CONTOHPROYEKPENELITIAN

AUTOMATICGREENHOUSESENSORDESIGN

Abstract

Theincreasinginplantationproductivitynowbecomesanurgentandimportantthinginhuman

life.Thepopulationgrowthisunbalancedwiththefoodproductionwillcausethefamineandlater,of

course, the sorrow ness in human life as Robert Malthus proposed: the population growth act as

exponentialsequence,whilethefoodproductionisactasarithmeticsequence.

Onesolutiontothisproblemistoimprovethecropproductivitywiththeuseofgreenhouseasa

planting site.Greenhouse has beenwide range use inmany countrieswith a conventional technique

thatcausingtheinefficiencyintime,sinceitrequiresmoreseriouscontrolandsupervision.

The aim of this project is to construct a greenhousemodel, which can automatically control

light, theaerationanddrainageprocess.Thismodel isbasedonthesensory,whichrelatedtoseveral

factorsinphotosynthesis,i.e.:lightandhumidity(also,temperatureisincluded).

Keywords:Photosynthesis,greenhouseandsensory

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I. PREFACE

The increasing inplantationproductivitynowbecomesanurgentand important thing inhuman

life.Thepopulationgrowthisunbalancedwiththefoodproductionwillcausethefamineandlater,of

course, the sorrow ness in human life as Robert Malthus proposed: the population growth act as

exponentialsequence,whilethefoodproductionisactasarithmeticsequence.

Onesolutiontothisproblemistoimprovethecropproductivitywiththeuseofgreenhouseasa

planting site.Greenhouse has beenwide range use inmany countrieswith a conventional technique

thatcausingtheinefficiencyintime,sinceitrequiresmoreseriouscontrolandsupervision.

Theaimofthisprojectistoconstructagreenhousemodel,whichcanautomaticallycontrollight

theaerationanddrainageprocess.Thismodelisbasedonthesensory,whichrelatedtoseveralfactors

inphotosynthesis,i.e.:lightandhumidity(also,temperatureisincluded).

Thebenefitfromthisconstructionisemphasizedonthecropproductivity,especiallytoshorten

theplantingcyclesothat itcangiveamaximumresultand increasetheplantingcycleefficiencywith

theleastnumberofworkers.

II. AIM

To construct a greenhouse model that can automatically control the aeration and drainage

process.Thisgreenhousecanbeusedforincreasingproductivityofplantsalso,especiallyleavespart.

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III. BASICTHEORY

A. PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Photosynthesis (photo=light,synthesis=putting together is theprocessof converting lightenergy

tochemicalenergyandstoringitinthebondsofsugar.Itisaffectedbyitssurroundingsandtherateof

photosynthesis is affected by the concentration of CO2, light intensity, and the temperature. This

processoccursinplantsandsomealgae.Plantsneedonlylightenergy,CO2,andH2Otomakesugar.The

process of photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts, specifically using chlorophyll, the green

pigmentinvolvedinphotosynthesis.

Photosynthesisoccursintwostages.

1. Light‐dependent reaction orphotosynthetic reaction (also called the LightReaction) capture the

energyoflightanduseittomakehigh‐energymolecules.

2H2O +ATP +24NADP+ 6O2+ATP+24NADPH

2. Light‐independent reaction (also called the Dark Reaction) uses the high‐energy molecules to

capturecarbondioxideandmaketheprecursorsofglucose.

6CO2+ATP+NADPH (CH2O)+6H2O

Iftworeactionsabovearebundled,willbeproducedphotosynthesisreaction.

6CO2+12H2O+energy C6H12O6+6H2O+6O2

Therearethree factorsphotosynthesisbeforegoingany further: light level,carbondioxide,and

temperature.

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1. Withoutenoughlight,aplantcannotphotosynthesizeveryfast,evenifthereisplentyofwater

andcarbondioxide.Increasingthelightintensitywillmakethephotosynthesisfaster.Lightintensity

or quality of light affects the rate of photosynthesis. When light intensity is low, the rate of

photosynthesis is proportional to light intensity. This is because the light supplies energy for

photosynthesis.

2. Sometimesphotosynthesis is limitedby the levelofcarbondioxide. Even if there isplentyof

light of plant cannot photosynthesize if it has run out of carbon dioxide. If carbon dioxide

concentrationisincreasedto0.4%,therateofphotosynthesiswillbeincreasedafewtimes.

