Confined Space Presentation

7/31/2019 Confined Space Presentation

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Life Critical ProceduresConfined Space

8/8/06


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Introduction

Focus on Incident Prevention when ManagingPermit Required Work

Accident Type Events Injuries FatalitiesAtmospheric 80 72 78

Explosion or Fire 15 49 15

Electrocution or Shock 11 2 9

Caught In/Crushing 10 3 10

Trapped in Unstable Materials 16 0 16

Summary of NIOSH Study of Confined Space

incidents

Basically, if things go wrong it is BAD!


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Definitions

Attendant

- The person stationed outside of a confined space whomonitors the authorized entrants

Authorized Entrant- The employee or contractor who is authorized by the site

leader to enter a permit-required confined space. An affectedemployee becomes an authorized employee when the work

assignment includes servicing and/ or maintenance.

Combustible Material- Material that may readily ignite ifexposed to sparks, heat, open flames,

electrical arch, friction or otherignition sources


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Definitions

Confined Space Entry Permit

-Written or printed document that allows andcontrols entry into a confined space

Entry

- Is considered to have occurred as soon as any body

part breaks the plane of an opening into a confinedspace

Entry Supervisor (Equipment Owner/Operator)-Person responsible for determining acceptable entryconditions. The supervisor will authorize entry,oversee entry operations and will terminate entry ifrequired.


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Definitions

Hot Work-An operation that can produce an ignition sourcehaving sufficient energy to cause ignition wherethe potential for combustible materials, flammablevapors, gases or dust exists.

IDLH- Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health -condition that poses an immediate or delayedthreat to life or that would cause irreversibleadverse health effects or that would interfere witha persons ability to escape.


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Definitions

Inerting

- The displacement of atmosphere in a confined space or lineby a noncombustible gas (such as nitrogen) to such anextent that the resulting atmosphere is noncombustible.

Rescue- An established emergency response procedure whereby

both the rescue personnel and all equipment are available atthe incident scene so that rescue can commence within 5minutes on the start of the emergency.

Rescue Team- Employees trained, equipped and drilled to conduct a rescue

from a confined space


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Definitions

Rescue Service

- External persons, contractors, fire department, emergencyservices, or others that are properly trained, equipped anddrilled to safely conduct a confined space rescue.

Vessel Isolation- Providing a positive means to separate and segregate a

vessel from process ventilation, product feed or drain linesto prevent a hazardous condition . This is accomplished by:

Physical separation of couplings or flanges, with miss-alignment of the ends

Installing a blank, or blind

Utilizing a double block and bleed system


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Classifying Confined Spaces

Confined Space

- Space that is large enough that an employee can enter andperform work- Has limited means for entry or exit;- Is not designed for continuous employee occupancy

Permit Required Confined Space- A Confined Space meeting one or more of the following:

Contains or has potential to contain a hazardousatmosphere

Contains a material that has potential to engulf an entrant

Has an internal configuration such that an entrant couldbe trapped or asphyxiated by inwardly converging walls

Contains any other recognized serious safety or healthhazard


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Types of Confined Spaces

Examples

Reactors

Stills

Tanks

Receivers

Boiler/Thermal Oxidizer

Trenches/Sewers/Pits

Excavations >5 ft.


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Accountability

HSE Department

-Must evaluate workplace andidentify all potential confinedspaces.

-Provide training materials for theentry supervisor and authorizedentrant training programs.

-Review site permit compliance andprocedures

-Conduct annual audits of all

completed permits and a field auditof an actual confined space entry.


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Accountability

The Entry Supervisor Must:-Complete a documented pre-job planincluding an Emergency Rescue Plan

- Inform the work group of potentialhazards

-Ensure plant equipment and work areaare properly prepared

-Ensure plant equipment and work area ismaintained in a safe condition during theentry

-Formally approve the permit by signaturebefore allowing work to proceed

-Set permit conditions including PPErequirements

-Ensure work is performed according tothe permit


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Accountability

The Authorized Entrant Must:

- Participate in pre-job planning meetings- Have approval from the Entry Supervisor before startingpermitted work

- Review and understand the requirements outlined on permit- Understand potential hazards, including signs/symptoms and

consequences of exposure that may occur in the confinedspace

- Continue to work only if permit conditions do not change- Know how to use gas analyzers used in the space

- Know how to use ventilation equipment- Communicate with the attendant as necessary- Exit the confined space immediately if:

An alarm condition exists

Signs or symptoms of exposure are detected

Instructed by the attendant to do so


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Accountability

The Attendant Must:

- Be familiar with the specific permit conditions- Understand potential hazards, signs and symptoms- Be aware of potential behavioral effects of exposure- Be stationed at the entrance of the space continuously- Only allow authorized entrants into the space

- Only monitor one entry at a time- Communicate with the authorized entrant as necessary- Monitor activities inside and outside of the space in order to

detect unsafe conditions

- Order an evacuation of the space if unsafe conditions aredetected.

