COLLECTIVE SECURITY SYSTEM.docx

8/18/2019 COLLECTIVE SECURITY SYSTEM.docx

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PAPER COAD – 1.2

Submission To: - Submitted By:-

Prof. Ra ni !"ande#a$ A%&'T S(AR)A

*AC+,T O* PO,'T'CA, SC'E%CE '' SE) A/

RO,, %O. 10

POLITICAL

COLLECTIVE SECURITY


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CERTIFICATE

T"is to ertify t"at A%&'T S(AR)A student of B.A ,,.B of S.S 3ain Subod" ,a# Co$$e4e

3ai5ur "as om5$eted "is 5ro e t on CO,,ECT'6E SEC+R'T S STE) under t"e 4uidan e of Prof. Ra ni !"ande#a$ Assistant Professor of 5o$iti a$ s ien e Co$$e4e of ,a# S.S 3ain Subod",a# Co$$e4e.

T"is 5ro e t is an ori4ina$ inde5endent #or! to t"e best of my !no#$ed4e and "as not been 5ub$is"ed any#"ere and "as been 5ursued so$e$y for a ademi interest.

SIGNATURE OF TEACHER


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

T"is 5ro e t is in om5$ete #it"out t"an!in4 a fe# 5eo5$e #"o "a7e been my 5i$$ar of su55ortt"rou4"out t"is #or!. ' o#e my 4ratitude to a$$ t"ose 5eo5$e #"o "a7e made t"is 5ro e t

5ossib$e.

' ta!e t"is o55ortunity to e85ress our "umb$e 4ratitude and 5ersona$ re4ards to Prof. Ra ni

!"ande#a$ ins5irin4 me and 4uidin4 me durin4 t"e ourse of t"is 5ro e t #or! and a$so for "is

oo5eration and 4uidan e from time to time durin4 t"e ourse of t"is 5ro e t #or! on t"e to5i .

*ina$$y ' #ou$d $i!e to t"an! e7erybody #"o #as im5ortant to t"e su essfu$ om5$etion of my

dissertation as #e$$ as e85ressin4 my a5o$o4y t"at ' ou$d not mention e7eryone 5ersona$$y.

ANKIT SHARMA

SEM: - II


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INDEX

1. INTRODUCTION………………………………………..2. COLLECTIVE SECURIT : NATURE ! ESSENTIAL IMPICATIONS……..". #ASIC ASSUMPTION ! RE$UIREMENTS…………………..%. O#&ECTIVE RE$UIREMENTS……………………………..'. COLLECTIVE SECURIT UNDER LEAGUE OF NATIONS…………………(. GUARANTEES AGAINST AGGRESSION………………………………). ACTION IN CASE OF WAR OR THREAT OF WAR………………………..*. DISPUTES TO #E SU#MITTED FOR SETTLEMENT………………………+. AR#ITRATION OR &UDICIAL SETTLEMENT……………………………..1,. SANCTIONS OF PACIFIC SETTLEMENT…………………………………11. EFFORTS FOR COLLECTIVE SECURIT AFTER ESTA#LISHMENT OF THE

LEAGUE OF NATIONS………………………………………………….12. CAUSES OF THE FAILURE OF COLLECTIVE SECURIT # THE LEAGUE

OF NATIONS…………………………………………………….1". COLLECTIVE SECURIT UNDER THE UNITED NATIONS……………..1%. WORKING OF COLLECTIVE SECURIT UNDER THE UNITED

NATIONS………………………………………………………….1'. THE CHIFE DEFECTS OF THE COLLECTIVE SECURIT ……………….

COLLECTIVE SECURIT S STEM


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INTRODUCTION:

9"i$e o$$e ti7e se urity annot be se ured in an armed #or$d by uni$atera$ disarmament it is

bui$t on arms a$one. Com5etin4 5o#er a$$ian es may for a time deter armed onf$i t but o7er a

$on4er 5eriod t"ey tend to reate fears and anta4onism #"i " undermine se urity. Co$$e ti7e

se urity must be $in!ed #it" a re4ime of $a# #"i " as a minimum re uires states to sett$e t"eir

dis5utes by 5ea efu$ means and not resort to t"e use of for e #it"out first in7o!in4 5ro esses

5ro7ided by a re4ime of $a# to assist in t"e 5ea efu$ sett$ement of dis5utes.