3. Temperaturecanbealimitingfactortoo.Ifitgetstoocold,therateofphotosynthesiswillslow

rightdown.Equally,plantscease tobeable tophotosynthesize if itgets toohot.At theoptimum

temperature, which may between 25oC to 40oC, the rate of photosynthesis is maximum. When

temperature is increased further, there is a rapid decrease in the rate of photosynthesis. This is

becauseenzymesaredenaturedbyhightemperature.

Understandingthefactors,thatlimitingphotosynthesisenablesgreenhousefarmerstomaximize

theconditionsforplantgrowth.Theyoftenuselampsinsidethegreenhousebecauseburningparaffin

producescarbondioxideaswellasheat,andsomakesphotosynthesisproceed faster.Theymayalso

useartificiallighttoenablephotosynthesistocontinuebeyonddaylighthours.

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B. GREENHOUSE

1. GreenhouseStructure

Agreenhouse (alsocalledglasshouseorhothouse) isa structurewithaglassorplastic roofand

frequently glass or plastic walls. It heats up because incoming solar radiation from the sun warms

plants,soil,andotherthings insidethebuilding.Airwarmedbytheheatfromhot interiorsurfaces is

retained inthebuildingbytheroofandwall.Thesestructurerange ionsizefromsmallshedstovery

largebuildings.

Theglassusedforagreenhouseworksasaselectivetransmissionmediumfordifferentspectral

frequencies,anditseffecttotrapenergywithinthegreenhouse,whichheatsboththeplantsandthe

groundinsideit.Thiswarmstheairneartheground,andthisairispreventedfromrisingandflowing

away,inadditiontothefactthatinfraredradiationcannotpassthroughthegreenhouseglass.Thiscan

bedemonstratedbyopeninga smallwindownear the roofof a greenhouse, the temperaturedrops

considerably.

Themostbasicaspectsofgreenhousedesignare:

First, to thermodynamically isolate the system to stop convection and conduction from

equalizingthetemperaturewiththeambienttemperature;

Andsecond,toprovideacoveringwithacontrolleddifferencebetweenthetransparencyinthe

solarradiationbandandtheterrestrialthermalradiationband.

2. TheUseofGreenhouse

Greenhouseeffectsareoftenused forgrowing flowers, vegetables,and fruits.Manyvegetables

andflowersaregrowningreenhousesinlatewinterandearlysprings,andthentransplantedoutsideas

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the weather warms. Started plants are usually available for gardeners in farmers’ markets at

transplantingtime.

The closed environment of a greenhouse has its own unique requirements, compared with

outdoorproduction.Pestsanddiseases,andextremesofheatandhumidity,havetobecontrolled,and

irrigationisnecessarytoprovidewater.Significantinputsofheatandlightmayberequired,particularly

withwinterproductionofwarm‐weathervegetables.Specialgreenhousevarietiesofcertaincrops,like

tomatoes,aregenerallyusedforcommercialproduction.

Greenhousesareincreasinglyimportantinthefoodsupplyofhighlatitudecountries.Thelargest

greenhouse complex in the world is at Lamington, Ontario (close to Canada’s most southern point)

whereabout200acres(0,8km2)oftomatoesareentirelygrownunderglass.

Greenhouses protect crops from toomuch heat or cold, shield plants from dust storms and

blizzards,andhelp tokeepoutpests. Lightand temperaturecontrolallowsgreenhouses to turnnon‐

arable land intoarable land.Greenhousecan feedstarvingnationswherecropscannot survive in the

harshdesertandarcticwastes.

3. HumidityinGreenhouse

If we want to have a greenhouse, we do need to check into the best type of greenhouse

humidificationtouse.Humidityinagreenhousehelpskeeptheplantsthrivingandpreventsdiseaseand

decay.Withsuchasystem,wecanmonitorandcontrolallthefactorsoftheenvironmentthatcanaffect

thegrowthofplants.Weneedtohavetheoptimumlevelsofhumidityaswellasthecorrect levelsof

light,andtemperature.

