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1 Sabrina Tirpak Principal Laboratory Technician Plant Diagnostic Laboratory www.njaes.rutgers.edu/services Common Insect Pests in the Vegetable Garden Photo: Sabrina Tirpak, NJAES Is an ecological production management system that promotes and enhances biodiversity, biological cycles, and soil biological activity Organic Agriculture Is based on minimal use of off-farm inputs and on management practices that restore, maintain or enhance ecological harmony Has a primary goal of optimizing the health and productivity of interdependent communities of soil life, plant, animals and people. Insect pests and diseases are a fact of life. Some damage may result in lower quality produce. Lower yields may be experienced because of insect Expectations Successful organic gardeners understand: Lower yields may be experienced because of insect damage or disease. It takes time and effort to protect produce from pests without synthetic insecticides. Insect Identification To identify which insects are pests and which are beneficial. To recognize developmental stages and understand the Insect Management Things to Consider seasonal life cycle of each pest. Scouting and Monitoring To detect insect pests early before they have caused noticeable and irreversible damage. Requires knowledge of specific pests and good observation skills. Can be time consuming. Good record keeping is important. Keep plants healthy Biological controls Conservation and/or augmentation of natural enemies Insect Management Control Tactics Cultural controls Preventative practices to minimize pests by altering the environment Mechanical/physical controls Direct or indirect measures that kill pests or disrupt their activities Insecticidal controls (organic pesticides) Biological controls Predatory insects Parasitoids Insect Management Control Tactics Parasitoids Diseases Birds and bats

Common Insect Pests in the Vegetable Garden · PDF file1 Sabrina Tirpak Principal Laboratory Technician Plant Diagnostic Laboratory Common Insect Pests in the Vegetable Garden

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Page 1: Common Insect Pests in the Vegetable Garden · PDF file1 Sabrina Tirpak Principal Laboratory Technician Plant Diagnostic Laboratory   Common Insect Pests in the Vegetable Garden

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Sabrina TirpakPrincipal Laboratory TechnicianPlant Diagnostic Laboratorywww.njaes.rutgers.edu/services

Common Insect Pests in the Vegetable Garden

Photo: Sabrina Tirpak, NJAES

Is an ecological production management system that promotes and enhances biodiversity, biological cycles, and soil biological activity

Organic Agriculture

y g yIs based on minimal use of off-farm inputs and on management practices that restore, maintain or enhance ecological harmonyHas a primary goal of optimizing the health and productivity of interdependent communities of soil life, plant, animals and people.

Insect pests and diseases are a fact of life. Some damage may result in lower quality produce.Lower yields may be experienced because of insect

ExpectationsSuccessful organic gardeners understand:

Lower yields may be experienced because of insect damage or disease.It takes time and effort to protect produce from pests without synthetic insecticides.

Insect IdentificationTo identify which insects are pests and which are beneficial.To recognize developmental stages and understand the

Insect ManagementThings to Consider

seasonal life cycle of each pest.

Scouting and MonitoringTo detect insect pests early before they have caused noticeable and irreversible damage.

Requires knowledge of specific pests and good observation skills.Can be time consuming.Good record keeping is important.

Keep plants healthyBiological controls

Conservation and/or augmentation of natural enemies

Insect ManagementControl Tactics

Cultural controlsPreventative practices to minimize pests by altering the environment

Mechanical/physical controlsDirect or indirect measures that kill pests or disrupt their activities

Insecticidal controls (organic pesticides)

Biological controlsPredatory insectsParasitoids

Insect ManagementControl Tactics

ParasitoidsDiseasesBirds and bats

Page 2: Common Insect Pests in the Vegetable Garden · PDF file1 Sabrina Tirpak Principal Laboratory Technician Plant Diagnostic Laboratory   Common Insect Pests in the Vegetable Garden

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Cultural controlsCrop rotationSanitation

Insect ManagementControl Tactics

SanitationTillageCrop selection / resistant varietiesTiming of plantingsTrap cropsCompanion planting

