Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14 (2010) 1629–1634

Concept of cleaner production in Vojvodina

Sinisa N. Dodic *, Damjan G. Vucurovic, Stevan D. Popov, Jelena M. Dodic, Zoltan Z. Zavargo

Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bul. cara Lazara 1, Novi Sad 21000, Vojvodina, Serbia

Contents

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1629

2. Cleaner production and national regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1630

3. Cleaner production and the environment protection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1630

4. The integrated license . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1631

5. Benefits for a company and the society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1632

6. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1634

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1634

A R T I C L E I N F O

Article history:

Received 16 December 2009

Accepted 2 February 2010

Keywords:

Cleaner production

Environment

Integrated license

Vojvodina

A B S T R A C T

The Autonomous Province of Vojvodina is an autonomous province in Serbia, containing about 27% of its

total population according to the 2002 Census. It is located in the northern part of the country, in the

Pannonia plain. The importance of sector of the environment protection becomes even larger and

observable, especially with respect of the strategic determination of Government of the AP of Vojvodina,

the Republic of Serbia on the association with the European economic area (EEA) and joining with the

states – members of the European Union (EU). Restitution of the concept of the cleaner production (CP)

significantly helps to companies and the responsible persons (especially in the domain of industry) to

harmonize their business activities with law demands concerning the environment protection, as well as

to improve their processes and the process sequences. This makes a starting base for the obtaining of the

integrated license for the installations that are included in a list of installations that have to obtain an

integrated licenses (some 250 installations), on the basis of the Law on the integrated prevention and

control of pollution of Vojvodina, the Republic of Serbia, for which the dead point is the year 2015.

� 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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1. Introduction

The Autonomous Province of Vojvodina is an autonomousprovince in Serbia, containing about 27% of its total populationaccording to the 2002 Census. It is located in the northern part ofthe country, in the Pannonia plain. Vojvodina is an energy-deficientprovince. The indigenous reserves of oil and gas are limited and thecountry is heavily dependent on the import of oil. The oil importbill is a serious strain on the country’s economy and has beendeteriorating the balance of payment situation. The country hasbecome increasingly more dependent on fossil fuels and itsenergetic security hangs on the fragile supply of imported oil thatis subject to disruptions and price volatility [1–4]. Hydropower,

* Corresponding author.

E-mail address: dod@uns.ac.rs (S.N. Dodic).

1364-0321/$ – see front matter � 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2010.02.004

biomass, biogas, biofuels, wind power, solar energy and geother-mal energy are the major resources to provide Vojvodina withmost of its renewable energy in the future [5–9].

The topic of biofuels is repeatedly addressed; this reflects theworldwide concern on the urgency of the use and development ofmore renewable fuels and other improved energy technologies.The public perception of the central importance of bio-energy hascaused many to only focus on the positive aspects of biofuels andthereby, avoiding their inherent limitations. Their real contribu-tions toward a more sustainable world can only be accessedthrough a carefully performed, life cycle approach that enablesresearchers to thoroughly cover all phases from the plantation tofuel production and usage. By becoming more fully aware of theproblems and limitations and having identified the weak-points, itis increasingly possible to test and implement improved practicesto prevent or to minimize the negative impacts of bio-energyproduction and usage [10,11].

Fig. 1. Inter-relations of different strategies oriented to the introduction of the

cleaner production.

S.N. Dodic et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14 (2010) 1629–16341630

Cleaner production has proven itself as an effective way ofobtaining improved material utilisation, reduced energy consump-tion and lower emission levels. It also motivates positivepreventive action and promotes a holistic view of resources,production, economy and the environment [12].

A flexible learning approach to cleaner production training isone of the best options available for people in the workforce tobecome experts in this field. Because flexible learning does notrequire students to attend conventional lectures, and because on-campus sessions can be held during weekends, there is no timerelease necessary from employers [13].

As a strategy for the prevention of pollution as well as for theimprovement of production, CP has the potential to make asignificant contribution to sustainable development. Approachessuch as CP are particularly relevant to China’s rapidly developingeconomy and society. CP can reduce the environmental impact ofthe rapid industrial development considered necessary for theeconomic and social well being of the Chinese people [14].

