COMMERCE 2BA3 ORGANIZATIONAL

BEHAVIOURClass 6

Influence, socialization, and cultureLeadership

Dr. Christa Wilkin

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Brain Teasers

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noon good

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Last Class

Team progress will depend on which stage team is in

Teams are not necessarily more effective than individuals

THIS CLASS Influence, Socialization, and Culture Leadership

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Agenda

Social influence in organizations Socialization Organizational culture Difference between leaders and

managers Theories of leadership

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CH 8: INFLUENCE, SOCIALIZATION, AND

CULTURE

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Social Influence in Organizations

In many social settings, and especially in groups, people are highly dependent on others.

This dependence sets the stage for influence to occur.

Two kinds of dependence are information dependence and effect dependence.

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Information Dependence

Reliance on others for information about how to think, feel, and act.

Information dependence gives others the opportunity to influence our thoughts, feelings, and actions via the signals they send to us E.g., How did I do in my presentation? Was

the test really hard? Am I overreacting?

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Effect Dependence

Reliance on others due to their capacity to provide rewards and punishment

The group frequently has a vested interest in how individual members think and act

Group members desire the approval of the group E.g., Wear cool clothes to fit in (reward) to

avoid name calling (punishment)

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Question

When you start a new job, how do you know what types of things are acceptable or not (e.g., attire, language, etc)?

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Organizational Socialization

Socialization is the process by which people learn the norms and roles that are necessary to function in a group or organization.

It is a learning process in which new members must acquire knowledge, change their attitudes, and perform new behaviours. E.g., show up early or late, what to wear,

how to greet people

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Dress Code Video Clip

To what extent should organizations be able to tell employees what to wear in the workplace?

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Person-Job and Person-Organization Fit

Person-job fit refers to the match between an employee’s knowledge, skills, and abilities and the requirements of a job.

Person-organization fit refers to the match between an employee’s personal values and the values of an organization.

P-J and P-O fit are strongly related to job attitudes and behaviours.

Question: What types of job attitudes and behaviours relate to misfit?

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Stages of Organizational Socialization

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Unrealistic Expectations

People entering organizations hold many expectations that are inaccurate and often unrealistically high.

When they enter an organization they experience a reality shock and their expectations are not met.

Unrealistic expectations are a result of occupational stereotypes, the media, and recruiters. E.g., Interviewed for a job and manager said

that job was awful

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Questions

As an employee, what do you expect from your organization?

What does your organization expect from you?

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Psychological Contract

Beliefs held by employees regarding the reciprocal obligations and promises between them and their organization.

Psychological contract breach is a common occurrence and can result in feelings of anger and betrayal that have a negative effect on employees’ work attitudes and behaviour.

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Methods of Socialization

Organizations differ in terms of who does the socializing, how it is done, and how much is done.

Many organizations make use of the following methods of socialization: Realistic job previews Employee orientation programs Socialization tactics Mentoring

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Realistic Job Previews

The provision of a balanced realistic picture of the positive and negative aspects of the job to job applicants.

Research shows that realistic job previews are effective in reducing unrealistic expectations and turnover and improving job performance. E.g., I’ve met with numerous students

interested in pursuing a PhD at Mac

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Employee Orientation Programs

Question: How many have participated in a formal employee orientation program?

Orientation programs are designed to introduce new employees to their job, the people they will be working with, and the organization.

Most orientation programs take place during the first week of entry and last one day to one week.

Orientation programs can have an immediate effect on learning and a lasting effect on the job attitudes and behaviours of new hires.

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Socialization Tactics

Collective vs. individual Formal vs. informal (on the job) Sequential vs. random Fixed vs. variable (timeframe) Serial (experienced, role models) vs. disjunctive Investiture (affirm identity) vs. divestiture (strip

self-confidence)

Depends on organization E.g., army vs. engineering consulting

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Mentoring

A mentor is an experienced or more senior person in the organization who gives a junior person special attention, such as giving advice and creating opportunities to assist him or her during the early stages of his or her career.

In order for mentors to be effective, they must perform two types of mentor functions: Career functions (coach, feedback) Psychosocial functions (role model, counselling)

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What Is Organizational Culture?

The shared beliefs, values, and assumptions that exist in an organization.

Culture provides uniqueness and social identity to organizations.

It represents a true “way of life” for organizational members.

It tends to be fairly stable over time.

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Diagnosing a Culture

Symbols Use symbols to reinforce cultural values

Rituals Rites, rituals, and ceremonies can convey

essence E.g., Wal-Mart cheer

Stories The folklore of organizations – stories about

past organizational events – is a common aspect of culture.

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Task

Form a group of 5 to 6 people Answer the question, “What is the

organizational culture at Mac?” Be prepared to report several shared

beliefs, values, and assumptions to the class

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Subcultures

An organization can have several cultures or what are known as subcultures.

Subcultures are smaller cultures that develop within a larger organizational culture that are based on differences in training, occupation, or departmental goals. E.g., could be a different culture across

faculties or across departments

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The “Strong Culture” Concept

An organizational culture with intense and pervasive beliefs, values, and assumptions.

A strong culture provides great consensus concerning “what the organization is about” or what it stands for. E.g., WestJet Airlines

Weak cultures are fragmented and have less impact on organizational members.

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Question

What are some advantages and disadvantages to a strong organizational culture?

