CONJUNCTIONS

The most common conjunctions are the

FANBOYS (coordinating conjunctions), but

subordinating conjunction and adverbial

conjunctions are also used (and should be);

however, they can sometimes create written

mistakes.

#10 FANBOYS

-------------CONJUNCTION WRITING TIPS AND SUGGESTIONS----------

The mistake kids often make with regards to FANBOYS use is comma placement. It is NOT a rule to always place a comma before “and”, which is the most common of the FANBOYS.

Commas do go before the and when:

Using a list of three or more

Ex. Bob, Jack, and Phil

I went running, skiing, and swimming last week. 

When connecting two independent clauses (two sentences)

Ex. John did all of his homework, but Sue did none of hers.

Today had the most pleasant weather, yet tomorrow it calls for rain.

#10 ADVERBIAL CONJUNCTIONS

Adverbial Conjunctions- join complete thoughts (like the FANBOYS) but go further by articulating relationship between ideas/sentences

The use of AC’s allows a writer to create “a flow” within a paragraph.

Ex. I like chocolate; he likes vanilla.

add an AC, to clarify relationship

#10 HOTSHOTCAT ; however, = nevertheless/ in contrast

; otherwise, = alternatively

; therefore, = for that reason

; similarly, = in the same way

; hence, = same as therefore

; on the other hand, = contrast

; then, = next

; consequently, = as a result

; also, = in addition to

; thus, = as a result

#10 HOTSHOTCAT

Additional adverbial conjunctions include:

accordingly, besides, finally, for example,

furthermore, in fact, instead, meanwhile, moreover, nevertheless, now, and soon.

Best used after a semi-colon (when separating sentences) and followed by a comma.

#10 – an 8th grade reviewWhat is a subordinate conjunction… what does “subordinate” mean?

How many of the subordinate conjunctions (aka AAAWWWUUBBIS) can you list?

What makes a clause a clause? What differentiates an independent and dependent clause?

What is “IC DC” called? How are the various ways it’s punctuated?

Stylistically, why would you choose to use these?

#10 subordinating conjunctions and dependent clauses

A subordinating conjunction (SC) subordinates a clause

(makes it less important) then joins it with an

independent clause.

Dependent clauses can often be identified by the use the most common subordinate conjunctions.

as

although

after

when(ever)

while

whether

until

unless

because

before

if

since

#10 AAAWWWUUBBIS

#10 subordinating conjunctions and dependent clauses

All clauses contain a subject and a verb. Some are

independent while some are dependent. This leads to

one mechanics mistake.

#10 Fragment Mistakes

While we as 9th graders do not create elementary level fragments, the misunderstanding of subordinating conjunctions does cause errors to be made.

Ex.

Provided the teacher scored the essays.

Although he had been a decorated soldier during World War II and had fought many battles for the losing cause of liberalism in Congress.

Since the beginning of time and because individuals tend to demonstrate selfish tendencies.

#10 DEPENDENT CLAUSES Dependent clauses added to independent clauses in

order to help to clarify and/or add detail.

Stylistically, this creates sentence variety –a complex

sentence (think simple, compound, and complex)

Create “sophisticated” transitions.

#10 DEPENDENT CLAUSES

The use of a DC, IC serves as an example of a sophisticated transition between paragraphs in your writing.

Which sounds better?

The next reason the book should stay on the summer reading list is its relatable characters.

While the historical context provides a unique perspective, the characters are also relatable.

#10 DEPENDENT CLAUSES

Dependent clauses may appear at the beginning, middle, or end

of a sentence… which can lead to punctuation mistakes.

#10 DEPENDENT Clause

Where would you place the comma in the following example?

Since it was raining we decided to go to

the movies.

#10 DEPENDENT Clause

Where would you place the comma in the following example?

DC S V

Since it was raining, we decided to go to

the movies.

RULE: When a dependent clause is placed at the beginning of a sentence, place a comma between the independent clause and the dependent clause.

#10 Dependent clause

Where would you place the comma in the following example?

We decided to go to the movies because we were bored.

#10 Dependent clause

Where would you place the comma in the following example?

S VDC

We decided to go to the movies because we were bored.

RULE: When a dependent clause is located after an independent clause, DO NOT place a comma between the two.

#10 DEPENDENT CLAUSE

Where would you place the comma in the following example?

Jerry felt since he was old enough he

would see the scary movie.

#10 DEPENDENT CLAUSE

Where would you place the comma in the following example?

S V DCJerry felt, since he was old enough, he

would see the scary movie.

RULE: When a dependent clause is located inside an independent clause, place commas around it.

ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE #10

IC , Coordinating Conjunction (FANBOYS) IC. (creates a compound sentence)

Not IC,IC (comma splice)

#1,#2 ,Coordinating Conjunction (FANBOYS) #3 (list)

IC ; Adverbial Conjunction (HOTSHOTCAT), IC. Great for flow.

DC (grade level fragments) - created by a subordinate conjunction (SC or AAAWWWUUBBIS)

DC , IC. And I, DC, C. Not IC, DC. (creates a complex sentence… great for transitions)

Essential knowledge #10 Terms Punct. Rules

Simple item 1 item 2 CC item3.

Compound ICIC.

Complex IC CC IC.

Clause IC DC.

DC and IC DC IC.

Comma Splice I DC C.

CC (coordinate) IC AC IC.

SC (subordinate)

AC (adverbial)

“Grade level” Fragments Rationales

fanboys sentence variety

hot shot cat transition

aaawwwuubbis flow

Background Understanding

1. Define a clause.

2. What is the structure for a compound sentence?

3. Which HOTSHOTCAT means “as a result”?

4. Break down the following sentence: draw a vertical line between the two clauses and label each (IC or DC). Circle the subject and underline the verb of each clause, and identify each of the conjunctions and types.

Since I appreciate kindness, I gave money to the charity.

Joey decided to play, but Mike chose to go home instead.

The machine was out of candy; therefore, we went to Wawa.

Transfer #10 to writing

Rewrite the paragraph below making changes to improve the flow. Punctuate accordingly. To do so, include two complex sentences, one compound sentence, and one HOTSHOTCAT.

Halloween is fun. My favorite holiday is easily

Thanksgiving. The idea of turkey, the Macy’s parade, and all-

day football is too much to pass up. I love seeing family the

most. We all gather for the day at my mother’s house. It’s

close to everyone. We eat all day long. We might also play

cards or football. Sometimes we usually shop the next day. It

is a great time while giving thanks for all of the blessings we

have.