Upload
nguyenbao
View
219
Download
3
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
1
Sabrina TirpakPrincipal Laboratory TechnicianPlant Diagnostic Laboratorywww.njaes.rutgers.edu/services
Common Insect Pests in the Vegetable Garden
Photo: Sabrina Tirpak, NJAES
Is an ecological production management system that promotes and enhances biodiversity, biological cycles, and soil biological activity
Organic Agriculture
y g yIs based on minimal use of off-farm inputs and on management practices that restore, maintain or enhance ecological harmonyHas a primary goal of optimizing the health and productivity of interdependent communities of soil life, plant, animals and people.
Insect pests and diseases are a fact of life. Some damage may result in lower quality produce.Lower yields may be experienced because of insect
ExpectationsSuccessful organic gardeners understand:
Lower yields may be experienced because of insect damage or disease.It takes time and effort to protect produce from pests without synthetic insecticides.
Insect IdentificationTo identify which insects are pests and which are beneficial.To recognize developmental stages and understand the
Insect ManagementThings to Consider
seasonal life cycle of each pest.
Scouting and MonitoringTo detect insect pests early before they have caused noticeable and irreversible damage.
Requires knowledge of specific pests and good observation skills.Can be time consuming.Good record keeping is important.
Keep plants healthyBiological controls
Conservation and/or augmentation of natural enemies
Insect ManagementControl Tactics
Cultural controlsPreventative practices to minimize pests by altering the environment
Mechanical/physical controlsDirect or indirect measures that kill pests or disrupt their activities
Insecticidal controls (organic pesticides)
Biological controlsPredatory insectsParasitoids
Insect ManagementControl Tactics
ParasitoidsDiseasesBirds and bats
2
Cultural controlsCrop rotationSanitation
Insect ManagementControl Tactics
SanitationTillageCrop selection / resistant varietiesTiming of plantingsTrap cropsCompanion planting
Mechanical/physical controlHandpickingBarriers
Insect ManagementControl Tactics
BarriersTrapsWater
Insecticidal controls (organic pesticides)Microbial insecticides (Bt, Beauvaria bassiana, spinosad, nematodes)
Contain living organisms or toxic substances they produce
B t i l i ti id
Insect ManagementControl Tactics
Botanical insecticides (pyrethrums, azadirachtin)
Natural toxicants from plants
Horticultural oilsHighly refined, petroleum or plant-based
Insecticidal soapsDerived from the salts of fatty acids
Inorganic insecticides (kaolin clay, diatomaceous earth)
Elemental or carbon-free compounds
Lettuce
Hosts: lettuce (leaf, head, romaine, etc.)http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lettuce_from_lalbagh_2294.JPG
Joseph Berger, Bugwood.org
SlugsSeveral different speciesCosmetic damage to leaves and seedlingsThrive in moist conditions wherever living or
http://gardening.sheknows.com/2011/02/04/slugs-and-snails/wherever living or recently dead plant material is presentFeed mostly at nightWorse in wet years
http://www.trapman.co.uk/slug-and-snail-trap-slugx.htm
Slugs
Control Strategieshttp://www.ericamulherin.com/blog/2011/05/05/garden-check-in-slugs-wars/ Photo by: J. Dailey
Cultural control Avoid mulch, permanent ground covers, plant debris, weedsEncourage good air circulationEncourage natural enemies
Monitor for ragged holes in leaves and slime trailsMechanical/physical control
Handpicking – most effective at nightTraps – wood boards, beerBarriers – dry and sharp materials, copper
Iron phosphate baits, kaolin clay, or spray directly with vinegar
3
Natural Enemies
http://www.organicgarden.org.uk/gardening/pests-diseases/slugs-and-snailsor-many-gardeners/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Northern_Green_Frog_-_Tewksbury,_NJ.jpg#filelinks
Brassicas
Hosts: Brassica crops (cole crops, crucifers)- broccoli, Brussels spouts, cabbage, cauliflower, collards, kale,
kohlrabi, mustard, radish, turnip, many weed species, etc.
