Community and/or Neighbourhood Policing Area-based policing Multi-agency partnership Community-based crime prevention Police-public contact strategies

Irish Youth Justice Service Conference 2010

Interagency Models from Denmark

by

Lars Rand Jensen, concultantDanish Crime Prevention Council

and

Henrik Andersen, seniorprosecutor, Danish Prosecution Service

Dublin, 25th February 2010


Introduction

The SSP cooperationmodel has been the basicmodel for preventivecrosssectoralinterdiciplinaryand interagencyworkin danishcrimepreventive.

The model has been extendedin other fieldsand weshall try to illustrateby twofurtherexamples.

Irish Youth Justice Service Conf erence 2010

Agenda:

• The SSP-model

• The PSP-model (Police, Social service and Psychiatry)

• The model for cooperation between The ProsecutionService and the localsocial authorities.

• A new crime prevention concept / methodoligy

Community and/or Neighbourhood Policing• Area-based policing• Multi-agency partnership• Community-based crime prevention• Police-public contact strategies• Area-based foot patrols• Community involvement and consultations

These are the 6 community policing models which have been described by, inter alia, Trevor Bennet in 1994. To these I wish to add some specific working methods, which are, at any rate, important for consideration in the Nordic countries:

1) Problem-oriented policing2) Cross-sectoral and interdisciplinary preventive work

and inter-agency cooperation3) Community involvement

The Crime Prevention CouncilsMain objectioves for the SSP-cooperation

The SSP-cooperation must be a noticeable, integral part of the local/municipal prevention-task.

SSP-cooperation should as a main goal• Prevent criminality among children and youngsters• Inside the frames of local management• Which combine municipal, national and private efforts• And ad a main point include an overall understanding of the life-

situation of children and youngsters• And create a constant press against factors, which could release

criminality – the socalled “criminogene factors”.

The Crime Prevention CouncilsMain objectioves for the SSP-cooperation

The local object of SSPThe local constellation of SSPThe local target-groupsThe local modus operandi (in general and specific) and the local distribution

of tasks

are to be determined locally – but the Crime Prevention Council has on a national levelmade recommendations on these questions – in order to ensure effectiveness in the local SSP-organisation.

The characteristics of the SSP-cooperation

• Collection of know-how and experiences locally• Be in charge of bringing “the world of the

youngsters” into the “system”• And during this establish a basis for political

attention and decision• “Watch-dog” –part• And on this background ensure the development of

look up tasks• Dialog and action

Working with Children and Young People at Risk

Long Term Work

(The normal system)

Short Term Work

(The Special system)

Projects

Special Institutions

Research/Investigative

Crime Initiatives

Day Care Institutions

Schools/SFO

Youth Continuation Schools

After School Clubs/Youth Clubs

Other Clubs

Preventive Health Services

Social Initiatives

Acute Efforts

Preventive Initiatives

Initiatives to prevent Drugs and Alcohol Abuse

National and

Local Initiatives

SSP-Commities

Districts Commities

Town-Commities

“Monday

Conferences”

Direction of the Crime Prevention Work

Basic Values: Cooperation , Coordination, Interdisciplinarity, Capaciousnes and Personel-development

SSP – SSP+-cooperation(EXAMPLE)

4 Districts Committees

Local Committees following the Schoool

Districts

“Drop Out”

Committee

Prisons – Prevention of

Recidivism

Network between the Youth Educa-tion

Possibilities

SSP-Contact Committee

Target Group1: Children between 0 – 18 years

SSP-Plus

Target Group 2: Children between 17 – 24 years

Network-ReminderIf we were to form a general view of “a turbulent world” of “a complex and

rapidly changing situation” against the background of such vague concepts as values, attitudes, view of human nature whilst at the same time taking decisions on institutions, communities of interest, “actors” and legal principles, it might be helpful to consider the totality as a network or a networking organisation. Such a consideration would mean that a problem might be formulated as a “network-reminder” ad follows:

• Which degree of co-ordination is desirable and achievable?• Which degree of freedom/autonomy is desirable and achievable?• Which common interests and principles form the basis of the network?• Which competences and legal principles regulate the interaction between

the separate constituent parts of the network?• Which fora/organisation will co-ordinate the network and will ensure the

appropriate autonomy for the separate constituents of the network?• Which communities of interests can be identified?

