data of liquid gun propellants obtainedindependently by PCRL and by EMI-AFB.

-2-

DISCUSSION

Figure 1 shows a functional schematic drawing of the PCRLCompression Ignition Sensitivity Test Fixture. The rapid fi?.1sequence is initiated by activating a circuj.tthat opens theSolenoid Valve which releases the driving N2 pressure into the0.5 inch diameter bore of the Pneumatic Load Cylinder toaccelerate the Pneumatic Piston. The rmtion of the PneumaticPiston forces the liquid propellant and any gas ullage past thePoppet Valve. The liquid propellant and gas ullage flow throughthe Flow Guide, possibly resulting in cavitation depending on thenature of the orifice, into the bore of the Compression Chamber.The Projectile $iston is then driven to the right allowing the LPcharge (6.65 cm ) to fill the bore until maximum stroke isachieved. The contact of the Projectile Piston with the contactwire in the End Plug completes a circuit that fires an M52Electric Primer in the Starter Charge Chamber. The resultingpressure generated by the combustion of the tailored smokelesspowder starter charge is sensed by the Compression Piston whichis free to move in the Compression Chamber bore. As the pressurein the Starter Charge Chamber rises, the Compression Pistonaccelerates compressing the liquid propellant charge and theembedded bubbles. If the liquid propellant charge undergoesrunaway reaction at some point in the compression cycle, theproj~tile Piston will shear through the aluminum shear disc whenthe bore pressure exceeds 450-480 MPa (65-70 kpsi). PCB type119A quartz pressure transducers, ruggeaized to withstandhydraulic pressures to 200 kpsi, are mounted in the CompressionChamber to record pressure-timg histories in the liquid during acompression test. PCRL light sensor assemblies are incorporatedin the Compression Chamber for detecting ignition of the liquidpropellant charge.

The EMI-AFB test fixture is sh wn schematically in Figure 2.9The liquid propellant sample (14 cm ) is introduced into the

sample cavity as a quiescent liquid, i.e., static fill. A bubblegenerating device located below the liquid propellant samplecavity introduces discrete bubbles into the sample. Thecompression sequence is then initiated by an electric primerfiring into the upper combustion chamber. The pressure generatedacts on the face of the driving (compression) piston and, oncethe restraining shear pin fails, piston motion ensues,compressing the liquid propellant charge and the embeddedbubbles. The compression piston is of a differential areahydraulic intensifier design. The test fixture is configuredwith optical windows to observe the bubble col?.apsephenomenonthrough high speed cinematography, and with a pressure transducerfor monitoring the pressure-time history in the liquid propellantduring a compression test.

Table 1 presents a comparison of the PCRL device and theEMI-AFB device before and after recent modifications to thelatter fixture. The most striking difference between the twofixtures is the state of the liquid propellant and associatedullage at the onset of rapid compression. In the PCRL

-3-

Compression Ignition Sensitivity Testcondition iS a ure-Pressurized liquid

Fixture, the initialpropellant charge

containing a ho~oge~eously distri~uted-fi~ld of microhubbles withmean bubble diameter less than 0.0025 cm. This is meant tosimulate the pre-firing propellant rapid loading prccess in thegun, prior to the onset of regenerative piston motion. On theother hand, in the EMI device, the initial condition is a l.iquiclpropellant charge at atmospheric pressure in which discretebubbles of initial mean bubble diameter on the order of 0.1 cmare introduced into the LP field.

The conclusions drawn by Dr. Schmolinske based on hisexperimental data were that no ignitions attributable tocompression ignition ware observed at conditions supposedlyduplicating those in PCRL experiments (Ref. 5). The one liquidpropellant initiation ,observed was thought to be a result offriction and viscous heating in the small annular clearance wherethe bubble generating device is located. The question arises:why the apparent discrepancy in results? It is PCRL-S beliefthat no contradictions exist and, in fact, the EMI data supportthe PCRL data.