'f t"e 5rob$em of #or$d 5ea e annot find its $astin4 so$ution in t"e system of ba$an e of 5o#er

as dis ussed in t"e 5re edin4 "a5ter anot"er and rat"er a more effe ti7e #ay it o$$e ti7e

se urity. 't is for t"is reason t"at t"e $eadin4 statesmen of #or$d not on$y $oo!ed #"it an8iety at

t"e fai$ure of t"e ;ba$an e of 5o#er system in t"e first #or$d #ar t"ey a$so $oo! into a ount t"e

effe ti7eness of an a$ternati7e me "anism in t"e form of o$$e ti7e se urity and in or5orated it

first in t"e o7enant of t"e $ea4ue nations framed in 1


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'n 7ery sim5$e terms t"e term ; o$$e ti7e se urity "as been defined as ?a ma "inery for oint

a tion in order to 5re7ent or ounter any atta ! a4ainst an estab$is"ed internationa$ order.@ T"at

is it im5$ies a o$$e ti7e a tion of many 5ea e-$o7in4 states to "e ! an a t of a44ression t"at

mi4"t be ome a sour e of mena e to a$$. T"us it su44ests t"e ? on ern of a$$ nations #"i " #i$$

ta!e are o$$e ti7e$y of t"e se urity of ea " of t"em as t"ou4" t"eir o#n o$$e ti7e se urity #ere

at sta!e.@'n order #ords a o$$e ti7e a tion of t"e 5ea e-$o7in4 states for t"e 5re7ention of #ar

amountin4 to t"e maintenan e of internationa$ 5ea e is !no#n by t"e name of ; o$$e ti7e

se urity . ?'n essen e o$$e ti7e se urity is an arran4ement amon4 states in #"i " a$$ 5romise in

t"e e7ent any member of t"e system en4a4es in ertain 5ro"ibited a ts a4ainst anot"er member

to ome to t"e $atter s assistan e. 't may in addition aim to 5re7ent or 5unis" atta !s by non-

members on one anot"er members on non-members and non-members on one of its o#n

members.@

'f so t"e term ; o$$e ti7e se urity "as some im5ortant im5$i ations t"at may be enumerated as

under:

1. T"e ro ! bottom 5rin i5$e u5on #"i " o$$e ti7e se urity is founded 5ro7ides t"at an atta ! on

any state #i$$ be re4arded as an atta ! on a$$ states. 't finds its measure in t"e sim5$e do trine of

one for a$$ and a$$ for one .2. 't s"ou$d be ob7ious t"at resorts to t"e ourses of eit"er ;se$f-"e$5 or neutra$ity are t"e anti-

t"eses of t"e arran4ement of o$$e ti7e se urity. T"e states ta!in4 to t"e #ay of neutra$ity are

im5artia$ #"en a onf$i t brea!s out t"ey may 4i7e b$essin4s to t"e ombatants to fi4"t it out or

t"ey may defer t"eir ud4ments re4ardin4 t"e usti e or in usti e of t"e ause in7o$7ed. Simi$ar$y

t"e re ourse to ;se$f-"e$5 as o urred in t"e 5re-9ar 5eriod stands a4ainst t"e 5rin i5$e of

o$$e ti7e se urity. T"e 5ea e-$o7in4 states are e85e ted to abandon t"e #ays of neutra$ity and

se$f-"e$5 in 7ie# of t"e fa t t"at in a more inte4ra$ #or$d en7ironment a onf$i t o urrin4

any#"ere "as its definite effon t"e onditions of 5ea e e7ery#"ere. A disturban e at one 5oint

u5sets t"e e ui$ibrium at a$$ ot"er 5oints and t"e ad ustment of a sin4$e onf$i t restores t"efoundations of "armony at ot"er 5oints t"rou4"out t"e #or$d.