CP treats the risks which are perceived as acceptable and this iswhy the motivation to utilise it is not sufficient. The managers ofenterprises are concerned much more about risks that areperceived to have low acceptability. To increase the attractivenessof CP, we should use psychology and explain the importance ofproblems solved by CP, not only its technical description [15].

2. Cleaner production and national regulations

The importance of sector of the environment protectionbecomes even larger and observable, especially with respect ofthe strategic determination of Government of the AP of Vojvodina,the Republic of Serbia on the association with the Europeaneconomic area (EEA) and joining with the states – members of theEuropean Union (EU). Recognizing the juristical heritages (AcquisCommunatuire) of the EU as the document that must be adoptedand transferred into the national legislation, besides to alleconomic and non-economic activities, the chapter dealing withthe environment protection is (immediately after the agriculture)the most voluminous, most complicated and financially the mostdemandable one.

The ministry of the environment protection and spatialplanning of the Republic of Serbia correlates the nationallegislation with the legislation of the EU. The legislation of theAP of Vojvodina, the Republic of Serbia is urgently developing one,and as the consequences increase obligations and responsibilitiesin the fields of industry and energetics. At the same time, thestrategies for the realization of the way to the EU are alsodeveloping, of which significant are ‘‘The strategy of introductionof cleaner production in the AP of Vojvodina, the Republic ofSerbia’’, ‘‘The national strategy of the sustainable development’’and the study on ‘‘The basic directions of the technologicaldevelopment of the AP of Vojvodina – the ecology and the chemicalengineering – the support of the new technologies transfer’’(Fig. 1).

3. Cleaner production and the environment protection

With the introduction of operation into the business companiesin accordance with the principle of the cleaner production (CP)savings and gains are realized by:

� the rational use of the raw materials, water and energy,� decreasing of manufacturing costs,� decreasing of quantities of wastes and of emissions,� increasing of the degree of productivity and better quality of

products,

� decreasing of the degree of responsibility in the case ofcompensations (fulfillment of claims in relations with thesecurity at work and laws in the domain of the environmentprotection),� creation of companies that would be ‘‘friendly’’ to the environ-

ment.

With respect to relations between the environment protection,manufacturing and pollutions generated at that time, thedeveloped countries gradually realize significant improvementand promote the approach based on the pollution control usingactivities based on the cleaner production. The developingcountries have by far lower degree of the pollution control thanthe developed countries, and have much heavier task to introducechanges oriented to the cleaner production relatively fast andefficient, without at the same time the endangering of theexistence and functioning of the existing production. The goal ofpollution prevention and of the cleaner production is the efficientdecreasing of the air-, water- and soil pollution and the decreasingof creation of wastes.

Principles of the ecological orientation in the contemporaryenergetics and industrial production are:

� the decisive effects to the structure and success of the futurebusiness have the ‘‘ecological’’ activities and the ‘‘ecological’’products;� energetics and industry have direct responsibility for conditions

in the domain of the environment protection, leading to thesignificant investments and introduction of the modern technol-ogies (BAT), so that the environment protection is defined as thenew ‘‘limit’’ of the development;� official global state institutions and the rules of the good practice

in these domains indicate that the environment protection mustbe integrated with the business strategy;� ‘‘ecological’’ laws and norms directly influence on the closing up

of the technological processes or withdrawal of products fromthe market (manufacturing of gasoline containing lead-basedadditives) decreasing of the consumption (in the case of thestrategic determination – ‘‘eco’’ – taxes incorporated in productprices), as well as the more severe market-oriented competitive-ness;

Table 1Kinds and numbers of installations and activities for which is the integrated license

obvious in Serbia.

Installations and activities Number

Energy production 16

Production and processing of metals 27

Industry of minerals 38

Chemical industry 64

Wastes management 53

Other activities 44

S.N. Dodic et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14 (2010) 1629–1634 1631

� financial institutions with the increased speed develop theirmethodologies of the estimation of the ecological risks of thesecompanies, so that, when a company competes at (international)banks for credits, there exist the generally accepted strategy ofpreferential financing of the most modern ecological programsaimed to the diminishing of the adverse effects of the processesand products on the environment as well as on the concomitantactivities.