To summarize the reconciliation of the two data sets, beforegetting into the details of analysis of each test, let us offerthe following explanation. Of paramount importance is the factthat the liquid pressurization rate upon which the PCRLcompression ignition sensitivity data correlates is the ~pressurization rate, not the instantaneous maximum pressurizationrate. Upon inspecting expanded scale press~e plots fromEMI tests, it is observed that the mean pressurization rate isless than that corresponding to TYPE “C’ start-up in PCRLexperiments, i.e., nominally 200 MPa/msec, in which the liquidresponse was benign for NoS-365 and for LGP-1845. So it would beanticipated, based on considerations of mean liquidpressurization rate only, that the response of the bubblypropellant charge in EMI tests would also be benign. However,there is another consideration. The bubble diameter in EMI testsis approximately a factor of 40 larger than in PCRL tests and ithas always been PCRL”S contention that the presence of largerbubbles sensitizes the liquid propellant to hot spot developmentto a greater extent than smaller diameter bubbles. This is stillheld to be true provided that the bubbles undergo collapsewithout significant deformation during pressurization leading tosplitting and shattering. In the EMI experiments the largediameter bubbles introduced into the LP field appearhydrodynamically unstable under the action of the pressure wavemotion, undergoing splitting and shattering for high initialliquid pressurization rates. It is doubtful whether the bubbleinternal (gas and vapor) pressure is maintained in each bubblefragment as splitting and shattering occurs from the parentbubble. It is hypothesized that the bubble shattering mechanismrelieves the internal bubble pressure so that the instantaneousoverpressure across the bubble boundary, delta-p, is relieved.Thermodynamic effects, i.e., average internal temperature,associated with hot spot development due to bubble compression

,. ..

-4-

would be reduced. That is to say, it is speculated that themaximum internal temperature attained is less for a bubble thathas undergone asymmetric collapse, splitting, and shattering,than for one that collapses without shattering.

Thus, the lower mean liquid pressurization rate in EMItests, the bubble shattering mechanism observed in EMI tests withhigh initial liquid pressurization rates, and/or a combination ofboth is responsible for the observed benign response of thebubbly liquid monopropellant subjected to rapid compression inEMI tests. PCRL test results and EMI test results are consistentwhen compared on this basis.

High speed films of EMI tests designated 18-4-85, LPG 1845:6-4-85, NoS-365; and 31-4-84, NOS-365 have been analyzed indetail with the aid of a motion analyzer located at TJ.S. ArmyBRL. Measurements of bubble sizes have been conducted, frame byframe, to the point where measurement was no longer possible dueto resolution limitations. These bubble measurement data werethen correlated with liquid pressure p-t data. The high speedcinematography was conducted with a Hitachi camera with a framingrate of 10,000 fps or 0.10 maec per frame. The exposure time perframe was 1.45 microsec. Although additional high speedcinematography was conducted with a Beckman camera, 4.0 microsecper frame and an exposure time of 300 nanosec, these photographicrecords have not been analyzed.

The EMI high speed bubble collapse photoa provideinformation from one viewing direction only, so that the threedimensional form of the collapse profiles can only be assumedfrom considerations of symmetry. In those cases wher= major andminor axes of the bubble are equal, we assume a sphericallysymmetric bubble. In those cases where major and minor axesdiffer, two different bodies of revolution can be assumed, anoblate spheroid, i.e., rotation about the minor axis, or aprolate spheroid, i.e., rotation about the major axis. Volumesbased on both oblate spheroid gemoetry and prolate spheroidgeometry are presented in the accompanying tables for each test.In general, the side view photographs of ENI show a departurefrom circular profile for rapid liquid pressurization, the bubblecollapse manifesting itself in pronounced asymmetry, followed bybubble splitting and bubble shattering.

Test EMI 18-4-85, LP 1845

Only one set of test data is available for LGP 1845 liquidmonopropellant. Both high speed cinematographic film and liqui?pressure-time data (expanded scale) have been analyzed. Table 2summarizes bubble size data from the motion analyzer. Initially,single, large diameter bubbles are introduced into the LP. Uponintroduction the bubble boundary oscillates somewhat, but theboundary motion damps to produce an ellipsoid-shaped bubble. Atthe starting condition (t = O), five representative bubbles wereidentified and tracked in time. The individual bubble volume isin the range of 0.00645 ~ V [cm31 : 0.01070 for oblate spheroid

