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Concept of Waste Management 59 3 CONCEPT OF WASTE MANAGEMENT Excessively consumer – oriented culture and human greed have done irreparable damages to the environment and ecology of this planet. Waste and its disposal is the gravest problem before the mankind. ‘Waste is the wrong amount of wrong thing in the wrong place at the wrong time’. Since environmental pollution has reached menacing dimensions, several studies have been done by eminent persons and institutions at national and international levels. 3.1 Background of Waste Management. The problem of waste and waste disposal is entirely man-made. Before ‘Homo Sapiens’ appeared on earth, there were no real waste materials. The body constituents of most plants and animals are efficiently recycled after they die. The dead organism is rapidly broken down by other animals, by fungi and by bacteria so that its essential chemicals are liberated in to the soil. There they serve as nutrients for growing plants, which in turn are consumed by herbivorous animals. Most of the nutrients are then quickly returned to the soil in the herbivore’s excrement. The herbivores themselves also serve as food for carnivores, which similarly

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Page 1: CONCEPT OF WASTE MANAGEMENT - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/19608/14/14_chapter3.pdf · Concept of Waste Management 65 G.R.Chhatwal, (1997) in his important

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3

CCOONNCCEEPPTT OOFF WWAASSTTEE MMAANNAAGGEEMMEENNTT

Excessively consumer – oriented culture and human greed have done

irreparable damages to the environment and ecology of this planet. Waste

and its disposal is the gravest problem before the mankind. ‘Waste is the

wrong amount of wrong thing in the wrong place at the wrong time’. Since

environmental pollution has reached menacing dimensions, several studies

have been done by eminent persons and institutions at national and

international levels.

3.1 Background of Waste Management.

The problem of waste and waste disposal is entirely man-made.

Before ‘Homo Sapiens’ appeared on earth, there were no real waste

materials. The body constituents of most plants and animals are efficiently

recycled after they die. The dead organism is rapidly broken down by other

animals, by fungi and by bacteria so that its essential chemicals are

liberated in to the soil. There they serve as nutrients for growing plants,

which in turn are consumed by herbivorous animals. Most of the nutrients

are then quickly returned to the soil in the herbivore’s excrement. The

herbivores themselves also serve as food for carnivores, which similarly

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recycle nutrients in their excrement. Finally, the bodies of the carnivores

are incorporated into the soil for further use by the plants. Thus breakdown

and decay is the general environmental rule. (G.R. Chhatwal, 1997)

The distinguished archaeologist Jacquetta Hawkes writes Waste

disposal by human beings may be said to have begun when hunters of

the earliest Stone Age tossed their gnawn bones over their Shoulders......

She points out that Paleolithic hunter were not cave-proud. They

allowed bones and other animal debris, wood ash and waste flakes of

flint knapping to accumulate under them until the cave might be reduced

to half its heights. So their methods of disposal were not very efficient

and most ancient settlements were eventually buried under their own

debris.(G.R. Chhatwal, 1997)

Man’s impact on his environment goes back far beyond the beginning

of history. Man’s earliest ancestors were forest – dwellers whose evolution

gradually led them out into the savanna and the open plains. With this change

of habitat would be associated some change of diet, since food gathering

would no longer be confined to wild fruits and vegetable sources, while dead

meat, fishes and large insects would be picked up often enough to substitute

an omnivorous for a vegetarian pattern. Such a more diversified, opportunist

existence would lend enhanced survival value to cunning, learning and

mobility, and would inevitably lead to conflicts with other scavenging and

eventually predatory animals with rival claims to prey.

Nomadic people were, and often still are unhygienic, moving their camp

sites when they become too unpleasant. The wastes produced by our

unhygienic ancestors, and the materials found in their kitchen middens have

enabled archaeologists to produce a picture of their life- style and eating habits.

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Jacquetta Hawkes comments on London as follows: The city of

London may be regarded as a modest from of tell (i.e., an artificial mound

of accumulated remains of ancient settlements) with the streets of the

Roman town lying some 20 feet below our own. It provides a convincing

proof of the greater civic efficiency of the Romans over Londoners of the

middle Ages. At both periods pits were dug and filled with waste, but while

in Roman times, these held ash and other dry materials, those of a thousand

years were used for organic domestic refuse that must have added to the

notorious Stink of medieval London’s. Similarly reports of excavations of

Anglo-Saxon York show that much of the rubbish often remained within

the house, where the floors were covered with material which had ‘many

resemblances to that of herbivorous dung’ and which supported a similar

fauna of scavenging insects. (G.R. Chhatwal , 1997)

Until a hundred years ago, waste disposal and sewage treatment in

London and other cities was very ineffective. In the cities most refuse

was allowed to rot in the street, where it encouraged vermin of various

types.

The stage of human existence in settled communities vastly altered

the relationship between man and the natural environment. First, it created

a more or less continuously occupied site, or cluster of sites, on which arose

structures for shelter and living, middens of refuse such as shells and

bones, crude work places and primitive latrines, and stockades or other

peripheral barriers against animal or human raiders. Such sites formed the

first nuclei for the growth and spread of pollution, disease and erosion, and

the first regular targets for the incipient art of warfare, which itself has so

greatly, contributed to injuring the natural environment.