Oneof thesystemsyoucanusetocontrolall these factors.Fromthegreenhouseowner, there

areseveralbenefitscanbegainedbyusingthissystem:

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a.Improvingtheuniformityoftheplants.

b.Eliminatesexcessesofhumidityandtemperature.

c.Plantsgerminatemuchfaster.

d.Productivityincreaseswithusingseedlings.

With humidification system, there is very little condensation. This enables you to control the

humidity insidethegreenhousewhenthetemperaturesoutsidearebelowfreezing.Atthesametime,

thissystemwillpreventtheplantsfromdehydrationwhentheheatisturnedon.

Insummer,withrisingtemperaturesoutside,it isoftenhardtokeephumiditylevelswherethey

shouldbe.Witha system installed,youdonothave thisworryand theplantswill continue to thrive.

Althoughtheexpenseofinstallationmaybeabitcostly,itiswillsaveyoumoneyoverthelongtermby

preservingyourplants.

C. SENSOR

1. SensoryFunction

Sensorisadevicethatisusedtoconvertenergyfromphysicsstimulustoelectriccurrentinorder

tomeasure,controlandgivinginformation.

2. LightSensor

This sensor is sensitive to lightwhich able to respond changeof light andmeasure of resistant

value.Theresistancevariablethatcausedbylightchangeuseasdarkandshiningcondition.Thissensor

canbeuseasautomaticswitch.

If the light isgivento thesensor, so theresistancevalueofLDRwilldecrease,andthecontrary

also.Thus,LDRcandetectlightanddarkcondition.Thereaction’sresultofthissensorisusedtoswitch

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on/offthelamp.Thelampwillbeturnedoffwhentheconditionoftheenvironmentisshining,andthe

contraryalso.

3. HumidityandTemperatureSensor

This sensor is used to detect the relative humidity (RH) and the change of temperature. The

informationthatisreceivedbythesensorwillbefunctionedtomeasurelevelofhumidityandcondition

of area’s temperature. Output results of humidity and temperature sensor will be proceeding by a

specifiedprogram.

IV. AUTOMATICGREENHOUSESENSORDESIGN

Astheaimofthisproject,threesensorswilluseinordertomakeahospitalizationforlightsource,

watersources,andhumidity.Thesethreefactorswillcontrolautomaticallybyeachsensor.

A. GREENHOUSECONSTRUCTION

1.MaterialConstruction:Fiberglass(Mica)

2.DimensionofVolume

L(Length)=55cm

W(Width)=40cm

H(Height)=55cm

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SideView

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Figurewallconstruction

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Frontwallsection

Backwallsection

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Uppersection

Leftandrightroofsection

Bottomsection

Groundsection

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B. DESCRIPTIONOFAUTOMATICSENSOR

There are three conditions for arranging automatically by sensor. First, to control light for

photosynthesis. Second, humidity and temperature, for controlling area condition fromhumidity and

temperatureextreme.Sensorwilldetecttheenvironment’shumidityandtemperature.

Humidity sensorwilldetectenvironment’shumidity condition. Ifhumidity lowand temperature

high,waterpumpandblower turnon topourwaterand toblowthewind. If thehumidityhigh,only

blower turn on.Moreover, if humidity low and temperature low, onlywater pump turn on. To help

photosynthesisprocessinnight,LDRsensorturnsontoactivelamp,andifthereissunshine,LDRturn

offandthelampofftoo.

1. MaterialSensor

a. Humiditysensor(typeseries:Parallax28018)

b. Temperaturesensor

c. LDR(LightDependentResistor)

2. ControlledOutput

a. Aquariumwaterpump(AC,220V)

Forgivingmorewatertoplantsifthewaterintensityislow.

b. Fan/blower(DC,12V)

Fordecreasingthetemperaturebymakeaflowingairoutofthegreenhouse.

c. Lamp(<7W)

Forkeepingthephotosynthesisprocessgoingon.

d. Timer

Therearetwooptionstocontrolthelamp:

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‐Lampsarecontrolledbyusingtimerthatthetimehasalreadyset.

‐LampsarecontrolledbyLDRsensor.

e. Powersupply

Thecircuitblockgivescurrentelectricitysupplytowholesystemofgreenhouse.Itconsistsof:

‐5V,tosupplytheminimumsystem

‐+18V,tosupplyICop‐amp(operationalamplifier)

‐12V,todirectDCblower

‐AlternateCurrent(AC)220V,tosupplyelectricityforlampandwaterpump.

f. Hosepipe

Forwateringtheplantswhenthehumidityinsidethegreenhouseislow.

