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Containment & Anti-Communist Hysteria
Containment & Anti-Communist Hysteria
Communist Expansion Overseas & (Later) Into Space Brings fear of
Communist “menace” to America
The Ideological StruggleThe Ideological StruggleSoviet &
Eastern Bloc Nations[“Iron
Curtain”]
US & the Western
Democracies
GOAL spread world-wide Communism
GOAL “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world.[George Kennan]
METHODOLOGIES:
Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]
Arms Race [nuclear escalation]
Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples “proxy wars”
Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]
NNorth orth AAtlantic tlantic TTreaty reaty OOrganization (1949)rganization (1949)
United StatesUnited States
BelgiumBelgium
BritainBritain
CanadaCanada
DenmarkDenmark
FranceFrance
IcelandIceland
ItalyItaly
LuxemburgLuxemburg
NetherlandsNetherlands
NorwayNorway
PortugalPortugal
1952: Greece & 1952: Greece & Turkey Turkey
1955: West 1955: West GermanyGermany
1982: Spain1982: Spain
Warsaw Pact (1955)Warsaw Pact (1955)
} U. S. S. R.U. S. S. R.
} AlbaniaAlbania
} BulgariaBulgaria
} CzechoslovakCzechoslovakiaia
} East East GermanyGermany
} HungaryHungary
} PolandPoland
} RumaniaRumania
Truman Truman Doctrine Doctrine [1947][1947]
1.1. Civil War in Greece.Civil War in Greece.
2.2. Turkey under pressure from the Turkey under pressure from the USSR for land in the Dardanelles.USSR for land in the Dardanelles.
3.3. Truman: “The U. S. should support free Truman: “The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world who are peoples throughout the world who are resisting takeovers by armed minorities or resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside pressures…We must assist free outside pressures…We must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way.”their own way.”
4.4. The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in economic & $400 million in economic & military aid.military aid.
The Arms Race:The Arms Race:A “Missile Gap?”A “Missile Gap?”
} The Soviet The Soviet Union Union exploded its exploded its first A-bomb in first A-bomb in 1949.1949.
} Now there Now there were two were two nuclear nuclear superpowers!superpowers!
NSC-68
• April 1950 report by the National Security Council:
“The U.S. should use military force to ‘contain’ communist expansion anywhere it seemed to be occurring, regardless of the intrinsic strategic or economic value of the lands in question.”
Politicians seeks to “root out subversives” – Ex.: House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) Hearings - 1947
The Hollwood Ten
Screenwriters and directors
denied employment in
the entertainment
industry because of their
political beliefs, real or
suspected.
Domestic Anti-Communist Hysteria during the Early Cold War Era
Government Promotes “Civil Defense” Ex:“Duck & Cover” Drills in schools
“Loyalty Oaths”
Required for all
Federal Workers
Executive Order 9835
Pres. TrumanMarch 1947
McCarran Internal Security Act - 1950
Required members of the Communist Party and other “subversive” groups to register with the federal government. They had to provide personal information about their members to the federal government.
Congress eventually repealed most aspects of the law in 1968 as a result of a number of decisions by the U.S. Supreme Court that declared certain aspects of the law unconstitutional.
Julius & Ethel RosenbergOn Trial - 1951Executed - 1953
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B33oE73tPUo
EXCERPTS FROM OFFICIAL SENATE CENSURE OF JOSEPH MCCARTHY
FOLLOWING THE 1954 HEARINGS MCCARHYORGAINZED TO INVESTIGATE ALLEGED
COMMUNIST INFLUENCESIN THE US ARMY
Resolved, That the Senator from Wisconsin, Mr. McCarthy, obstructed the constitutional processes of the Senate, and that this conduct of the Senator from Wisconsin, Mr. McCarthy, is contrary to senatorial traditions and is hereby condemned.
Sec 2. The Senator from Wisconsin, Mr. McCarthy … acted contrary to senatorial ethics and tended to bring the Senate into dishonor and disrepute, to obstruct the constitutional processes of the Senate, and to impair its dignity; and such conduct is hereby condemned.
“McCarthyism”
Unfairly accusing people of disloyaltymade possible by a climate of fear