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When humans came to live in towns and cities, there was usually

some attempt to reduce pollution of the whole environment from

excrement, although this was not successful. A couple of centuries ago

there were no proper drainage systems. However in the towns much of the

excrement was voided into some sort of latrine.

The introduction of the water closet provided the opportunity for

improving the situation. Flushing water closets were then widely introduced

with a great improvement in urban conditions, but the untreated human

wastes were discharged into the Rivers. During the summer the windows

were covered with cloths soaked in disinfectant. The river became dead and

all fish and most other forms of aquatic life were eliminated. The year 1856

became known as ‘the year of the great stink’. (G.R. Chhatwal , 1997)

The situation improved from the end of the 19th century onward.

Various methods of sewage treatment were installed in all parts of the world.

In the Western countries, during the agrarian past, throwing garbage out

into the street for roving pigs to eat seemed like a perfectly reasonable

method of waste management. As manufacturing became a larger part of

industries and materials had potential for recycling, there evolved the advent

of another kind of scavenger, ‘the junk man’ who pulled from the waste

stream, those materials that had value. This practice increased during the

Great Depression and even more so during World War II. Later tremendous

improvements were made in the safe disposal of wastes.

Conclusion

In short we can say that generation of solid waste is not a new

phenomenon. It is as old as the human civilization. The way one manages

one’s waste material is a sign of the times. Solid waste management will

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not be a problem in the earlier periods, since there was less population and

a lot of fallow land. But in modern times rapid increase in population

growth and urbanization aggravated the amount of wastes and the problem

of waste management.

3.2 Definitions of Waste Management

A.C. Varshney, (1987), defines waste management as the discipline

associated with the control of generation, storage, collection, transfer and

transport, processing and disposal of wastes in a manner that is in accord

with the best principles of public health, economics, engineering,

conservation, aesthetics and other environmental considerations. Waste

management includes all administrative, financial, legal, planning and

engineering functions involved in the whole spectrum of solutions to

problems of waste thrust upon the community by its inhabitants.

The problems associated with management of rural wastes in today’s

society are complex because of the quantity and diverse nature of the

wastes, the funding limitations, and the impact of technology and the lack

of social awareness amongst the village people. The activities associated

with the management of wastes may be grouped into six functional

elements: (1) waste generation, (2) storage, (3) collection, (4) transfer and

transport, (5) processing and recovery, and (6) disposal. A universal

solution cannot be applied to waste management problems. Alternative

waste management methods exist, creating a lead for economic analysis to

determine the least cost solution. The least cost waste management method

is a function of the type and volume of waste produced, and utilization,

return, and treatment costs.

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A solid waste management sector is a complex system of different

strongly interrelated activities primary and secondary collection, transport

to processing plants and disposal sites and recovery and recycling activities.

This sector as a whole consists of ‘formal’ and ‘informal’ sector.

Formally the municipality in cities of most developing countries is

responsible for processing household, commercial and institutional waste.

It is supposed to provide containers, keep the streets clean, collect and

transport solid waste and process it in some manner. Sometimes private

enterprises assist the municipal authorities in doing so.

Part of the solid waste generated in urban areas is processed by large

or small recycling enterprises. Before solid waste materials reach such

enterprises, they go through many wings of the informal sector- those of

individuals and groups of waste pickers, dealers and wholesalers selling

solid waste as raw materials to recycling enterprises. (Marijk 1994)

Prof. M.B. Nirmal opined that ‘waste is not waste until wasted’.

According to him waste management is necessary due to the following

eight reasons. They are.

1) Prevent environmental hazards

2) Conserve natural resources

3) Save water bodies

4) Ensure hygiene

5) Save trees by recycling paper

6) Encourage organic farming using compost generated

7) Generate employment opportunity and

8) Reduce the consumption of energy.

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G.R.Chhatwal, (1997) in his important work Encyclopedia of

Environmental Waste Pollution examines different types of wastes and its

disposal methods. Waste management is the gravest problem before

mankind today. Solid wastes are any non-liquid waste materials arising

from domestic, trade, commercial, industrial, agriculture and mining

activities and from the public services. A material becomes waste only

when a specific owner ceases to have a use for it. Current waste disposal

philosophy is to Endeavour to treat all wastes are resource materials; some

for recycling; some for conversion to fertilizer or as a source of energy; and

the balance for land reclamation.

As the level of wastes rises and the amount of space available to store

it safely without contaminating ground water declines, what can be done?

The traditional answer involves the three R’s:– Reduce, Reuse, Recycle.

Tom Tietenberg (1998 )

According to Baumol and Wallace (1979), growth in population and

in output per-capita can be expected to increase the amount of solid waste.

Many cities are having trouble disposing of the mounting heaps of trash.

Neighboring areas are reluctant to serve as the cities dumps and locations

near cities that are suitable for landfill operations are getting scarce. Other

method of waste disposal is now recognized to create problems of their

own. Burning garbage pollutes the air, while treatment of liquid waste

leaves a sludge which must be disposed of. Dumping wastes into the ocean

nearby is not costless to society, sludge dumped into the sea can kill or

contaminate marine life and pollute nearby waters and beaches. The

changing composition of solid wastes also adds to the problem of disposal.

