CONTENTS

1. Organization for Safety in Laboratories 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Management Responsibilities 1

1.2.1 Vice President for Safety 21.2.2 Department Heads and Heads of Other Units 31.2.3 Laboratory Workers 41.2.4 The Safety Officer 4

1.3 Hazard and Precautionary Information 51.4 The Board of Directors 51.5 Reference 5

2 Precautionary Labels and Material Safety Data Sheets 7

2.1 Introduction 72.2 Hazard Communication: Purpose 72.3 The Material Safety Data Sheet 8

2.3.1 The MSDS and Employee Training 82.3.2 MSDS Format and Content 8

2.4 Labels 132.5 Precautionary Labels and Material Safety Data Sheets

Compared 142.6 Precautionary Labels 142.7 Precautionary Labeling Systems 15

2.7.1 The OSHA Waming Label 152.7.2 The DOT Hazard Shipping Label 152.7.3 The Hazardous Material Identification System 162.7.4 The NFPA Diamond 172.7.5 Other Labeling Systems 182.7.6 The American National Standard Institute Labeling

Standard 182.7.7 The ANSI System: Limitations 20

2.8 Evaluation of Labels and Material Safety Data Sheets 212.9 References 23

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xii CONTENTS

3 Doing It Right

3.1 lntroduction3.2 Simulated Drills

3.2.1 Practical Hints for Organizing Drills3.2.2 Frequency of Drills3.2.3 Types of Drill3.2.4 Evaluation of Drills

3.3 Training Programs3.3.1 Goals3.3.2 Programs for Industrial or Government Employees3.3.3 Programs for Students3.3.4 Programs for Laboratory Teaching Assistants3.3.5 Safety Seminar3.3.6 Evaluation of Training Programs

3.4 ConcJusion3.5 References

3.5.1 Drills3.5.2 Training Programs, Industrial or Government3.5.3 Courses3.5.4 Training Programs: Academe3.5.5 Audiovisuals

4. The 9S Percent Solution

4.1 Introduction4.2 Causes of Laboratory Accidents

4.2.1 Precautionary Measures4.2.2 Communication4.2.3 Proper Ventilation4.2.4 Personal Hygiene4.2.5 Electrical Hazards4.2.6 Storage of Chemicals4.2.7 Emergency Procedures and Equipment4.2.8 Management Responsibilities4.2.9 Personal Responsibility

S. Safety Inspections, Safety Audits

5.1 lntroduction5.2 Accident Prevention5.3 Accident Classification5.4 Hazard Categories

5.4.1 Unsafe Acts5.4.2 Unsafe Conditions

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CONTENTS xiii

5.5 Pointed Questions5.6 Safety lnspections5.7 Safety Audits

5.7.1 The Safety Audit Committee5.7.2 Safety Audit Scope5.7.3 Records and Safety Audits5.7.4 The Audit Report

5.8 Hazard and Operability Studies5.9 References

6. A Chemical Hygiene Plan: Preparing/Reviewing

6.1 Introduction6.2 Preparing a Chemical Hygiene Plan6.3 Establishing Policies

6.3.1 Selection of Proper Personal Protective Equipment6.3.2 Maintenance of Protective Equipment6.3.3 Maintenance of Emergency Handling Equipment6.3.4 First Aid Procedures and Follow-up Treatment6.3.5 Accident Handling6.3.6 Exposure Assessment and Follow-up Medical

Consultation and Examination6.3.7 New Procedures and Deviations from Established

Procedures6.3.8 Record Keeping6.3.9 Review

6.4 Appointment of a Chemical Hygiene Officer6.5 A Chemical Hygiene Plan Outline6.6 Information and Training6.7 The CHP Annual Review6.8 References

Appendix 1 Controlling the Hazards

7. Flammability, Combustibility

7.1 Introduction7.2 Definitions and Terminology7.3 Rate of Burning and Results

7.3.1 Nature of Fuel7.3.2 Surface Area7.3.3 Effects of Catalysts

7.4 The Fire Triangle (Tetrahedron)7.5 Classes of Fuels and Fires

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7.5.1 Fuels 827.5.2 Dust Explosions 847.5.3 Oxidizers 857.5.4 Ignition Sources 887.5.5 Pyrophorics 897.5.6 Hypergolics 89

7.6 Preventing and Extinguishing Fires 907.6.1 Storage of Flammables 907.6.2 Vapor Control 927.6.3 Avoiding Ignition Sources 937.6.4 Extinguishing Fires 947.6.5 Water Extinguishers 967.6.6 Compressed Gas (Carbon Dioxide) Extinguishers 977.6.7 Dry Chemical Monoammonium Phosphate Extinguishers 987.6.8 Dry Chemical Potassium or Sodium Carbonate