. T"rou4" t"e a tion of 5o$i e or ;fire bri4ades on a #or$d s a$e t"e o$$e ti7e se urity "as as its

4oa$ t#o om5arab$e ob e ti7es. 't #ou$d 5re7ent #ar by 5ro7idin4 a deterrent to a44ression. 't

#ou$d defend t"e interests of t"e 5ea e-$o7in4 states in #ar if it ame by on entratin4 a

5re5onderan e of 5o#er a4ainst t"e a44ressor. 'f #ar omes t"e se urity system by 5oo$in4


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resour es defends its interests a4ainst any nation #"i " t"reatens to undermine it by s#a$$o#in4

u5 one of its members. Besides su44estin4 t"e in"erent "ara teristi s of t"e t"eory of o$$e ti7e

se urity T"om5son a$so te$$s us about its basi assum5tions and re uirements.

#58 / 58839 0 o68 567 r ;3 r 9 608 :

1. Co$$e ti7e enfor ement assumes a status uo or a situation of 5ea e about #"i e t"e nations

#it" 5redominant stren4t" a4ree. 'n 5ra ti a$ terms t"e 5ea e #"i " a o$$e ti7e system must

defend is t"e territoria$ status uo e8istin4 at t"e time t"e system is brou4"t into bein4. T"ere is

not"in4 in 5ast e85erien e to indi ate t"at a$$ nations or e7en a ombination suffi ient$y

5o#erfu$ to defy t"e rest #i$$ a4ree on t"e meanin4 of a 5arti u$ar status uo. *o$$o#in4 e7ery

#ar t"e defe ted 5o#ers #"o fee$ t"at t"ey "a7e suffered most by t"e term of 5ea e ome to

o55ose t"e estab$is"ed status uo. 'n t"e aftermat" of #or$d #ar '' "o#e7er t"e uestion of satisfa tion or dissatisfa tion #it" t"e status uo "as $ar4e$y been su5erseded by an ear$ier and

5rior uestion.2. Co$$e ti7e se urity demands t"at nations subs ribin4 to t"e status uo s"oui$ be #i$in4 and be

ab$e at a$$ times to muster o7er#"e$min4 stren4t" for o$$e ti7e defenses at su essi7e 5oints of

inf$i t. 'n t"eory t"e su55orters of t"e status uo mi4"t be a5ab$e in 5arti u$ar emer4en ies of

mobi$i in4 effe ti7e and de isi7e 5o#er a4ainst t"e sin4$e a44ressor #"o sou4"t to defy t"em.

Or by 5oo$in4 t"e resour es of a$$ t"e nations in a 5ermanent$y or4ani ed internationa$ for e

o$$e ti7e enfor ement ou$d be made automati instantaneous and 5re5onderant. T"e former

ondition "o#e7er is 5ra ti a$$y im5ossib$e of fu$fi$$ment inasmu " as t"e t"reat to t"e status

uo omes "istori a$$y from more t"an one dissatisfied 5o#er or a44ressor. T"e se ond ondition

#ou$d a$$ for t"e un5re edented 5ra ti e of internationa$ ontin4ents o5eratin4 under an

internationa$ a4en y em5o#ered to de ide on $usi7e$y #"en and "o# t"ey s"ou$d be used.. 't is essentia$ for o$$e ti7e se urity in a #or$d of une ua$ 5o#ers t"at at $east t"e ma or 5o#ers

en oy a minimum of 5o$iti a$ so$idarity and mora$ ommunity.'t a$$ boi$s do#n to t"is 5oint t"at t"e basi 5ur5ose of o$$e ti7e se urity is to 5re7ent t"e 4ro#t"

of a formidab$e onf$i t or fai$in4 t"at to 5rote t t"e intended 7i tim by means of o$$e ti7e

a tion of t"e 5ea e-$o7in4 members of t"e internationa$ ommunity. T"e essen e of t"e #"o$e

idea is ? a mutua$ insuran e ontra t amon4 t"e states. Ea " state underta!es to 4uarantee t"e

se urity of a$$ t"e ot"ers and for t"is 5remium 5resumab$y re ei7es o7era4e for its may say t"at

su " an attem5t of t"e 5ea e-$o7in4 states amounts to a #ar a4ainst t"e a44ressor but t"e orre t