3. SensorySystem

a. DiagramBlock

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b. Flowchart

1)Timingofemittinglight

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2)Temperaturecontrol

3)Humiditycontrol

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c. SchematicElectronic

Fig.1DriverElectronicCircuitofFan,PumpandLamp

Fig.2Driver

ComponentLayoutof

Fan,PumpandLamp

Fig.3Driver

LayoutPCB

ofFan,

Pumpand

Lamp

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Fig.4ElectronicCircuitofLDRSensor

Fig.5PCBLayoutofLDRsensor

Fig.6PCBLayOutandComponentLayOutofMinimumSystem

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4. SensorySystemProcedure

Attheentryofdata,therearesomeoptionsinthemenutochoosetheinputtimerdataforlamp,

adjust the value of temperature and adjust the value of humidity that it wants. Here are the

explanations:

a. Emittinglightsadjustment

Attheentryofdataforadjustmenthowlongthetimeofemitting,thesearetheoptions:

a) Lampwillbeturnedonfor8hoursandwillbeturnedfor16hours

b) Lampwillbeturnedonfor12hoursandwillbeturnedfor12hours

c) Lampwillbeturnedonfor16hoursandwillbeturnedfor8hours

d) Howlongthelampwillbeuseddependsontheuser(useroption)

Fortheoptions1‐3theadjustmentfortimeofemittinghasalreadybeensetupinthememoryof

theprogram.Useronlyhastheoptionaltopushtheparticularbuttons.For4thchoice,theadjustmentto

emit the lightwillbehandedover to theuser.Emitting time is the inputofdata times1minute.The

meaningisiftheuserpushesthenumber10atmenuforadjustmentlamp,sothelampwillbeturned

onfor10minutesandwillbeturnedfor23hoursand50minutes.

Theconditionofthe lampforonandoffwillbedependson its timerprogram.LDRSensoronly

playstheroleforanticipatingthedisturbance.IfthetimerprogramdecidedtosetthelampinONand

theconditionofsurroundedenvironmentincloudy/dark/nighttime,thelampwillbeturnedon.But,if

theprogramtimershowsthesettinglampONandenvironmentconditionshowsdaylightorbright,and

thenthelampwillbeturnedoff.

Thisconditionshowstheefficiency.Itmeansthatifthesunlightthatcanhelpedphotosynthesize

process, so the lamp in green house (for the timer shows the condition of the lamp is ON). So the

functionofthelampthathasalreadybeensetupistoanticipatethesituationthathavecontrolledby

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timer program and LDR sensor. So, the time that have been taken for photosynthesize cycle will be

optimal.

Datasettingoftimerprogram

1=lampissetON

0=lampissetOFF

DataconditionofLDRSensor

1=cloudy/dark/nighttime

0=bright/daylight

Lamp

condition

1 0 OFF

1 1 ON

0 0 OFF

0 1 ON

Moreover, sensor can be used at normal condition. The sunshine will decreased frequently so

sensorwill not turned on lamps directly. The sensorwill activate the lampswhen the environment’s

conditionhasbeendark.Duringthetimebetweensunshinestartstodecreaseuntillampsturnedoncan

beusedbyplantsfortakingrestandrechargetheenergyforupcomingphotosynthesis.

b. Temperatureadjustment

Theadjustmentfortemperatureconditionthatitwantswillbetheuser’sdecision.Itmeansuser

cansetthevalueoftemperaturethattheywanted.Thewayisusercancontrolthebuttonthatalready

facilitatedandthen,theusercanseetheindicatorofthetemperaturecontrolatthedisplay.Afterthe

temperaturehasbeendetermined,thetemperaturesensorwillbestartingtowork.

Thesettingofthetemperaturewillbedetectedfluentlybythesensor.Whenthetemperatureat

thegreenhouseexceededthan itsdetermination,andthesensorwilldetect itandsendthesignal to

the control system. The control systemwill be activated the fan. The fanwill stopworkingwhen the

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temperatureinthegreenhouseenvironmenthasalreadybelowthetemperaturesetting.Thiscyclewill

becontinuouslyhappenandbeingcontrolledautomatically

c. Humidityadjustment

The adjustment controls samewith the temperature adjustment control. The valueof humidity

thathappen in thegreenwilldependbyuser’swill.After thehumidityvaluehasbeenset forcertain

points.Andthenthesensorwillbeactivatedandmonitoritfrequently.