tinyfarmblog.com
Imported CabbagewormImported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae
Russ Ottens, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org
Imported Cabbageworm
Merle Shepard, Gerald R.Carner, and P.A.C Ooi,, Bugwood.org
David Cappaert, Michigan State University,
David Cappaert, Michigan State University,
Overwinter as pupae in plant debris; adults emerge and mate in spring; females lay eggs on leaves
Russ Ottens, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org
Larvae feed on leaves
Imported Cabbageworm
Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University,
Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University,
Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University,
Small holes enlarged until entire leaf is consumed
Larvae pupate attached to leaves or nearby objects
Imported Cabbageworm
http://www.ent.uga.edu/veg/colecrops/importedcab.htm
2 to 4+ generations per year
Merle Shepard, Gerald R.Carner, and P.A.C Ooi,, Bugwood.org
4
Floating Row Cover
http://www.gardenimperative.net/2010/04/cabbage-competition-part-4.html
http://growit.umd.edu/ImproveGarden/FloatingRowCover/FloatingRowCover.pdf
Control StrategiesCultural control
Fast-maturing cultivars sustain less damageCruciferous weed controlSanitation – Till or remove plant debris after each cropEncourage natural enemies
M it f hit d lt th fl i d h l i l
Imported cabbageworm
Monitor for white adult moths flying around, holes in leaves, green larvae on leaves, dark green fecal pelletsMechanical/physical control
Floating row covers to prevent egg layingHandpick larvae
PesticidesUse Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt aizawi or Bt kurstaki) for young larvaeSpinosad or azidarachtin (neem)
Natural Enemies
tbug
.com
/200
6/11
/09/
horn
et-c
aptu
res-
cate
rpill
ar/
http://extension.entm.purdue.edu/eseries3/view.php?article=articles/common_natural_enemies.txt&id=1§ion=Biological+Control
http://thailand.ipm-info.org/bt/Bt_Growers_guide.htm
http://sueisinthegarden.blogspot.com/2011/10/another-type-of-cabbage-worm-found.html
http
://w
ww
.wha
tsth
a
Solanaceous Crops
Hosts: Solanaceous crops- eggplants, peppers, potatoes, tomatoes, many weed species, etc.
http://ucbiotech.org/resources/presentations/new_talks/shakespear/shakespeare.html
Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata
Colorado Potato Beetle
David Cappaert, Michigan State University, David Cappaert, Michigan State University,
Colorado Potato Beetle
David Cappaert, Michigan State University,
Overwinter as adults in the soil; emerge in the spring and crawl to new hosts to eat, mate, lay eggs
Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University,
David Cappaert, Michigan State University,
5
Colorado Potato Beetle
Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org
David Cappaert, Michigan State University,
Voracious larvae (and adults) feed on leaves, twigs and fruit
Colorado Potato Beetle CPB can quickly defoliate a crop
http://tinyfarmblog.com/not-a-pretty-picture/ Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org
Prefer potatoes and eggplants but can also be a problem on tomatoes and peppers
Colorado Potato Beetle Larvae drop to the ground to pupate
Early emerging 1st generation adults produce 2nd generation; Late emerging 1st generation adults overwinter
Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org
Control StrategiesCultural control
Crop rotation / trap crop (eggplant, ‘Superior’ potato)Solanaceous weed controlSpring and fall tilling2”-3” layer of straw mulchE t l i
Colorado Potato Beetle
Encourage natural enemiesMonitor for yellow egg clusters on leaf undersides, and larvae and adults feeding on leavesMechanical/physical control
Handpick – oftenFloating row covers through spring
PesticidesUse Bt var. tenebrionis for young larvaeSpinosad or azidarachtin (neem)
Natural Enemies
native ground beetle Lebia grandishttp://www.ars.usda.gov/is/graphics/photos/oct09/d1518-1.htm
Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org
native ground beetle, Lebia grandis
Adult spotted pink lady beetle, Coleomegilla maculata
http
://w
ww
.ars
.usd
a.go
v/pa
ndp/
docs
.htm
?doc
id=1
9177
Natural Enemieshttp://www.fotosyntesi.com/img_view.php?imgid=MTUxMQ==&albid=MTg=&pn=4&alb=sec
ww
.fqrn
t.gou
v.qc
.ca/
med
ias/
bulle
tin/g
enia
l/2ia
l_20
.htm
eek/
arch
ive/
Bug
OfW
eek_
37E
.htm
l
Two-spotted stinkbug, Perillus bioculatus
Parasitoid wasp, Edovum puttleri
http://www.fotosyntesi.com/img_view.php?imgid=MTUxMg==&albid=MTg=&pn=4&alb=sec
http
://w
w00
8/ge
nht
tp://
ww
w.te
achi
ngga
rden
.org
/PTG
phot
os.h
tm
http
://w
ww
.bug
ofth
ewee
k.co
m/b
ow-
read
er.js
p?do
cum
ent_
nam
e=/w
t/bug
ofth
ewe
6
Hornworms
Tomato hornworm, Manduca
quinquemaculata
