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Contemporary Issues in Leadership Pertemuan 10 Matakuliah : G0292/Organizational Behavior Tahun : 2007 Adapted from: Adapted from: ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR S T E P H E N P. R O B B I N S S T E P H E N P. R O B B I N S E L E V E N T H E D I T I O N E L E V E N T H E D I T I O N W W W . P R E N H A L L . C O M / R O B B I N S W W W . P R E N H A L L . C O M / R O B B I N S

Contemporary Issues in Leadership Pertemuan 10 Matakuliah: G0292/Organizational Behavior Tahun: 2007 Adapted from: ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR S T E P H E

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Page 1: Contemporary Issues in Leadership Pertemuan 10 Matakuliah: G0292/Organizational Behavior Tahun: 2007 Adapted from: ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR S T E P H E

Contemporary Issues in Leadership Pertemuan 10

Matakuliah : G0292/Organizational BehaviorTahun : 2007

Adapted from:Adapted from:

ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIORORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIORS T E P H E N P. R O B B I N SS T E P H E N P. R O B B I N S

E L E V E N T H E D I T I O NE L E V E N T H E D I T I O N

W W W . P R E N H A L L . C O M / R O B B I N SW W W . P R E N H A L L . C O M / R O B B I N S

Page 2: Contemporary Issues in Leadership Pertemuan 10 Matakuliah: G0292/Organizational Behavior Tahun: 2007 Adapted from: ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR S T E P H E

Bina Nusantara

Trust: The Foundation of Leadership

Trust

A positive expectation that another will not—through words, actions, or decisions—act opportunistically.

Trust is a history-dependent process (familiarity) based on relevant but limited samples of experience (risk).

Page 3: Contemporary Issues in Leadership Pertemuan 10 Matakuliah: G0292/Organizational Behavior Tahun: 2007 Adapted from: ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR S T E P H E

Bina Nusantara

Dimensions of Trust• Integrity

– honesty and truthfulness.

• Competence

– an individual’s technical and interpersonal knowledge and skills.

• Consistency

– an individual’s reliability, predictability, and good judgment in handling situations.

• Loyalty

– the willingness to protect and save face for another person.

• Openness

– reliance on the person to give you the full truth.

Page 4: Contemporary Issues in Leadership Pertemuan 10 Matakuliah: G0292/Organizational Behavior Tahun: 2007 Adapted from: ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR S T E P H E

Bina Nusantara

Trust and Leadership

LeadershipLeadershipLeadershipLeadership

TRUSTTRUSTandand

INTEGRITYINTEGRITY

TRUSTTRUSTandand

INTEGRITYINTEGRITY

Page 5: Contemporary Issues in Leadership Pertemuan 10 Matakuliah: G0292/Organizational Behavior Tahun: 2007 Adapted from: ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR S T E P H E

Bina Nusantara

Three Types of TrustDeterrence-based Trust

Trust based on fear of reprisal if the trust is violated.

Identification-based Trust

Trust based on a mutual understanding of each other’s intentions and appreciation of the other’s wants and desires.

Knowledge-based Trust

Trust based on behavioral predictability that comes from a history of interaction.

Page 6: Contemporary Issues in Leadership Pertemuan 10 Matakuliah: G0292/Organizational Behavior Tahun: 2007 Adapted from: ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR S T E P H E

Bina Nusantara

Basic Principles of Trust• Mistrust drives out trust.

• Trust begets trust.

• Growth often masks mistrust.

• Decline or downsizing tests the highest levels of trust.

• Trust increases cohesion.

• Mistrusting groups self-destruct.

• Mistrust generally reduces productivity.

Page 7: Contemporary Issues in Leadership Pertemuan 10 Matakuliah: G0292/Organizational Behavior Tahun: 2007 Adapted from: ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR S T E P H E

Bina Nusantara

Framing: Using Words to Shape Meaning and Inspire Others

Leaders use framing (selectively including or excluding facts) to influence how others see and interpret reality.

Leaders use framing (selectively including or excluding facts) to influence how others see and interpret reality.

Framing

A way to use language to manage meaning.

Page 8: Contemporary Issues in Leadership Pertemuan 10 Matakuliah: G0292/Organizational Behavior Tahun: 2007 Adapted from: ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR S T E P H E

Bina Nusantara

Inspirational Approaches to Leadership

Charismatics Influence Followers By:

1. Articulating the vision

2. Setting high performance expectations

3. Conveying a new set of values

4. Making personal sacrifices

Charismatics Influence Followers By:

1. Articulating the vision

2. Setting high performance expectations

3. Conveying a new set of values

4. Making personal sacrifices

Charismatic Leadership Theory

Followers make attributions of heroic or extraordinary leadership abilities when they observe certain behaviors.

Page 9: Contemporary Issues in Leadership Pertemuan 10 Matakuliah: G0292/Organizational Behavior Tahun: 2007 Adapted from: ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR S T E P H E

Bina Nusantara

Beyond Charismatic Leadership • Level 5 Leaders

– Possess a fifth dimension—a paradoxical blend of personal humility and professional will—in addition to the four basic leadership qualities of individual capability, team skills, managerial competence, and the ability to stimulate others to high performance.

– Channel their ego needs away from themselves and into the goal of building a great company.