Network-Reminder• How are common interests and principles to be defined?• Who is/are to define common interests and principles be safeguarded ?

Such, or similar, considerations will provide other approaches to a fundamental debate on cooperation. Hence, the following concrete questions may be as a basis for debate:

• What basic values are involved (e.g. democracy, human rights, market economy, social dimension, equality, environmental awareness, professional attitudes)?

• Which actors exist in the field of cooperation?• Which degree of coordination is desirable?• Which degree of autonomy is desirable?• Which are the common interests?• Which competences and legal principles?

Network-Reminder• Which institutions, agencies, businesses, spheres of authority?• Which communities of interests (professional, cultural, religious,

financial)?• How, and by whom, are the various values, actors, interests and

communities of interests to be defined?• How will the various defined values, interests and communities of

interests be upheld and safeguarded?• How will the balance be struck between the numerous various interests

and what strategies should be promoted?

The Connection between Crime possibility and moral

Crime Possibility

Moral

Crime Possibility

Moral

Irish Youth Justice Service Irish Youth Justice Service Conference 2010Conference 2010

The PSP modelThe PSP modelPolice, Social Service and Police, Social Service and

PsychiatryPsychiatry


The Danish Administration of Justice The Danish Administration of Justice Act, section 114:Act, section 114:

The Police Director will work to establish The Police Director will work to establish cooperation between police, social cooperation between police, social services and psychiatry as part of services and psychiatry as part of efforts to help and protect socially efforts to help and protect socially vulnerable people.vulnerable people.


The Danish Administration of Justice The Danish Administration of Justice Act, section 115:Act, section 115:

The police may disclose information The police may disclose information about individuels privacy to other about individuels privacy to other authorities if the disclosure is deemed authorities if the disclosure is deemed necessary for crime prevention or for necessary for crime prevention or for police cooperation with social services police cooperation with social services an the psychiatry to help socially an the psychiatry to help socially vulnerable persons.vulnerable persons.


The authorities and institutions involved in cooperation are not required to disclose information.


The PSP model must through a quick, The PSP model must through a quick, efficient and coordinated action, ensure efficient and coordinated action, ensure that vulnerable people are offered that vulnerable people are offered appropriate help and support appropriate help and support immediately after the need for immediately after the need for assistance has been identified.assistance has been identified.


The PSP model will ensure that The PSP model will ensure that cooperation between the participating cooperation between the participating authorities is being optimized, and that authorities is being optimized, and that any barriers between the authorities are any barriers between the authorities are removed.removed.


The PSP model will ensure an optimal The PSP model will ensure an optimal exchange of information between the exchange of information between the participating authorities and the project participating authorities and the project

must be used as a platform for multi-must be used as a platform for multi-disciplinary experience and skills.disciplinary experience and skills.


The PSP model must ensure that the The PSP model must ensure that the help and support to groups or help and support to groups or individuals is structured in particular individuals is structured in particular action plans, so that actions can be action plans, so that actions can be initiated, followed up and evaluated.initiated, followed up and evaluated.


The cooperation between The cooperation between The Prosecution Service The Prosecution Service

and the social authoritiesand the social authorities

The basic structure of the Prosecution Service The basic structure of the Prosecution Service and the Police in Denmarkand the Police in Denmark

The Minister of Justice

The Director of Public ProsecutionProsecutor General – Supreme Court

The National Commissionerof Police

The 6 Regional Public Prosecutors+ 2 specialised units

appeal cases before the high courts

The 12 Commissioners(Local prosecution and police districts)

Irish Youth Justice Service Conference 2010Irish Youth Justice Service Conference 2010

