Computer Fundamental Lesson 1

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COMPUTERFUNDAMENTALSPrepared by: MTGuillermo

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What is computer???



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Computer is an electronic data processing devicewhich

accepts and stores data input

processes the data input

generates the output in a required format

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Inormation Processin!S"stem

!"T" is a collection of independent andunorgani#ed facts$

%&'()M"T%(& is the processed and organi#eddata presented in a meaningful form$

!"T" P)(C*++%&G is the course of doing things ina sequence of steps$

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PROCESSING

SYSTEM

DATAINFORMATION

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A#$anta!es o Computer

.igh +peed

"ccuracy

+torage Capability

!iligence /ersatility

)eliability

"utomation

)eduction in Paper 0or )eduction in Cost



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Disa#$anta!es

&o %$3

!ependency

*nvironment

&o 'eeling



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App%ications o Computers

5usinessPayroll calculations

5udgeting

+ales analysis

'inancial forecasting

Managing employees database

Maintenance of stocs etc$



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5aning

%nsurance

%nsurance companies are maintaining a database of

all clients with information showingprocedure to continue with policiesstarting date of the policies

ne7t due installment of a policy

maturity date

interests duesurvival bene8ts

bonus



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*ducation

Mareting

.ealth CareDia!nostic S"stem & Computers are used to collect data and

identify cause of illness$La'ia!nostic S"stem & "ll tests can be done and reports

are prepared by computer$

Patient Monitorin! S"stem &These are used to checpatients signs for abnormality such as in Cardiac "rrest; *CG

etc$Pharma Inormation S"stem & Computer checs !rugs side e?ects etc$

Sur!er"( &owadays; computers are also used in performingsurgery$

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*ngineering !esignStructura% En!ineerin! & )equires stress and strain

analysis for design of +hips; 5uildings; 5udgets; "irplanesetc$

In#ustria% En!ineerin! & Computers deal with design;implementation and improvement of integrated systemsof people; materials and equipments$

Architectura% En!ineerin! & Computers help inplanning towns; designing buildings; determining a range

of buildings on a site using both 2! and ! drawings$



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MilitaryMissile Control

Military Communication

Military (peration and Planning

+mart 0eapons



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Communication*


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Government5udgets

+ales ta7 department

%ncome ta7 department

MaleA'emale ratioComputeri#ation of voters lists

Computeri#ation of driving licensing system

Computeri#ation of P"& card

0eather forecasting

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)enerations o computer

The term generation refers to major development inelectronic data processing . Computer technology hasbeen aimed at making smaller cheaper and ecientcomputers. The development of computer has beenvery rapidly in last fty years . It has been in vedistinct stages . Each of these stage is calledgeneration .

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First !eneration *+,-.&+,//0

The rst generationcomputer is based on the

vacuum tubetechnology .In the rst generationsome important computersthat were designed are as

follows



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ENIAC (electronic numerical and calculator )!

In "#$%& 'auchly and Eckert completed the rst large scaleelectronic digital computer E(I)C . The E(I)C was programmed byconnecting wires between units of the computer and settingswitches at the *+ feet . It was used for & atomic energy calculation

and random numbers studies .

()EDSAC! )fter E(I)C was turned o, & another computer E-)C/ electronic delay storage automatic calculator0 came in "#$1.E-)C was rst computer to operate on the stored program concept. It started operating only in "#*" . E(I)C& E-)C and other

computer which were developed in "#$+2s were e3perimental basis .

()UNIVAC! 4(I5)C / universal automatic computer0 was the rstcomputer dedicated to business application . It was also used for theanalysis of "#*6 presidential election in united states.



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Drawback

7irst generation computer based on vacuum tubescreated several problem

It generates too much heat .

It consumed lots of electricity. Its& si8e was large & unreliable and re9uired constant

&maintenance .

The computer programming language was in binary digit/+&"0 which have a special meaning that can be

understood by computer . It was very dicult to write program in machine language

& moreover most program contained errors and theknowledge was restricted to few people .



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Secon# !eneration *+,/.&+,./0

'ajor innovation was the solidstate device : transistor bythree scientist ;..?@CABE in"#$D.

) transistor is made of a semiconductor material whose basicpart is silicon. The si8e oftransistor is only "6++th of thesi8e of vacuum tube

=e9uire much less power andproduce less heat .E3 I


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Features o Secon# )eneration

Bse of transistors

)eliable in comparison to 8rst generation computers

+maller si#e as compared to 8rst generationcomputers

Generated less heat as compared to 8rst generationcomputers

Consumed less electricity as compared to 8rstgeneration computers

'aster than 8rst generation computers

+till very costly

"$C$ needed



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+upported machine and assembly languages

+ome computers of this generation were:

%5M 12@

%5M 4@9,

C!C 1@,

C!C @@

B&%/"C 11@6



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Thir# !eneration *+,..&1/0Integrated circuit technology wasintroduced around "#%*.It is thecombination of numbers oftransistors and other electroniccomponents fused together on asingle crystal. 'ass storage device

were called au3iliary or secondarystorage device i.e. magnetic tape &disk & etc .'ulti : programmingsoftware in which more than onecan be present in computermemory simultaneously .>igh level

language like basic C@


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main eatures o thir#!eneration

%C used

More reliable in comparison to previous two generations

+maller si#e

Generated less heat

'aster

=esser maintenance

+till costly

"$C needed Consumed lesser electricity

+upported high


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+ome computers of this generation were:

%5M


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Fourth !eneration *+,1.&+,2/0

) new technology 'icro!processors were introduced . )microprocessor chip /appro3"$H6H in si8e0 contain an entire

central processing units on singlechip .Barge scale integration /B..I0and very large scale integration/5.B..I0 technology were used infourth generation .i8e and cost reduced .

-esktop came into the market .



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main eatures o ourth!eneration

/=+% technology used

/ery cheap

Portable and reliable

Bse of PCs

/ery small si#e

Pipeline processing

Concept of internet was introduced Great developments in the 8elds of networs

Computers became easily available



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Some computers o this!eneration 3ere(

!*C 1@

+T") 1@@@

P!P 11

C)"E


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Fith !eneration *+,2.on3ar#s0

4ltra large scale technology /4.B..I0 wereintroduced-eveloped very small but e3tremely fast and

powerful computers which is known as =@


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T4PES OF COMPUTER

PC Personal ComputerD " PC can be de8ned as a small; relatively ine7pensive

computer designed for an individual user$ PCs are basedon the microprocessor technology that enables

manufacturers to put an entire CPB on one chip$5usinesses use personal computers for word processing;accounting; destop publishing; and for runningspreadsheet and database management applications$ "thome; the most popular use for personal computers isplaying games and sur8ng %nternet$



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Minicomputer %t is a midsi#e multi


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Mainrame

Mainframe is very large in si#e and is ane7pensive computer capable of supportinghundreds or even thousands of userssimultaneously$ Mainframe e7ecutes many

programs concurrently and supports manysimultaneous e7ecution of programs$



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Supercomputer

+upercomputers are one of the fastest computerscurrently available$ +upercomputers are verye7pensive and are employed for speciali#edapplications that require immense amount of

mathematical calculations number crunchingD$'or e7ample; weather forecasting; scienti8csimulations; animatedD graphics; uid dynamiccalculations; nuclear energy research; electronic

design; and analysis of geological data e$g$ inpetrochemical prospectin



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Three Ma5or Components o anInormation Processin! S"stem

.")!0")* is the tangible part of a computersystem$

+('T0")* is the non

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Computer Fundamental Lesson 1