The cleaner production in the preventive approach to theenvironment protection, primarily oriented to the increasing of theefficacy of using of resources and diminishing of creation ofpollution and wastes on the site of their origin. The essence of thecleaner production is the diminishing of creation of the environ-ment pollution, i.e. the total elimination of the environmentsources whenever is it possible, and not the treatment of the wastestreams. With the introduction of cleaner production, the availablematerials and energy are rationally used, with the diminishing ofthe wastes creation. The cleaner production has two roles:environment protection and support of the contemporary devel-opment of the production.

Approach to the management with the environment protectionduring functioning of companies is quite different and it becomesthe permanent element of the sustainability of their development.

Opposite to the waste treatments that have only one domain ofactivities, the cleaner production is characterized with a lot ofactivities, such as:

� Decreasing of quantities of wastes – the aim of the cleanerproduction is the decreasing of quantities of wastes of all kinds,especially of the dangerous wastes. The supreme goal of thecleaner production is the prevention of creation of wastes (zerowaste).� Production without pollution – the ideal process based on the

cleaner production is performed with the recycling during theprocess and without the emissions of the pollution.� Energetically efficient production – the cleaner production

demands the highest possible level of the energetic efficiencyand savings of the energetic resources.� Safety at work – the cleaner production minimizes the

appearance of conditions of possibilities of happening of theaccesses and assures safe and healthy conditions for humanactivities during the production process.� Production accommodated to the environment – the cleaner

production tends those main products and by-products are inconsonance with the environment. All problems linked withproducts should be solved in frames of the development anddesigning of a product, keeping in mind a product’s total life cycle.� Packaging harmonized with the environment – the effects of

packaging on the environment should be minimized as much aspossible.

Concerning the production processes, the CP includes savingsand recycling of the raw materials and energy, elimination of thetoxic and dangerous raw materials and decreasing of quantitiesand toxicities of all emissions and wastes prior to their excludingfrom a process. Concerning of the products, the CP is focused to thedecreasing of the effects on the environment, health and safetyduring the whole life cycle of a product, from its extraction fromraw material, to the final disposal of a product. Concerning theservices, the CP enables integration of the aspects of theenvironment into the design and fulfillment of the services.

4. The integrated license

Restitution of the concept of the cleaner production (CP)significantly helps to companies and the responsible persons

(especially in the domain of industry) to harmonize their businessactivities with law demands concerning the environment protec-tion, as well as to improve their processes and the processsequences. This makes a starting base for the obtaining of theintegrated license for the installations that are included in a list ofinstallations that have to obtain an integrated licenses (some 250installations), on the basis of the Law on the integrated preventionand control of pollution of Vojvodina, the Republic of Serbia, forwhich the dead point is the year 2015. The integrated license mustbe obtained for the new installations which are going to beoperative (Table 1).

The best available techniques (BATs) are:

� Techniques, which, when applied, enable levels of emissions thatare below the permitted values according to the BVE.� Techniques that assure low consumption of natural resources.� The best – means the most efficient effect in the obtaining of high

general level of the environment protection.� Available – the technique developed to the level, that enables the

application in a definite section of industry under economicallyand technically acceptable conditions.� Technique – mode of designing, construction, maintenance and

functioning, including the technology, which is applied.

The documentation prescribed by the law on the integratedcontrol and prevention of the pollution includes:

� design for the constructed plant;� report on the technical audit;� plan of the performing of the monitoring;� results of the measurements of emissions in the environment;� plan of wastes management;� plan of the measures aimed to the efficient energy usage;� plan of the measures oriented to prevention of accidents and

limiting of their consequences;� plan of the measures for the environment protection after

ceasing of the work and closing of the plant;� proof on the right of the usage on natural resources;� declaration that confirms that the informations contained in the

application are truthful, exact, complete and accessible to thepublicity;� proof on the paid administrative tax.

Conditions that are prescribed with the integrated permissionare:

� Limit values of emissions of polluting substances defined for theplant concerned.� Measures for protection of air, water and soil.� Measures concerning the management of wastes created in the

course of operation of the plant.� Measures for decreasing of noise and vibrations.� Measures referring to the efficient usage of the energy.� Measures for prevention of accidents and rejection of their

consequences.

