Confederate Guerrillas

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Confederate Guerrillas


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Contents

Articles

Guerrilla warfare in the American Civil War 1

William Quantrill 4

William T. Anderson 11

Cole Younger 25

Marcellus Jerome Clarke 29

John Mobberly 32

John S. Mosby 34

Stovepipe Johnson 44

Archie Clement 46

Silas M. Gordon 48

Champ Ferguson 49

Frank James 52

Joseph C. Porter 56

George M. Todd 63

References

Article Sources and Contributors 64

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 65

Article Licenses

License 66


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Guerrilla warfare in the American Civil War

Guerrilla warfare in the American Civil War followed the same general patterns of irregular warfare conducted in

19th century Europe. Structurally, they can be divided into three different types of operationsthe so-called

'People's War', 'partisan warfare', and 'raiding warfare'. Each has distinct characteristics that were common practice

during the Civil War years (18611865).

Types of guerrilla warfare

The concept of a 'People's war,' first described by von Clausewitz in his classic treatise On War, was the closest

example of a mass guerrilla movement in the era. In general during the Civil War, this type of irregular warfare was

conducted in the hinterland of the Border States (Missouri, Arkansas, Tennessee, Kentucky, and northwestern

Virginia / West Virginia). It was marked by a vicious neighbor-against-neighbor quality as other grudges got settled.

It was frequent for residents of one part of a single county to take up arms against their counterparts in the rest of the

vicinity. Bushwhacking, murder, assault, and terrorism were characteristics of this kind of fighting. Few participants

wore uniforms or were formally mustered into the actual armies. In many cases, it was civilian against civilian, orcivilian against opposing enemy troops.

One such example was the opposing irregular forces operating in Missouri and northern Arkansas from 1862 to

1865, most of which were pro-Confederate or pro-Union in name only. They preyed on civilians and isolated

military forces of both sides with little regard for politics. From these semi-organized guerrillas, several groups

formed and were given some measure of legitimacy by their governments. Quantrill's Raiders, who terrorized

pro-Union civilians and fought Federal troops in large areas of Missouri and Kansas, was one such unit. Another

notorious unit, with debatable ties to the Confederate military, was led by Champ Ferguson along the

Kentucky-Tennessee border. Ferguson became one of the few figures of the Confederate cause to be executed after

the war. Dozens of other small, localized bands terrorized the countryside throughout the border region during the

war, bringing total war to the area that lasted until the end of the Civil War and, in some areas, beyond.

Partisan warfare, in contrast, more closely resembled commando operations of the 20th century. Partisans were small

units of conventional forces, controlled and organized by a military force for operations behind enemy lines. The

1862 Partisan Ranger Act passed by the Confederate Congress authorized the formation of these units and gave them

legitimacy, which placed them in a different category than the common 'bushwhacker' or 'guerrilla'. John Singleton

Mosby formed a partisan unit that was very effective in tying down Federal forces behind Union lines in northern

Virginia in the last two years of the war. Groups such as Blazer's Scouts, White's Comanches, the Loudoun Rangers,

McNeill's Rangers, and other similar forces at times served in the formal armies, but often were loosely organized

and operated more as partisans than as cavalry, especially early in the war.

Morgan's Raiders enter Washington, Ohio

Lastly, deep raids by conventional cavalry forces were often

considered 'irregular' in nature. The "Partisan Brigades" of Nathan

Bedford Forrest and John Hunt Morgan operated as part of the cavalry

forces of the Confederate Army of Tennessee in 1862 and 1863. They

were given specific missions to destroy logistical hubs, railroad

bridges, and other strategic targets to support the greater mission of the

Army of Tennessee. Morgan led raids into Kentucky as well. In his last

raid, he violated orders by going across the Ohio River and raiding in

Ohio and Indiana as well, as he wanted to bring the war to the northern

states. This long raid diverted thousands of Union troops. He captured

and paroled nearly 6,000 troops, destroyed bridges and fortifications,
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ohiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ohio_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Army_of_Tennesseehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Hunt_Morganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathan_Bedford_Forresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathan_Bedford_Forresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cavalryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AMorganWashington.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McNeill%27s_Rangershttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loudoun_Rangershttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White%27s_Comancheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blazer%27s_Scoutshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Singleton_Mosbyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Singleton_Mosbyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Confederate_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partisan_Ranger_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantrill%27s_Raidershttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Union_%28American_Civil_War%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Confederate_States_of_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia_in_the_Civil_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kentucky_in_the_American_Civil_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_in_the_American_Civil_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Missouri_in_the_American_Civil_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Border_states_%28Civil_War%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Von_Clausewitzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guerrilla_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_War


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and ran off livestock. By mid-1863, Morgan's Raiders had been mostly destroyed in the late days of the Great Raid

of 1863.

Some of his followers continued under their own direction, such as M. Jerome Clarke, who kept on with raids in

Kentucky. The Confederacy conducted few deep cavalry raids in the latter years of the war, mostly because of the

losses in experienced horsemen and the offensive operations of the Union army. Federal cavalry conducted several

successful raids during the war but in general used their cavalry forces in a more conventional role. A goodexception was the 1863 Grierson's Raid, which did much to set the stage for General Ulysses S. Grant's victory

during the Vicksburg Campaign.

Union countermeasures against the Confederate guerrillas

Federal counter-guerrilla operations were successful in reducing the impact of Confederate guerrilla warfare. In

Arkansas, Federal forces used a wide variety of strategies to defeat irregulars. These included the use of Arkansas

Unionist forces as anti-guerrilla troops, the use of riverine forces such as gunboats to control the waterways, and the

provost marshal's military law enforcement system to spy on suspected guerrillas and to imprison those captured.

Against Confederate raiders, the Federal army developed an effective cavalry themselves and reinforced that system

by numerous blockhouses and fortification to defend strategic targets.

However, Federal attempts to defeat Mosby's Partisan Rangers fell short of success because of Mosby's use of very

small units (1015 men) operating in areas considered friendly to the Rebel cause. Another regiment known as the

"Thomas Legion", consisting of white and anti-Union Cherokee Indians, morphed into a guerrilla force and

continued fighting in the remote mountain back-country of western North Carolina for a month after Robert E. Lee's

surrender at Appomattox Court House. That unit was never completely suppressed by Union forces, but voluntarily

ceased hostilities after capturing the town of Waynesville, North Carolina, on May 10, 1865.

Prolonging the war through guerrilla action

In the late 20th century, several historians focused on the Confederate government's decision to not use guerrilla

warfare to prolong the war. Near the end of the war, there were those in the administration, notably President

Jefferson Davis, who advocated continuing the southern fight as a guerrilla conflict. He was opposed by generals

such as Lee who ultimately believed that surrender and reconciliation were better than guerrilla warfare.

Notable Civil War guerrillas, partisans, jayhawkers, and rangers

William QuantrillCSA William T. AndersonCSA Cole YoungerCSA Marcellus Jerome

ClarkeM. Jerome

Clarke, aka "Sue

Mundy"CSA
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AMarcellus_Jerome_Clarke.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AColeYounger.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ABloody-bill-anderson.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AQuantrill.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jefferson_Davishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waynesville%2C_North_Carolinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appomattox_Court_Househttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_E._Leehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Carolinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Provost_marshalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gunboathttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vicksburg_Campaignhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulysses_S._Granthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grierson%27s_Raidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morgan%27s_Raidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morgan%27s_Raid


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James H. Lane (Senator)James

H. LaneUSA

John MobberlyCSA John S. MosbyCSA Adam Johnson

(colonel)"Stovepipe"

JohnsonCSA

Other notable bushwhackers, jahawkers, and guerrillas of the Civil War included "Tinker Dave" Beaty,[1]

Archie

Clement, Silas M. Gordon, Champ Ferguson, Charles R. Jennison, Frank James, James Montgomery, Joseph C.Porter, and George M. Todd.