-5-

symmetry and in the range of 0.00547 < V [cm31 ~ 0.0086!3 forprolate spheroid geometry. At time t–= 0.0001 sec (secondframe), the collapse of the individual bubbles has begun with thebubble boundary retaining its elliptical shape. Volumetriccompression of the individual bubbles is approximately 1.2 (seeTable 2 for precise numbers). The field pressure, as measuredfrom the expanded pressure-time record of Figure 3, is 20.3 MPa(2.94 kpsi). The field pressure is tabulated as a function oftime in Table 3. At time t = 0.0002 sec (third frame), continualcollapse of the individual bubbles is noted with the bubbleboundary still.retaining its elliptical shape. Volumetriccompression of the individual bubbles is now approximately 3.0.The field pressure is 55.2 NPa (8.01 kpsi). Beyond t = 0.0002see, between t = 0.0002 sec and t = 0.0003 see, continuedcollapse of the individual bubbles occurs but with boundarydistortion. Contrast differences begin to appear in each bubbleinterior. Bubble labeled No. 5, closest to the wall boundary, isno longer a single, well-defined bubble. At t = 0.0003 ~;c;hghefield pressure has increased to 97.7 MPa (14.Zl kpsi).time frame 0.0004 $ t (see) ~ 0.0005 bubble splitting can beobserved with continued distortion of bubble surfaces. Finallyat t = 0.0006 see, with the field pressure equal to 167.6 MPa(24.31 kpsi), shattering of bubbles into”localized “mists”, i.e.,microbubbles, can be observed, persisting for 2.5 to 9.0 msec.During this time interval discrete bubbles are no longer visible.‘l%evolumetric compression of individual selected bubbles as afunction of time is shown plotted in Figure 4. The sequence ofobservations from high speed films is indicated on the expandedpressure-time plot of Figure 3.

The compression process did not lead to an ignition event.A detailed look at Figure 3 explains why. During the timeinterval of maximum pressurization, 420.5 !4Pa/msec (61.0 kpsi/msec), bubble splitting occurs in the pressure range97.7 < p[!~al < 137.4, followed by the bubble shattering fort > O~S msec, ~or liquid pressure in excess of 162.1 MPa.Howaver, during the time to achieve maximum equilibrium pressurein the liquid (p = 228 MPa, 33.1 kpsi), a m- pressurizationrate can be identified through the oscillatory character of thestart-up p-t curve. This mean pressurization rate is equal to108.2 MPa/msec (15.7 kpsi/msec). It is this mean pressurizationrate that PCRL has identified in its compression sensitivityexperiments as one of the important parameters to correlateignition/no-ignition observations, not the maximum pressurizationrate. Table 4 compares tabulated results for EMI test 18-4-85(no ignition) with “equivalent” PCRL tests A1.3ant?A14 whichresulted in no ignition (benign) response of the liquid. Notethat the mean liquid pressurization rate in EMI test 18-4-85 isonly one-half that in “equivalent” PCRL tests. Comparison isalso made with PCRL tests A20, A21, and A24 in which the meanpressurization rate was higher than that in tests A13 and A14(43 kpsi/msec vs. 31 kpsi/msec). In these PCRL tests with higherhigher mean pressurization rate, explosions were observed in twoout of three tests.

-6-

Also tabulated in Table 4 is the maximum liquidpressurization rate. It is interesting to note that the maximumrate for PCRL tests A13 and A14 is approximately a factor of fourgreater than for EMI test 18-4-85, yet no explosion was observed.To demonstrate that the maximum liquid pressurization rate is“not ‘.the correlating factor, PCRL tests A20 and A24 have maximum ratesless than A13 and A14 and yet explosions were observed in theformer tests! Therefore, on the basis of mean pressurizationrate, coupled to the bubble shattering mec~sm in EMI tests,the EMI test results and PCRL test results correlate.

Test EMI 6-4-85, NoS-365

One of the available data sets for NOS-365 liquidmonopropellant is EMI 6-4-85. Seth high speec!cinematographicfilm and liquid pressure-time data have been analyzed.Unfortunately expanded scale p-t data were not made available forthis test, so estimates of maximum and mean pressurization ratefrom the unexpanded record placed these values approximatelyequal to those experienced in Test 18-5-85. Table 5 summarizesbubble size data from the motion analyzer The individual bubblevolume is in the range of 0.000087 ~ V[cm5] ~ 0.000487. Thisindividual bubble volume is a factor of 10 smaller than thebubbles introducti into LGP-1845 in EMI Test 18-5-85. Att=Osingle, spherically-symmetric bubbles in close proximity appearin the immediate vicinity of the bubble generator. At t = 0.0001see, the field pressure has increased to approximately 20.3 MPa(2.94 kpsi). At this time symmetric bubble collapse is evident.At t = 0.0002 see, bubble splitting is observed to occur (pL -55.2 MPa, 8.01 kpsi). At t = 0.0003 see, bubble shattering isevident. No measurable discrete bubbles exist in the field.This localized collection of microbubble “mist” persists forapproximately 1.8 msec. No ignition was observed.