Extinguishers 987.6.9 Halon Extinguishers 997.6.10 Extinguishers for Class D Fires 1007.6.11 Location of Extinguishers and Telephone 100

7.7 Fire Toxicity 1007.8 Summary 1017.9 References 101

8. Chemical Reactivity: Instability and Incompatible Combinations 103

8.1 Introduction 1038.2 Reaction Energy and Reaction Rates 103

8.2.1 Reaction Energy 1048.2.2 Reaction Rates: Temperature as a Major Factor 1048.2.3 Other Factors Affecting Reaction Rates 1058.2.4 Extreme Reaction Conditions 1068.2.5 Reaction Preliminaries 1068.2.6 Probing the Unknown 107

8.3 Chemical Structure, Reactivity, and Instability 1078.3.1 Compounds Containing Carbon 1078.3.2 Compounds Containing Carbon and Nitrogen 1088.3.3 Compounds Containing Carbon and Oxygen 1088.3.4 Compounds Containing Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen 1088.3.5 Compounds Containing Nitrogen and Oxygen 1088.3.6 Compounds Containing Nitrogen and Other Elements 1098.3.7 Compounds Containing Halogen, Oxygen, and Other

EIements 1098.3.8 Ammine Metal Oxosalts 1108.3.9 Pyrophoric Compounds 111

CONTENTS xv

8.3.10 Water-Reactive Compounds 1118.3.11 Other Criteria for Instability 112

8.4 Inherent versus Preventable Instability 1148.4.1 Chemical Structures Susceptible to Peroxidation 1148.4.2 Other Slow Reactions in Storage 116

8.5 Toxic By-products of Chemical Reactivity 1178.5.1 Practical Solutions 1178.5.2 Toxic By-products of Accidental Contact 118

8.6 Chemical Reactivity: Implications for Storage 1188.7 Dealing with Consequences of Human Failings 119

8.7.1 Unlabeled Containers 1198.7.2 Old Peroxidized Stocks 1208.7.3 Poor Storage Practices 121

8.8 Protection of Personnel 1218.9 References 122

9. Toxic Effects of Chemicals 1259.1 lntroduction 1259.2 Harm 1259.3 Exposure 126

9.3.1 Dose 1269.3.2 Duration and Frequency 1279.3.3 Route 127

9.4 Types of Reactions 1289.4.1 Local Reactions 1289.4.2 Systemic Reactions 130

9.5 Recognition of Exposure 1329.6 Susceptibility and Risk 1379.7 Treatment of Exposure 138

9.7.1 Acute Exposure 1389.7.2 Chronic Exposure 139

9.8 Prevention of Harm 1399.8.1 Knowing the Dangers 1409.8.2 How ito Prevent Overexposure 142

9.9 Closing Remarks 1439.10 Glossary 1439.11 References 146

10 Handling and Management of Particularly Hazardous Substances 14910.1 Introduction 14910.2 Particularly Hazardous Substances 149

xvi CONTENTS

10.3 Administrative Controls 15010.3.1 Working with Particularly Hazardous Substances 15010.3.2 Industrial Hygiene Principies 151

10.4 Health and Safety Plan 15210.4.1 Purpose 15210.4.2 Philosophy 15210.4.3 Responsibilities 15210.4.4 Organization 15310.4.5 Policies 153

10.5 Record Keeping 15410.6 Minimum Requirements 155

10.6.1 The Chemical Hygiene Officer 15510.6.2 Controlling Particularly Hazardous Substances 15610.6.3 Standard Operating Procedures 15610.6.4 Medical Surveillance 15710.6.5 Incident Reporting 15710.6.6 Engineering Controls 15810.6.7 Personal Protective Equipment 16010.6.8 Waste Disposal 161

10.7 Chemical-Specific Safety Protocol 16210.8 Conclusion 16410.9 References 165

11. Other Hazards 167

11.1 Introduction 16711.2 Falls 168

11.2.1 Slipperiness and Slippery Substances 16811.2.2 Slippery Spill Safety 170

11.3 lonizing Radiation 17111.3.1 Regulation of Radiation and Radiation Sources 17211.3.2 Ranges of Ionizing Radiations 17311.3.3 Hazardous Exposure Levels 17411.3.4 Radiation Safety Measures 17511.3.5 Other Electromagnetic Radiation 177

11.4 Nonionizing Radiation 17811.4.1 Electromagnetic Radiations 17811.4.2 Sonic Radiation 18011.4.3 Ultrasonic and Infrasonic Radiation 181

11.5 Electric Currents and Magnetic Fields 18111.5.1 Electric Currents 18111.5.2 Magnetic Fields 182

CONTENTS xvii

11.6 Electrostatic Sparks 18211.7 Vacuum and Dewar Flasks 18311.8 High Pressures and Compressed Gases 184

11.8.1 Compressed Gases in Cylinders 18411.8.2 Cylinder Safety Management 18511.8.3 Cylinder Gas Management 18811.8.4 Oxygen and Oxidant Gases 18911.8.5 Other Cylinder Gases 19011.8.6 Acetylene 190