Table 2Cleaner production in sectors of energy and industry.

Modifying of the products It is necessary to modify products and their characteristics aiming to:

� Minimization of risks and their effects on the environment during or after the application (disposal)

� Minimization of risks and effects on the environment during their production

Substitution of the input materials It is necessary to substitute input materials with:

� Material that have lower toxicity

� Renewable materials, if possible

� Auxiliary materials, which are more efficient and can be longer used in the production

Recycling Recycling of materials within a company or within the production plant

Production of the useful by-products It is necessary to transform wastes into useful by-products serving as inputs for other sectors

Good practice in the management with production Management- and operative activities for prevention of the possibilities of:

� Accidents

� Unwanted leakages

� Spillages

� Have to be undertaken, and the existing instructions should be performed

Better process control In is necessary to modify and to write new:

� Operative procedures

� Instructions for management with the equipment and process manuals in order to enable more

efficient processing with the decreased quantities of wastes and less emissions

Change of a technology It is necessary to change:

� Process technology

� Sequences of the processing, what should minimize emissions and wastes during the processing

Modification of the equipment It is necessary to modify the existing equipment in order to enable:

� More efficient processing

� With diminished emissions and wastes quantities

S.N. Dodic et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14 (2010) 1629–16341632

� Application of the best available techniques or other technicalconditions and measures.� Claims for monitoring of emissions with the defined methodol-

ogy, frequency of measurements, rules for interpretation of theresults of measurements, stipulated oblidgement of conveying ofresults to the responsible agency.

5. Benefits for a company and the society

The cleaner production principle increases the productivity andbrings financial benefits for companies. This principle enablesproduction and services with the least possible adverse effectswith respect to the environment, by application of actualtechnologies and knowledges. If adequately applied, the cleanerproduction in a company implies the decreasing of risks andresponsibilities for the damages with which companies could beconfronted after the pollution of the environment. The EU hadestablished ‘‘The directive on prevention and control of pollution inindustry (OPPC)’’, which is in Serbia on the form of the legal act.Many of the EU countries are in the process of harmonization ofnational politics and strategies on the cleaner production with theIPPC. The Table 2 shows the role of the cleaner production in theindustry – and energetics sectors.

Each company that performs its business under the conditionsof the market-oriented economy as its goal has the increasing ofthe profit. The application of the cleaner production leads to thesavings of raw materials, energy and auxiliary materials, decreas-ing costs of plant operation and increasing future profits ofcompanies.

Technologies of the cleaner production are not universallyapplicable solutions, but they, by the rule, represent solutions‘‘adjusted’’ to each individual subject and industrial location.Because of that, the cleaner production technologies, as the rule,contain a part of the developmental activities as well. Thetechnologies of the cleaner production are not always available,an if they are, they represent more complicated market productwith respect to the EOP – technologies of treatment of pollutions atthe end of manufacturing process (‘‘end-of-pipe’’ technologies).

The cleaner production can sometimes demand great investments,because of stipulation of changes in the manufacturing processesand the installed industrial capacities. Keeping in mind that,because of the high interest rates, there exist periods during whichthe costs of assuring of the financial funds are high, so that, often, itis impossible to fulfill the projects of the cleaner production in thedesired period of time.

The cleaner production, besides to the high investments,demands operation of companies in conditions of permanentchanges. Such dynamic situation needs different and pre costlytechnological and cadre resources. These conditions degrade thestability that is unavoidable for reliable mass production, which isa recipe for realization of profit in the market-oriented economy.The application of the cleaner production potentially stipulatesgreat changes in an organization and management with acompany. Companies that apply the cleaner production can nevermore be static ones.

Generally, it is possible to claim that in the developed countriesoperate industrial companies that control their pollutions either bytreating of wastes at the end of a process, or through the cleanerproduction. In the developing countries there exist companies thathave not at all control of their pollutions, companies that have thatperformed partially and individual companies that introduceconception of the cleaner production in their practice. Greatnumber of industrial capacities was in a few past decades movedinto the developing countries in order of enabling to internationalcompanies to realize their profits, primarily by using of the cheapermanpower, but, somewhere, also without costs linked with theenvironment pollution. Such one process of moving of ‘‘dirtytechnologies’’ still in the direction of the less developed countries.

