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Context Clues – What Are They?
Context clues are bits of information from the text that, when combined with prior knowledge, allow you to decide the meaning of unknown words in the story or article you are reading.
As a reader you must act similar to a detective and put together clues from sentences surrounding an unknown word in order to make an intelligent “guess” as to what the definition of a word is.
Inference
Making an inference is basically reading between the lines
Draw personal meaning from text (words) or pictures.
When you think about that hidden information on your own and understand what the author has written, you’re making an inference!
Dramatic Irony A contradiction
between what a character thinks and what the reader/audience knows to be true
Situational Irony An event occurs that
directly contradicts the expectations of the characters, the reader, or the audience
Direct Characterization
Direct characterization is when the author TELLS the audience what the personality of the character is.
Example: “The patient boy and quiet girl were both at the game.”
The author is telling us that the boy is patient and the girl is kind.
Indirect Characterization
Indirect characterization is when the author SHOWS things that reveal the personality of the character.
Mood
*The writer may carefully select details such as descriptive words, dialogue, imagery, and setting to create a mood.
*May also use symbolism to create mood
*Symbol: something that stands for something else
Tone
*Tone: attitude the author takes toward the subject
*The language and details the writer chooses to describe the characters, setting, and events help to create the tone.
*Tone often reflects the author’s purpose.
Tone can be…
Informal/Formal Serious/Humorous Literal/Sarcastic Objective/Biased Playful, Naïve, Condescending or many
other possibilities
To Sum Up…
Tone is how the author feels Mood is how YOU feel while reading Both are INFERRED from the text
To Inform Share knowledge or information Author will provide you with facts, NOT
opinions This type of writing is straightforward and
unbiased The author’s tone is neutral (neither good
nor bad) Non-fiction Think:
Biographies, text books, the news, charts, research papers,
To Persuade
Get the reader to believe something or try something
This type of writing often mixes fact AND opinion
Author will take a stance that something is good or bad, right or wrong
Think:Commercials, editorials, campaign
speeches, advertisements
To Entertain
To talk about a theme, event or story Think:
Fiction, movie, novel, short story, poetry
ConnotationThe connotation of a word is the set of
ideas associated with it in addition to its explicit meaning
Denotation versus Connotation
Some examples –
Cheap is “low in cost” (denotation) but “stingy” or “poorly made” are the connotations of cheap
ImageryImagery is words or phrases
that appeal to one or more of the five senses. Writers
use imagery to describe how their subjects look,
sound, feel, taste, and smell.
ExpositionThe Exposition is the
introduction. It is the part of the work that introduces the characters, setting, and basic situation.
Rising ActionRising Action is the part of the
plot that begins to occur as soon as the conflict is introduced. The rising action adds complications to the conflict and increases reader interest.
ClimaxThe Climax is the point of
greatest emotional intensity, interest, or suspense in the plot of a narrative. The climax typically comes at the turning point in a story or drama.
Falling Action
Falling Action is the action that typically follows the climax and reveals its results.
Resolution
The Resolution is the part of the plot that concludes the falling action by revealing or suggesting the outcome of the conflict.
Conflict
Conflict is the struggle between opposing forces in a story or play. There are two types of conflict that exist in literature.
External Conflict
External conflict exists when a character struggles against some outside force, such as another character, nature, society, or fate.
Man vs. Man
Man vs. Nature
Man vs. Society
Internal Conflict
Internal conflict exists within the mind of a character who is torn between different courses of action.
Man vs. Himself
ForeshadowingForeshadowing is the author’s use of clues
to hint at what might happen later in the story. Writers use foreshadowing to build their readers’ expectations and to create suspense. This is used to help readers prepare for what is to come.
Point of View
Point of View is the perspective, or vantage point, from which a story is told. It is the relationship of the narrator to the story.
First Person is told by a character who uses the first-person pronoun “I”.
Third-person limited is the point of view where the narrator uses third-person pronouns such as “he” and “she” to refer to the characters. The narrator knows the thoughts, feelings and motivations of ONE character
Third person omniscient is the point of view where the narrator knows the thoughts, feelings and motivations of MULTIPLE characters
ThemeThe theme of a literary work is its central
message, concern, or purpose.
A theme is always GENERAL. It applies to anyone, anywhere, at any point in time
MetaphorA Metaphor is a type of speech that compares
or equates two or more things that have something in common. A metaphor does NOT use like or as.
Example: Life is a bowl
of cherries.
SimileA Simile is another figure of speech that
compares seemingly unlike things. Simile’s DO use the words like or as.
Example: Her voice was like nails on a chalkboard.
PersonificationPersonification is a figure
of speech in which an animal, object, force of nature, or idea is given human qualities or characteristics.
Example: Tears began to fall from the dark
clouds.
AlliterationAlliteration is the repetition of sounds,
most often consonant sounds, at the beginning of words. Alliteration gives emphasis to words.
Example: Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers
POETRY FORM
FORM - the appearance of the words on the page
LINE - a group of words together on one line of the poem
STANZA - a group of lines arranged together
METER
A pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables.
Meter occurs when the stressed and unstressed syllables of the words in a poem are arranged in a repeating pattern.
When poets write in meter, they count out the number of stressed (strong) syllables and unstressed (weak) syllables for each line. They they repeat the pattern throughout the poem.
METER cont.
FOOT - unit of meter. A foot can have two or three syllables. Usually consists of one stressed and
one or more unstressed syllables.
TYPES OF FEET
The types of feet are determined by the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables.
FREE VERSE POETRY
Unlike metered poetry, free verse poetry does NOT have any repeating patterns of stressed and unstressed syllables.
Does NOT have rhyme.
Free verse poetry is very conversational - sounds like someone talking with you.
A more modern type of poetry.
BLANK VERSE POETRY
Written in lines of iambic pentameter, but does NOT use end rhyme.
from Julius Ceasar
Cowards die many times before their deaths;
The valiant never taste of death but once.
Of all the wonders that I yet have heard,
It seems to me most strange that men should fear;
Seeing that death, a necessary end,
Will come when it will come.
RHYME
Words sound alike because they share the same ending vowel and consonant sounds.
(A word always rhymes with itself.)
LAMP STAMP
Share the short “a” vowel sound Share the combined “mp” consonant
sound
END RHYME
A word at the end of one line rhymes with a word at the end of another line
Hector the Collector Collected bits of string.
Collected dolls with broken heads And rusty bells that would not ring.
INTERNAL RHYME
A word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same line.
Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary.
From “The Raven” by Edgar Allan Poe
NEAR RHYME
a.k.a imperfect rhyme, close rhyme
The words share EITHER the same vowel or consonant sound BUT NOT BOTH
ROSE LOSE
Different vowel sounds (long “o” and “oo” sound)
Share the same consonant sound
RHYME SCHEME A rhyme scheme is a pattern of rhyme
(usually end rhyme, but not always).
Use the letters of the alphabet to represent sounds to be able to visually “see” the pattern.
CONSONANCE
Similar to alliteration EXCEPT . . .
The repeated consonant sounds can be anywhere in the words
“silken, sad, uncertain, rustling . . “
ASSONANCE
Repeated VOWEL sounds in a line or lines of poetry.
(Often creates near rhyme.)
Lake Fate Base Fade (All share the long “a” sound.)