References

[1] Bryant, Lloyd D. "David "Tinker Dave" Beaty - (L2)." (http://homepages. rootsweb.com/~bp2000/tinker_dave.htm)History of Fentress

County, Tennessee. The Fentress County Historical Society.

Nichols, Bruce, Guerrilla Warfare in Civil War Missouri, McFarland & Co. Inc., 2006. ISBN 0786427337.

U.S. War Department, The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and

Confederate Armies, 70 volumes in 4 series. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office,

1880-1901.

Lowell Hayes Harrison, James c. Klotter,A New History of Kentucky (http://books.google.com/

books?id=63GqvIN3l3wC&printsec=frontcover#PPA206,M1), Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky,

1997

External links

"Guerilla Warfare in Kentucky" (http://www.bryansbush.com/hub.php?page=articles&layer=a0807)

Article by Civil War historian/author Bryan S. Bush
http://www.bryansbush.com/hub.php?page=articles&layer=a0807http://books.google.com/books?id=63GqvIN3l3wC&printsec=frontcover#PPA206,M1http://books.google.com/books?id=63GqvIN3l3wC&printsec=frontcover#PPA206,M1http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~bp2000/tinker_dave.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Montgomery_%28colonel%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_R._Jennisonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%22Tinker_Dave%22_Beatyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AARJohnson.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AJohn_s_mosby.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AMobberly1.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AJames_Henry_Lane.jpg


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William Quantrill 4

William Quantrill

William Clarke Quantrill

Born July 31, 1837

Canal Dover (now Dover), Ohio

Died June 6, 1865 (aged 27)Louisville, Kentucky

Buried at St. John's Catholic Cemetery Louisville Kentucky

Allegiance United States of America

Confederate States of America

Service/branch Confederate States Army

guerrilla

Years of service 1861-1865

Rank Captain

Battles/wars American Civil War Lawrence, Kansas

William Clarke Quantrill (July 31, 1837June 6, 1865) was a Confederate guerrilla leader during the American

Civil War. After leading a Confederate bushwhacker unit along the Missouri-Kansas border in the early 1860s,

which included the infamous raid and sacking of Lawrence, Kansas in 1863, Quantrill eventually ended up in

Kentucky where he was mortally wounded in a Union ambush in May 1865, aged 27.

Early life

Quantrill was the oldest of 12 children, four of which did not make it past infancy.[1]

. He was born at Canal Dover

(now just Dover), Ohio, on July 31, 1837. His father was Thomas Henry Quantrill, formerly of Hagerstown,Maryland. His mother, Caroline Cornelia Clark, was a native of Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. They were married on

October 11, 1836, and moved to Canal Dover the following December.

William was well educated and followed in his fathers footsteps and became a school teacher at the age of sixteen.

In 1854 his abusive father died of tuberculosis. His father left his family with a huge financial debt and his mother

had to turn her home into a boarding house in order to survive. William helped support the family working as a

school teacher but left home a year later and headed to Mendota, Illinois.[2]

. In Illinois William continued his career

as a teacher but soon moved again to Indiana. While in Indiana William worked as a bookkeeper for a lumberyard in

Fort Wayne, Indiana, as well as working as a school teacher all in order to try and support his family. However,

unable to earn a decent wage, he quickly took up gambling and moved out to Salt Lake City, Utah. It was during this

time that he learned how to use the Bowie knife, Sharps rifle and the Colt revolver. At the age of 19 he moved to

Missouri at the urging of his friends and his mother. She was able to find a family friend that would take William
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William Quantrill 5

with him to Missouri.[3]

.

Henry Torrey and Harmon Beeson were traveling to Missouri to become farmers and offered to pay for William s

land if he would work for them until the age of twenty-one. They settled at Marais des Cygnes but things did not go

as well as planned. After about a year, William became restless and wanted to sell his claim. A dispute arose over the

claim and he went to court with Torrey and Beeson. The court awarded the men what was owed to them but William

only paid half of what the court had mandated. His relationship with Beeson was never the same but he remainedfriends with Torrey. After his split with Torrey and Beeson William joined a group of Missouri ruffians and became

somewhat of a drifter. The group helped protect Missouri farmers from the Jayhawkers for pay and slept wherever

someone would let them stay. Then William traveled back to Utah and then to Colorado but returned in less than a

year to Lawrence, Kansas in 1859. It was at this time that William s political views started to take shape and his

attitudes towards the slavery issue started.[4]

Before 1860 William Quantrills political view appeared to be in support of the anti-slavery side. He wrote to his

good friend W.W. Scott in January 1858 that the Lecompton Constitution was a swindle and that James H. Lane; a

Northern sympathizer, as a good man as we have here. He also called the Democrats the worst men we have for

they are all rascals, for no one can be a democrat here without being one.[5]

. One year later in 1859 he was back in

Lawrence, Kansas where he taught school until it closed in 1860. He then took up with brigands and turned to cattle

rustling and anything else that could earn him a dollar. He also learned the profitability of capturing runaway slaves,

where he devised treacherous plans to set up free black men to be used as bait for runaway slaves so that he could

capture them and return them to their masters in exchange for the reward money. His new lifestyle may have been

the reason for his change of political views. In February of 1860 William wrote a letter to his mother expressing his

views on the anti-slavery supporters. He told her that the pro-slavery movement was right and that he now detested

Jim Lane. He said that the hanging of John Brown had been too good for him and that, the devil has got unlimited

sway over this territory, and will hold it until we have a better set of man and society generally.[6]

.

Guerrilla leader

In 1861 William went to Texas with a slaveholder named Marcus Gill. There he met Joel B. Mayes and joined the

Cherokee Nations. Joel B. Mayes was a confederate sympathizer and a war chief of the Cherokee Nations in Texas.

Mayes was half Scot-Irish half Cherokee Indian and had moved from Georgia to the old Indian Territory in 1838.

Joel B. Mayes enlisted and served as a private in Company A of the 1st Cherokee Regiment in the Confederate army.

It was Mayes that taught William guerrilla warfare tactics. He would learn the ambush fighting tactics used by the

Native Americans as well as sneak attacks and camouflage. Quantrill, in the company of Mayes and the Cherokee

Nations joined with General Sterling Price and fought at the Battle of Wilsons Creek and Lexington in August and

September of 1861.[7]

William deserted General Prices army and went to Blue Springs, MO to form his own Army of loyal men who had

great belief in him and the Confederates cause. By Christmas of 1861 he had 10 men that would follow him full-timeinto his pro-Confederate guerilla organization.

[8]. These men were: William Haller, George Todd, Joseph Gilcrist,

Perry Hoy, John Little, James Little, Joseph Baughan, William H. Gregg, James A. Hendricks, and John W. Koger.

Later in 1862 the Younger brothers as well as Bloody Bill Anderson and the James brothers would join Quantrills

army.[9]

.
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William Quantrill 6

Lawrence Massacre

The most significant event in Quantrill's guerrilla career took place on August 21, 1863. Lawrence had been seen for

years as the stronghold of the anti-slavery forces in Kansas and as a base of operation for incursions into Missouri by

Jayhawkers and pro-Union forces. It was also the home of James H. Lane, a Senator infamous in Missouri for his

staunch anti-slavery views and also a leader of the Jayhawkers. Moreover, during the weeks immediately preceding

the raid, Union General Thomas Ewing, Jr., had ordered the detention of any civilians giving aid to Quantrill'sRaiders. Several female relatives of the guerrillas were imprisoned in a makeshift jail in Kansas City, Missouri. On

August 14, the building collapsed, killing four young women and seriously injuring others. Among the casualties

was Josephine Anderson, sister of one of Quantrill's key guerrilla allies, William T. "Bloody Bill" Anderson.

Another of Anderson's sisters, Mary, was permanently crippled in the collapse. Quantrill's men believed the collapse

was deliberate, and the event fanned them into a fury.