Test EMT 31-4-84, NOS-365

Another available data set for NoS-365 is EMI 31-4-84. Thisdata set differs from Test 6-4-85 in that the mean liquidpressurization rate is reduced by a factor of four, from 420MPa/msec to 106 f4Pa/msec. The liquid pressure-time history jsshown in Figure 5, with mean pressurization rate approximatelyequal to maximum pressurization rate. Table 6 tabulates liquidpressure versus time for the first 1.8 maec of bubble collapse.Table 7 summarizes bubble size data from the motion analyzer. Inthis test the individual bubble volume is in the range of0.000110 ~ v[cm31 ~ 0.000885 for both oblate and Prolate spheroidsymmetry. As Table 7 indicates, each bubble tracked retains itsshape for the duration of the compression prccess, to theresolution limit of the nmtion analyzer projector. Thevolumetric compression of the individual bubbles can be tracke~for many frames, owing to the relatively slow pressurizationstart-up. Volumetric compression factors as high asapproximately 30 are noted from the film. The change inindividual bubble volume with time is shown in Figure 6. Th isfigure should be compared with volumetric compression results for

bubbly

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LGP-1845, test EMI 18-5-85, presented in Figure 4. Thelarger bubble diameter and higher compression rate in Test EMI18-5-85 result in an accelerating col!.apseof the bubble untilsplitting and shattering occurs. Figure 6 demonstrates acompletely different collapse behavior for Test 31-4-84, for thecase of slow pressurization start-up with bubbles which are one-half to one-third the i!iameterof those in Test ENI 18-4-85. Nobubble shattering is observed to occur. No ignition resulted.

Table 8 compares tabulated results for EMI Tests 6-4-85 and31-4-84, both of which resulted in no ignition, with “equivalent”PCRL Tests LP06 and LP07 which resulted in no ignition (benign)response of the liquid. Note that the w liquid pressurizationrate in both EMI tests is only one-half that in “equivalent” pCRLtests. Comparison is also made with PCRL Tests LP15, LP16, LP!.7and LP18 in which the mean pressurization rate was increased.Three out of four tests resulted in an explosive response.

Again we note that the maximum pressurization rate in PCRLTests LP06 and LP07 exceeds that in EMI Tests 6-4-85 and 31-4-84by a factor of approximately 3 for 6-4-85 and a factor in excessof 10 for 31-4-84, yet no explosions were observed in these twoPCRL tests. The correlating factor for ignition/no-ignition isthe m= pressurization rate.

●

●

●

●

SUN14ARY

PCRL compression .ignition sensitivity data correlate basedon mean liquid pressurization rate, not maximumpressurization rate.

The mean pressurization rates in the three EMI testsdiscussed in detail in this report are less than thatcorresponding to TYPE “C” start-up pressurization curve inPCRL tests, nominally 200 kWa/msec (30 kesi/msec), for whichthe liquid response was benign.

The bubble splitting and shattering prccess observed inseveral EMI tests tends to further desensitize the liquid.

Apparent discrepancies betweentest results, as voiced by Dr.reconciled.

EMI test results and PCRLSchmolinske, have been

-P-

REFERENCES

1. N.A. Messina, L.S. Ingram, P.E. Camp, and M. Summerfield,‘Compression-Ignition Sensitivity Studies of LiquidMonopro~ellants in a Dynamic-Loacling Environment”, JANNAFCombustion Meeting, CPIA Publication 308, Vol. I, Pp. 247-284, 1979.

2. N.A. Messina, L.S. Ingram and M. Summerfield, “Sensitivityof Liquid Monopropellant to Compression Ignition”, JANNAFCombustion Meeting, CPIA Publication 347, Vol. II, pp. 269-287, 1981.

3. N.A. Messina, L.S. Ingram, and M. Summerfield, “Sensitivityof Liquid Monopropellants to Compression Ignition,”Princeton Combustion Research Laboratories, Final ReportPCRL-FR-83-004 , June 1983; also, U.S. Army BRL ContractReport ARBRL-cR-O0531, August 1984.

4. N.A. Messina, “Compression Sensitivity of LiquidMonopropellants”, U.S.<erman Visit on Liquid PropellantTechnology at Ballistic Research Laboratory under DEA-106O,1983.

5. E. Schmolinske, “Bubble Compression in Liquid Propellants”,US-German Visit on Liquid Propellant Technology at BallisticResearch Laboratory under DEA-106O, 1983.