For example, plastics, make up an increasing percentage of solid waste all

in all, the problem of solid waste disposal can hardly be viewed with

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equanimity. It surely represents a major environmental problem that is

likely to grow worse.

Proper solid waste management requires commitment and resources

to deal with. Municipal authorities do not have adequate resources and

technical capacity to deal with the gigantic problem. Successful waste

management requires involvement of the community and private

entrepreneurs to work with local governments. Therefore, the collection

efficiency of municipal solid waste has been reported low. On an average,

roughly 30-40- percent of total waste generated remains uncollected which

is one of the biggest sources of environmental degradation.( Awadhesh and

Sonika,), (2005)

Karpagam, (1991), in his book Environmental Economics observes

that, solid wastes are the most visible form of pollution. Most of the

methods of disposing them pose serious damage to environment and hence

solid waste management should be effectively handled. It is a global

problem and no country on the earth is spared of this problem of garbage.

The author pointed out some chief methods of disposal of solid

wastes which include – dumping in landfills, dumping in ocean,

incineration, using as cattle and hog feed, pyrolysis and controlled tipping

and sanitary landfills. The other two methods of disposal include

Composting and Recycling. Efficient management of solid waste means

exploring the possibilities for utilization recovery of usable materials from

them and recycling

Prof. V.R. Reghunandan (2004) in his study pointed out that

Management of waste involves purposeful and systematic control of the

generation, storage, collection, transport, processing and disposal of these

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misplaced resources - that is what they are. The author observes that waste

materials generated by activities connected with the market, agriculture,

industry and household have become a major public health hazard. Solid

waste management has become a matter of prime. Management of waste

involves purposeful and systematic control of the generation, storage,

collection, transport, processing and disposal of these ‘misplaced

resources‘– that is what they are. Solid waste management promoting waste

treatment initiatives in local self government institutions in Kerala through

Technology Adaptation and Transfer

Prof. Benny Joseph, (2005), has given a hierarchy of municipal solid

waste management which involves Avoid Minimize Recycle

Treat and Dispose. He pointed out that there are several MSW management

practices such as source reduction, recycling, composting and prevention or

diversion of materials from the waste stream. He also said that illegal dumping

is the disposal of solid and hazardous waste in a non-permitted area. Illegal

dumping may also be known as’ open dumping’, ‘fly dumping’ or ‘midnight

dumping’ because materials are often dumped in open areas, dumped from

vehicles along roadsides and /or late at night. Illegal dumped wastes are

primarily non - hazardous materials that are dumped to avoid either disposal

fees or the time and effort required for the proper disposal.

In his paper presentation Prof.K.Ramasamy, (2008), pointed out that,

waste management will help to

To protect human health

To contribute the quality of life

To maintain ecological equilibrium and

To ensure safe disposal of waste.

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He also pointed out that there are five stages of waste management,

they are;

Waste collection and transport

Waste treatment

Intermediate waste storage

Waste dumping and

Waste recycling.

in the Proceedings of the Indian Environment Congress, 2004, it is

considered that major share of the solid waste generated from the

households, markets, hospitals, hotels and small scale industries like coir

processing units etc is degradable waste and it can be managed through

composting process, either a windrow composting or vermin composting.

The Solid Wastes generated in hotels can be managed through constructing

a compost plan of size 1m X 1m X 0.5m by the hotel owners themselves.

Since, the Neighbourhood Groups are very active in composting units

either for every Neighbourhood Groups or 3-4 Neighbourhood Groups

together is proposed. Two women from the Neighbourhood Groups can be

given the responsibility to operate, maintain and manage each unit and they

can even get a nominal honorarium for this by selling the compost

produced through this programme.

The Economic Review (2008), Published by State Planning Board

considered that, with the rapid urbanization, the solid waste management

in most of the cities in Kerala is posing a major environmental problem

now days. Rough estimates reveal that the quantity of waste generated

from the urban towns in the State comes to the tune of 2800-3000 tons

per day. It is estimated that only 50% of the waste generated is collected

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for disposal. Every day a quantity of about 1500 tons of waste is left to

decompose on road margins, drains, canals, water bodies and open

space. The reason for poor waste management is due to the absence of

segregation and primary collection from the source of its origin. To fill

up this lacuna, Kudumbasree- the State Poverty Eradication Mission has

initiated an innovative enterprise namely, ‘Clean Kerala Business’.

Under this enterprise women from the financial backward families who

are the members of the Community Based Organizations (CBOs) of

Kudumbasree are engaged in door to door household waste collection

and transport to the transit points fixed by the Urban Local Bodies.

Now 155 Kudumbasree solid waste management groups are in

operation in 18 urban local bodies in the State. The advantage of

Kudumbasree model of solid waste collection group is that it can fill the

existing gap of solid waste collection and segregation without any

additional financial to the urban local bodies.

Dhanalakshmy, (2008), pointed out that the problem of waste disposal

has become very acute in towns and cities as disposal facilities have lagged far

behind the quantity of wastes produced. The common methods used currently

for garbage disposal pose serious threat to the health of environment. A series

of health and environmental issues emerge from the poor service and

management of solid waste disposal. Only recently, scientific requirements

linked to the protection of our natural environment have produced a social

awareness and a genuine desire to ensure natural ecological balance.

