CONSTITUTIONAL CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES IN THE ISSUES IN THE

NINETEENTH CENTURYNINETEENTH CENTURY

THE CONSTITUTION IN THE 19THE CONSTITUTION IN THE 19THTH CENTURYCENTURY

► I. The 8I. The 8thth-grade TEKS and the Constitution-grade TEKS and the Constitution► II. What do we mean by the Constitution?II. What do we mean by the Constitution?

Descriptive and prescriptive constitutionsDescriptive and prescriptive constitutions Written and unwritten constitutionsWritten and unwritten constitutions The Constitution is more than the documentThe Constitution is more than the document

►Judicial interpretation (constitutional law)Judicial interpretation (constitutional law)►Fundamental institutions and practicesFundamental institutions and practices►Fundamental understandings about governmentFundamental understandings about government

THE CONSTITUTION IN THE 19THE CONSTITUTION IN THE 19THTH CENTURYCENTURY

► III. Constitutional PoliticsIII. Constitutional Politics Political parties and constitutional policyPolitical parties and constitutional policy

►Federalists—strong central governmentFederalists—strong central government►Jeffersonian Republicans—strict construction, state Jeffersonian Republicans—strict construction, state

rights, and religious libertyrights, and religious liberty►Jacksonian Democrats—strict construction and state Jacksonian Democrats—strict construction and state

rightsrights►Whigs—abuse of presidential power, active Whigs—abuse of presidential power, active

government to promote economic development and government to promote economic development and moral reformmoral reform

►Republicans—constitutional liberty, antislaveryRepublicans—constitutional liberty, antislavery

THE CONSTITUTION IN THE 19THE CONSTITUTION IN THE 19THTH CENTURYCENTURY

► IV. Key Constitutional DevelopmentsIV. Key Constitutional Developments Acceptance of democratic decision-making Acceptance of democratic decision-making

and the legitimacy of political oppositionand the legitimacy of political opposition Rise of democracyRise of democracy Judicial review and judicial restraintJudicial review and judicial restraint

►Review of federal lawsReview of federal laws AArticle 6 of the Constitution (“Supremacy Clause”)rticle 6 of the Constitution (“Supremacy Clause”) Section 25, Judiciary Act of 1789Section 25, Judiciary Act of 1789 Marbury v. Madison (1803)Marbury v. Madison (1803) Dred Scott case (1857)Dred Scott case (1857)

THE CONSTITUTION IN THE 19THE CONSTITUTION IN THE 19THTH CENTURYCENTURY

►V. Key Constitutional IssuesV. Key Constitutional Issues Presidential powerPresidential power

►Use of patronage to discipline partyUse of patronage to discipline party►Democrats and a strong presidencyDemocrats and a strong presidency

Jackson, Polk, Buchanan, JohnsonJackson, Polk, Buchanan, Johnson►Republicans and a strong CongressRepublicans and a strong Congress

THE CONSTITUTION IN THE 19th THE CONSTITUTION IN THE 19th CENTURYCENTURY

►V. Key Constitutional Issues (cont.)V. Key Constitutional Issues (cont.) Federalism and the economy, slavery, Federalism and the economy, slavery,

Civil War, Reconstruction, industrializationCivil War, Reconstruction, industrialization

“State Sovereignty”—federal government as the agent of the states

Thomas Jefferson, John C. Calhoun, southern secessionists

“National Supremacy”—broad federal powerAlexander Hamilton, John Marshall, Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, Abraham Lincoln, the Republican party

“State Rights”—”dual sovereignty” and strict construction of federal powerAndrew Jackson, the Democratic party

THE CONSTITUTION IN THE 19THE CONSTITUTION IN THE 19THTH CENTURYCENTURY

►V. Key Constitutional Issues (cont.)V. Key Constitutional Issues (cont.) Individual and minority rightsIndividual and minority rights

►Barron v. Baltimore (1833)—Bill of Rights does Barron v. Baltimore (1833)—Bill of Rights does not apply to the statesnot apply to the states

►““No State shall” . . . (Art. I, sec. 10)No State shall” . . . (Art. I, sec. 10)►The Fourteenth Amendment (1868)--“No state The Fourteenth Amendment (1868)--“No state

shall” abridge the rights of U.S. citizens, or shall” abridge the rights of U.S. citizens, or deny any person due process of law or equal deny any person due process of law or equal protection of the lawsprotection of the laws Slaughterhouse Cases (1873)Slaughterhouse Cases (1873)

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► VI. WHO INTERPRETS AND ENFORCES THE VI. WHO INTERPRETS AND ENFORCES THE CONSTITUTIONCONSTITUTION? ? CONSTITUTONAL POLITICS CONSTITUTONAL POLITICS VERSUS CONSTITUTIONAL LAWVERSUS CONSTITUTIONAL LAW