EMI-AFB

PCRL DEVICE

RAPID FILL OF LP WITHASSOCIATED ULLAGE THROUGHPOPPET VALVE; FLUID DYNAMICSUBDIVISION OF ULLAGE

HOMOGENEOUSLY DISTRIBUTEDMICRO-BUBBLES

START-UP TAILORINGWITH SOLID PROPELLANTCHARGE

COMPRESSION PISTON FACEIN CONTACT WITH LP

PRE-PBESSURIZATION LEVELOF LP ADJUSTABLE PARAMETER

DIAGNOSTICS- 3 LIQUID PRESSURE

TRANSDUCERS- 3 LIQUID LIGHT

SENSORS

(ORIGINAL)

QUIESCENT LP WITHINTRODUCTION OF 0.2 CCADDITIONAL LP THROUGHINJECTOR ORIFICEPRODUCING CAVITATIONBUBBLES

DISCRETE BUBBLES INLP FIELD

START-UP TAILORINGOBTAINED BY ELECTRICIGNITER AND SHEAR PINFAILURE

COMPRESSION PISTON FACEIN CONTACT WITH LP

NO PRE-PRESSURIZATIONOF LP

DIAGNOSTICS- 1 LIQUID PRESSURE

TtWNSDUCER- SAPPHIRliVIEWING

WINDOW FOR HIGHSPEED CINEMA’IK)GRAPHY

(MODIFIED)

QUIESCENT LP WITHINTRODUCTION OF DISCRETEAIR BUSBLES THROUGHBUBBLE GENERATOR

DISCRETE BUBBLESLP FIELD

,/

IN

START-UP TAILORINGOBTAINED BY ELECTRICIGNITER AND SHEAR PINFAILURE

MEMBRANE SEPARATINGCOMPRESSION PISTON FACE &FROM LP CHARGE I

NO PRE-PRESSURIZATIONOF LP

DIAGNOSTICS- 1 LIQUID PRNSSURE

TWNSDUCER- SAPPHIRR VIEWING

WINDOW FOR HIGHSPEED CINEMATOGRAPHY

TABLE 1. Comparison of Features of PCRL Compression IgnitionSensitivity Test Fixture and EMI Device.

-l fJ-

(Wdt) - “ 61.0kpsi/msec= 420.5MI%/nmec

(dp/dt)Ea= 15.7k@/msec- 108.2MPa/mec

CeLms PsaA2m

V(2) %%%’(v#J,) %’%%%(y/v,)Subb2e Bm. 0 (cm)

0.293 0.01070 1 0.00869 i0.244 0.00645 1 0.00547 10.256 0.00731 1 0.00608 10.238 0.00652 1 0.00603 10.256 0.00755 1 0.00649 1

Single,large!xbblesintroduced~entiallyintoLF mlmm: LkOnintroduction,bubblebnmdaryoscillatessonewhat butthenbeccwese31ipsoida+ holdsshape.

1 0.2382 0.2073 0.2134 0.2205 0.220

FieldFressxe:200bar=.2.94kpi = 20.3MPat = 0.0001Sec

0.268 0.00850 1.259 0.00717 1.2121 0.2262 0.1953 0.2074 0.2135 0.213

cOllapseof individualtubbles;MbMe toundaryretainsellipticalshape

0.226 0.005210.244 0.006450.220 0.005400.244 0.00664

1.238 0.00450 1.2161.3.33 0.00547 1.1121.207 0.00523 1.1531.237 0.005s0 1.139

t - 0.0002Sec FieldPmsmre: 545 bar= S.01Wi - 55.2MPa

1 0.1652 0.146

0.2s9 0.003090.146 0.001630.259 0.002100.146 0.003.910.259 0.002!%

3.463 0.00269 3.2303.957 0.00163 3.3563.481 0.00220 2.8953.414 0.00224 2.6922.926 0.00317 2.047

Continuedcolkpe of individualIxbb2es;tutblebxmdary retainsellipticals-3 0.259

4 0.1715 0.295

Fie2dRessur& 967bar - 14.21@i - 97.7ma continuedColzapseof individualbebblesbut surfaceshape9arehighlyirregular;Ccmtrastdifferencesbqinning to appearinetchtutbleinterior:No. 5 bbblem 30wer Sirde, well-defined

t - 0.0003se’s

-timed distorticmof tmbblesurfacesjSutblesplittingcccurs.

t = 0.0004sec

t = 0.0005sec

t = 0.0006sec

Fie2dRessure:2356&z - 19.93-i - 137.4MPa

FieldPressure:1600ter. 23.52&i - 162.1MPa

Fie3dPressure:1654bar- 24.31kpi = 167.6F!Pa;(dp/dt). 0,0.05msecsfterfirstpcesmrepsak

titinued distorticmof bubblemxf aces;Ccntinuedbubblesplitting.