The cleaner production is an approach by which everyone getssomething: companies, employed, environment, consumer, socie-ty. Voluntary decision of a company to apply the cleanerproduction should be very potently supported by concretestimulations, financial funding and projects of supports. Thecleaner production in an approach owing to which the developingcountries could decrease their gap relative to the developedcountries and realize their sustainable development.

S.N. Dodic et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14 (2010) 1629–1634 1633

The developing countries have, owing to the support of the UNProgram for the environment (UNEP) and the Organization of UNfor industrial development (UNIDO), established the nationalcenters for the cleaner production (totally 34 centers in the SouthAmerica, Asia, Africa and Europe). In countries of the Southern-eastEurope exist established a number of centers for the cleanerproduction, most of which has (or pretends to have) the nationalcharacter, i.e. in: Croatia, Slovakia, Modawy, Hungary, CzechRepublic and F.Y.R. of Macedonia. Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina,Bulgaria and Romania still have not the established centers for thecleaner production, but they plan or already perform activities inthis domain.

The cleaner production apply mainly manufacturing or servicecompanies. There exist many examples of small- and middle-classcompanies (SME), as well as the large ones that apply this process.But the hospitals, hotels, auto mechanical shops, the chemicalcleaning shops, and even the universities, can realize usefulprivileges by introducing of the CP principles. The cleanerproduction can very efficiently promote a state (for example,the CP fund in the Czech Republic) or the local authorities (forexample, ‘‘The Eco Profit’’ project in the Steiermark in Austria orcommunities (for example, the award for the best CP Project of themayor of the city of Trnawa in the Slovakia).

Table 3Benefits from the application of the cleaner production.

Activities of the cleaner production Benefits for a company

Decreases of wastes Savings of the raw materials

Savings in costs of treatment and dispo

Substitution of materials with the less

dangerous ones

Easier production process

Decreasing of risks

Decreasing of the appearance of danger

Improvement of the economy of

the business

Keeping of clean conditions of working

Savings of material and of energy

Prevention of spillages and leakages

Collecting and sales of the secondary ra

Internal recycling Materials- and energy savings

External recycling Savings of materials and of energy

Savings of treatment and disposal of wa

Returns from the purchases

Increasing of the energetic efficiency Energy savings

Decreasing of the costs

Control of reserve stocks Decreasing of material losses

Decreasing of collecting and cleaning

Decreasing of wastes

Increasing of the process safety Prevention of accidents

Elimination of damages in plants

Preservation of health of the employed

Introduction of products harmonized

with the environment

Development of new eco-products

Eco- packaging of products Recycling and savings of materials

Savings on costs on the responsibilities

life cycle as a whole

Preventive maintenance Prevention of still stands

Prevention of generation of wastes

Increasing of the productivity

Employment Additional engagement of human resou

Concomitant activities Helping in the introduction of EMAS, IS

and HACCP

Realization of savings and releasing of f

for the development

Including in the international distributio

Improvement of the management

Development of a company

Analyses that were conducted by the Organization for theEconomic Cooperation and Development (OECD) performed in theCanada, France, Germany, Hungary, Japan, Norwegia and the USA,indicate that the companies in 76.8% of cases decide for theinvestments into technologies of the cleaner production, predomi-nantly into new processes, and relatively less into the newproducts. The business atmosphere of companies, savings, supportof company’s management, systems and schemes of managing theenvironment, favor and help the development of the cleanerproduction.

CP is one of the most effective voluntary instruments forreduction of collapsing of the environment, reduction of risks withrespect to human beings from the toxic and dangerous materials,and achieving of better performances in the domain of theenvironment protection (through investing into prevention,instead for disposal of already generated wastes). Besides thegains with respect to the environment, CP brings to a company theeconomic benefits, as well as the benefits for the society as a whole(Table 3).