Conclusion

Instead of exploiting nature, we should respect the intrinsic value of

the natural world and make attempts to preserve its remnants. Such

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attempts must include an awareness which would help us to integrate

economic and ecological considerations which will preserve the integrity,

stability and beauty of the biotic community leading to sustainable

development.

3.3 Sustainable Development

Sustainable development has come to the top of the international and

domestic policy agendas. Sustainable development is defined as development

that meets the needs of present generations without compromising the ability

of future generations to meet their needs. This definition underlines the

intergenerational responsibilities placed on the earth’s inhabitants.

(Ian Goldin and L. Allen, 1995).

Sustainable development is a pattern of social, economic and

development which optimizes the economic and societal benefits available

in the present, without spoiling the likely potential for similar benefits in

the future. A primary goal of sustainable development is to achieve a

reasonable and equitably distributed level of economic well-being that can

be perpetuated continually for many human generations.

Long term sustainable development requires an understanding of the

interaction between human activities and natural process.

The Earth is finite. Its ability to absorb wastes and destructive

effluent is finite. Its ability to provide for growing numbers of people is

finite. And we are fast approaching many of the Earth’s limits. Current

economic practices cannot be continued without the risk that global

systems will be damaged beyond repair. A pressure from unrestrained

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population growth puts demands on the natural world that can overwhelm

any efforts to achieve a sustainable future. (Richard Baldwin, 1995)

Displacement of materials by industrial and agricultural activities

causes the most severe anthropogenic stress on the natural system. Hence

the understanding of human-induced material flows and the comparison of

this with natural flows is essential to promote sustainable development. To

ensure sustainable development we must ensure a balanced economic and

social progress with concern for the environment and the careful

stewardship of natural resources.

Sustainable development means managing resources efficiently and

maximizing the benefit we get from them so as not to overload the world’s

ecosystem. This requires a combined action of governments, business

organizations and ordinary people around the world.

In order to promote sustainable development, renewable natural

resources should be used in a manner which does not eliminate or degrade

them or otherwise diminish their usefulness for future generations. Non-

renewable mineral resources should be used in such a way that does not

prevent the future generations from accessing it. Thus sustainable

development also requires depleting non-renewable energy resources at a

slow rate so as to ensure the high probability of an orderly society transition

to renewable energy sources. (Prof Benny Joseph, 2006)

Based on the above arguments sustainable development has been

alternatively defined in various manners. State of the Environment Report

– 1999, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, has

defined sustainable development as ‘Sustainable development ensures that

the maximum rate of resources consumption and waste discharge for a

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selected development portfolio would be sustained indefinitely, in a defined

planning region, without progressively impairing its bio-productivity and

ecological integrity. Environmental conservation, therefore, contrary to

general belief, accelerates rather than hinders economic development.

Therefore the development plans have to ensure sustainable equitable use

of resource for meeting the needs of the present and future generations

without causing damage to environment. To prevent further damage to our

life-support system; to conserve and nurture the biological diversity gene

pool and other resources for long term food security.

The primary objective of Sustainable Development is to reduce the

absolute poverty of the word’s poor through providing lasting and secure

livelihoods that minimize resource depletion, environmental degradation,

cultural disruption and social instability.

It is clear that sustainable development requires natural resource protection

without causing any damage to our environment. Since environmental

pollution and waste discharge must act as major obstacles to sustainable

development. Therefore our resource consumption will be in such a way

that is available and affordable to our future generations.

Even though India has a rich tradition of environment conservation,

large scale environment degradation has resulted from population pressures,

industrialization and the indiscriminate use of forest areas for fuel, power

generation and irrigation purposes. The spread of input intensive green

technology has given India a certain measure of food security, but it has been

at the cost of falling water tables, degrading soils, poor management of

irrigation systems and the harmful side effects of increasing pesticide and

fertilizer use. Industrial growth and uncontrolled urbanization pollute water, air

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and land. Similarly rapid economic growth led to changing life style such as

increasing use of automobiles and plastics are also putting an immense stress

on resources and the environment.

A sustainable policy on non-renewable does not require a complete ban

on their consumption but involves wise, economical use, so we leave as large

stocks as possible for future generations. Most importantly a proportion of

non–renewable should be set aside for producing replacements.

The earth’s assimilative capacities – the atmosphere, rivers oceans

and terrestrial ecosystems we use as ‘sinks’ for wastes – are best thought

of as renewable resources. They are valuable as resources not only

because of their capacity to assimilate wastes, but also because they play

a role in supporting depletable renewable resources and in contributing

to the recycling of continuing resources such as fresh air and clean water.

Rates of emission must therefore take into account of the full ecological

value of these capacities. Once the quality of the media on which we rely

for the disposal of wastes is impaired, the ecosystems they support may

no longer produce yields that can be harvested usefully or even safely,

and may even collapse.

Conclusion

Since a healthy ecology is the basis for a healthy economy the policy

makers and the public must aware that how our society and the economy will

change in order to avoid environmental degradation and thereby promoting and

ensuring sustainable development. By 2050, or planet will need do support some

ten billion people this raises huge challenges in food, clothing and shelter for this

rapidly growing population without depleting the world’s resources and eroding

the inheritance of future generations. The answer is Sustainable Development a

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concept which seeks to balance economic and social progress with concern for

the environment and the careful stewardship of natural resources.

