JAPAN, CHINA, KOREA, VIETNAM, PHILIPPINES, INDIA AND AFRICA

Douglas MacArthur assigned to the rebuilding of Japan

Democracy established

Sun Yat-sen: founder of the Guomintang (nationalist party of China)

Chiang Kai-shek: takes over for Sun Yat-sen in 1925, but was opposed to land reform and peasants flocked to his opponent

Mao Zedong: communist leader of the peasants and used the Long March to unite all communists; pushed Chiang Kai-shek off the mainland to the island of Taiwan; Mao made China communist in 1949

Sun Yat-sen

Chiang Kai-shek

Mao Zedong

5 Year Economic Plan established by Mao Zedong

1959-1963- the plan was to focus on industry and agriculture and the hope was to rival the United States

Unfortunately, 1959 was a bad year and it is thought that 9 million starved that year, and by 1963, 20 million starved

Led after Mao ZedongFour Modernizations—focused on agriculture,

industry, science and military*allowed for some free enterprise*led to rapid economic growth in China--these reforms led some people to want

more freedoms, which led to protests like the Tiananmen Square Massacre

Pro-democratic demonstration against the Communist government in China

June 5, 1989: worst day of violence Total of 3,000 deaths

1945- The U.N. split the peninsula at the 38th Parallel

June 1950: Communist North Korea crossed the 38th Parallel into South Korea

United States troops under the leadership of Douglas MacArthur and United Nations forces responded to the invasion

Allied forces were pushed to the Pusan Perimeter by September 1950

MacArthur called for an amphibious invasion at Inchon to take pressure off Allied forces and to cut supply lines of the North Koreans

By November 1950 Allied forces had pushed the North Koreans almost to the Yalu River (boundary between North Korea and China)

Chinese forces crossed over the Yalu River to help N. Korea

MacArthur wanted to invade China, but Truman advised against it. MacArthur and Truman exchanged words and eventually MacArthur was fired.

Chinese and N. Korean forces were able to cross back across the 38th Parallel

Allied forces pushed back

Fighting stopped in 1951

Armistice signed in 1953 and the 38th Parallel was used to divide North and South Korea

Vietnam was part of French Indochina Area was taken over by the Japanese in

WWII, but reclaimed by the French after the war was over

Nationalist movement in the region against the French

Leader of the Nationalists- Ho Chi Minh Led the war against the French in the late

1940’s; influenced by communism Ho Chi Minh’s followers in North Vietnam

were called the Vietminh Ho Chi Minh was supported and financially

backed by the Soviet Union The United States backed the French

The Geneva Conference- divided Vietnam at the 17th Parallel

North was now communist and leader was Ho Chi Minh (capital=Hanoi) – ties to China and USSR

South was democratic and president was Ngo Dinh Diem (capital=Saigon)

1954- SUPPORTIVE OF THE FRENCH 1956-1964- SENT MILITARY ADVISORS AND

FINANCIAL AID 1964- GULF OF TONKIN INCIDENT AND

PRESIDENT JOHNSON GETS PERMISSION TO SEND IN COMBAT TROOPS WITH THE GULF OF TONKIN RESOLUTION

1965- 1ST COMBAT TROOPS ARRIVE 1965-1973- AMERICAN COMBAT TROOPS IN

VIETNAM PRESIDENT NIXON RESPONSIBLE FOR

VIETNAMIZATION

By 1957 Eisenhower sent in military advisors to help train South Vietnamese military

President Kennedy increased American involvement (financial aid)

South Vietnam’s army was ineffective against the Vietcong (South Vietnamese guerillas- also known as Charlie) which put pressure on the U.S. to increase its involvement

Diem turned out to be corrupt Believed he pocketed much of the aid

sent to them from US US continued to support him Openly persecuted Buddhists Monks protesting persecution set selves

on fire in public square United States finally supported a coup to

overthrow Diem in 1963

1964-Gulf of Tonkin Resolution – US spy boat torpedoed, but US claimed two had been attacked, LB Johnson urged Congress to write “blank check”