Mechanical/physical controlHandpickingBarriers

Insect ManagementControl Tactics

BarriersTrapsWater

Insecticidal controls (organic pesticides)Microbial insecticides (Bt, Beauvaria bassiana, spinosad, nematodes)

Contain living organisms or toxic substances they produce

B t i l i ti id

Insect ManagementControl Tactics

Botanical insecticides (pyrethrums, azadirachtin)

Natural toxicants from plants

Horticultural oilsHighly refined, petroleum or plant-based

Insecticidal soapsDerived from the salts of fatty acids

Inorganic insecticides (kaolin clay, diatomaceous earth)

Elemental or carbon-free compounds

Lettuce

Hosts: lettuce (leaf, head, romaine, etc.)http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lettuce_from_lalbagh_2294.JPG

Joseph Berger, Bugwood.org

SlugsSeveral different speciesCosmetic damage to leaves and seedlingsThrive in moist conditions wherever living or

http://gardening.sheknows.com/2011/02/04/slugs-and-snails/wherever living or recently dead plant material is presentFeed mostly at nightWorse in wet years

http://www.trapman.co.uk/slug-and-snail-trap-slugx.htm

Slugs

Control Strategieshttp://www.ericamulherin.com/blog/2011/05/05/garden-check-in-slugs-wars/ Photo by: J. Dailey

Cultural control Avoid mulch, permanent ground covers, plant debris, weedsEncourage good air circulationEncourage natural enemies

Monitor for ragged holes in leaves and slime trailsMechanical/physical control

Handpicking – most effective at nightTraps – wood boards, beerBarriers – dry and sharp materials, copper

Iron phosphate baits, kaolin clay, or spray directly with vinegar

Page 3: Common Insect Pests in the Vegetable Garden · PDF file1 Sabrina Tirpak Principal Laboratory Technician Plant Diagnostic Laboratory   Common Insect Pests in the Vegetable Garden

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Natural Enemies

http://www.organicgarden.org.uk/gardening/pests-diseases/slugs-and-snailsor-many-gardeners/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Northern_Green_Frog_-_Tewksbury,_NJ.jpg#filelinks

Brassicas

Hosts: Brassica crops (cole crops, crucifers)- broccoli, Brussels spouts, cabbage, cauliflower, collards, kale,

kohlrabi, mustard, radish, turnip, many weed species, etc.

tinyfarmblog.com

Imported CabbagewormImported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae

Russ Ottens, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org

Imported Cabbageworm

Merle Shepard, Gerald R.Carner, and P.A.C Ooi,, Bugwood.org

David Cappaert, Michigan State University,

David Cappaert, Michigan State University,

Overwinter as pupae in plant debris; adults emerge and mate in spring; females lay eggs on leaves

Russ Ottens, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org

Larvae feed on leaves

Imported Cabbageworm

Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University,

Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University,

Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University,

Small holes enlarged until entire leaf is consumed

Larvae pupate attached to leaves or nearby objects

Imported Cabbageworm

http://www.ent.uga.edu/veg/colecrops/importedcab.htm

2 to 4+ generations per year

Merle Shepard, Gerald R.Carner, and P.A.C Ooi,, Bugwood.org

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Floating Row Cover

http://www.gardenimperative.net/2010/04/cabbage-competition-part-4.html

http://growit.umd.edu/ImproveGarden/FloatingRowCover/FloatingRowCover.pdf

Control StrategiesCultural control

Fast-maturing cultivars sustain less damageCruciferous weed controlSanitation – Till or remove plant debris after each cropEncourage natural enemies

M it f hit d lt th fl i d h l i l

Imported cabbageworm

Monitor for white adult moths flying around, holes in leaves, green larvae on leaves, dark green fecal pelletsMechanical/physical control

Floating row covers to prevent egg layingHandpick larvae

PesticidesUse Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt aizawi or Bt kurstaki) for young larvaeSpinosad or azidarachtin (neem)