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inter5retation is t"at it is a #ar a4ainst an a44ressor so as to restore t"e onditions of 5ea e. As

su " it is not a #ar in t"e stri t sense of t"e term it may be des ribed as ;5o$i e a tion ?T"e

tem5tation or yie$din4 to tem5tation to em5$oy for e as an instrument of nationa$ 5o$i y #i$$ be

deterred or frustrated by t"e o7er#"e$min4 5o#er of t"e ;5ea e-$o7in4 members a tin4 on

be"a$f of t"e se urity ommunity to 5rote t t"e inno ent. T"at is not #ar but 5o$i e a tion

simi$ar to $a# enfor ement #it"in an order$y domesti so iety.@1. A$$ states s"ou$d be$ie7e and 5ra ti e ;indi7isibi$ity of 5ea e #"i " means t"at #ar any#"ere in

t"e #or$d is a dan4er to 5ea e.2. T"e states must be 4uided by ;t"e idea of #or$d ommunity.

. States must renoun e #ar as an instrument of nationa$ 5o$i y but s"ou$d be 5re5ared to #a4e

#ar for t"e fu$fi$$ment of internationa$ ob$i4ation=. States must be #i$$in4 to sa rifi e t"eir freedom of a tion.>. *or e s"ou$d be used under internationa$ aut"ority.

O L 5?3 of N50 o68T"e do trine of o$$e ti7e se urity #as 4i7en $e4a$ basis by t"e Co7enant of t"e ,ea4ue of

%ations #"i " im5osed an ob$i4ation on t"e members to refrain from a tion #"i " t"reatened

internationa$ 5ea e and se urity as #e$$ as a e5t t"e om5eten e of internationa$ aut"ority to

ta!e on erned ounter measures. T"e 5ro7isions of o$$e ti7e se urity in t"e Co7enants of

,ea4ue of %ations are as fo$$o#s:

Co /0 S /3r 04 D 80 6?3 8> 7 @ 0> S480 9 of A 56/ 8 567 #5 56/ of

Po@ r

T"e idea of o$$e ti7e se urity stands on t"e assum5tion t"at any a t amountin4 to t"e

disturban e of internationa$ 5ea e by a state on a ount of resortin4 to t"e ourse of 7io$en e for

t"e a$$e4ed 5rote tion of its ri4"ts or $aims or for any 5$ea #"atsoe7er s"ou$d be treated as an


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offen e a4ainst t"e #or$d ommunity and t"us a$$ s"ou$d be e ua$$y interested in and ommitted

to 5ena$isin4 t"e offender. 'n t"e i7i$i ed internationa$ so iety it is not e85e ted of t"e states to

re$y on t"eir o#n 5"ysi a$ 5o#er so as to enfor e t"eir ri4"ts or to 5rote t t"eir ri4"tfu$ $aims. 'n

fa t t"e use of 5ri7ate for e for t"e enfor ement of one s $aims is treated as somet"in4 #"i " is

in itse$f a serious rime a4ainst t"e ommunity as it stri!es at t"e root of i7i$i ed $ife. ?T"e

disturban e of 5ub$i 5ea e by resort to 5ri7ate for e #"ate7er t"e ri4"ts and #ron4s of a

5arti u$ar dis5ute may be is an offen e a4ainst t"e ommunity.@ *or t"is 7ery sa!e t"e 5rin i5$e

of o$$e ti7e se urity "as been de ised t"at in 7ery $ear terms ?im5$ies ommitments to resist

a44ression on t"e 5art of a$$ states re4ard$ess of #"et"er t"eir immediate nationa$ interests are

affe ted. +n$ess t"e a44ressor is fa ed #it" t"e united o55osition of t"e #"o$e ommunity of

nations "e #i$$ not be deterred from a44ression nor an "is a44ression be sto55ed.@

T"e im5$ementation of t"e 5rin i5$e of o$$e ti7e se urity may assume different forms !ee5in4

#"i " in 7ie# some t"eories "a7e been formu$ated as under.