- Know how to use gas analyzers- Know how to use ventilation equipment- Know rescue duties and how to summon rescue personnel

S ifi D ti


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Specific Duties

In general, oxygen deficiency leads to a loss of mental alertness and a distortion ofjudgment and performance. This happens within a relatively short time, without theperson's knowledge and without prior warning. 21 14%Increasing pulse rate, tiredness --------------------------------------------------- 14 11%

-Physical movement and intellectual performance becomes difficult 11 8%

Possibility of headaches, dizziness and fainting after

a fairly short period of time --------------------------------------------------------- 8 6%

Fainting within a few minutes, resuscitation possible

if carried out immediately ----------------------------------------------------------- 6 0%

Fainting almost immediate, death or severe brain damage

-Attendant Must Recognize Effects and symptoms of oxygen depletion

6% v/v fatal16% v/v depletion20.9% v/v normal


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Potential Hazards

Class A

- Situations that are Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health(IDLH)- IDLH Concentrations are listed in NIOSH Pocket Guide to

Chemical Hazards

- IDLH Atmospheres include: Oxygen concentration 25%

Explosive or flammable atmosphere >20% of LEL

Toxic substances reaching IDLH values

Additional requirements for work in Class A

- Verbal approval followed by written SMHSE approval isrequired prior to entry into a Class A atmosphere- Entry is limited to only individuals with life support equipment

- Standby at entry point of at least 2 additional employeeswith life support equipment


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Potential Hazards

Class B- Situations with potential for causing injury and illness if

preventative measures are not used but are not IDLH.- Class B Atmospheres include:Oxygen concentration between 16.1% and 19.4%

Oxygen concentration between 21.5% and 25%

Explosive or flammable atmosphere between 5% and 20%of LEL

Toxic substances concentrations greater than OSHAPermissible Exposure Level/ Threshold Limit Value butlower than IDLH values

Additional requirements for work in Class B

- HSE approval is required prior to entry into a Class Batmosphere- Indirect visual or auditory communication with the entrant is

required


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Potential Hazards

Class C

- Situations in which standard confined space proceduresapply- Class C Atmospheres include:

Oxygen concentration between 19.5% and 21.4%

Explosive or flammable atmosphere less than 5%

Toxic substance concentrations lower than OSHA PermissibleExposure Level


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Hazard Types

Toxic Vapors

-A toxic atmosphere exceeds either the OSHAPermissible Exposure Limit (PEL) or theThreshold Limit Value (TLV)

-Ventilation must be used to remove any toxicatmosphere

-Sources of toxic vapors may be: Existing tank conditions Sludge or Scale

Leakage of improperly isolated valves

Materials taken into the space (i.e. solvents for cleaning)

-Chemical analysis is required prior to entry if ahazard is suspected Consider contents of the tank;

Possible by-products of contents;

Adjacent exposures

H d T


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Hazard Types

Oxygen Deficient Atmosphere

- Oxygen less than 19.5% may not support life. Below 19.5%requires SCBA to enter.- Oxygen deficiency may be caused by:

Chemical absorption

Oxidation of metal

Use of inert gas (by process requirement or by inerting for entry)

Improper or inadequate ventilation during entry

Oxygen Enriched Atmosphere

- Oxygen greater than 21.5%- Combustion is easily supported- Materials not thought combustible will flash and burn

quickly

- Hot Work, electrical equipment and spark producing tools

are prohibited in oxygen enriched atmospheres.


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R l ifi ti f C fi d S


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Reclassification of Confined Spaces

A Confined Space May Be Reclassified if:

- All hazards within the space can be eliminated w/o entry- The atmosphere inside and surrounding the space will notchange

- The atmosphere has been tested and is verified safe- Collecting atmospheric data does not require entry

Control of Atmospheric Hazards by Forced AirVentilation Does Not Constitute Elimination of the

Hazard for Purposes of Reclassification

S f t P ti


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Safety Precautions

Signs

- All Permit Required Confined Spaces must be prominently posted


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S f t P ti


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Safety Precautions

Tools used in Confined Spaces must:

- Be clean and in good condition- Be grounded or double insulated- Have Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCIs), with the

GFCI remaining outside of the space

- Intrinsically safe if a potential for a flammable atmosphere

exists Portable electrical equipment and lighting must:

- Be operated at 12 volts or less (55V-UK) or;- If 110 volt, it may be used with a GFCI positioned outside of

the space

Portable ladders must be secured at the top andbottom if possible


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Confined Space Entry Requirements


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Entry preparation must follow the lockout procedureincluding isolation/ separation of hazardouschemicals to prevent the material from entering theconfined space.

If the confined space has an agitator or othermechanical devices inside, these devices must be

locked out and physically secured Pre-Job discussions are required prior to anyone

entering the vessel, must be attended by all personsentering the vessel, and the confined space hazardsmust be assessed or evaluated and the hazards

mitigated. The hazard assessment must bediscussed during the pre-job planning.