3.4 The Dangers of Waste Management

There are potential risks to health and to the environment form

improper handling of solid wastes. The dangers of solid waste management

can be classified as the following heads

Effects on humans

Effects on animals

Effects on plants

Effects on materials and

Global effects

Let us examine each of these in detail

3.4.1 Effects on Humans

Human beings especially the sanitation workers are most probably

concerned with the direct effects of pollutants upon their health. These

workers need to be protected as far as possible from skin contact with

wastes. They may often under educate and may leave the job when they

are injured or become ill. Improper storage and disposal of waste

provide the conditions for the breeding of disease vectors, primarily flies

and rats.

The indirect effect of pollution to general public may occur through

various gaseous pollutants like carbon monoxide, sulpher dioxide and gases

from automobile exhausts which may affect the respiratory system, leading

to acute illness and death. Chronic diseases such as bronchitis, pulmonary

emphysema or asthma; nervous impairment, eye irritation and unpleasant

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reactions to offensive odors are some of the results of this gaseous

pollutants.

Most of the metals are poisonous to living organisms while some are

essential to plant and animal life. Among them, arsenic, barium, beryllium,

cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, led, manganese and mercury are more

toxic.

Nowadays danger from pesticides is increasing enormously and

newer problems are being created. These pollutants are released into the

atmosphere mainly from agricultural practices. DDT, the non bio-

degradable compound is found in all parts of the biosphere evaporates into

the air and the winds carry it all over the planet.

Other chlorinated hydrocarbons, dieldrin, aldrin, BHC, chlordane and

endosulphan behave similarly and all are toxic to man. They affect the

central nervous system and other vital organs. Fluoride present in drinking

water causes dental caries, mottled teeth, bone and skeletal disorders.

Carcinogens are physical and chemical agents which produce cancer in

man. Man made carcinogens like aromatic amines, asbestos and mutagens

may lead to bladder cancer, lung cancer and birth defects respectively.

Radioactive materials cause blood abnormalities, leukemia and

heaemorrhagic diseases, thyroid changes, bone changes, skin changes and

lung changes. Radiations cause damage to germ cells.

Biological contaminants present in our environment are also

detrimental to human health. Air-borne micro organisms cause

cerebrospinal meningitis. The infection by pathogenic bacteria causes

epidemic diseases, such as cholera, typhoid, diarrhea, dysentery and other

enteric diseases. Viruses commonly found in sewage and polluted waters

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may cause infectious hepatitis. Different types of parasites will also cause

ill-health to humans.

3.4.2 Effects on Animals

Environmental pollution poses a serious health problem to animals

also. Air pollutants are known to produce eye and respiratory irritation in

animals. The most serious effect is the poisoning of livestock by fluorides

and by arsenic. The ingestion of these pollutants by cattle causes abnormal

calcification of bones and teeth resulting in loss of weight and lameness.

Sewage, toxic chemicals and disease-producing organisms can make water

unfit for use by farm animals.

Water pollutants can also endanger aquatic life and every year

millions of fish are reported to be killed by municipal sewages and

industrial wastes. Thermal pollution, by which the water in rivers, streams

and lakes get excess heat, can kill fish and other aquatic life. Pesticide

levels in many species of birds reduce the reproduction rates through

mechanisms, such as interference in calcium metabolism.

3.4.3 Effects on Plants

Air pollution plays an important role in affecting plant life by

causing widespread damage to trees, fruits, vegetables and ornamental

flowers. Photochemical smog is proved to bleach many plants, such as

spinach, lettuce, tobacco, alfalfa and other leafy plants. Ethylene

released form automobile exhausts makes carnation petals curl inward. It

also ruins orchids by drying and discoloring their sepals. Retardation of

plant growth may occur even when pollution levels are not high enough

to produce noticeable injury. Some plants are more sensitive than others

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to the pollutants and hence there may be complex changes in the plant

eco-system.

3.4.4 Effects on Materials

Pollution accelerates deterioration of materials and construction. Acid

air pollutants, particularly sulpher dioxide gas and sulphuric acid aerosols

corrode metals and building materials. They also cause weakening or

disintegration of textiles, paper and marble. Ozone produces cracks in

rubber. Particulate pollutants cause erosion of building surfaces. Water

pollutants, such as suspended particles and dissolved inorganic compounds,

adversely affect pumps, industrial equipments, bridges, and other materials.

The noise produced by sonic booms can even damage buildings and break

windows.

3.4.5 Global Effects

Over the past century, pollutants have been discharged into the

environment in mounting quantities. Apart from other effects, these

pollutants also affect the climate of the earth as a whole. Human activities

affect the world climate in several ways. Carbon dioxide enters into the

atmosphere will raise the temperature of the earth’s surface. Dust particles

keep the sky become cloudier and the atmospheric turbidity increases.

Exhaust gases from rockets contain certain substances and these

substances pollute the upper atmosphere and produce changes which

might affect the layer of ozone protecting the earth’s surface from harmful

ultra-violet radiations. Clearance of forests and their replacement by

grassland or cultivating causes changes in the local pattern of heating of the

ground and atmosphere.