Many historians believe that Quantrill had actually planned to raid Lawrence in advance of the building's collapse, in

retaliation for earlier Jayhawker attacks[10]

as well as the burning of Osceola, Missouri.

Early on the morning of August 21, Quantrill descended from Mount Oread and attacked Lawrence at the head of a

combined force of as many as 450 guerrillas. Senator Lane, a prime target of the raid, managed to escape through a

cornfield in his nightshirt, but the guerrillas, on Quantrill's orders, killed 183 men and boys "old enough to carry a

rifle", Quantrill, known to be armed with several French pinfire revolvers, his favorite weapon of choice, carried out

several personally,[11]

dragging many from their homes to execute them before their families. The ages of those

killed ranged from as young as 14 all the way up to 90. When Quantrill's men rode out at 9 a.m., most of Lawrence's

buildings were burning, including all but two businesses. His raiders looted indiscriminately and robbed the town's

bank.

On August 25, in retaliation for the raid, General Ewing authorized General Order No. 11 (not to be confused with

General Ulysses S. Grant's General Order of the same name). The edict ordered the depopulation of three-and-a-half

Missouri counties along the Kansas border (with the exception of a few designated towns), forcing tens of thousands

of civilians to abandon their homes. Union troops marched through behind them, burning buildings, torching plantedfields and shooting down livestock to deprive the guerrillas of food, fodder, and support. The area was so thoroughly

devastated that it became known thereafter as the "Burnt District". Quantrill and his men rode south to Texas, where

they passed the winter with the Confederate forces.

Last years

Grave of Capt. William Quantrill in Fourth Street

Cemetery, Dover, Ohio

While in Texas, Quantrill and his 400 men quarreled. His once-large

band broke up into several smaller guerrilla companies. One was led

by his notable lieutenant, William "Bloody Bill" Anderson, whose men

came to be known for tying the scalps of slain unionists to the saddlesand bridles of their horses. Quantrill joined them briefly in the fall of

1863 during fighting north of the Missouri River.

In the spring of 1865, now leading only a few dozen men, Quantrill

staged a series of raids in western Kentucky. He rode into a Union

ambush on May 10 near Taylorsville, Kentucky, armed with several

French pinfires which bore his name, and received a gunshot wound to

the chest. He was brought by wagon to Louisville, Kentucky and taken to the military prison hospital, located on the

north side of Broadway at 10th Street. He died from his wounds on June 6, 1865 at the age of 27.[12]
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William Quantrill 7

Grave of Capt. William Quantrill in Higginsville,

Missouri

Claim of post-1865 survival

In August, 1907, news articles appeared in Canada and the United

States claiming that J.E. Duffy, a member of a Michigan cavalry troop

that dealt with Quantrill's raiders during the Civil War, had met

Quantrill at Quatsino Sound, on northern Vancouver Island while

investigating timber rights in the area. Duffy claimed to recognize the

man, living under the name of John Sharp, as Quantrill. Duffy said that

Sharp admitted he was Quantrill and discussed in detail raids in Kansas

and elsewhere. Sharp claimed that he had survived the ambush in

Kentucky, though receiving a bayonet and bullet wound, making his

way to South America where he lived some years in Chile. He returned

to the United States, working as a cattleman in Fort Worth, Texas. He

then moved to Oregon, acting as a cowpuncher and drover, before

reaching British Columbia in the 1890s, where he worked in logging,

trapping and finally as a mine caretaker at Coal Harbour at Quatsino.

Within some weeks after the news stories were published two men came to British Columbia, travelling to Quatsino

from Victoria, leaving Quatsino on a return voyage of a coastal steamer the next day. On that day Sharp was found

severely beaten, dying several hours later without giving information about his attackers. The police were unable to

solve the murder.[13]

Marriage

During the war, Quantrill met thirteen-year-old Sarah Katherine King at her parents' farm in Blue Springs, Missouri.

They married and she lived in camp with Quantrill and his men. At the time of his death, she was seventeen.[14]

Reputation and legacy

Quantrill's Raiders reunion circa 1875

Quantrill's actions remain controversial to this day. Some historians

view him as an opportunistic, bloodthirsty outlaw; James M.

McPherson, one of America's most prominent experts on the Civil War

today, calls him and Anderson "pathological killers" who "murdered

and burned out Missouri Unionists."[15]

Some of Quantrill's celebrity

later rubbed off on other ex-RaidersJesse and Frank James, and Cole

and Jim Younger who went on after the war to apply Quantrill's

hit-and-run tactics to bank and train robbery. The William Clarke

Quantrill Society[16]

continues to research and celebrate his life and

deeds.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim_Youngerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jesse_James_%28outlaw%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AQuantrill%27s_Raiders_reunion_circa_1875.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantrill%27s_Raidershttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue_Springs%2C_Missourihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_Worth%2C_Texashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vancouver_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quatsino_Soundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AHigginsville%2C_MO_WCQ.jpg


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William Quantrill 8

In fiction

Dark Command(1940), in which John Wayne opposes former schoolteacher turned guerrilla fighter "William

Cantrell" in the early days of the Civil War. William Cantrell is a thinly veiled portrayal of William Quantrill.

Renegade Girl (1946) deals with tension between Unionists and Confederates in Missouri.

Kansas Raiders (1950), in which Jesse James (played by Audie Murphy) falls under the influence of Quantrill.

Woman They Almost Lynched(1953), featuring Quantrill's wife Kate as a female gunslinger. The Stranger Wore a Gun (1953), in which a former Quantrill Raider becomes bank robber until his old comrades

catch up with him.

Gunsmoke 's first television season episodeReunion '78[17]

features a showdown between cowboy Jerry Shand,

who has just arrived in Dodge City, and long-time resident Andy Cully, hardware dealer (a one-time character.)

Cully turns out to have been one of Quantrill's Raiders, and Shand, hailing from Lawrence, Kansas, has an old

score to settle with him.

Quantrill's Raiders (1958), focusing on the raid on Lawrence.

A 1959 episode of the TV show The Rough Riders entitled "The Plot to Assassinate President Johnson"[18]

, as

the title suggests, involves Quantrill in a plot to assassinate President Andrew Johnson.

Young Jesse James (1960), also depicts Quantrill's influence on Jesse James.

Arizona Raiders (1965), in which Audie Murphy plays an ex-Quantrill Raider who is assigned the task of tracking

down his former comrades.

The TV seriesHondo featured both Quantrill and Jesse James in the 1967 episode "Hondo and the Judas"[19]

.

In 1968'sBandolero!, Dean Martin plays Dee Bishop, a former Quantrill Raider who admits to participating in the

attack on Lawrence. His brother Mace, played by James Stewart, was a member of the Union Army under

General William Tecumseh Sherman.

The Legend of the Golden Gun (1979), in which two men attempt to track down and kill Quantrill.

A Belgian comic series,Les Tuniques Bleues ("The Blue Coats") depicts Quantrill as twisted, even psychotic.

Lawrence: Free State Fortress (1998), depicts the attack on Lawrence.

The 2000 episode entitled "The Ballad of Steeley Joe" [20] on the series The Secret Adventures of Jules Verne

depicted both Jesse James and William Quantrill.

The USA Network's television showPsych, in an episode entitled "Weekend Warriors"[21]

, featured a Civil War

re-enactment that included William Quantrill. The episode spoke about Quantrill's actions in Lawrence, but the

reenactment featured his death at the hands of a fictional nurse Jenny Winslow, whose family was killed at

Lawrence.

In the novel Gone to Texas, by Asa (aka Forrest) Carter, Josey Wales is a former member of a Confederate

Raiding Party led by "Bloody Bill" Anderson, Quantrill's Lieutenant. The book is the basis of the Clint Eastwood

film The Outlaw Josey Wales.