%atteringof bubblesintolccalizerl“mist.#,seen in thisand succeedingframes,~rsisting for25-90frames(2.5maec - 9.0msec);discreteIxbbl- rm lcmgervisible.

TABLE 2. Summary of Analysis of High Speedfor EMI Test 18-4-85, for

CinematographicLGP 1845.Records

-11-

(m~ec)

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

(bar)

1

200

545

967

1356

1600

1654

(@/dt)max = 61.0 kpsi/msec. 420.5 MPa/msec

(dp/dt)mean = 15.7 kpsi/msec= 108.2 MPa/msec

LIQUID PRESSURS(kpsi)

0.015

2.94

8.01

14.21

19.93

23.52

24.31

(MPa)

0.1

20.3

55.2

97.7

137.4

162..1

167.6

TABLE 3. Tabulation of Pressure-Time Behavior forEMI Test 18-4-85, for LGP 1845.

LGP-1845

INITIALmEANBllBsLs It4DnmxmLBu8mE

m cm.PmELrANr

DIAMEIES (@/dt)~ (@/dt)Mn F3?SKNSE

an ~3 kpsibec MPs&.sc lqsi/msecMPs/msec

EMI 12-4-85 0.207~ D :0.256 6.03X 10-3: V :1.07 X 10-2 61.0 420.5 15.7 100.2 BENIG4

Km A23 D :0.0237,distrilxked V ~ 1.07 x IO-6 220. 1517. 32.0 220.6 sllJIGN

Fcra.! A14 D ~ 0.0127,distrilxked v :1.07 x 10-6 220. 1517. 30.0 206.8 ~1~

;

v ~ 1.07 x 10-6NJ

PCRL A20 D f 0.0127,distributed 160. 1103. 43. 296. EXPILXICN

K!sL A21 D < 0.0127, distrihM v ~ 1.07x 10-6 110. 758. 45. 310. SENIC24

XRL A24 D :0.0137, distributed v ~ 1.07 x 10-6 87. 6C41. 39. 269. EXF3LSICN

TABLE 4. Summary of Comparative Analysis of Compression Ignition Tests forLGP 1845.

.

mvww (-y

(dp/dt)mm (est)

t=o

BubbleNo. DIA (cm)

1 0.09152 0.09763 0.07934 0.0549

t = 0.0001

1 0.04882 0.07323 0.03054 -.

t = 0.0002

1“ 0.03661.. 0.03051.,.

0.03661..,, 0.03663 0.0183

t = 0.0003

.. –,... ,– —..= 61.0kmai/meet= 420.5t&/&ec

. 15.7kpi/meet= lo8.2MPe/maec

0.000401 1 8phericel,closely-packedIxWAes0.000487 1 introducedin inrnadiatevicinity0.000261 1 of bubblegenerator0.000087 1

FieldPressure(est.)= 200 @ = 2.94kpei = 20.3MPa

TABLE 5.

0.000061 6.574 Symmetricmllapee; bubbleno. 40.000205 2.376 ~rently mergeswithnearest0.000015 17.40 neighbors-- --

FieldPressure(est.) = 545bar = 8.01k@ = 55.2MPa

0.000026

}

Bubblesno. 1 end 2 havemerged0.000015 and eplitintofoursmallerbubbles0.0000260.0000260.000003 29.0

FieldPressure(eet.)= 967 bar = 14.21kpi = 97.7MPa

Bubbleshattering;Nomeasurabledi=rete bubbles;C!dlectionof micrckabblesinamis~like”aparance persistingfor 18 fremee(1.8maec)

Summary of Analysis of High Speed Cinematographic Records forEMI Test 6-4-85, for NoS-365.

LwI

-14-

(m;ec)

o

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

LIQUID PRESSURE(kpsi) (MPa)

0.015 0.1

0.08 0.56

0.16 1.13

0.25 1.69

0.33 2.26

0.72 4.96

1.37 9.47

3.19 21.99

4.58 31.57

7.44 51.30

(Wdt)m=x - (Wdt)me=n = 15.4 kpsi/maec

= 106.1 MPa/msec

TABLE 6. Tabulation of Pressure-Time Behaviorfor EMI Test 31-4-84, for NoS-365.