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Conclusion

Since the quality of our lives depends completely on the health and

vigor of the web of living things that cleanse the air and water, create soil,

capture sunlight and provide us with food and resources, we must recognize

the need to control pollution and the desirability of conserving sample of

the ecological and genetic richness and the natural beauty of the earth.

3.5 Waste Management and Pollution

The first and most important source of pollution is the growing

population. Our earth is crowded with people who consume resources and

crate wastes. This population growth leads to pollution as it causes a

disproportionately negative impact on the environment. When the

population increases the discharged human wastes are also increased. If the

percapita amounts of pollutants and wastes were to remain constant the

residue loading on the environment would rise precisely in relation to the

growth of the population and it is beyond the assimilative capacity of

environment

Human life means garbage and sewage and exhaled air. And the

greater the number of human beings and the higher the standard of living

attained by them, the greater tends to be the volume undesired by-products

of production and consumption is returned to the environment. This is why

environmental pollution is a more serious problem for us today than it was

for earlier generations and why it threatens to be even more serious for the

generations ahead. Besides population growth, increases in urbanization

and industrialization and rising standards of living are the major reason for

increasing pollution.

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There are several kinds of pollution differentiated on the basis of the

nature of the pollutant. A pollutant is a physical agent which if found in

excess amount alters the quality of the environment adversely. The

different types of pollution includes Air pollution, Water pollution, Soil

and Land pollution, Thermal pollution, Radioactive pollution and pollution

due to Biomedical waste, Infectious waste, chemical waste and E-waste.

Each of these is discussed in detail.

3.5.1 Air Pollution

Air pollution may be described as the imbalance in the quality of air

which causes ill effects. Different types of pollutants are continuously

emitted into the atmosphere and removed by the self purification process of

air. But when the rate of pollution exceeds or when the self-purifying

capacity decreases, accumulation of pollutants causes serious public health

problems. Air pollution in cities has increased as more and more people

have crowded in.

Sources of air pollution can be broadly classified into natural and

anthropogenic. The natural sources include volcano, forest, fire and pollens.

The anthropogenic sources include everything human activities. Major air

pollutants and their harmful effects are given below.

Carbon monoxide is an odorless colorless poisonous gas that

comes mainly from motor vehicles and other combustion exhaust.

Carbon monoxide interferes with the blood’s ability to carry oxygen to

the brain, heart and other tissues and it is particularly dangerous for

people with existing heart disease and unborn or new born children.

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Ozone is harmful in the lower atmosphere and ozone in the upper

atmosphere protects us form ultraviolet radiation. Ozone reacts with lung

tissue. It can inflame and cause harmful changes in breathing passages,

decrease the lung’s working ability and cause both coughing and chest

pains.

High levels of Nitrogen dioxide exposure can give people cough

and can make them feel short of breath. People who are exposed to

Nitrogen Dioxide for a long time have a higher chance of getting

respiratory infections. Sulpher dioxide constricts air passages, making it

a problem for people with asthma and for young children. Even brief

exposure to relatively low levels of sulpher dioxide can cause difficulty

in breathing

Particulate air pollution is a complex mixture of small and large

particles of varying origin and chemical composition. Larger particles

usually comprise smoke and dust from industrial processes, agriculture,

construction and road traffic as well as plant pollen and other natural

sources. Smaller particles include soot from vehicle exhaust, which is often

coated with various chemical contaminants and fine sulphate and nitrate

aerosols that form when Sulphur Dioxide and Nitrogen Oxides condense in

the atmosphere. Particulate pollution has been linked to increased hospital

admissions and emergency room visits for respiratory problems and to a

substantial increase in premature deaths. Exposure to high levels of lead

can damage the blood, brain, nerves, kidneys, reproductive organs and the

immune system. Lower levels can result in impaired mental functioning

and raising blood pressure.

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3.5.2 Water pollution

Water pollution may be defined as the adverse change in the

composition or condition of water such that it becomes less suitable for

the purposes for which it would be suitable in its natural state. The

changes include physical, chemical and biological changes. Water

pollution nowadays is considered not only in terms of pubic health but

also in terms of conservation, aesthetic and preservation of natural beauty

and resources.

The sources of water pollution are numerous. Most industrial

effluents are discharged into rivers. These contain both organic and

inorganic hazardous materials and non-biodegradable ones too. Industrial

effluents, when discharged through the sewage system poison the

biological purification mechanisms of sewage treatment and these sewages

on subsequent discharge result in pollution of rivers. If the industrial

effluents are discharged directly, then they are injurious to public health.

Another important industrial waste is heat. Heated effluents can drastically

alter the ecology of a stream or lake.

The next principal contributor is municipal sewage. These in

combination with industrial wastes pose newer public health problems.

Since population growth is increasing the quantity of waste water is also

increasing in addition to the production of large quantities of sewage.

Waste from agricultural practices is another source of water pollution.

Drainage from silage and manure slurry form intensive husbandry causes

heavy pollution. Plant nutrients, insecticides and pesticides are also

introduced into water caused by agricultural practices. Sediment from land

erosion containing mostly inorganic materials is also classified as a pollutant.

