Common Biological Laboratory Common Biological Laboratory Animals and equipmentAnimals and equipment

Prepared by Prepared by

Ms. BryantMs. Bryant

Laboratory OrganismsLaboratory Organisms

There are many living organisms used in There are many living organisms used in Biology. This powerpoint will help Biology. This powerpoint will help familiarize you with most of them.familiarize you with most of them.

VirusesViruses The most common viruses used in Biology are The most common viruses used in Biology are

bacteriophages – viruses which attack only bacteriophages – viruses which attack only bacteria.bacteria. Viruses cannot "live" or reproduce Viruses cannot "live" or reproduce without getting inside some living cell, whether it's without getting inside some living cell, whether it's a plant, animal, or bacteria. Viruses are a plant, animal, or bacteria. Viruses are very very small small compared to bacteria. compared to bacteria.

ProkaryotesProkaryotes

Prokaryotes are single-Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms that are celled organisms that are the earliest and most the earliest and most primitive forms of life on primitive forms of life on earth.earth. Bacteria are the Bacteria are the prokaryotes usually used prokaryotes usually used in Biology.in Biology.

Escherichia coli

((E. coliE. coli) (these bacteria live ) (these bacteria live in our bodies)in our bodies)

ProkaryotesProkaryotes

There are many helpful There are many helpful bacteria. bacteria.

Bacteria can: Bacteria can: convert atmospheric convert atmospheric

nitrogen to forms that to forms that plants can useplants can use

recycle nutrients recycle nutrients produce yogurtproduce yogurt treat sewagetreat sewage provide medical drugs.provide medical drugs.

ProkaryotesProkaryotes

Some bacteria are Some bacteria are harmful.harmful.

Bacteria can:Bacteria can: Cause human diseases Cause human diseases

such as such as SalmonellaSalmonella (food (food poisoning) and poisoning) and tuberculosis (TB).tuberculosis (TB).

Cause animal and plant Cause animal and plant diseases such as anthrax diseases such as anthrax and blights. and blights.

Simple organismsSimple organisms Lichen are a mutualistic relationship Lichen are a mutualistic relationship

between algae and fungi. A mutualistic between algae and fungi. A mutualistic relationship is helpful to both organisms.relationship is helpful to both organisms.

AlgaeAlgae Algae are simple plants; many are single Algae are simple plants; many are single

cells. They are photosynthetic and make cells. They are photosynthetic and make their own food. Plankton and kelp their own food. Plankton and kelp (seaweed) are examples of algae.(seaweed) are examples of algae.

FungiFungi Fungi (a fungus) is member of a large group Fungi (a fungus) is member of a large group

of of eukaryotic organisms that includes organisms that includes microorganisms such as microorganisms such as yeasts and and molds as as well as the more familiar well as the more familiar mushrooms. .

more fungimore fungi

The fungus The fungus Neurospora crassa , is , is used in in genetics studies. used in in genetics studies.

more fungimore fungi The yeast The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiaeSaccharomyces cerevisiae , is the , is the

microscopic yeast we are most familiar microscopic yeast we are most familiar with. It is the yeast used to make bread, with. It is the yeast used to make bread, beer and wine.beer and wine.

PlantsPlants The common pea The common pea Pisum sativumPisum sativum , has been used in , has been used in

studying genetics. They are also fun to eat.studying genetics. They are also fun to eat.

DaphniaDaphnia

Daphnia are Daphnia are sometimes called sometimes called water fleas because water fleas because they jump around they jump around in the water. They in the water. They are small but you are small but you can just see them can just see them with your eyes. with your eyes. They are used in They are used in experments. experments.

DrosophilaDrosophila

DrosophilaDrosophila or the or the common fruit fly are common fruit fly are often used in often used in genetics genetics experiments. They experiments. They are small, breed very are small, breed very quickly and are easy quickly and are easy to handle. You need a to handle. You need a dissecting dissecting microscope to see microscope to see any details on the any details on the fruit fly. fruit fly.