-15-

(Wdt)m “ 15.4kpsihsec. 106.1MPa/msec

(W.ft)mm = 15.4kpsihsec. 106.1ME#mec

SubbleNo. H(% A

v(m)

0.11910.10710.13910.1131o.on40.0595

0.lln0.09520.13910.12310.07140.0595

0.llzl0.09520.10710.10710.06550.0595

0.11020.08930.13910.09520.05360.0536

0.0952o.on40.08330.0s330.04760.0417

Ox.rmrs

0.000ss5 10.000643 10.000ss5 10.000717 10.000191 10.000110 1

0.0008850.0006430.0008850.0006790.0001w0.000110

1 Snail bubbles I.ccatednearcenteroffield-of-view

1 0.11912 0.10713 0.11914 0.10715 o.on46 0.0595

11111

t - 0.0001se=

0.000885“0.0004520.0008850.0006790.0002910.0003.20

0.000885 1 1.1.42311

Collapseof individualbubbles;tile bnrdary retairwellipticalor ephericrd**

1234.56

0. lln0.09520.13.910.10710.07140.0595

0.000452 1.4230.000885 10.000717 10.0003.91 10.00011o 1

11

t = 0.0002Sec

0.000679 1.3030.000452 1.4230.000717 1.2340.000574 1.183

OJll~ of individualtabbies:tile Imundaryretaiw ellipticalor @rericrJ shape.

1 0.lon2 0.09523 0.11314 0.1021

0.0655: 0.0595

0.000717 1.2340.000452 1.4230.000679 1.3030.000608 1.1790.000147 1.2300.00011o 1

0.0001470.000uo

1.2301

.

t - 0.0003Sec

0.000605 1.4630.00034s 1.s480.000752 1.1770.000452 1.5060.000090 2.2220.000090 1.222

0.000523 1.6921.9651.3851.5021.9291.3-U

0Y13spseof individualMrbles;bubbletumOary retainsellipticalor qherical shspe.

1 0.09522 0.08333 0.10124 0.0952

0.0003240.0006390.0004520.0000990.000099

5 0.059s6 0.0595

t - 0.0004Sec

OJllapseof individualbubbles;bubblebamdary retainsellipticalor qherical *W.

1 0.08932 o.on43 0.08334 0.0s335 0.05366 0.0476

0.000424 2.0870.000224 2.6710.000303 2.9210.000303 2.3660.0000S4 2.9S40.000043 2.558

0.0003980.0002070.0003030.0003030.0000720.000049

2.2243.1062.9212.2412.6532.245

TABLE 7. summary of Analysis of High Speed CinematographicRecords for EMI Test 31-4-84, for NoS-365.

-16-

t - 0.0005Sec

Subble BNo. H (an)

1 0.08332 0.05953 0.0s334 0.07745 0.04766 0.0417

t - 0.0006B.SC

0.0655: 0.05363 0.07744 0.06555 0.03576 0.0357

t . 0.0007s

1 0.04762 0.04763 0.07144 0.05365 0.02986 0.0357

t = 0.0008 Sec

6 0.0238

t - 0.0009Sec

Av(an)

0.08330.08330.07740.0T?40.03570.0357

0.08330.05360.06550.06550.03570.0298

0.06550.05360.05950.04760.02980.0296

0.05950.04760.05360.03570.02380.0238

0.04760.03570.04170.03570.02380.0238

C4XATES- D

3W(m )

0.0003030.0002160.0002610.0W2430.0000320.000026

0.00023S0.0000810.0001740.0001470.0000240.0+30017

0.0001070.0000720.0003.320.0000640.0000140.000017

0.0000860.0000560.0000PO0.0000280.0000070.000009

0.0000420.0000240.0000430.0000240.0000070.000009

2.9212.9773.3912.9515.9693.929

3.7107.9385.0864.87S7.9586.471

8.2718.9316.70511.20313.6436.471

10.05722.4829.83325.60727.2S612.222

21.07126.79220.58129.87527.2S612.222

0.0003030.0002540.0002810.0002430.0000420.000033

0.0001870.0000810.0002050.0001470.0000240.000020

0.0000780.0000640.0001590.0000720.0000140.000020

2.9214.1753.1492.7944.5453.333

4.7337.9384.3174.6197.95s5.500

11.34610.0475.5669.43113.6435.500

0.000on 12.4650.000056 11.4820.000099 8.9390.000033 20.5760.000007 27.2S6Omoooll 10.000

0.0000320.0000240.0000490.0000240.0000070.000011

27.65626.79218.06128.29227.28610.000

am2m4r6

COllap of individualbubbles:bubbleLmqu3aryretainsellipticalor @erical sham.

CO13.apeof individualMMes:tmbbleMary retairwellipticalor s@ericalshape.