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Underground water pollution occurs by the substances leached from

refuse and spoils heaps, from fertilizers over the land and from silage

making. Water pollution may also arise from the disposal of industrial

wastes in disused mine-shafts and quarries. It is deemed that the pollution

affecting underground aquifers is more serious than it would be in a surface

water course due to the impossibility of treating the polluted water. Since

saline waters are drawn into the aquifer, over pumping in coastal areas is

considered to cause ground water pollution.

Marine pollution is also another form of water pollution. It can be

defined as the direct or indirect introduction by humans of substances or

energy into the marine environment , resulting in harm to living resources,

hazards to human health , hindrances to marine activities including

fishing, impairment of the quality of sea water and reduction of amenities

. Marine pollution is considered as a human activity thereby omitting all

natural activities that could potentially have damaging effects on the ocean

ecosystem.

The oceans are the ultimate sink for most of the waste we produce.

In addition to natural runoff, atmospheric fall out garbage untreated

sewage from ships, accidental oil spills from tankers and offshore oil

drilling platforms. Barges and ships also dump industrial wastes, sludge

from sewage plants, and materials dredged or scraped from the bottoms of

harbours and streams to maintain shipping channels into the oceans.

Many of these materials are contaminated with disease causing

microorganisms and with toxic substances, including pesticides, metals

such as lead or mercury, oily PCBs and cancer-causing organic

compounds.

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3.5.3 Soil Pollution

Soil pollution usually results from the disposal of solid and semi-solid

wastes in agricultural practices and unsanitary habits. Fall out from

atmospheric pollution also contributes to soil pollution. Year-by-year, solid

wastes are increasing due to the changing consumption pattern of people.

Rapid urbanization with consequent increase in buildings has resulted in

the reduction of land for the wastes to be disposed Dumping of industrial

and municipal wastes causes toxic materials to be leached and to steep

into the soil which affects the ground water course. Agricultural practices

introduce pesticides, fertilizers and manures to land resulting in biological

and chemical contamination. Direct pollution of land by pathogenic

organisms is also seen. The soil gets heavily polluted day-by-day by

hazardous materials; micro-organisms enter the food-chain or water and are

consequently ingested by man.

Disposal of industrial solid wastes is a major source of soil pollution

by toxic chemicals. Industrial wastes are mainly discharged from coal and

mineral mining, metal processing and engineering industries. They contain

toxic metals such as lead, copper etc. Urban wastes comprise both

commercial and domestic wastes including dried sludge of sewage. All

these urban wastes are known as ‘refuse’ which contains garbage, rubbish

materials such as papers, glasses, metallic cans, plastics, fibers , residues

from home fuels, street sweepings rubbles and abandoned vehicles.

Industrial solid wastes are also tipped on the land and the disposal of all

types of solid wastes results in increasing soil pollution. As a result,

hazardous chemicals can enter into surface or ground water and poison the

soil or crops.

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The dumping of solid wastes creates not only aesthetic but also pubic

health problems. Solid wastes may cause diseases in man but they are

hazardous to health. There is an increase in the number of rats and flies due

to dumping of wastes, as they are carriers of insects and other bio-

organisms responsible for plague. The flies which carry pathogenic

organisms cause disease, such as dysentery, diarrhea etc.

Agricultural practices also pollute the soil. Many agricultural areas

have now large surpluses of plant and animal wastes which will cause

pollution. Since agriculture is becoming more and more intensive,

increasing quantities of fertilizers, pesticides and soil-conditioning agents

are used. The wastes formed due to these materials cause severe land

pollution problems.

Throughout the world the use of artificial fertilizers on land has

increased considerably. Though fertilizers are used to fortify soil, they

contaminate the soil with their impurities. When the fertilizers are

contaminated with other synthetic organic chemicals, the soil water gets

polluted.

The use of artificial fertilizers on land has increased considerably.

Though fertilizers are used to fortify soil, they contaminate the soil with

their impurities. When the fertilizers are contaminated with other synthetic

organic chemicals, the soil water gets polluted. The remnants of these

pesticides may be absorbed by soil particles which contaminate root crops

grown in soils.

In addition to fertilizers and pesticides, soil conditioners and

fumigants are used in agriculture. These chemical agents cause alternations

in both the agricultural and horticultural lands. Organic compounds,

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containing lead, mercury and arsenic when applied to land, accumulate the

soil permanently and introduce these toxic metals into the plant products.

3.5.4 Thermal Pollution

Thermal pollution is the process of heating up a body of water

through runoff or discharge. Heat and hot water result form many industrial

processes. They are in particular by-products of the activity of thermal

power stations. The warm water rejected into the marine medium has

harmful effects, primarily on the marine animal life.

Thermal pollution increases water temperature, causing a change of

dissolved oxygen levels. This disrupts the body of water’s ecological

balance resulting in the suffocation of some plant and animal species. The

overgrowth and suffocation causes a cascade reaction with other organisms

that are dependent on the ones that don’t survive and with organisms that

now have to complete with the overgrowing organisms. These upset the

balance of the eco-system.