Quantrill's Lawrence Massacre of 1863 is depicted in Spielberg's mini-seriesInto the West(2005)

Depicted in Robert Schenkkan's play The Kentucky Cycle.

The novel Woe To Live On (1987) by Daniel Woodrell was filmed asRide With The Devil (1999) by Ang Lee.

The film features a harrowing recreation of the Lawrence massacre and is notable for its overall authenticity.

Quantrill, played by John Ales, makes brief appearances.

In the novel True Gritby Charles Portis, and the 1969 and 2010 film versions thereof, Rooster Cogburn boasts of

being a former member of Quantrill's Raiders, and LaBoeuf excoriates him for being part of the "border gang"

that murdered men, women, and children alike during the raid on Lawrence, Kansas.

In Bradley Denton's alternate history tale "The Territory", Samuel Clemens joins Quantrill's Raiders and is with

them when they attack Lawrence, Kansas. It was nominated for a Hugo, Nebula and World Fantasy Award for

best novella.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Novellahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Fantasy_Awardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nebula_Awardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Awardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawrence%2C_Kansashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantrill%27s_Raidershttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Twainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alternate_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bradley_Dentonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rooster_Cogburn_%28character%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=True_Grit_%282010_film%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=True_Grit_%281969_film%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=True_Grit_%28novel%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Aleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ang_Leehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ride_With_The_Devilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Woodrellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Woe_To_Live_Onhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Kentucky_Cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Into_the_West_%28miniseries%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Outlaw_Josey_Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clint_Eastwoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asa_Carterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gone_to_Texashttp://www.imdb.com/title/tt0824606/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psychhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USA_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Secret_Adventures_of_Jules_Vernehttp://www.imdb.com/title/tt0697271/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawrence:_Free_State_Fortresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psychotichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Les_Tuniques_Bleueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Legend_of_the_Golden_Gunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Tecumseh_Shermanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Stewart_%28actor%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dean_Martinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bandolero%21http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0604522/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hondo_%28TV_series%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Audie_Murphyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arizona_Raidershttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Jameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Johnsonhttp://www.imdb.com/title/tt0690350/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Rough_Riders_%28TV_series%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantrill%27s_Raiders_%28film%29http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0594332/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gunsmokehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Stranger_Wore_a_Gunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Woman_They_Almost_Lynchedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Audie_Murphyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jesse_James_%28outlaw%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kansas_Raidershttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renegade_Girlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Waynehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dark_Command


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William Quantrill 9

Notes

[1][1] [Edward E. Leslie, The Devil Knows How to Ride, Random House, 1996.406-406,410]

[2][2] [Richard Brownlee, Gray Ghosts of the Confederacy, Library of Congress 1958, 54]

[3][3] [Richard Brownlee, Gray Ghosts of the Confederacy, Library of Congress 1958, 55]

[4][4] [Edward E. Leslie, The Devil Knows How to Ride, Random House, 1996]

[5][5] [William Connelley, Quantrill and the Border Wars, Pageant Book Co, 1956, 72-74]

[6] [William Connelley, Quantrill and the Border Wars, Pageant Book Co, 1956,94-96. My Dear Mother, February 8, 1860][7] [Oklahoma Historical Society, John Bartlett Meserve, Chronicles of Oklahoma, Vol. 15, no.1, March 1937. Taken from, http://digital.

library.okstate.edu/Chronicles/v015/v015p056. html.Accessed on 08/30/09.57-59]

[8][8] [Richard Brownlee, Gray Ghosts of the Confederacy, Library of Congress 1958]

[9] [John McCorkle, Three Years With Quantrill, written by O.S. Barton, Armstrong Herald Print, 1914. 25-26. Accessed through the Library of

Congress online catalogue, http://catalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?DB=local&Search_Arg=three+years+with+quantrill&

Search_Code=GKEY^*&CNT=100& hist=1&type=quick.Accessed on 9/08/2009]

[10] Paul Wellman, A Dynasty of Western Outlaws, 1961

[11] Mills, Charles (2002-04-05). Treasure Legends Of The Civil War(http://books. google.com/books?id=p4kRKWBgBnYC& pg=PA32&

lpg=PA32&dq="old+ enough+to+carry+a+rifle"+quantrill). BookSurge Publishing. pp. 32. ISBN 978-1588986467. .

[12] Kentucky Historical Society (http://kentucky.gov/kyhs/hmdb/MarkerSearch.aspx?mode=County& county=108)

[13] McKelvie, B.A.,Magic, Murder & Mystery, Cowichan Leader Ltd. (printer), 1966, pp. 55 to 62.; The American West, Vol. 10, American

West Pub. Co., 1973, pp. 13 to 17; Leslie, Edward E., The Devil Knows How to Ride: The True Story of William Clarke Quantrill and his

Confederate Raiders, Da Capo Press, 1996, p. 404, 417, 488, 501.

[14] Sarah King Head at Find a Grave (http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=5399477)

[15] James M. McPherson: "Was It More Restrained Than You Think?", The New York Review of Books, February 14, 2008

[16] William Clarke Quantrill Society (http://www.wcqsociety.com)

[17] http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0594332/





References

The American West, Vol. 10, American West Pub. Co., 1973, pp. 13 to 17.

Banasik, Michael E., Cavalires of the bush: Quantrill and his men, Press of the Camp Pope Bookshop, 2003.

Connelley, William Elsey, Quantrill and the border wars, The Torch Press, 1910 (reprinted by Kessinger

Publishing, 2004).

Dupuy, Trevor N., Johnson, Curt, and Bongard, David L.,Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography, Castle

Books, 1992, 1st Ed., ISBN 0-7858-0437-4.

Edwards, John N.,Noted Guerillas: The Warfare of the Border, St. Louis: Bryan, Brand, & Company, 1877.

Eicher, David J., The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War, Simon & Schuster, 2001, ISBN

0-684-84944-5.

Gilmore, Donald L., ""Civil War on the Missouri-Kansas border, Pelican Publishing, 2006.

Leslie, Edward E., The Devil Knows How to Ride: The True Story of William Clarke Quantrill and his

Confederate Raiders, Da Capo Press, 1996, ISBN 0-306-80865-X.

McKelvie, B.A.,Magic, Murder & Mystery, Cowichan Leader Ltd. (printer), 1966, pp. 55 to 62

Mills, Charles, Treasure Legends Of The Civil War, Apple Cheeks Press, 2001, ISBN 1-588-98646-2.

Peterson, Paul R., Quantrill of Missouri: The Making of a Guerrilla WarriorThe Man, the Myth, the Soldier,

Cumberland House Publishing, 2003, ISBN 1-581-82359-2.

Peterson, Paul R., Quantrill in Texas: The Forgotten Campaign, Cumberland House Publishing, 2007.

Schultz, Duane, Quantrill's war: the life and times of William Clarke Quantrill, 1837-1865, St. Martin's Press,

1997.

Wellman, Paul I.,A Dynasty of Western Outlaws, University of Nebraska Press, 1986, ISBN 0-8032-9709-2.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Wellmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_J._Eicherhttp://www.imdb.com/title/tt0824606/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0697271/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0604522/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0690350/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0594332/http://www.wcqsociety.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_New_York_Review_of_Bookshttp://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=5399477http://kentucky.gov/kyhs/hmdb/MarkerSearch.aspx?mode=County&county=108http://books.google.com/books?id=p4kRKWBgBnYC&pg=PA32&lpg=PA32&dq=%22old+enough+to+carry+a+rifle%22+quantrillhttp://books.google.com/books?id=p4kRKWBgBnYC&pg=PA32&lpg=PA32&dq=%22old+enough+to+carry+a+rifle%22+quantrillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Wellmanhttp://catalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?DB=local&Search_Arg=three+years+with+quantrill&Search_Code=GKEY^*&CNT=100&hist=1&type=quick.http://catalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?DB=local&Search_Arg=three+years+with+quantrill&Search_Code=GKEY^*&CNT=100&hist=1&type=quick.http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Chronicles/v015/v015p056.html.http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Chronicles/v015/v015p056.html.