11.9 Piped-in Gases 19111.10 Ultrapressure Systems 19111.11 Low Temperature and Cryogenic Systems 192

11.11.1 Liquefied Gases 19211.11.2 Solidified Gases and Dry Ice 19311.11.3 Cooling Baths 194

11.12 Thermolability Hazards 19411.13 High Temperatures 195

11.13.1 Common Heat Sources 19511.13.2 Heating Baths 19611.13.3 Residual Heat Hazards 19711.13.4 Hot Closed Systems 197

11.14 Obvious but Sometimes Overlooked Hazards 19811.15 References 199

12. Storage of Laboratory Chemicals 203

12.1 Introduction 20312.2 Common Examples of Improper Storage Practices 20412.3 The Principies of Chemical Storage 205

12.3.1 Inventory Control 20512.3.2 Segregation 20712.3.3 Further Practical Matters 210

12.4 Storage in the Laboratory 21212.5 Storage in Stockroom and Storeroom 215

12.5.1 Special Stockroom and Storeroom Concems 21612.6 References 217

Appendix 2 Requirements

13. Federal Regulations in the United States 221

13.1 Introduction 221

xviii CONTENTS

13.2 Regulations Pertaining to Personal Protection 22213.3 Regulations Pertaining to Flammable and Combustible Liquids 22213.4 Regulations Pertaining to Compressed Gases 22313.5 Regulations Pertaining to Radiation 22313.6 Regulations Pertaining to Electrical Hazards 22413.7 Regulations Pertaining to MateriaIs Handling and Storage,

Sanitation, and Housekeeping 22413.8 Regulations Pertaining to Means of Egress 22413.9 Regulations Pertaining to Air Contaminants 22513.10 Regulations Pertaining to Access to Medical Records 23013.1] Regulations Pertaining to Employees' "Right-to-Know" 23013.12 The Final Laboratory Rule 230

13.12.1 The Chemical Hygiene Plan 23113.12.2 Employee Training and Information 232] 3.] 2.3 Medical Surveillance 23313.12.4 Other Provisions 234

13.13 Related EPA Requirements 234

13.13.] Laboratory Synthesis of ew Chemicals 234] 3. 13.2 Spills and Leaks of Hazardous Chemicals 235

13.13.3 The Chemical Emergency Preparcdness Program 236

13.13.4 Community "Right-to-Know" 23613.13.5 Toxic Release Reporting 237

13.14 References 237

14. Safe Disposal of Hazardous Waste

14.1 Introduction14.1.1 Prologue14.1.2 Who Should Read this Chapter?14.1.3 Background14.1.4 Scope of Problem14.1.5 Objective

14.2 Compliance Procedures14.2.1 Managing Chemical Inventories14.2.2 Identifying Hazardous Waste14.2.3 Liability and Rising Costs14.2.4 Escalating Regulation14.2.5 Those Regulated and the Rationale14.2.6 Uncertainties and Accommodations14.2.7 Violations14.2.8 Initial Compliance Strategies]4.2.9 Selecting a Wastc Disposal Contractor14.2.1 O Small Quantity Generators14.2.11 Storage of Waste

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CONTENTS xix

14.2.12 Waste Minimization14.2.13 Recycling of Waste14.2.14 Waste Treatment14.2.15 Transportation Issues14.2.16 Requirements14.2.17 Total Management Strategies

14.3 Conclusion14.4 Acknowledgments14.5 References

15. Laboratory Regulations in Canada

15.1 Introduction15.2 Controlled Products15.3 The Role of the Supplier]5.4 Labels

]5.4.1 The Supplier Label15.4.2 The Workplace Label

]5.5 Material Safety Data Sheets]5.6 Exemptions from WHMIS15.7 Employer Responsibilities

15.7.1 Worker Education and Training15.7.2 Labeling and Identification15.7.3 Placards in the Workplace15.7.4 Material Safety Data Sheets in the Workplace

]5.8 Worker Responsibilities under WHMIS15.9 WHMIS and the Laboratory

15.9.1 Training of Laboratory Workers15.9.2 Labels in the Laboratory15.9.3 Material Safety Data Sheets in the Laboratory

15.10 References

16. Laboratory Regulations in the United Kingdom

16.1 Introduction] 6.2 The Health and Safety at Work Act16.3 The COSHH Regulations

16.3.] Complying with COSHH16.3.2 Regulation 6-Assessment of Risk16.3.3 Regulation 7-ControI Measures16.3.4 Regulation lO-Occupational Exposure Limits16.3.5 Exposure by Other Routes16.3.6 Washing and Toilet Facilities16.3.7 Regulation 9-Maintenance