1 T"e idea$ t"eory of o$$e ti7e se urity Gas 4i7en by Om4ans!iH rests on fi7e assum5tions. *irst

in any armed onf$i t a$$ nations #i$$ a4ree on #"i " ombatant is t"e a44ressor. T"us ra5id and

united a tion #i$$ fo$$o# a4ainst t"e a44ressor. Se ond a$$ nations are e ua$$y interested in a

to55in4 a44ression from #"ate7er sour e it omes. T"ird a$$ nations are e ua$$y free and ab$e to

oin in a tion a4ainst t"e a44ressor. *ourt" ombined 5o#er of o$$e ti7ity i.e. of a$$ t"e 5ea e-

$o7in4 states of t"e #or$d s"ou$d be mobi$i ed a4ainst t"e a44ressor. ,ast an o7er#"e$min4

5o#er s"ou$d stand ready to be used a4ainst t"e a44ressor.

2 T"e di5$omati t"eory of o$$e ti7e se urity defines t"e norms 5ro edures and aims in terms of

t"e onsensus amon4 t"e ountries. Co$$e ti7e se urity is t"us a united on ert of t"e ma or

5o#ers. )odern attem5ts to dea$ #it" t"e 5rob$ems of #ar by means of o$$e ti7e se urity

re5resent an a$$ian e u5on t"e 5rin i5$e of onsensus in internationa$ re$ations. T"is 5rin i5$e

may be defined as re o4nition t"at onf$i t amon4 t"e members of a 4rou5 affe ts t"e entire4rou5 and t"at a uni$atera$ resort to 7io$en e a4ainst any member onstitutes an offen e a4ainst

a$$ members. 't in7o$7es t"e idea of or4ani ation to 5reser7e 5ea e.


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T"e o5erationa$ t"eory of o$$e ti7e se urity si4nifies t"e Ore$ of t"e bar4ainin4 5ro ess

in7o$7in4 ot"er issues as #e$$ in t"is im5ortant tas!. 't $ays em5"asis on internationa$ distribution

of 5o#er and on7er4en e of #ide$y onf$i tin4 5ri7ate interests.

Co /0 8 /3r 04 367 r 0> L 5?3 of N50 o68

T"e do trine of o$$e ti7e se urity #as 4i7en $e4a$ basis by t"e Co7enant of t"e ,ea4ue of

%ations #"i " im5osed an ob$i4ation on t"e members to refrain from a tion #"i " t"reatened

internationa$ 5ea e and se urity as #e$$ as a e5t t"e om5eten e of internationa$ aut"ority to

ta!e on erned ounter measures. T"e 5ro7isions of o$$e ti7e se urity in t"e o7enants of

$ea4ue of nation are as fo$$o#:

Iuarantees a4ainst a44ression:

T"e member of $ea4ue underta!e to res5e t and 5reser7e as a4ainst e8terna$ a44ression t"e

territoria$ inte4rity and e8istin4 5o$iti a$ inde5endent of a$$ member of t"e $ea4ue. 'n ase of any

su " a44ression or in ase of any t"reat or dan4er of su " a44ression t"e oun i$ s"a$$ ad7ise

u5on t"e means by #"i " t"is ob$i4ation s"a$$ be fu$fi$$ed.