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William Quantrill 10

Further reading

Castel, Albert E., William Clarke Quantrill, University of Oklahoma Press, 1999, ISBN 0-8061-3081-4.

Geiger, Mark W.Financial Fraud and Guerrilla Violence in Missouri's Civil War, 1861-1865 (http://yalepress.

yale.edu/yupbooks/book.asp?isbn=9780300151510), Yale University Press, 2010, ISBN 9780300151510

Schultz, Duane, Quantrill's War: The Life and Times of William Clarke Quantrill, 1837-1865, Macmillan

Publishing, 1997, ISBN 0-312-16972-8.

Historiography

Crouch, Barry A. "A 'Fiend in Human Shape?' William Clarke Quantrill and his Biographers,"Kansas History

(1999) 22#2 pp 142-156 analyzes the highly polarized historiography

External links

William Clark Quantrill Society (http://www.wcqsociety.com)

Official website for the Family of Frank & Jesse James: Stray Leaves, A James Family in America Since 1650

(http://www.ericjames.org)

T.J. Stiles,Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War(http://www.lastrebel.com)

Guerrilla raiders in an 1862 Harper's Weekly story, with illustration (http://www.sonofthesouth.net/

leefoundation/civil-war/1862/september/quantrill-raiders-raid.htm)

Quantrill's Guerrillas Members In The Civil War (http://www.kansasheritage.org/research/quantrill.html)

Quantrill flag at Kansas Museum of History (http://www.kshs.org/cool2/flag.htm)

A comprehensive on-line resource for all things related to William Clarke Quantrill and the men who followed

him (http://quantrillsguerrillas.com)

"Guerilla Warfare in Kentucky" (http://www.bryansbush.com/hub.php?page=articles&layer=a0807)

Article by Civil War historian/author Bryan S. Bush
http://www.bryansbush.com/hub.php?page=articles&layer=a0807http://quantrillsguerrillas.com/http://www.kshs.org/cool2/flag.htmhttp://www.kansasheritage.org/research/quantrill.htmlhttp://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/civil-war/1862/september/quantrill-raiders-raid.htmhttp://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/civil-war/1862/september/quantrill-raiders-raid.htmhttp://www.lastrebel.com/http://www.ericjames.org/http://www.wcqsociety.com/http://yalepress.yale.edu/yupbooks/book.asp?isbn=9780300151510http://yalepress.yale.edu/yupbooks/book.asp?isbn=9780300151510


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William T. Anderson

William T. Anderson

Nickname Bloody Bill

Born 1839

Hopkins County, Kentucky

Died October 26, 1864 (aged 24/25)

Albany, Missouri

Buried at Pioneer Cemetery

Richmond, Missouri

Allegiance Confederate States of America

Service/branch Partisan Rangers

Years of service 18631864

Rank Captain

Unit Quantrill's Raiders

Battles/wars Battle of Fort Blair

Lawrence Massacre

Centralia Massacre

Orrick, Missouri

William T. Anderson (1839October 26, 1864), better known as Bloody Bill, was a pro-Confederate guerrilla

leader in the American Civil War. Anderson led a band that targeted Union loyalists and Federal soldiers in Missouri

and Kansas; he became notorious for brutality and the number of people he killed.

Raised by a family of Southerners in Kansas, Anderson began supporting himself by stealing and selling horses in

1862. After his father was killed by a Union-loyalist judge, Anderson fled Kansas for Missouri. There, he robbedtravelers and killed several Union soldiers. In early 1863, Anderson joined Quantrill's Raiders, a pro-Confederate

group of guerrillas that operated in Missouri. He became skilled at guerrilla warfare, earning the trust of the group's

leaders, William Quantrill and George M. Todd. Anderson's acts as a guerrilla led the Union to imprison his sisters;

after one of them died in custody, Anderson devoted himself to revenge. He took a leading role in the Lawrence

Massacre, and later participated in the Battle of Fort Blair.

In late 1863, while Quantrill's Raiders spent the winter in Texas, animosity developed between Anderson and

Quantrill. Anderson, perhaps falsely, implicated Quantrill in a murder, leading to the latter's arrest by Confederate

authorities. Anderson subsequently returned to Missouri as the leader of a group of raiders and became the most

feared guerrilla in the state, killing and robbing dozens of Union soldiers and civilian sympathizers throughout

central Missouri. Although Union supporters viewed him as incorrigibly evil, Confederate sympathizers in Missourisaw his actions as justified, possibly owing to their mistreatment by Union forces. In September 1864, he led a raid
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Fort_Blairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Massacrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Massacrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantrill%27s_Raidershttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Union_soldierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southern_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kansashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Missourihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federal_government_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Union_%28American_Civil_War%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Confederate_States_of_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orrick%2C_Missourihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centralia_Massacre_%28Missouri%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Massacrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Fort_Blairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantrill%27s_Raidershttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partisan_Ranger_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Confederate_States_of_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Second_national_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richmond%2C_Missourihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orrick%2C_Missourihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hopkins_County%2C_Kentuckyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bloody-bill-anderson.jpg


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of Centralia, Missouri. Unexpectedly, they were able to capture a passenger train, the first time Confederate

guerrillas had done so. In what became known as the Centralia Massacre, possibly the war's deadliest and most

brutal guerrilla action, his men killed 24 Union soldiers on the train and set an ambush later that day that killed more

than 100 Union militiamen. A month later, Anderson was killed in battle. Historians formed disparate appraisals of

Anderson: some saw him as a sadistic, psychopathic killer, but for others, his actions could not be separated from the

general lawlessness of the time.

Early life

William T. Anderson[1]

was born in 1839 in Hopkins County, Kentucky, to William C. and Martha Anderson.[2]

His

siblings were Jim, Elias, Mary Ellen, Josephine and Janie.[3]

His schoolmates recalled him as a well-behaved,

reserved child.[2]

During his childhood, Anderson's family moved to Missouri,[2]

where his father found employment

on a farm and the family became well respected. In 1856, William C. Anderson transported freight to New Mexico

on a wagon train, and upon his return, built a cabin in Kansas. The next year, his family relocated to the cabin,

traveling southwest on the Santa Fe Trail[4]

and settling 13 miles (unknown operator: u'strong' km) east of

Council Grove, Kansas.[3]

The Anderson family supported slavery, although they did not own slaves; however, their

move to Kansas was likely for economic, rather than political reasons.[5] At that time, there was significant debate

about slavery in Kansas, and many residents of the Northern United States had moved there to ensure that it would

not become a slave state.[6][7]

Animosity soon developed between these immigrants and Confederate sympathizers,[5]

but there was little unrest in the Council Grove area.[8]

After settling near Council Grove, the family became friends

with A. I. Baker, a local judge who was a Confederate sympathizer.[9]

By 1860, William T. Anderson was a joint

owner of a 320-acre (unknown operator: u'strong' km2) property that was worth $500 and his family had a net

worth of around $1,000.[10]

On June 28, 1860, Martha Anderson died after being struck by lightning.[11]

In the late 1850s, Ellis Anderson fled to Iowa after killing an Indian. Around the same time, William T. Anderson

fatally shot a member of the Kaw tribe, after the man allegedly tried to rob him as he traveled outside of Council

Grove.[8]

He joined the freight shipping operation that his father worked for and was given a position known as

"second boss" for a wagon trip to New Mexico. The trip was not successful: he returned to Missouri without the

shipment, purportedly because his horses had disappeared with the cargo. After he returned to Council Grove, he

began horse trading, taking horses from towns in Kansas, transporting them to Missouri, and returning with more

horses.[11]