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Strong Cultures

Coordination Facilitate communication and coordination.

Conflict Resolution Sharing core values can resolve conflicts

Financial Success Resistance to Change

Damage a firm’s ability to innovate. Culture clash

Strong cultures can mix badly when a merger or acquisition occurs

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Quiz Question

The hardware division and the software division had rather different beliefs, values, and assumptions. This illustrates the operation of

A) subcultures.B) ritual cultures.C) strong cultures.D) symbolic cultures.E) pathological cultures

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QUESTIONS?

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CH 9: LEADERSHIP

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Individual Task

Think back to the best OR worst leader (e.g., manager, coach, supervisor, etc.) that you have ever had.

Why were they so great OR so terrible? Write a paragraph about their behavior.

Be as specific as possible.

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What is Leadership?

The influence that particular individuals exert on the goal achievement of others in an organizational context.

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Leaders versus Managers

The role of the leader and the role of the manager are not the same.

Question: Is it possible to be a manager yet not have influence? Is it possible to be a leader and not manage?

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Video Clip

The Office Clip Is Michael Scott a manager or leader? Is he an effective boss?

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Situational Theories of Leadership

The basic premise of situational theories of leadership is that the effectiveness of a leadership style is contingent on the setting

Two types Fiedler’s Contingency Theory House’s Path-Goal Theory

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Fiedler’s Contingency Theory

Association between leadership orientation and group effectiveness is contingent on the extent to which situation is favourable for exerting influence

Leadership orientation: task and relationship oriented E.g., leaders who just want to work or want to chat

Situational Favourableness Good or poor leader-member relations Structured or unstructured task Strong or weak position power

Recent reviews concluded no reasonable support

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House’s Path-Goal Theory

Unlike Fiedler’s Contingency Theory, Path-Goal Theory is concerned with leader behaviours

Different types of employees need or prefer different forms of leadership E.g., Employees who prefer to be told what do do

respond best to directive leadership The effectiveness of leadership behaviour

depends on the particular work environment or task

Leaders might have to tailor their behaviour to the needs, abilities, and personalities of individual employees

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Participative Leadership

Participative leadership means involving employees in making work-related decisions.

Leaders can vary in the extent to which they involve employees in decision making.

Minimally, participation involves obtaining employee opinions before making a decision.

Maximally, it allows employees to make their own decisions.

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Question

What are some advantages and disadvantages to participative leadership?

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Participative Leadership

Motivation Quality of decisions Acceptance

Time and Energy Loss of Power and influence Lack of Receptivity

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Does Participation Work?

There is substantial evidence that employees who have the opportunity to participate in work-related decisions report more job satisfaction than those who do not.

For participation to be translated into higher productivity, certain facilitating conditions must exist. Employees feel favourably toward it. Employees are intelligent and knowledgeable about

the issue at hand. When the task is complex enough to make

participation useful.

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Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Theory

A theory of leadership that focuses on the quality of the relationship that develops between a leader and an employee.

High LMX involves a high degree of mutual influence and obligation as well as trust, loyalty, and respect between a leader and an employee.

Low LMX is characterized by low trust, respect, obligation, and mutual support.

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Transactional Leadership

The theories discussed so far tend to focus on a fairly straightforward exchange between the leader and the followers E.g., leader uses participatory style and

employee comes up with good ideas

But there is more to leadership than a simple transaction…

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Transformational Leadership

A leadership perspective that explains how leaders change teams or organizations by creating, communicating, and modeling a vision for the organization or work unit, and inspiring employees to strive for that vision Inspirational motivation Individualized consideration Intellectual stimulation Charisma

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Inspirational Motivation

Paints an optimistic future Thinks ahead to the future Provides meaning and challenge

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Individualized Consideration

Treat each follower as a unique individual Answer followers’ questions with minimal delay Show they are concerned for followers’ well-

being Assign tasks on the basis of individual needs

and abilities Encourage two-way exchanges of ideas Are available when needed Constantly encourage self-development in

followers

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Intellectual Stimulation

Encourages subordinates to think for themselves Answers questions with more questions, or

encourages their employees to contradict their boss in order to fully explore all relevant issues

Question assumptions, see things in new ways Encourages followers to use their intuition,

entertain ideas that may seem silly at first, create imaginative visions, ask followers to rework solutions they thought they had solved, and see unusual patterns

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Charisma (Idealized Influence)

Good role models whose values and behavior allow followers to learn by example

Sets an example for showing determination, displays extraordinary talents, takes risks, shows dedication to ‘the cause’, creates a sense of a joint mission, deals with crises, uses radical solutions

Probably most important component

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Quiz Question

Transformational leadership is to transactional leadership as

A) boss centred is to subordinate centred.B) low LPC is to high LPC.C) change is to exchange.D) charm is to charisma.E) intelligence is to emotional intelligence.

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Group Task

Form groups of 5 to 6 people. Discuss each of your leaders that you wrote about earlier.

What types of leadership behaviors did they demonstrate?

What were the outcomes/consequences of their behaviors? (e.g., how were the attitudes and behaviors of you and your peers affected?)

Be prepared to report back to the class

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QUESTIONS?

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Summary

There are different ways to socialize newcomers so that they have realistic expectations and learn organizational culture

Leading and managing are not one and the same thing

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For Next Class

Enjoy the long weekend! Study for the mid-term! Read chapter 10 on communication

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