Jessica Lawrence, Eurofins Agroscience Services, Bugwood.org
Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org
Tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta
Hornworms
Photo by Mike Raupp
http://www.frogforum.nethttp://www.ces.ncsu.edu/chatham/ag/SustAg/underworldtomatoleaf.html
Overwinter as pupae in the soil; adults emerge in spring; females lay eggs singly on leaves
http://entomology.unl.edu/k12/caterpillars/hornworm/hornwormpage.html
Hornworms
Robert M. McPherson, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org
Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org
Voracious larvae feed on leaves, stems and fruitPhoto courtesy of T.A. Zitter, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
du/k
12/c
ater
pilla
rs/h
ornw
orm
/hor
Hornworms
By John Himmelman
http
://en
tom
olog
y.un
l.ed
nwor
mpa
ge.h
tml
Gardengrapvine.com
Mature larvae drop to the ground to pupate in the soil; 1 to 2 generations per year
Natural Enemies
Robert L. Anderson, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
Sturgis McKeever, Georgia Southern University, Bugwood.org
Photo by Sabrina Tirpak
Natural Enemies
Russ Ottens, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org
7
ts/T
richo
gram
ma%
20em
bryo
phag
um.h
tm
http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/chatham/ag/SustAg/underworldtomatoleaf.html
Natural Enemies
http
://w
ww
.nba
ii.re
s.in
/Intro
duct
ions
/Inse
http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/chatham/ag/SustAg/underworldtomatoleaf.html
p g g
Trichogramma spp. wasps
Control StrategiesCultural control
Spring and fall tillingEncourage natural enemies
Monitor for light feeding on plant tops, later entire leaves and
Hornworms
g g p p ,stems eaten, dark BB-sized frass pellets, green larvaeMechanical/physical control
HandpickLeave parasitized larvae on plants
Pesticides – (rarely warranted)Use Bt var. kurstaki for young larvaeSpinosad or azidarachtin (neem)
Cucurbits
Hosts: Cucurbit crops- cucumbers, summer & winter squash, melons, pumpkins, gourds, etc.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/5098/Cucurbits
Squash vine borer, Melittia cucurbitae
Squash Vine Borer
Photo byTodd Ratermann
Photo by Jeff Hahn
Squash Vine Borer
http://homeispossible.blogspot.com
opic
.
Overwinter as pupae in the soil; emerge as adults in the spring; females lay eggs on stems near base
Photo by Jeff Hahn
http://universitydisplaygardens.com/2010/06/30/squash-vine-borer/http
://w
ww
.hel
pful
gard
ener
.com
/php
BB
2/vi
ewto
php?
t=25
51
Squash Vine Borer
ts_a
nim
als/
artic
le.p
htm
l?ca
t=21
&id
=428
Larvae bore within the stem and push out frass
http://my.gardenguides.com/forums/topic/51614
http
://w
ww
.wal
terre
eves
.com
/inse
ct
8
Squash Vine Borer
Infested plants wilt and eventually die; Prefers summer & winter squashes, pumpkin
Squash Vine Borer
“You know you’re a gardening nerd when . . .
…you do surgery for borers.”
http://universitydisplaygardens.com/2010/07/29/squash-vine-borer-update/http://bonnieplants.com/library/surgery-for-squash-vine-borers/
Control StrategiesCultural control
Butternut squash, cucumbers, and melons are resistantLater plantingRemove and destroy infested plantsSpring and fall tillingE t l i
Squash Vine Borer
Encourage natural enemiesMonitor for flying red/black adults, flat brown eggs laid singly on stems, frass pushed out of stems, wilting plantsMechanical/physical control
Vine surgeryFloating row covers until flowering
PesticidesBt, spinosad, azidarachtin (neem), kaolin clay sprayed or dusted on the stem bases before egg laying
General Pests
Hosts: Just about everything in the garden!
Crucifer Flea Beetle
Photo by Jeff Hahn
Photo by Jeff Hahn
Photo by Jeff Hahn
vice
s, B
ugw
ood.
org
Eggplant Flea Beetle
David Cappaert, Michigan State University, Bugwood.org
Nat
asha
Wrig
ht, F
lorid
a D
epar
tmen
t of A
gric
ultu
re a
nd C
onsu
mer
Ser
v
9
Eggplant Flea Beetle
http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/gardens-gardening/your-garden/help-for-the-home-gardener/advice-tips-resources/pests-and-problems/insects/beetles/flea-beetle.aspx
Jeff Hahn, University of Minnesota
Potato Flea Beetle
Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org
Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org
Palestriped Flea Beetle
Control StrategiesCultural control
Clean up and remove garden debrisWeed controlSpring and fall tilling
Flea Beetles
Monitor for small, shot holes in leavesMechanical/physical control
Floating row covers until floweringPesticides
Spinosad, azidarachtin (neem), pyrethrum, kaolin clay
plant-pest-advisory.rutgers.edu
Sabrina TirpakPrincipal Laboratory TechnicianPlant Diagnostic Laboratory
www.njaes.rutgers.edu/servicesPhoto: Sabrina Tirpak, NJAES
Questions?