Horse trading and outlawry

After the Civil War began in 1861, the demand for horses increased, and Anderson began stealing horses to sell as

far away as New Mexico. He worked with his brother Jim, their friend Lee Griffith, and several accomplices strung

along the Santa Fe Trail.[12]

In late 1861, Anderson traveled south with brother Jim and Judge Baker, in an apparent

attempt to join the Confederate Army.[13] Anderson had stated to a neighbor that he sought to fight for financial

reasons, rather than loyalty to the Confederacy.[14]

However, the group was attacked by the Union's 6th Regiment

Kansas Volunteer Cavalry in Vernon County, Missouri;[15]

the cavalry likely assumed they were Confederate

guerrillas.[16]

The Anderson brothers escaped, but Baker was captured and spent four months in prison before

returning to Kansas, professing loyalty to the Union. One way that he sought to prove his loyalty to the Union was

by severing his ties with Anderson's sister Mary, his former lover.[13]

Upon his return to Kansas, Anderson continued horse trafficking, but ranchers in the area soon became aware of his

operations.[12][16]

In May 1862, Baker issued an arrest warrant for Griffith, whom Anderson helped hide.[17]

Some

local citizens suspected that the Anderson family was assisting Griffith and traveled to their house to confront

William C. Anderson. After hearing their accusations against his sons, he was incensedhe found Baker's

involvement particularly infuriating. The next day, he traveled to the Council Grove courthouse with a gun,

intending to force Baker to withdraw the warrant. As he entered the building, he was restrained by a constable and
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arrest_warranthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arrest_warranthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vernon_County%2C_Missourihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=6th_Regiment_Kansas_Volunteer_Cavalryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=6th_Regiment_Kansas_Volunteer_Cavalryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Confederate_Armyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santa_Fe_Trailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horse_tradinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaw_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Native_Americanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iowahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lightninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slave_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slaveryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Council_Grove%2C_Kansashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santa_Fe_Trailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kansashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hopkins_County%2C_Kentuckyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centralia_Massacre_%28Missouri%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centralia%2C_Missouri


15/68


fatally shot by Baker. William Anderson buried his father[18]

and was subsequently arrested for assisting Griffith.

However, he was quickly released owing to a problem with the warrant, and fled to Agnes City, fearing that he

would be lynched. There he met Baker, who temporarily placated him by providing a lawyer. Anderson remained in

Agnes City until he learned that Baker would not be charged, as the judge's claim of self defense had been accepted

by legal authorities. Anderson was outraged[19]

and went to Missouri with his siblings.[20]

William and Jim

Anderson then traveled southwest of Kansas City, robbing travelers to support themselves.[20]

On July 2, 1862, William and Jim Anderson returned to Council Grove[21]

and sent an accomplice to Baker's house

claiming to be a traveler seeking supplies. Baker and his brother-in-law brought the man to a store,[22]

where they

were ambushed by the Anderson brothers. After a brief gunfight, Baker and his brother-in-law fled into the store's

basement. The Andersons barricaded the door to the basement and lit the store on fire, killing Baker and his

brother-in-law. They also burnt Baker's home and stole two of his horses before returning to Missouri on the Santa

Fe Trail.[22][23]

William and Jim Anderson soon formed a gang with a man named Bill Reed; in February 1863, the Lexington

Weekly Union recorded that Reed was the leader of the gang.[24]

In his book about Missouri during the Civil War,

Bruce Nichols stated that Reed led the gang until mid-July of that year.[25]

William Quantrill, a Confederate guerrilla

leader, later claimed to have encountered them in July and rebuked them for robbing Confederate sympathizers; [20]

in their biography of Anderson, Albert Castel and Tom Goodrich speculate that this rebuke may have resulted in a

deep resentment of Quantrill by Anderson.[24]

Anderson and his gang subsequently traveled east of Jackson County,

Missouri, avoiding territory where Quantrill operated and continuing to support themselves by robbery.[26]

They also

attacked Union soldiers, killing seven by early 1863.[26]

Quantrill's Raiders

A photograph of William Quantrill, under whom

Anderson served in 1863

Missouri had a large Union presence throughout the Civil War, but

also many civilians whose sympathies lay with the Confederacy. From

July 1861 till the end of the war, the state suffered up to 25,000 deathsfrom guerrilla warfare, more than any other state.

[27][28][29]

Confederate General Sterling Price failed to gain control of Missouri in

his 1861 offensive and retreated into Arkansas, leaving only the

guerrillas to challenge Union hegemony.[30]

Quantrill was at the time

the most prominent guerrilla in the KansasMissouri area.[27]

In early

1863, William and Jim Anderson traveled to Jackson County,

Missouri, to join him. William Anderson was initially given a chilly

reception from other raiders, who perceived him to be brash and

overconfident.[31]

In May 1863, Anderson joined members of Quantrill's Raiders on a

raid near Council Grove,[31]

in which they robbed a store 15 miles

(unknown operator: u'strong' km) west of the town. After the robbery, the group was intercepted by a United

States Marshall accompanied by a large posse. In the resulting skirmish, several raiders were captured or killed and

the rest of the guerrillas, including Anderson, split into small groups to return to Missouri.[32]

Castel and Goodrich

speculated that this raid may have given Quantrill the idea of a launching an attack deep in Kansas.[33]

In early summer 1863, Anderson was made a lieutenant, serving in a unit led by George M. Todd. In June and July,

Anderson took part in several raids that killed Union soldiers, in Westport, Kansas City, and Lafayette County,

Missouri.[34][35]

The first reference to Anderson in Official Records of the American Civil War concerns his

activities at this time, describing him as the captain of a band of guerrillas. He commanded 3040 men, one of whomwas Archie Clement, an 18-year-old with a predilection for torture and mutilation

[36]who was loyal only to
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Anderson.[37]

By late July, Anderson was leading groups of guerrillas on raids;[38]

they were often pursued by Union

volunteer cavalry after these attacks.[39]

Quantrill's Raiders had a support network in Jefferson County, Missouri, that provided them with numerous hiding

places. Anderson's sisters aided the guerrillas by gathering information inside Union territory.[40]

In August 1863,

however, Union General Thomas Ewing, Jr., attempted to thwart the guerrillas by arresting their female relatives,[41]

and Anderson's sisters were confined in a three-story building on Grand Avenue in Kansas City with a number ofother girls. While they were confined, the building collapsed, killing one of Anderson's sisters.

[42]In the aftermath,

rumors that the building had been intentionally sabotaged by Union soldiers spread quickly:[43]

Anderson apparently

believed this. Biographer Larry Wood wrote that Anderson's motivation shifted after the death of his sister, arguing

that killing then became his focusand an enjoyable act.[44]

Castel and Goodrich maintain that killing became more

than a means to an end at that point for Anderson: it became an end in itself.[45]

Lawrence Massacre

A painting of the Lawrence Massacre, in which

Anderson played a leading role

Although Quantrill had considered the idea of a raid on Lawrence,

Kansas, before the building collapsed in Kansas City, the deaths

convinced the guerrillas to make a bold strike.[46] Quantrill attained

near-unanimous consent to travel 40 miles (unknown operator:

u'strong' km) into Union territory to strike Lawrence. The guerrillas

gathered at the Blackwater River in Johnson County, Missouri.[47]

Anderson was placed in charge of 40 men, of which he was perhaps

the angriest and most motivatedhis fellow guerrillas considered him

one of the deadliest fighters there.[48][49]

On August 19, the group,

which proved to be the most guerrillas under one commander in the

war, began the trip to Lawrence.[50]

En route, some guerrillas robbed a

Union supporter, but Anderson knew the man and reimbursed him.[51]

After reaching Lawrence, the guerrillas immediately killed a number of Union Army recruits and one of Anderson's

men took their flag.[52]

The Provost Marshal of Kansas, a Union captain who commanded military police,

surrendered to the guerrillas and Anderson took his uniform.[53]

(Guerrillas often wore uniforms stolen from Union

soldiers.)[54]

They proceeded to pillage and burn many buildings, killing almost every man they found, but taking

care not to shoot women.[53]

Anderson personally killed 14 people. Although some men begged him to spare them,

he persisted,[55]

but he relented when a woman pleaded with him not to torch her house.[56]

The guerrillas under

Anderson's command, notably including Archie Clement and Frank James, killed more than any of the other

group.[57]

They left town at 9 a.m., after a company of Union soldiers approached the town.[58]

The raiding party

was pursued by Union forces, but eventually managed to break contact with the soldiers and scatter into the Missouri

woods.[59] After a dead raider was scalped by a Union-allied Lenape Indian during the pursuit, one guerrilla leaderpledged to adopt the practice of scalping.