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16.3.8 Regulation 11-Health SurveilIance 28316.3.9 Regulation 12-Training 284

16.4 Personal Protection 28516.4.1 General PrincipIes 28616.4.2 Protection of the Eyes Regulations, 1974 and BS

2092 28616.4.3 Respiratory Protection Under COSHH 28616.4.4 Head Protection 287

16.5 Compressed Gases 28716.6 Highly F1ammable and F1ammable Liquids 28816.7 Ionizing Radiation 28816.8 Electrical Hazards 29016.9 Storage and Good Housekeeping 29016.10 Regulations Relating to Escape Routes and Fire Precautions 29016.11 Asbestos 29116.12 Control of Lead at Work Regulations 29116.13 Noise 29116.14 Control of Major Accident Hazards 29116.15 Pertinent Regulations 29116.16 Acknowledgments 29116.17 References 294

Appendix 3 Personal Protection

17. Air Monitoring in the Chemical Laboratory 297

17.1 lntroduction 29717.2 Air Contaminants 298

17.2.1 Nature of Air Contaminants in the Laboratory 29817.2.2 Environmental Factors Affecting Monitoring

Performance 29917.2.3 General Air Monitoring Criteria 299

17.3 Air Monitoring Considerations 29917.3.1 Area versus Personnel Monitoring 30017.3.2 Sample Volume 30017.3.3 Sample Duration 30017.3.4 Monitoring Rate 30117.3.5 Monitoring Efficiency 30117.3.6 Number of Samples 302

17.4 Monitoring Procedures and Devices 30217.4.1 Active Monitoring 30317.4.2 Passive Monitoring 30517.4.3 Direct Reading Colorimetric Indicator Tubes 306

17.5 Sample Analysis 30717.6 Interpretation of Results 307

CONTENTS xxi

17.6.1 Full Shift Single Sample 30717.6.2 Full Shift Consecutive Samples 308

17.7 Conclusion 308

18. Personal Protective Equiprnent in the Laboratory 311

18.1 Introduction 31118.2 Eye Protection 31118.3 Face Protection 31218.4 Safety Shields 31318.5 Laboratory Coats and Aprons 31318.6 Gloves 31418.7 Respirators 31518.8 References 315

Appendix 4 Plans and Designs

19. Designing Safety into the Laboratory 319

19.1 Introduction 31919.2 Laboratory Design, Safety Aspects 320

19.2.1 Laboratory Ventilation Systems 32019.2.2 Egress 32619.2.3 Hazard Zoning 32619.2.4 Emergency Facilities 32919.2.5 Fire Protection 33119.2.6 Laboratory Occupancy 33219.2.7 Teaching Laboratories 33219.2.8 Piped Services 33419.2.9 Laboratory Furnishings 33419.2.10 Laboratory Features 335

19.3 Laboratory Planning Process 33619.4 Owner Responsibilities 33919.5 Function of Architects and Engineers 34019.6 References 341

20. Laboratory Hoods 34320.1 Introduction 34320.2 Rating Existing Fume Hoods 344

20.2.1 Exhaust Volume Determination 34420.2.2 Face Reality 34620.2.3 Makeup or Supply Air Systems 347

20.3 Locating a Fume Hood 34820.4 Fume Hood Testing 34920.5 Correcting Hood Problems 351

xxii CONTENTS

20.6 Hood Design20.6. I Baffle Design20.6.2 Aerodynamically Shaped EntranceEnergy ConservationBlower SystemsMaintenancc of Total SystemsNoiseRemodelingNew ConstructionPutting a New or Renovated Facility into OperationUsing the ASHRAE Standard to Prove Hood Performance20.14.1 Room Air Patterns20.14.2 Baffle Slot Adjustment20.14.3 Exhaust Air Reentry20.14.4 Test SummaryEducating the Technical StaffGlossaryReferences

20.720.820.920.1020.1120.1220.1320.14

20.1520.1620.17

Appendix 5 Resource MateriaIs

21. Using Audiovisual Materiais in Safety Training

21.121.221.321.4

The Role of Audiovisual MateriaIsAvailable Formats for Training MediaConsiderations in the Selection of MateriaIsSources of Audiovisual MateriaIs21.4.1 Commercial Distributors21.4.2 Other Sources of Commercial MateriaIs21.4.3 Other SourcesAcknowledgments21.5

22. Laboratory Safety Library Holdings

AcronymsIndex

22.122.2

IntroductionReferences for the Elementary School General ScienceLaboratory or Classroom . .References for Secondary School Chernistry LaboratonesReferences for College or University Undergraduate ChemistryLaboratoriesReferences for Research, Development, Analytical, QualityControl, and All Other Laboratories Using ChemicalsAcknowledgment

22.322.4

22.5

22.6

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