Page 10: Contemporary Issues in Leadership Pertemuan 10 Matakuliah: G0292/Organizational Behavior Tahun: 2007 Adapted from: ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR S T E P H E

Bina Nusantara

Transactional and Transformational Leadership

• Contingent Reward

• Management by Exception (active)

• Management by Exception (passive)

• Laissez-Faire

• Charisma

• Inspiration

• Intellectual Stimulation

• Individual Consideration

Transactional Leaders

Leaders who guide or motivate their followers in the direction of established goals by clarifying role and task requirements.

Transformational Leaders

Leaders who provide individualized consideration and intellectual stimulation, and who possess charisma.

Page 11: Contemporary Issues in Leadership Pertemuan 10 Matakuliah: G0292/Organizational Behavior Tahun: 2007 Adapted from: ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR S T E P H E

Bina Nusantara

Emotional Intelligence and Leadership Effectiveness

Elements of Emotional Intelligence:

• Self-awareness

• Self-management

• Self-motivation

• Empathy

• Social skills

Elements of Emotional Intelligence:

• Self-awareness

• Self-management

• Self-motivation

• Empathy

• Social skills

Page 12: Contemporary Issues in Leadership Pertemuan 10 Matakuliah: G0292/Organizational Behavior Tahun: 2007 Adapted from: ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR S T E P H E

Bina Nusantara

Contemporary Leadership Roles: Providing Team Leadership

Team Leadership Roles:

• Act as liaisons with external constituencies.

• Serve as troubleshooters.

• Managing conflict.

• Coaching to improve team member performance

Team Leadership Roles:

• Act as liaisons with external constituencies.

• Serve as troubleshooters.

• Managing conflict.

• Coaching to improve team member performance

Page 13: Contemporary Issues in Leadership Pertemuan 10 Matakuliah: G0292/Organizational Behavior Tahun: 2007 Adapted from: ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR S T E P H E

Bina Nusantara

Contemporary Leadership Roles: Mentoring

Mentoring Activities:

• Present ideas clearly

• Listen well

• Empathize

• Share experiences

• Act as role model

• Share contacts

• Provide political guidance

Mentoring Activities:

• Present ideas clearly

• Listen well

• Empathize

• Share experiences

• Act as role model

• Share contacts

• Provide political guidance

Mentor

A senior employee who sponsors and supports a less-experienced employee (a protégé).

Page 14: Contemporary Issues in Leadership Pertemuan 10 Matakuliah: G0292/Organizational Behavior Tahun: 2007 Adapted from: ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR S T E P H E

Bina Nusantara

Contemporary Leadership Roles: Self-Leadership

Creating self leaders:

• Model self-leadership.

• Encourage employees to create self-set goals.

• Encourage the use of self-rewards.

• Create positive thought patterns.

• Create a climate of self-leadership.

• Encourage self-criticism.

Creating self leaders:

• Model self-leadership.

• Encourage employees to create self-set goals.

• Encourage the use of self-rewards.

• Create positive thought patterns.

• Create a climate of self-leadership.

• Encourage self-criticism.

Self-Leadership

A set of processes through which individuals control their own behavior.

Page 15: Contemporary Issues in Leadership Pertemuan 10 Matakuliah: G0292/Organizational Behavior Tahun: 2007 Adapted from: ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR S T E P H E

Bina Nusantara

Actions:

• Work to positively change the attitudes and behaviors of employees.

• Engage in socially constructive behaviors.

• Do not abuse power or use improper means to attain goals.

Actions:

• Work to positively change the attitudes and behaviors of employees.

• Engage in socially constructive behaviors.

• Do not abuse power or use improper means to attain goals.

Ethical Leadership

Page 16: Contemporary Issues in Leadership Pertemuan 10 Matakuliah: G0292/Organizational Behavior Tahun: 2007 Adapted from: ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR S T E P H E

Bina Nusantara

Online Leadership• Leadership at a Distance: Building Trust

– The lack of face-to-face contact in electronic communications removes the nonverbal cues that support verbal interactions.

– There is no supporting context to assist the receiver with interpretation of an electronic communication.

– The structure and tone of electronic messages can strongly affect the response of receivers.

– An individual’s verbal and written communications may not follow the same style.

– Writing skills will likely become an extension of interpersonal skills

Page 17: Contemporary Issues in Leadership Pertemuan 10 Matakuliah: G0292/Organizational Behavior Tahun: 2007 Adapted from: ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR S T E P H E

Bina Nusantara

Challenges to the Leadership Construct

Qualities attributed to leaders:

• Leaders are intelligent, outgoing, have strong verbal skills, are aggressive, understanding, and industrious.

• Effective leaders are perceived as consistent and unwavering in their decisions.

• Effective leaders project the appearance of being a leader.

Qualities attributed to leaders:

• Leaders are intelligent, outgoing, have strong verbal skills, are aggressive, understanding, and industrious.

• Effective leaders are perceived as consistent and unwavering in their decisions.

• Effective leaders project the appearance of being a leader.

Attribution Theory of Leadership

The idea that leadership is merely an attribution that people make about other individuals.

Page 18: Contemporary Issues in Leadership Pertemuan 10 Matakuliah: G0292/Organizational Behavior Tahun: 2007 Adapted from: ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR S T E P H E

Bina Nusantara

Finding and Creating Effective Leaders• Selection

– Review specific requirements for the job.– Use tests that identify personal traits associated with leadership,

measure self-monitoring, and assess emotional intelligence.– Conduct personal interviews to determine candidate’s fit with the

job.

• Training– Recognize the all people are not equally trainable.– Teach skills that are necessary for employees to become effective

leaders.– Provide behavioral training to increase the development potential

of nascent charismatic employees.