Mechanical Ventilation


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Mechanical Ventilation



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Communication maintained between Attendant,Entrant and Rescue Service- Alternate communication methods are required if supplied

air is used

Line of sight and hand signals - hand signals reviewed with team priorto entry

Radios

Loud verbal communication if feasible

- An alarm is required to signal entrant evacuationAir horn or other equivalent method

All affected personnel must know work is to stop and evacuate

Entrants and attendants must be listed on the permit- Entrants must sign in and out of the space



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Barricades

-When making an entry, the areaaround the space must bebarricaded with traffic cones,barrier tape or other means.

- Barricades should preventunauthorized personnel fromentering the area

- Barricade tape is to beinstalled across the openingof confined space where noentry is made and noattendant is standing by.



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Pre-Entry Safety Training

- All Involved EmployeesInformed of: Permit Conditions

Atmospheric Test Results

Potential Hazards

Signs/Symptoms and

Consequences of Exposure

Safety Precautions

Emergency Procedures


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Post Entry Procedures


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Post Entry Procedures

Post Entry Review (after confined space entry iscompleted)- Conducted and documented on permit following entry- Verifies all persons accounted for- Work is complete- Confined space is secure

Rescue Planning


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Rescue Planning

Prior to Entry

- A Rescue Plan must be developed and documented- Plan must be specific to the space being entered- Plan reviewed during pre-job discussion

Rescue plan must include- How to summon team in a timely manor (appropriate for type

of space and hazards identified)- Methods of rescue for retrieval

Mechanical retrieval

Manual retrieval (for horizontal entry points)

Rescue team

- Types, availability and responsibility for Equipment required

Rescue Planning


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Rescue Planning

Rescue Planning Policies- Attendant must never enter the space

Attendant must immediately call for rescue if an employee becomesunconscious, sustains an injury or otherwise cannot self rescue.

Attendant may perform non-entry rescue only after summoningrescue team

- Rescue Equipment Mechanical lifting device required for vertical rescues >5 ft Safety harness attached with life line near center of entrants back

Wristlets or anklets may be used for small openings

Lifelines must be attached to fixed point outside the space

The Attendant Must Not Enter the Confined Space

Types of Rescue Teams


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Types of Rescue Teams

Honeywell Rescue Teams

- Onsite Company Employees Trained, certified and equipped to perform rescues

Must participate in annual documented rescue drill

Must be notified prior to entry to ensure availability

- Outside Rescue Services

Local emergency services, fire department, contracted service Written document demonstrating agreement and training

Team and equipment must be available within a timely manner

Rescue must be able to start within 5 minutes of the emergency

Must be familiar with and capable of rescue from sites spaces

Must be notified prior to entry to ensure availability

Should participate in onsite annual documented rescue drill

Must be onsite during entry unless:

Non-Entry rescue can be completed by Attendant

Non-Entry rescue can be completed by Onsite Rescue Team

Atmospheric Testing Procedures


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Equipment Verification

- Atmospheric analyzers require documented Checks Verified per manufacturers directions Bump Test with Span Gas

Test verification results documented on Entry Permit

Bump check the Monitor daily to ensure proper operation

Equipment Requirements

- Multi-gas analyzer is required Capable of monitoring Oxygen and LEL at minimum

Additional capabilities required for toxic gases, Carbon Monoxide, etc.



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All confined spaces must be tested prior to entry,and monitored continuously during entry.

Test must be completed in this order1. Oxygen

2. Flammable Gas

3. Toxic Gases

Taking initial sample- Sample from a small opening- Position self upwind from opening

Ventilation may be required to ensure pockets of

contaminated air are eliminated.

Sample Oxygen First. Other Tests May Not BeAccurate if Oxygen Values are Low.



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Test all vertical levels of thespace

If horizontal area cannot betested without entry- Tester must use supplied air- Rescue equipment must be

provided. With long test probe, allow

pump to run min. of 1 secondper foot of tube

Testing must be documented

at least every 2 hours Retest required if entrant

leaves for more than 30minutes

Training Requirements


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All involved personnel must be trained annually

Training Elements- Safe Work Practices- Confined Space Procedure- Entry Permit- PPE, tools, Hot Work, Communication

- Calibration and use of gas meters- Duties (Entry Supervisor, Entrant, Attendant, Rescue)- Rescue Planning, Emergency Action- Chemical and physical hazards

- Ventilation- Isolation and hazardous energy control- Rescue Equipment (harness, lifeline, mechanical extraction)



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Rescue Team

- In addition to other training requirement: Trained on use of rescue equipment (winches, lifelines, etc.) Current in First Aid, CPR, Blood borne Pathogens

Completed rescue drill for various types of scenarios

Retraining is required Annually

Contractors- Must provide documentation of similar training if involved in

Confined Space Entry and follow requirements equallyrestrictive as Honeywell.


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Documents

Confined Space Presentation