Flow:Flow: The police charge a young person The police charge a young person

(between 15 and 18 years) for a (between 15 and 18 years) for a criminal act – violence, burglary or criminal act – violence, burglary or robbery)robbery)

After investigation in the police After investigation in the police depart-ment the case will be send to depart-ment the case will be send to The Prosecution Service The Prosecution Service


The Prosecution Service makes the The Prosecution Service makes the indictment and send the case to the indictment and send the case to the city court (1st instance)city court (1st instance)

The Prosecution Service ask the The Prosecution Service ask the social authorities to make a social authorities to make a pronouncement about:pronouncement about:- social and personal conditions- social and personal conditions

- make a proposal for conditions- make a proposal for conditions


Next step is a discussion and casework Next step is a discussion and casework in the consultation-group about young in the consultation-group about young criminalscriminals- The members of this group are:- The members of this group are:

- representative of the social - representative of the social authorities authorities - representative of the penal - representative of the penal

systemsystem- representative of youth custody / - representative of youth custody / detention centre detention centre


- - psychologistpsychologist

- representative of The Prosecution - representative of The Prosecution ServiceService

- caseworker from the social authorities - caseworker from the social authorities

The consultation-group about young The consultation-group about young criminalscriminals

receive all the relevant documents from receive all the relevant documents from The Prosecution Service, the social The Prosecution Service, the social authorities, psychiatric examination etc.authorities, psychiatric examination etc.


The consultation-group about young The consultation-group about young criminals make a proposal about criminals make a proposal about sanctionsanction- - for example:for example: - conditions about residence or - conditions about residence or

institutionalization institutionalization

- conditions about compulsory - conditions about compulsory schooling schooling

- drug or alcohol rehabilitation- drug or alcohol rehabilitation

- supervision- supervision


The proposal about sanction vill be The proposal about sanction vill be send to the city court send to the city court

The prosecutor will under the trial The prosecutor will under the trial read from the proposal about read from the proposal about sanctionsanction


The new crimepreventionconceptin Denmark

Dublin, 25th February2010

The New Prevention ConceptLars Rand Jensen Consultant Master of Law and Art

Agenda

1. Introduction

2. Framework for understanding and concept definition

3. The concept of safety

4. Other concepts

Strategic plan

Mission:‘We prevent crime and create a safer society’

Motto:‘A safe life without crime’

Why define the concepts?

• To establish consensus on the framework for understanding and a common platform for the work of crime prevention

• Conscious use of knowledge and mission

• Use the strategic plan as the basis

• ’To achieve our strategic goals, we must be aware of the platform that is the basis for the work of the council and stakeholders.’ (Page 16, A3 in the council’s strategic plan)

Concept definitions:

Safety Development Prevention Crime prevention

The four core concepts

• Safety

• Development

• Prevention

• Crime prevention

Increase people’s sense of safety

Promote initiatives that strengthen society and individuals and improve their conditions

Prevent/avoid the emergence or worsening of a problem

Prevent/avoid the occurrence or recurrence of a crime problem/incident

Prevention

Safety

Reactive

Tertiary

Secondary

Primary

Crime prevention

Proactive Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

Development

Crime prevention – a definition

• Crime prevention is a task that requires focusing on crime incidents and how to reduce them.

• By crime we mean acts of commission or omission that are punishable violations of a legal standard.

Prevention – a definition

• Preventive activities aim to prevent an undesirable state, incident or problem.

• Prevention aims to prevent an incident or problem from occurring

• Prevention involves analysing causes and identifying problems and using the findings to launch preventive measures

Development – a definition

• Development deals with creating good, safe and stimulating living conditions for all members of society.

Development measures and measures to create safety

We work to build public trust and safety by focusing on improving conditions for society and its citizens. The safety of a given community is thus linked to its ability to encourage development.

Safety – a definition

• A person’s sense of safety is a subjective perception and thus requires a psychological approach.

• Safety is a sense of trust in the outside world and our personal interaction with our surroundings.

• Safety is a sense of trust that comes when we feel under no threat of danger.