[60]
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Texas

A painting by George Caleb Bingham depicting

General Order No. 11, which was prompted by

the Lawrence Massacre

Anderson around the time of his wedding in

Sherman, Texas

On August 25, 1863, General Ewing retaliated against the Confederate

guerrillas by issuing General Order No. 11, an evacuation order that

evicted almost 20,000 people from four Missouri counties and burned

many of their homes. The order was intended to rob the guerrillas of

their support network in Missouri. On October 2, a group of 450

guerrillas under Quantrill's leadership met at Blackwater River in

Jackson County and left for Texas. They departed earlier in the year

than they had planned, owing to increased Union pressure. En route,

they entered Baxter Springs, Kansas, the site of Fort Blair. They

attacked the fort on October 6, but the 90 Union troops there quickly

took refuge inside, suffering minimal losses.[61]

Shortly after the initial

assault, a larger group of Union troops approached Fort Blair, unaware

that the fort had been attacked and that the men they saw outside the

fort dressed in Union uniforms were actually disguised guerrillas.[62]

The guerrillas charged the Union forces, killing about 100. Anderson

and his men were in the rear of the charge, but gathered a large amount

of plunder from the dead soldiers, irritating some guerrillas from the

front line of the charge.[63]

Not satisfied with the number killed,

Anderson and Todd wished to attack the fort again, but Quantrill

considered another attack too risky. He angered Anderson by ordering

his forces to withdraw.[64]

On October 12, Quantrill and his men met General Samuel Cooper at

the Canadian River and proceeded to Mineral Springs, Texas, to rest

for the winter.[65] Anderson married Bush Smith, a woman from

Sherman, Texas, who worked in a saloon.[66][67]

Anderson ignored

Qantrill's request to wait until after the war and then separated his men

from Quantrill's band. The tension between the two groups markedly

increasedsome feared that open warfare would resultbut by the

wedding, relations had improved.[68]

Anderson did not noticeably

change after his marriage and some guerrillas spread rumors that he was not legally married.[67][69]

The couple lived

in a house he built in Sherman and had one child, who died as an infant.[70]

In March, at the behest of General Price,

Quantrill reassembled his men, sending most of them into active duty with the Confederate Army. He retained 84

men and reunited with Anderson.[71]

Quantrill appointed him a first lieutenant, under only he and Todd.[72][73]

A short time later, one of Anderson's men was accused of stealing from one of Quantrill's men. Quantrill expelled

him and warned him not to come back, and the man was fatally shot by some of Quantrill's men when he attempted

to return.[72]

Wood,[74]

Castel and Goodrich,[73]

and Daniel Sutherland of the University of Arkansas[75]

record that

this incident angered Anderson, and he took 20 men to visit the town of Sherman. They told General Cooper that

Quantrill had ordered the man killed; the general then had Quantrill arrested.[74]

Sutherland described Anderson's

betrayal of Quantrill as a "Judas" turn.[75]

(In his biography of Quantrill, historian Duane Schultz counters that

General Benjamin McCulloch had Quantrill arrested after his refusal to deploy to Corpus Christi.)[76]

Quantrill was

taken into custody, but soon escaped. Anderson was told to recapture him and gave chase, but he was unable to

locate his former commander and stopped at a creek.[77]

There, his men briefly engaged a group of guerrillas loyal to

Quantrill, but no one was injured in the confrontation. Upon returning to the Confederate leadership, Anderson wascommissioned as a captain by General Price.

[78]
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Return to Missouri

Anderson and his men rested in Texas for several months before returning to Missouri. Although he learned that

Union General Egbert B. Brown had devoted significant attention to the border area,[79]

Anderson led raids in

Cooper and Johnson County, Missouri, robbing local residents.[80][81]

On June 12, Anderson and 50 of his men

engaged 15 members of the Missouri State Militia, killing and robbing 12. After the attack, one of Anderson's

guerrillas scalped a dead militiaman.[82] The next day, in Southeast Jackson County, Anderson's group ambushed awagon train carrying members of the Union 1st Northeast Missouri Cavalry, killing nine.

[83]The attacks prompted

theKansas City Daily Journal of Commerce to declare that rebels had taken over the area.[84]

Anderson and his men

dressed as Union soldiers, wearing uniforms taken from those they killed. In response, Union militias developed

hand signals to verify that approaching men in Union uniforms were not guerrillas. The guerrillas, however, quickly

learned the signals, and local citizens became wary of Union troops, fearing that they were disguised guerrillas.[84]

On July 6, a Confederate sympathizer brought Anderson newspapers containing articles about him. Anderson was

upset by the critical tone of the coverage and sent letters to the publications.[85][86]

In the letters, Anderson took an

arrogant and threatening, yet playful, tone, boasting of his attacks. He protested the execution of guerrillas and their

sympathizers, and threatened to attack Lexington, Missouri. He concluded the letters by describing himself as the

commander of "Kansas First Guerrillas" and requesting that local newspapers publish his replies.[87] The letters were

given to Union generals and were not published for 20 years.[88]

In early July, Anderson's group robbed and killed several Union sympathizers in Carroll and Randolph counties.[89]

On July 15, Anderson and his men entered Huntsville, Missouri, and occupied the town's business district.[90]

Anderson killed one hotel guest whom he suspected was a U.S. Marshall, but spoke amicably with an acquaintance

he found there.[91]

Anderson's men robbed the town's depository, gaining about $40,000 in the robbery, although

Anderson returned some money to the friend he had met at the hotel.[92]

Jesse and Frank James in 1872, eight years after

they served under Anderson

Growing infamy

In June 1864, Todd usurped Quantrill's leadership of their group,

forcing him to leave the area. Todd rested his men in July to allow

them to prepare for a Confederate invasion of Missouri. As Quantrill

and Todd became less active, Anderson emerged as the best known,

and most feared, Confederate guerrilla in Missouri.[93]

By August, the

St. Joseph Herald, a Missouri newspaper, was describing him as "the

Devil".[94]

As Anderson's profile increased, he was able to recruit more

guerillas.[95]

Anderson was selective, turning away all but the fiercest

applicants as he sought fighters similar to himself.[96][97]

His fearsome

reputation gave a fillip to his recruiting efforts. Jesse James enlisted,

joining his brother Frank; they later became famous outlaws.[98]

General Clinton B. Fisk ordered his men to find and kill Anderson, but

they were thwarted by Anderson's support network and his forces'

superior training and arms.[94]

Many militia members had been

conscripted and lacked the guerillas' boldness and resolve.[99]

In 1863,

most Union troops left Missouri and only four regiments remained

there. These regiments were composed of troops from out of state, who

sometimes mistreated local residentsfurther motivating the guerrillas

and their supporters. The Union militias sometimes rode slower horses

and may have been intimidated by Anderson's reputation.[100]
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On July 23, 1864, Anderson led 65 men to Renick, Missouri, robbing stores and tearing down telegraph wires on the

way. They had hoped to attack a train, but its conductor learned of their presence and turned back before reaching the

town. The guerrillas then attacked Allen, Missouri. At least 40 members of the 17th Illinois Cavalry and the Missouri