FrogsFrogs

This is the common This is the common grass frog or grass frog or leopard frog. While leopard frog. While it is cute; we it is cute; we usually only see usually only see preserved frogs and preserved frogs and use them for use them for dissection. They dissection. They have very similar have very similar body parts to body parts to humans (really!!)humans (really!!)

Mus musculusMus musculus or common or common mousemouse

The common lab The common lab mouse is the most mouse is the most common type of lab common type of lab animal. They are animal. They are commonly used in commonly used in research projects to research projects to test medications test medications and are easy to and are easy to handle and handle and reproduce quickly. reproduce quickly.

Mus musculusMus musculus

Lab mice are Lab mice are mammals and are mammals and are very similar to very similar to humans so are humans so are useful in useful in dissections and lab dissections and lab trials of new trials of new medications. medications.

Rattus norvegicusRattus norvegicus

The common lab rat The common lab rat can be either can be either Rattus norvegicusRattus norvegicus or or Rattus rattus Rattus rattus depending on the depending on the color. These color. These versatile versatile mammals are also mammals are also very useful as very useful as research subjects. research subjects.

Common Biology Common Biology apparatus, tools and apparatus, tools and

instruments instruments Prepared by Ms. BryantPrepared by Ms. Bryant

MicroscopesMicroscopes

There are two types There are two types of microscopes of microscopes commonly used in commonly used in Biology. This is a Biology. This is a dissecting dissecting microscopemicroscope. It is . It is used for whole used for whole larger specimens larger specimens such as flies or such as flies or plants. plants.

MicroscopesMicroscopes

The other type of The other type of microscope is used microscope is used to magnify very to magnify very small items like small items like cells, tissues or cells, tissues or bacteria. bacteria.

Magnifying glassMagnifying glass

When specimens When specimens do not need to be do not need to be magnified very magnified very much; you may much; you may use a magnifying use a magnifying glass. glass.

IncubatorIncubator

Incubators are Incubators are used to keep used to keep specimens at the specimens at the same temperature. same temperature. It helps them stay It helps them stay alive and grow. alive and grow.

BacteriaBacteria

A specimen which A specimen which may need to stay may need to stay in an incubator are in an incubator are bacteria cultures. bacteria cultures. These bacteria are These bacteria are being grown in test being grown in test tubes. tubes.

Bacteria Bacteria

These are bacteria These are bacteria being grown in being grown in petri plates. These petri plates. These are plastic (or are plastic (or glass) plates which glass) plates which fit together closed. fit together closed.

Safety EquipmentSafety Equipment

Safety equipment Safety equipment may be necessary may be necessary for some labs. This for some labs. This student is wearing student is wearing safety goggles and safety goggles and an apron. an apron.

Ring standRing stand

Lab equipment Lab equipment may need to be may need to be held for heating or held for heating or observations. This observations. This is a ring stand with is a ring stand with two rings. Rings two rings. Rings can hold flasks or can hold flasks or beakers. beakers.

TerrariumTerrarium

A terrarium is used A terrarium is used to grow plants in a to grow plants in a controlled controlled environment. environment.

VivariumVivarium

A vivarium is a A vivarium is a terrarium (with terrarium (with plants) that is also plants) that is also used as a used as a controlled habitat controlled habitat for an animal or for an animal or two. two.

AquariumAquarium

An aquarium is a An aquarium is a tank filled with tank filled with water and fish and water and fish and plants. Some plants. Some aquariums are aquariums are freshwater and freshwater and others are salt others are salt water (marine) water (marine) tanks. tanks.

DissectionDissection

This is a dissecting This is a dissecting tray. It is used to tray. It is used to hold specimens as hold specimens as they are being they are being dissected.dissected.

DissectionDissection

Tools are need to Tools are need to dissect. We do not dissect. We do not touch the touch the specimens with specimens with our hands. Here our hands. Here are a scalpel, are a scalpel, tweezers, scissors, tweezers, scissors, an eye dropper an eye dropper and a ruler. and a ruler.