Ifthehumidityinsidethegreenhouselessthanthevalueofthesettingpoint,sothesensorwillbe

detected and started to send the signal to the control system. The control system soonwill start to

activatethefantoincreasethehumidity.Ifthehumiditylimithavealreadyfixed,thewaterpumpwill

bestopped.Thiscyclealsoworkingfrequentlyandcontinuously.

Ifthetemperatureisnormalandhumidityislow

Programswillarrangethewaterpump.

Theaimistogivemorewatertoplantsifthewaterintensityislowandmakehumidity

ofgreenhousenormal.

Ifthetemperatureishighandhumidityislow

Programswillarrangethewaterpumpandfanorblower.

Ifthetemperatureishighandhumidityishigh

Programswillarrangethefanorblower.

Theaimisfordecreasingthetemperaturebymakeaflowingairoutofthegreenhouse.

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IV.EXPERIMENT

Inthisexperiment,thereisthreefactorsthatcouldbetakenasareference,thatisthecondition

of greenhouse includes light intensity, temperature, and humidity. Here report from 20 seeds of red

beans(Arachishypogaea)whichisusedassamples.Thoseseedshavebeendividedintotwogroups,10

seeds of them are used as control and the rest is used as treatment. Control plants are placed in a

conventional greenhouse and treatment plants is placed in a greenhouse with sensor. This report is

arrangedafterobservationofgrowingtheplantsduringoneweek.

Heightofsample(cm)

No. Control Treatment

1 33 36

2 24 34

3 32 44

4 33 39

5 20 35

6 25 36

7 29 40

8 28 35

9 29 32

10 25 38

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Numberofbranches

No. Control Treatment

1 3 3

2 4 5

3 3 5

4 4 5

5 4 4

6 4 5

7 3 5

8 3 4

9 3 5

10 4 4

24

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V. DISCUSSION

Itisalreadyshownbythedatathattheplants,whichhavetreatedwithagreenhousewithsensor,

will have an enormous growth. The number of branches also more than plants that treated with a

conventionalgreenhouse.Itisalsoshownthattheoptimalizationofenvironment’sconditioncanaffect

thegrowthofplantsandmakeitgrowsupoptimally.

VI. CONCLUSION

Afterthroughtheoreticaldiscussionandequipmenttrial,couldbeconcludedthattheaimofthis

projecthasreachedwell.Fromtheexperimentcouldbeseeniftheautomaticgreenhousesensordesign

whichismadecouldincreasingtheproductivityofplants,especiallyforleavespart.

Ashasbeenmentionedonthepreface,thebenefitfromthisconstructiontoemphasizeonthe

crop productivity, especially to shorten the planting cycle so that it can give a maximum result and

increase the planting product have been reached. Thus it is hoped that with this construction,

productivity of cropping can be continuously increased so it can handle famine problem around the

world.

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VII. REFERENCES

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ArchitecturalPress,NewYork,ISBN1‐56898‐242‐9;• Giacomelli,GeneA.andWilliamJ.Roberts1,GreenhouseCoveringSystems,RutgersUniversity,

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Press,London,ISBN0‐906053‐85‐4;• www.fairchildsemi.comKA78XX/KA78XXA,3Terminal1APositiveRegulator.• DataSheetBC107:BC109:BC109.PhilipSemiConductor.• www.national.com.2001,LM79XX.• www.parallax.com.Parallax,sensivionSHTIIsensormodule.PrecisionTemperatureandHumidity

Measurement• www.farichildsemi.com.LM2902,LM324/LM34A,LM224,Quadoperationalamplifier.• www.fairchildsemi.com.MC78XX/LM78XX/MC78XXA3Terminal1APositiveVoltageRegulator.• www.atmel.com/dyn/resources/prod.documents/doc.2487.pdf.AT89S51Series.• www.ee.ud.ac.uk/facilities/teachlab/info/data/ldr. LightDependentResistor,1997.