A tion in ase of #ar or t"reat of #ar:

1/ Any #ar of t"reat of #ar #"et"er immediate$y affe tin4 any of t"e members of t"e $ea4ue or not is "ereby de $ared a matter of on ern to t"e #"o$e $ea4ue and t"e $ea4ue s"a$$ ta!e any

a tion t"at may be deemed #ise and effe tua$ to safe4uard t"e 5ea e of nation. 'n ase any su "

emer4en y s"ou$d arise t"e se retary-4enera$ s"a$$ on t"e re uest of any member of t"e $ea4ue

fort"#it" summon a meetin4 of t"e oun i$.2/ 't is a$so de $ared to be t"e friend$y ri4"t of ea " )ember of t"e ,ea4ue to brin4 to t"e attention

of t"e Assemb$y or of t"e Coun i$ any ir umstan e #"ate7er affe tin4 internationa$ 5ea e or

re$ation #"i " t"reatens to disturb internationa$ 5ea e or t"e 4ood understandin4 bet#een nations

u5on #"i " 5ea e de5ends.

D 8 30 8 0o < 83


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5ersona$ inter ourse bet#een t"e nationa$s of t"e Co7enant-brea!in4 State and t"e nationa$s of

any ot"er State #"et"er a )ember of t"e ,ea4ue or not.2. 't s"a$$ be t"e duty of t"e Coun i$ in su " ase to re ommend to t"e se7era$ Io7ernments

on erned #"at effe ti7e mi$itary na7a$ or air for e t"e )embers of t"e ,ea4ue s"a$$ se7era$$y

ontribute to t"e armed for es to be used to 5rote t t"e Co7enants of t"e ,ea4ue.. T"e )embers of t"e ,ea4ue a4ree furt"er t"at t"ey #i$$ mutua$$y su55ort one anot"er in t"e

finan ia$ and e onomi measures #"i " are ta!en under t"is Arti $e in order to minimi e t"e

$oss and in on7enien e resu$tin4 from t"e abo7e measures and t"at t"ey #i$$ mutua$$y su55ort

one anot"er in resistin4 any s5e ia$ measures aimed at one of t"eir members by t"e Co7enant-

brea!in4 state and t"at t"ey #i$$ ta!e t"e ne essary ste5s to afford 5assa4e t"rou4" t"eir territory

to t"e for es of any of t"e )embers of t"e ,ea4ue #"i " are oo5eratin4 to 5rote t t"e

Co7enants of t"e ,ea4ue.=. Any member of $ea4ue #"i " "as 7io$ated any on7ent of t"e $ea4ue may be de $ared to be no

$on4er a member of t"e $ea4ue by a 7ote of t"e oun i$ on urred in by t"e re5resentati7e 5f a$$

t"e ot"er t"e member of t"e $ea4ue re5resented t"ereon. T"e ob$i4ations of t"e $ea4ue #ere a$so to a55$y to non-member. 'n ase a

non-member did not a e5t t"e 5ro edure for 5ea efu$ sett$ement $aid do#n by o7enant t"e

oun i$ ou$d ta!e su " measures and ma!e su " re ommendations #"i " 5re7ented "osti$ities

and resu$ted in sett$ement of dis5utes. T"us t"e o7enant of t"e $ea4ue #as a 5ioneer mo7e in

t"e dire tion of e7o$7in4 t"e 5rin i5a$ of o$$e ti7e se urity.

3a ob and At"erton 5ointed out t"e fo$$o#in4 t#o s"ort omin4s1. )embers of t"e $ea4ue stri t$y $imited t"e ir umstan es in #"i " t"ey #ou$d onsider for efu$

a tion by a state a 7io$ation of t"e on7ent and "en e un$a#fu$. T"is $ift $ar4e area of

5ermissib$e "osti$ity e8tendin4 to fu$$-s a$e #ar for #"i " t"e ,ea4ue of %ations "ad no

res5onsibi$ity.2. T"e $ea4ue $a !ed $ear $e4a$ aut"ority to underta!e enfor ement a tion unti$ an a t of #ar

7io$atin4 t"e o7enant "ad a tua$$y o urred.