ThermometersThermometers

ThermometersThermometers

Thermometers are Thermometers are used to measure used to measure the temperature. the temperature. Temperature is a Temperature is a measure of the measure of the average kinetic average kinetic energy of a energy of a substance.substance.

pH meterpH meter A pH meter is used A pH meter is used

to measure pH. pH to measure pH. pH measures the measures the amount of H+ ions amount of H+ ions in a solution and is in a solution and is a measure of how a measure of how acidic a solution is. acidic a solution is.

Acid pH is from 0 Acid pH is from 0 to 6; 7 is neutral to 6; 7 is neutral and alkaline (basic) and alkaline (basic) is from 8 to 14. is from 8 to 14.

pH meterpH meter

pHpH

pH can also be pH can also be measured with pH measured with pH paper. The color of paper. The color of the paper shows the paper shows the pH level.the pH level.

pHpH

pH can also be pH can also be shown with litmus shown with litmus paper.paper.

Red litmus paper Red litmus paper turns turns blueblue in bases in bases while blue litmus while blue litmus paper turns paper turns redred in in acids. It does not acids. It does not show the exact pH. show the exact pH.

pHpH

pH can also be pH can also be measured with measured with portable electronic portable electronic probes. probes.

FiltrationFiltration Solids and Solids and

liquids can be liquids can be separated from separated from each other by each other by using filtration.using filtration.

A filter paper is A filter paper is placed into a placed into a funnel and the funnel and the liquid passes liquid passes through the filter through the filter paper and the paper and the solid remains in solid remains in the paper.the paper.

Hot plateHot plate

An electronic An electronic hot plate can hot plate can be used to be used to heat heat substances. substances.

Bunsen burnerBunsen burner

A Bunsen burner A Bunsen burner can burn gas to can burn gas to heat substances heat substances in class. It has a in class. It has a very hot blue very hot blue flame. flame.

BalanceBalance

A balance is A balance is used to used to measure mass measure mass in the metric in the metric system. This is system. This is a single pan a single pan balance. balance.

Electronic balanceElectronic balance

An electronic An electronic balance can balance can also be used to also be used to measure mass measure mass in the lab. in the lab.

Graduated cylindersGraduated cylinders

Graduated cylinders Graduated cylinders are used to are used to measure volume in measure volume in biology lab. They biology lab. They can be extremely can be extremely accurate. accurate. Remember to read Remember to read the level of the the level of the liquid at the liquid at the meniscus. meniscus.

Erlenmeyer flasksErlenmeyer flasks

Erlenmeyer flasks Erlenmeyer flasks are used to are used to transport liquids transport liquids from one place to from one place to another. They are another. They are not accurate for not accurate for measuring volume. measuring volume. They can also be They can also be used to hold a used to hold a funnel. funnel.

BeakersBeakers Beakers are Beakers are

another type of another type of glassware found in glassware found in biology. Beakers biology. Beakers are used to are used to transfer liquids transfer liquids from one place to from one place to another. They are another. They are not accurate for not accurate for measuring volume. measuring volume.

TimerTimer

Timers are Timers are often used to often used to help you take help you take readings at readings at appropriate appropriate lengths of time.lengths of time.

Test tubesTest tubes

Glass test tubes in Glass test tubes in a wooden rack with a wooden rack with black rubber black rubber stoppers are useful stoppers are useful for holding liquids for holding liquids in biology lab. in biology lab.

Test tube brushes are used to clean and test Test tube brushes are used to clean and test

tube holders help handle hot test tubes.tube holders help handle hot test tubes.

Work citedWork citedCarolina Biological Carolina Biological http://www.carolina.com 1/22/12http://www.carolina.com 1/22/12Cells AliveCells Alivehttp://www.cellsalive.comhttp://www.cellsalive.com1/21/121/21/12New World Encyclopedia New World Encyclopedia

http://www.newworldencyclopedia.orghttp://www.newworldencyclopedia.org1/21/121/21/12Wikipedia; http://en.wikipedia.orgWikipedia; http://en.wikipedia.org1/21/121/21/12