CO13.apseof individualbubb3es;Ixbblebxmdary cetainsellipticalor sfherical S/I-.

Collapse of individualbubbles;tile’ bcnmdaiyretairmellipticalor sfhericalshap

Cuatinualmllapse of bukbles;Prsist9 for 31 frame (3.1msec).

TABLE 7. (Cent’d.)

MFwst18sLE n4DIvmDAL 8US8L2m m. DIMEI!ER

PRJPsLL4Nr(dp/dt)- (@/W ma~ SSSKNSE

an & kpi/msec MP*sec k@/- MPa/msSc

sMI 6-4-85 0.0549s D s 0.0915 8.70X 10-5: V : 4.87X 10-4 61.0 420.5 15.7 108.2 8E!41G4

EM331-4-84 0.0595~ D f 0.1191 1.10X 10-4s V :8.85 X 10-4 15.4 106.1 15.4 106.1 BENIQ4

I

Km LP06 D :0.0025,distributed v~ 8.18x 10-6 200.est 1500.-t 30.e5t Zoo.est 81141a:

Km IP07 D ~ 0.0025,distributed v :8.18 x lo-fJ 2oo.vt 1500.est So.ext Zoo.est sENIQ4

FCRLLP15 D f 0.0025,distributed v :8.18 x 10-6 120.e9t 800.-t bo.est 300.est ExPl&sIa4

KRL LP16 I):0.0025,distribu&d V ~ 818 X 10+ 120.- 800.-t Ao.est 3oo.=t ~IQ4

ECSt,LP17 D ~ 0.0025,distributed v :8.18 x 10-6 lzo.est 800.St bo.est 300.est EXP~I~

K2SL LP18 D ~ 0.0025,distribu&d V ~ 8.18 X 10+ lZO.= 800.=t Ao.est 300.‘t EXPK).SION

TABLE 8. Summary of Comparative Analysis of Compression Ignition Tests for NOS-365.

eMOum.8M PMJou ===:=OL IDInCA’’la” am Al * ,A.m

I \ F@smumt_. .._.

r-l

RLacmIc PelMagJPNWJMATI12

L.P.--m

1-n Flu

PNEIIWULLC- Vuva

. .

1*mlOln (t) r) ““-””

FIGURE 1. Schematic Drawing

Test Fixture.

Of PCRL Compression Ignition Sensitivity

-19-

N

la STEELCORF1N6XE18T

lGNITE!I

on CM14ESR

GAUGE

P1STON

.SHEARPIN

P1Sml

Pwssune GwGE

OP’’1UL d tNOOM

S4MPLS

w ‘U’a”’’’’’’r’o”o’v’c’

FIGUF.S 2. Schematic Drawing of EMI-AFB CompressionTest Fixture.

2500n

2000.mlx~ i500,mu

. .$

,..,.. .~—>,..... ..

,.. .....+:1==.,=

..

.... ..

:._——-—.-—........

... ..,.....

———-..—— ..,..... ..,.. ..

..,..——— —--——... ..

..4

,..

,.. ——— ——— ——.

. .

. . .

. . .

:::

:::

k A A A A

7*A

‘z ‘I

9, 10. 11,

T [F’IS3

-1

FIGURE 3. Expanded Plot of Pressure-Time Behavior in EMI Test 18-4-85, fOrLGP 1845.

. . . .,

o,

0.

0.

0.

0.

00 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004

TIME (see) TIME (see)

FIGURE 4. Volumetric Compression of the Individual Bubbles in EM1 Test 18-4-85.fcr LPG-1845. No Measurements Were Made for t>O.0002 sec Due to BoundaryDistortion.

-22-

$u“~aJ

.fgl,:, i , ,.I;l !.

! :\[225.5 ~:”:, :

::

1!— ._.!... ........ ... __2 ..._&--....,._.;_

1::1. — :— .—

;..:;,,.:, i<l

180.4---i ~:“i --”——

““-–

~–!--:-””’ ““””””“’“-—.

135.3

90.2._. — .—

45.1 -

0 -.

TIME (msec)T meumom-mm

~

~.modmw-i. m...!4Zr4

.

FIGURX 5. Plot of Pressure-Time Behavior in EMI Test31-4-84, for NoS-365.

o 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.0010

TIME [.see)

FIGURE 6. Volumetric Compression of thefor NOS-365. No Measurements

o 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001

TIHS (S~C)

Individual Bubbles in EMI Test 31-4-84,Were Made for t>O.0009 sec.

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