Human activities can introduce thermal pollution into streams in

several ways. Industries and power plants may use water to cool

machinery and then discharge the warmed water into a stream. Water

temperature rises when trees and tall vegetation providing shades are cut

down. Soil erosion caused by construction, removal of stream side

vegetation, poor farming practices, overgrazing and recreation increases the

amount of suspended solids in the water. Thermal pollution can also occur

though earthquakes.

When there is thermal pollution, the warmer water increases the

metabolic rate of fish and other animals in the sea; this decreases the life

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expectancy of aquatic animals. Increase in the water temperature also

affects many other aspects of the ecosystem. Thermal shock and thermal

enrichment are the two effects of thermal pollution.

The sudden change in temperature due to hot waste water can be of

harm to fish and other aquatic animals that have been used to a particular

level of water temperature this can cause fish to migrate to a more

suitable environment. This is termed as thermal shock.

Thermal enrichment occurs when heated water from power plants may

be used for irrigation purposes to extend plant growing seasons, speed up the

growth of fish and other aquatic animals for commercial purposes. However

the harmful effect of thermal pollution outweighs the benefits.

3.5.5 Radioactive Pollution

It is defined as the increase in natural background radiation emerging

from the activities of man involving the use of naturally occurring or

artificially produced radioactive materials. Radiation effects are hazardous

not only to the employees engaged in radiation research but also to the

general public. The chances of radioactive materials spreading into the air

have increased extensively as a result of the discovery of artificial

radioactivity and particularly due to the development of atomic bomb and

of techniques of harnessing nuclear energy.

Environmental radiation may be divided into two types: naturally

occurring radiation and man-made radiation. Naturally occurring radiations

are, cosmic radiations from the outer space reaching the earths surface and

terrestrial radiation from the natural radio-isotopes present in the earth’s

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crust. The primary sources of natural radiations are the ores of uranium

and thorium which contain a wide variety of radioactive nuclides.

Man-made radiations originate from activities of man involving the

use of radioactive materials. Radio-nuclides are used in the production of

nuclear fuel and nuclear weapons and electricity. They are extensively

used as tracers in various fields.

3.5.6 Biomedical Waste

This type of waste includes surgical dressings, cultures, biological

tissues, needles and other sharps Clinical wastes can be of human or animal

origin. Clinical and biological waste must be decontaminated or sterilized

before leaving the hospital .Sharps must be segregated from other types of

clinical and biological waste by collection in an approved sharps container.

Wastes contaminated with higher risk organisms including any

clinical or biological waste of human origin must be thoroughly sterilized

and must be disposed off hazardous waste. Human and animal tissues,

blood or body parts must never be placed in the ordinary garbage stream,

even if decontaminated.

3.5.7 Infectious Waste

The term infectious waste includes; biohazardous waste, biological

waste, medical waste, hospital waste, medical hazardous waste, infective

waste, microbiological waste, pathological waste and blood bag waste.

3.5.8 Chemical Waste

Chemical wastes include solvents, acids, alkalis, organic and

inorganic chemical poisons and cytotoxins. Incompatible chemical wastes

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must be segregated. It is possible to neutralize acidic, alkaline, oxidizing

or reducing wastes in laboratories with experience and technical

competence. If the end product is not hazardous then it may be discarded

into the drain. More experienced personnel are needed to neutralize this

type of wastes.

3.5.9 The Problem of E - Waste

The average functional life span of computer system is from three to

five years. Computer systems will function for many years after that, but

they tend to lack the power or performance required to keep up with

modern applications and software. As a result there is a large amount of

‘out dated’ computer equipment. The problem is that much of this

equipment is ending up in landfills or overseas and is contaminating the

environment.

Environmentally PCs still rate poorly in spite of the ongoing

improvements. Computer manufacturing releases dioxin, halogens and

chlorofluorocarbons, lead, mercury and other pollutants. Some manufacturers

are producing equipment without some of these toxins with recycled-

content glass and plastics or with easily removable parts to facilitate

recycling.

Junk IT hardware is also known as electronic waste or e-waste. Other

electronic equipment such as mobile phones, stereos and microwaves are

also e-waste. The disposal of e-waste is a huge global issue. The problem

is difficult to solve because e-waste is composed of thousands of different

substances including lead, beryllium, mercury, cadmium and brominated

flame retardants. These ingredients are not easy to separate for reuse or

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recycling. Many of the component parts of e-waste are so hazardous that

they pose both-occupational and environmental threats.

It is important to emphasize that the real solution to the problem

of e-waste will eventually be found at the point of design and

manufacture. Governments could encourage the environmentally

responsible manufacturer of IT hardware by creating and enforcing

legislation that would compel vendors to manage the end of life disposal

of their products. Such laws would prevent mainly downstream

problems.

Much of the computer equipment that is manufactured uses various

toxic materials that cannot be disposed off like garbage. These materials

can be acids used in various batteries and capacitors to things like lead

that is used to live the tubes in many computer monitors. Due to the

large amount of this toxic material making it into the environment

through improper disposal, many governments are now looking into

programmes to try and properly recycle or dispose off these components.

Conclusion

We must understand ‘environment’ is the priceless gift of nature. To

protect our environment and maintain the ecological balance, we must

bestow our immediate attention to it. The world will become uninhabitable

if pollution continues unabated. We should be ready to accept the price paid

to set right the environmental degradation, or adverse consequences will be

faced by mankind.

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