Natural Enemies

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http://extension.entm.purdue.edu/eseries3/view.php?article=articles/common_natural_enemies.txt&id=1&section=Biological+Control

http://thailand.ipm-info.org/bt/Bt_Growers_guide.htm

http://sueisinthegarden.blogspot.com/2011/10/another-type-of-cabbage-worm-found.html

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Solanaceous Crops

Hosts: Solanaceous crops- eggplants, peppers, potatoes, tomatoes, many weed species, etc.

http://ucbiotech.org/resources/presentations/new_talks/shakespear/shakespeare.html

Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata

Colorado Potato Beetle

David Cappaert, Michigan State University, David Cappaert, Michigan State University,

Colorado Potato Beetle

David Cappaert, Michigan State University,

Overwinter as adults in the soil; emerge in the spring and crawl to new hosts to eat, mate, lay eggs

Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University,

David Cappaert, Michigan State University,

Page 5: Common Insect Pests in the Vegetable Garden · PDF file1 Sabrina Tirpak Principal Laboratory Technician Plant Diagnostic Laboratory   Common Insect Pests in the Vegetable Garden

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Colorado Potato Beetle

Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org

David Cappaert, Michigan State University,

Voracious larvae (and adults) feed on leaves, twigs and fruit

Colorado Potato Beetle CPB can quickly defoliate a crop

http://tinyfarmblog.com/not-a-pretty-picture/ Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org

Prefer potatoes and eggplants but can also be a problem on tomatoes and peppers

Colorado Potato Beetle Larvae drop to the ground to pupate

Early emerging 1st generation adults produce 2nd generation; Late emerging 1st generation adults overwinter

Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org

Control StrategiesCultural control

Crop rotation / trap crop (eggplant, ‘Superior’ potato)Solanaceous weed controlSpring and fall tilling2”-3” layer of straw mulchE t l i

Colorado Potato Beetle

Encourage natural enemiesMonitor for yellow egg clusters on leaf undersides, and larvae and adults feeding on leavesMechanical/physical control

Handpick – oftenFloating row covers through spring

PesticidesUse Bt var. tenebrionis for young larvaeSpinosad or azidarachtin (neem)

Natural Enemies

native ground beetle Lebia grandishttp://www.ars.usda.gov/is/graphics/photos/oct09/d1518-1.htm

Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org

native ground beetle, Lebia grandis

Adult spotted pink lady beetle, Coleomegilla maculata

http

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Natural Enemieshttp://www.fotosyntesi.com/img_view.php?imgid=MTUxMQ==&albid=MTg=&pn=4&alb=sec

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Two-spotted stinkbug, Perillus bioculatus

Parasitoid wasp, Edovum puttleri

http://www.fotosyntesi.com/img_view.php?imgid=MTUxMg==&albid=MTg=&pn=4&alb=sec

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Page 6: Common Insect Pests in the Vegetable Garden · PDF file1 Sabrina Tirpak Principal Laboratory Technician Plant Diagnostic Laboratory   Common Insect Pests in the Vegetable Garden

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Hornworms

Tomato hornworm, Manduca

quinquemaculata

Jessica Lawrence, Eurofins Agroscience Services, Bugwood.org

Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org

Tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta

Hornworms

Photo by Mike Raupp

http://www.frogforum.nethttp://www.ces.ncsu.edu/chatham/ag/SustAg/underworldtomatoleaf.html

Overwinter as pupae in the soil; adults emerge in spring; females lay eggs singly on leaves

http://entomology.unl.edu/k12/caterpillars/hornworm/hornwormpage.html

Hornworms

Robert M. McPherson, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org

Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org

Voracious larvae feed on leaves, stems and fruitPhoto courtesy of T.A. Zitter, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY

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Hornworms

By John Himmelman

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Gardengrapvine.com

Mature larvae drop to the ground to pupate in the soil; 1 to 2 generations per year