President Johnson sent over troops to take on a lead military role

By 1967 – war at a stalemate North planned attack on Saigon on Tet,

Vietnamese holiday (Tet Offensive) North actually failed, lasted several weeks but

they did not win North used propaganda to create image of

victory However, US opinion of the war dropped

dramatically because we suffered less casualties, but gained no land

War portrayed as “unwinnable”

U.S. forces tried to bomb the Ho Chi Minh Trail- supply route through Cambodia and Laos

Sparked protests – Kent State and Jackson State– students were shot by national guard

Paris Accords – Jan 31, 1973 Brought US withdrawal and release of

POWs US pulls out- Vietnamization North continues to take South World watches dramatic rescue of US

Embassy workers from the embassy rooftop

February ’73 – South fell to communism, Laos went peacefully slowly after

NAPALM

MY LAI MASSACREHANOI

HILTON

JOHN McCAIN- POW HANOI JANE

As a result of the communist takeover of Vietnam and because of the Ho Chi Minh Trail, communism filtered into Cambodia

Pol Pot established the Khmer Rouge, a communist regime in Cambodia

Ruled from 1975-1979 He began a genocide against the

intelligencia and former political leaders of Cambodia

Killed approximately 1 million people before he was overthrown and placed under house arrest

Died in 1998 while still under house arrest

POL POT THE KILLING FIELDS

President Ferdinand Marcos was a corrupt leader who embezzled a huge amount of the national treasury for his own personal gain (1965-1986)

He was accused of having his political opponent, Benigno Aquino, murdered in 1983

In the 1986 election, the wife of the murdered opponent, Corazon Aquino, ran against Marcos and won. She became the first female democratically elected President of the Philippines. Stayed in power until 1992.

Marcos and his wife fled the Philippines and sought refuge in the U.S. They were arrested and served time in U.S prison. Ferdinand died in 1989 and Imelda returned to the Philippines.

Following WWII: desire for independence from the British and the concern of Muslims and their place in India dominated by Hindus

Mohandas Gandhi- leader of the INC had been fighting for independence for many years and WWII forced Britain to address the issue

The last British viceroy of India carried out a plan to create an independent India in 1947

The British were persuaded because of a nonviolent resistance movement (passive resistance) led by Gandhi, who was eventually given the name Mahatma (Great Soul)

The agreement that created an independent India also established a two-part Pakistan

A Hindu upset over the partition assassinated Gandhi in 1948

In 1971, the eastern section of Pakistan became Bangladesh

The island of Ceylon was also granted independence and was eventually renamed Sri Lanka

African independence efforts followed three general patterns:◦ Peaceful transition to independence◦ Violent transition to independence or violence

following the transition due to conflicts among Africans in the region

◦ Areas where large European populations had settled in the colony faced conflicts such as resisting the desires of natives and the colonial power’s plans to establish African majority rule

Common in colonies that had small European populations and minimal tension among African groups in the colony

British West Africa is a good example They were already using indirect rule so

they just handed power over to the Africans

Nigeria’s independence was delayed by complicated negotiations among African ethnic groups and eventually civil war erupted

Algeria- French simply refused to consider independence. Finally in 1962, following a war that killed thousands of French soldiers and hundreds of thousands of Algerians, the country gained independence

South Africa: gained independence after WWII, but by 1948 the government started apartheid (national policy of segregation). The policy ended in 1990.

Nelson Mandela led the movement against apartheid. He was imprisoned for several years.

President F.W. deKlerk ended apartheid and allowed for free elections which allowed Mandela to take over

Kenya: Europeans made up less than 1% of population, but had tremendous power

Jomo Kenyatta became the leader of the independence movement in Kenya

He was jailed by the British from 1953 to 1961 Became the Prime Minister of independent Kenya

in 1963 Encouraged Europeans to stay and invest in the

country Economically prosperous until mid-1970’s, when

the one-party system became corrupt. Corruption intensified after Kenyatta’s death in 1978.

Rwanda and Burundi were given to Belgium according to the Treaty of Versailles.

The Tutsi (ethnic minority) were given preferential treatment by the Belgians.

The 1994 genocide was the slaughter of approximately 1 million Tutsi by the Hutu