Safety and prevention

‘Preventing crime is a task that requires focusing on undesirable incidents and how to reduce them, while promoting safety requires focus on how to strengthen people’s feeling of being safe.’(Jordan page 17, TMG)

Safety and security walks – an example

• Safety

• Development

• Prevention

• Crime prevention

• Feeling safe, creating communities, taking ownership and sharing responsibility for our residential areas

• Good residential areas with a sense of community

• Preventing conflicts in residential areas

• Preventing crimes

Project description of safety and Security walks - a concept

• A planning instrument when designing a building complex or making changes to a complex or district (safe-area checks allow many different people and representatives of many different groups to make their opinions known).

• An instrument for developing interaction between residents (neighbours) and users in a given area via change through dialogue. This approach may make use of many different methods – and generate many secondary projects.

• An instrument for increasing safety by addressing insecurity factors in the physical and social environment.

• An instrument for developing multi-sector and interdisciplinary working relationships between public authorities, organizations and private stakeholders (organized and informal).

• Examples of methods that will be particularly interesting to work with:

‘Designing out crime’ – in other words removing or reducing criminogenic factors from the physical environment

Using CEN standards. Process methods for developing

local/urban plans. Methods for involving residents and

users in improving their neighbourhood community, including involving children and youth in measures to increase safety – with a view to promoting a good social life in the urban area.

Methods for improving creative facilities for local residents.

Prevention

Safety

Reactive

Tertiary

Secondary

Primary

Crime prevention

ProactivePrimary

Secondary

Tertiary

Development

Prevention

Crime prevention

Development

Example based on SSP – Copenhagen’s action plan 2

• DEVELOPMENT

• PREVENTION

• CRIME PREVENTION

• Provide good youth facilities such as youth clubs, sports halls, libraries, shelters

• Joint events for children and young people in urban districts

• Visible police presence on the streets, various youth activities, etc.

• Information for parents, residents and collaboration partners

• SSP presentation at schools about the initiatives

• Initiatives targeted at staff/police in the form of hotlines

• Skills upgrading for uniformed police officers

• Action plans

Example: From idea to reality

• We could have done what we usually do......

– Focused on the problems of resident composition, vandalism, crime, employee burn-out, etc.

– Pinpointed all the errors in the area

We decided to use the Appreciative Inquiry (AI) and the Asset-Based Community Development (ABCD) method.

From AI:- Turn focus on opportunities, what already works, what people were proud of and dreamed about

From ABCD:- by using Nørremarken’s human and physical resources as our starting point and getting them to interact with each other

And then bring it all together in what we called the ‘Vejle Model’ (balanced city model)

Risk factors: Farrington

• Individual factors– Family background. Age, gender and

ethnicity. – Low intelligence. Low self-control. – Mental illnesses.

• Home and family background– Upbringing. Early motherhood. – Parents involved in crime. Broken homes.– Poor housing conditions.

• School, education and work– Completed schooling and education.– School climate.

• Lifestyle– Alcohol and drug use. – Street lifestyle.

• Institutionalization – Negative impact

• Social environment/contextual factors

tirsdag 18. april 2023 Side 50

SOCIETYSOCIAL

SITUATIONTRIANGLE

RISKINDIVIDUAL

Protective factors and Risk factors

• Low self-esteem• Social isolation• Growing up in a problem family • Poor parental care • Problems at school• Social and cultural

discrimination• Socio-economic problems• Living in areas with high

violence and crime rates

• High self-esteem• Social skills • Good home and family

background• Positive experience of school• Strong sense of cultural identity• Sense of belonging (affiliation)• Social engagement with others

relations individualSocial Society

The WHO environmental model

The prevention route in a social context – development Development measures and initiatives to increase safety

Define theproblem

Identify risk factors and

protective factors

Develop/launch prevention strategies

Evaluation/research

Disseminationof the

method Risk/individual prevention

Situational prevention

Social prevention

PrimarySecondary

Tertiary

Documents

Community and/or Neighbourhood Policing Area-based policing Multi-agency partnership Community-based crime prevention Police-public contact strategies