Natural Enemies

Robert L. Anderson, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org

Sturgis McKeever, Georgia Southern University, Bugwood.org

Photo by Sabrina Tirpak

Natural Enemies

Russ Ottens, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org

Page 7: Common Insect Pests in the Vegetable Garden · PDF file1 Sabrina Tirpak Principal Laboratory Technician Plant Diagnostic Laboratory   Common Insect Pests in the Vegetable Garden

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http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/chatham/ag/SustAg/underworldtomatoleaf.html

Natural Enemies

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http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/chatham/ag/SustAg/underworldtomatoleaf.html

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Trichogramma spp. wasps

Control StrategiesCultural control

Spring and fall tillingEncourage natural enemies

Monitor for light feeding on plant tops, later entire leaves and

Hornworms

g g p p ,stems eaten, dark BB-sized frass pellets, green larvaeMechanical/physical control

HandpickLeave parasitized larvae on plants

Pesticides – (rarely warranted)Use Bt var. kurstaki for young larvaeSpinosad or azidarachtin (neem)

Cucurbits

Hosts: Cucurbit crops- cucumbers, summer & winter squash, melons, pumpkins, gourds, etc.

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/5098/Cucurbits

Squash vine borer, Melittia cucurbitae

Squash Vine Borer

Photo byTodd Ratermann

Photo by Jeff Hahn

Squash Vine Borer

http://homeispossible.blogspot.com

opic

.

Overwinter as pupae in the soil; emerge as adults in the spring; females lay eggs on stems near base

Photo by Jeff Hahn

http://universitydisplaygardens.com/2010/06/30/squash-vine-borer/http

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Squash Vine Borer

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Larvae bore within the stem and push out frass

http://my.gardenguides.com/forums/topic/51614

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Page 8: Common Insect Pests in the Vegetable Garden · PDF file1 Sabrina Tirpak Principal Laboratory Technician Plant Diagnostic Laboratory   Common Insect Pests in the Vegetable Garden

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Squash Vine Borer

Infested plants wilt and eventually die; Prefers summer & winter squashes, pumpkin

Squash Vine Borer

“You know you’re a gardening nerd when . . .

…you do surgery for borers.”

http://universitydisplaygardens.com/2010/07/29/squash-vine-borer-update/http://bonnieplants.com/library/surgery-for-squash-vine-borers/

Control StrategiesCultural control

Butternut squash, cucumbers, and melons are resistantLater plantingRemove and destroy infested plantsSpring and fall tillingE t l i

Squash Vine Borer

Encourage natural enemiesMonitor for flying red/black adults, flat brown eggs laid singly on stems, frass pushed out of stems, wilting plantsMechanical/physical control

Vine surgeryFloating row covers until flowering

PesticidesBt, spinosad, azidarachtin (neem), kaolin clay sprayed or dusted on the stem bases before egg laying

General Pests

Hosts: Just about everything in the garden!

Crucifer Flea Beetle

Photo by Jeff Hahn

Photo by Jeff Hahn

Photo by Jeff Hahn

vice

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Eggplant Flea Beetle

David Cappaert, Michigan State University, Bugwood.org

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Page 9: Common Insect Pests in the Vegetable Garden · PDF file1 Sabrina Tirpak Principal Laboratory Technician Plant Diagnostic Laboratory   Common Insect Pests in the Vegetable Garden

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Eggplant Flea Beetle

http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/gardens-gardening/your-garden/help-for-the-home-gardener/advice-tips-resources/pests-and-problems/insects/beetles/flea-beetle.aspx

Jeff Hahn, University of Minnesota

Potato Flea Beetle

Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org

Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org

Palestriped Flea Beetle

Control StrategiesCultural control

Clean up and remove garden debrisWeed controlSpring and fall tilling

Flea Beetles

Monitor for small, shot holes in leavesMechanical/physical control

Floating row covers until floweringPesticides

Spinosad, azidarachtin (neem), pyrethrum, kaolin clay

plant-pest-advisory.rutgers.edu

Sabrina TirpakPrincipal Laboratory TechnicianPlant Diagnostic Laboratory

www.njaes.rutgers.edu/servicesPhoto: Sabrina Tirpak, NJAES

Questions?