Orientationally, it is often possible to realize decreases of thepollution for some 20–30%, without new investments, andadditional 20% or more with additional funding, at which timethe return of the investments often can be realized in only a few

Benefits for the society

Decreasing of the environment pollution

sal Decreasing of quantities of dangerous wastes

Decreasing of the negative effects on the environment

ous wastes

spaces Preservation of the material and of energetic resources

w materials

Preservation of the material and of energetic resources

Preservation of the material and of energetic resources

stes

Preservation of energetic resource

Decreasing of imports

Decreasing of the negative effects on the environment

Prevention of accidents

Prevention of accidents

Decreasing of risks and possible damages of the environment

personal Preservation of health of the inhabitants

Decreasing of the negative effects on the environment

Decreasing of the negative effects on the environment

for the

Prevention of accidents

Decreasing of risks and possible damages of the environment

rces Increasing of the percent of the employed inhabitants

O 14001 Development of the up-to-dated systems of management of

quality in the industry

unding Inclusion in the international distribution of work

n of work Strengthening of the industrial sectors

Fulfillment of obligations connected with international

conventions

Table 4Risks that could appear in the application of the cleaner production.

Description Probability Effect Corrective activities

Keeping of the low level of knowledge about the

cleaner production

Low Moderate Outspreading of knowledges about the significance of introduction of the

cleaner production in the Republic of Serbia

Retention of the technological backwardness of

the industry

Moderate High Increasing of the consciousness about the imperative need of the

technological advancement with the aim of subsistence in the future

and obtaining of the integrated permission

Insufficient funding and inadequate spending of

the financial support

Moderate Moderate Drawing of the funding of support only for the designed purposes,

transfer of technology instead of money

Simultaneous functioning of old and new regulations Moderate Moderate Immediately perform full adjustment with the EU legislation

Partial application of rules relative to the

environment protection

Moderate Moderate Strengthening of the capacities of state authorities on all levels with

respect to the application of prescriptions in the domain of the

environment

Slow structural changes Moderate High Acceleration of structural changes due to faster joining in the EU

Low investment activities Moderate Moderate Increasing of the investments for the cleaner technologies as the most

efficient approach to overcoming of crisis in the near future

Inadequate climate for the investments Moderate High Restoration of the business atmosphere, respecting of laws and

agreements, reduction of interest rates, opening of markets of the

Eastern states

High investments for construction of plants for

waste water – and waste gasses treatment

Moderate High Increasing of the consciousness about the significance of such

technologies in Serbia, which is nowadays at rear in the application

of such plants

Starting of industrial production with the obsolete

technologies (creation of ‘‘paradise for the polluters’’)

Moderate High Prohibition of construction of new industrial plants that do not fulfill

criteria for the BAT plants

S.N. Dodic et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14 (2010) 1629–16341634

months. On the longer term taken, the application of the CPdemands changes of attitudes of the management withrespect to the manufacturing process, precise defining ofresponsibilities in a sphere of management of questions ofthe environment protection in companies and analyzing of theexisting possibilities for the application of the cleaner technol-ogies (Table 4).

6. Conclusions

The existing situation in the application of BATs in Vojvodina,Serbia make:

� Cement industry (privatized, change of fuels, incorporation offilters, starting of the application of alternative fuels, installing ofpermanent monitoring of the emissions, the very first enterprisesare planning to apply in the process of obtaining of the integratedpermissions).� Metal industry (partially privatized, investments for the

technology improvement in the initial phase).� Chemical industry (in the extremely bad conditions, very far

from the demand of BATs, with the exception of the pharmaceu-tical industry).� Thermo energetic enterprises (even larger investments, incor-

poration of the electro-filters and of continuous units formeasurement of emissions, basic problem is solving of emissionsof sulphur dioxide, extraordinary investments for the processesof desulphurization).� Wastes management (accepted concept of 29 sanitary depots,

whose realization is on-going).

Problems in the application of the IPPC directive in Vojvodina,Serbia are:

� The application of the BATs (on the initial level, lacking offinancial resources, sanctions, long-lasting period of isolation).� Lacking of the adequately competent cadres on all levels of

responsibilities connected with issuing of the integratedpermissions (permanent training with participation of foreignexperts, training of cadres on levels of the province and of localadministration).

� Lacking of the legally prescribed GVE for waters and air,coordinated with the claims of this directive.� Inadequate number of the competent laboratories for following

of the emissions into air, water and soil.� Lacking in an adequate cadastre.

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