State Militia were in town but took shelter in a fort. The guerrillas were only able to shoot their horses before

reinforcements arrived, killing three of Anderson's men.[101]

In late July, the Union military sent a force of 100

well-equipped soldiers, and 650 other men, after Anderson. On July 30, Anderson and his men kidnapped the elderly

father of the local Union militia's commanding officer. They tortured him until he was near death and sent word to

the man's son in an unsuccessful attempt to lure him into an ambush, before releasing the father with instructions to

spread word of his mistreatment.[102]

On August 1, while searching for militia members, Anderson and some of his

men stopped at a house full of women and requested food. While they rested at the house, a group of local men

attacked.[103]

The guerrillas quickly forced the attackers to flee, and Anderson shot and injured one woman as she

fled the house. This action angered his men, who saw themselves as the protectors of women, but Anderson

dismissed their concerns, stating that such things were inevitable. They chased the men who had attacked them,

killing one and mutilating his body. By August 1864, they were regularly scalping the men that they killed.[104]

In early August, Anderson and his men traveled to Clay County. Around that time, he received further media

coverage: the St. Joseph Morning Heralddeemed him a "heartless scoundrel", publishing an account of his torture ofa captured Union soldier. On August 10, while traveling through Clay County, Anderson and his men engaged 25

militia members, killing five of them and forcing the rest to flee. After hearing of the engagement, General Fisk

commanded a colonel to lead a party with the sole aim of killing Anderson.[105]

Missouri River and Fayette

On August 13, Anderson and his men traveled through Ray County, Missouri, to the Missouri River, where they

engaged Union militia.[106]

Although they forced the Union forces to flee, Anderson and Jesse James were injured in

the encounter and the guerrillas retired to Boone County, to rest.[107]

On August 27, Union soldiers killed at least

three of Anderson's men, and the next day, the 4th Missouri Volunteer Cavalry pursued them, but Anderson

launched an ambush that killed seven Union soldiers. Anderson's men mutilated the bodies, earning the guerrillas the

description of "incarnate fiends" from the Columbia Missouri Statesman. On August 30, Anderson and his men

attacked a steamboat on the Missouri River, killing the captain and gaining control of the boat. They used it to attack

other boats, bringing river traffic to a virtual halt.[108]

In mid-September, while traveling through Howard County,

Union soldiers ambushed two of Anderson's parties, killing five men in one day. They found the guerrillas' horses

decorated with the scalps of Union soldiers. A short time later, another six of Anderson's men were ambushed and

killed by Union troops;[109]

after learning of these events, Anderson was outraged and left the area to seek

revenge.[110]

Anderson met Todd and Quantrill on September 24, 1864; although they had clashed in the past, they agreed to work

together. Anderson suggested that they attack Fayette, Missouri, targeting the 9th Missouri cavalry, which was based

at the town. Quantrill disliked the idea because the town was fortified, but Anderson and Todd prevailed. Clad in

Union uniforms, the guerrillas generated little suspicion as they approached the town,[111]

even though it had

received warning of nearby guerrillas.[112]

However, a guerrilla fired his weapon before they reached the town, and

the cavalry quickly withdrew into their fort while civilians hid. Anderson and Todd launched an unsuccessful attack

against the fort, leading charge after futile charge without injury. The defeat resulted in the deaths of five guerrillas

but only two Union soldiers, further maddening Anderson.[113]

On September 26, Anderson and his men reached Monroe County, Missouri,[114]

and traveled towards Paris, but

learned of other nearby guerrillas and rendezvoused with them near Audrain County. Anderson and his men camped

with at least 300 men, including Todd.[115]

Although a large group of guerrillas was assembled, their leaders felt that

there were no promising targets to attack, because all of the large towns nearby were heavily guarded.[116]
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20/68


Raid on Centralia

On the morning of September 26, Anderson left his camp with about 75 men to scout for Union forces. They soon

arrived at the small town of Centralia and proceeded to loot it, robbing people and searching the town for

valuables.[117][118]

They found a large supply of whiskey and all began drinking. Anderson retreated into the lobby

of the town hotel to drink and rest. A stagecoach soon arrived, and Anderson's men robbed the passengers, including

Congressman James S. Rollins and a plainclothes sheriff. (The two were prominent Unionists, and did not revealtheir identities.)

[119][120]As the guerrillas robbed the stagecoach passengers, a train arrived. The guerrillas blocked

the railroad, forcing the train to stop.[121]

Anderson's men quickly took control of the train, which included 23

off-duty Union soldiers as passengers.[122]

This was the first capture of a Union passenger train in the war.[123]

Anderson ordered his men not to harass the women on the train, but the guerrillas robbed all of the men, finding over

$9,000 and taking the soldiers' uniforms.[124][125]

Anderson forced the captured Union soldiers to form a line and

announced that he would keep one for a prisoner exchange, but would execute the rest. He addressed the prisoners,

castigating them for the treatment of guerrillas by Union troops. After selecting a sergeant for a potential prisoner

swap, Anderson's men shot the rest.[126]

Anderson gave the civilian hostages permission to leave but warned them

not to put out fires or move bodies.[127]

Although he was alerted of the congressman's presence in the town, he opted

not to search for him.[128] The guerrillas set the passenger train on fire and derailed an approaching freight train. [129]

Anderson's band then rode back to their camp, taking a large amount of looted goods.[130]

Battle with Union soldiers

Anderson arrived at the guerrilla camp and described the day's events, the brutality of which unsettled Todd.[131]

By

mid-afternoon, the 39th Missouri Volunteer Infantry had arrived in Centralia. From the town, they saw a group of

about 120 guerrillas and pursued them. The guerrillas heard that the cavalry was approaching,[131]

and Anderson sent

a party to set an ambush. They drew the Union troops to the top of a hill; a group of guerrillas led by Anderson had

been stationed at the bottom and other guerrillas hid nearby.[132]

Anderson then led a charge up the hill.[133]

Although five guerrillas were killed by the first volley of Union fire, the Union soldiers were quickly overwhelmedby the well-armed guerrillas, and those who fled were pursued.

[134]One Union officer reached Centralia and gave

word of the ambush, allowing a few Union soldiers who had remained there to escape. However, most were hunted

down and killed;[135]

Anderson's men mutilated the bodies of the dead soldiers and tortured some survivors.[136]

At Centralia, Anderson's men killed 125 soldiers in the battle and 22 from the train in one of the most decisive

guerrilla victories of the Civil War. It was Anderson's greatest victory, surpassing Lawrence and Baxter Springs in

the number of casualties and brutality.[136]

The attack led to a near halt in rail traffic in the area and a dramatic

increase in Union rail security.[137]

Anderson achieved the same notoriety that Quantrill had previously enjoyed, and

he began to refer to himself as "Colonel Anderson", partly in an effort to supplant Quantrill.[138][139]

Sutherland saw

the massacre as the last battle in the worst phase of the war in Missouri[140]

and Castel and Goodrich described the

slaughter as the Civil War's "epitome of savagery".[138]

However, Frank James, who participated in the attack, laterdefended the guerrillas' actions, arguing that the federal troops were marching under a black flag, indicating that they

intended to show no mercy.[140]

Aftermath of Centralia

Anderson left the Centralia area on September 27, pursued for the first time by Union forces equipped with

artillery.[141][142]

Anderson evaded the pursuit, leading his men into ravines that the Union troops would not enter

for fear of ambush.[143]

In the aftermath of the attacks, Union soldiers committed several revenge killings of

Confederate-sympathizing civilians.[144]

They burned Rocheport to the ground on October 2; the town was under

close scrutiny by Union forces, owing to the number of Confederate sympathizers there, but General Fisk maintained

that the fire was accidental.[145]

Anderson watched the fire from nearby bluffs.[146]
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21/68


Ande

Documents

Confederate Guerrillas