Effor08 for /o /0 8 /3r 04 5f0 r 805< 8>9 60 of 0> L 5?3 of N50 o68:

After t"e estab$is"ment of t"e $ea4ue of nation fi7e ma or efforts #ere made for estab$is"ment of

t"e system of o$$e ti7e se urity.

1. T"e assemb$y of t"e $ea4ue a55ro7ed t"e treaty of mutua$ assistan e 1


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e85e ted to name t"e a44ressor #it"in four days of t"e outbrea! of "osti$ities. 't #as a$so to

indi ate t"e measures of finan ia$ or mi$itary assistan e to be 4i7en to t"e 7i tim of a44ression.2. A 4enera$ 5roto o$ of 1 f5 3r of /o /0 8 /3r 04 L 5?3 of N50 o68

A$t"ou4" t"e 5ro7isions of t"e $ea4ue re4ardin4 o$$e ti7e se urity #ere uite bo$d t"ey fai$ed in

a tua$ o5eration due to t"e fo$$o#in4 auses:

1. T"e $ea4ue fai$ed to ta!e any a tion a4ainst 'ta$y #"en s"e atta !ed Corfu in 1


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$o ation and t"e nature of t"e fa i$ities and assistan e to be 5ro7ided. T"e a4reement or

a4reement s"a$$ be ne4otiated as soon as 5ossib$e on t"e initiati7e of t"e Se urity Coun i$. T"ey

s"a$$ be on $uded bet#een t"e Se urity Coun i$ and )embers or bet#een t"e Se urity Coun i$

and 4rou5s of )embers and s"a$$ be sub e t to ratifi ation by t"e si4natory states in a ordan e

#it" t"eir res5e ti7e onstitutiona$ 5ro esses. Art.= /. 9"en t"e Se urity Coun i$ "as de ided to

use for e it s"a$$ before a$$in4 u5on a )ember not re5resented on it to 5ro7ide armed for es in

fu$fi$$ment of t"e ob$i4ations in7ite t"at )ember if t"e )ember so desires to 5arti i5ate in t"e

de isions of t"e Se urity Coun i$ on ernin4 t"e em5$oyment of ontin4ents of t"e )ember s

armed for es. Art. ==/. 'n order to enab$e t"e +.%. to ta!e ur4ent mi$itary measures )easures

)embers s"a$$ "o$d immediate$y a7ai$ab$e nationa$ air for e ontin4ents for ombined

internationa$ enfor ement a tion. T"e stren4t" and de4ree of readiness of t"ese ontin4ents and

5$ans for t"eir ombined a tion s"a$$ be determined #it"in t"e $imits $aid do#n in t"e s5e ia$a4reement or a4reements by t"e Se urity Coun i$ #it" t"e assistan e of t"e )i$itary Staff

Committee. Art.=>/. P$ans for t"e a55$i ation of armed for e s"a$$ be made by t"e Se urity

Coun i$ #it" t"e assistan e of t"e )i$itary Staff Committee. Art.= /. KT"ere s"a$$ be estab$is"ed a )i$itary Staff Committee to ad7ise and assist t"e Se urity Coun i$

on a$$ uestions re$atin4 to t"e Se urity Coun i$ on a$$ uestions re$atin4 to t"e Se urity Coun i$

on a$$ uestions re$atin4 to t"e Se urity Coun i$ s mi$itary re uirements for t"e maintenan e of

internationa$ 5ea e and se urity t"e em5$oyment and ommand of for es at its dis5osa$ t"e

re4u$ation of armaments and 5ossib$e disarmaments. T"e mi$itary Staff Committee s"a$$ onsist

of t"e C"ief of Staff of t"e 5ermanent )embers of t"e Se urity Coun i$ or t"eir re5resentati7es.

Any member of t"e +.%. not 5ermanent$y re5resented on t"e Committee s"a$$ be in7ited by t"e

Committee to be asso iated #it" it #"en t"e effi ient dis "ar4e of t"e ommittee s

res5onsibi$ities re uires t"e 5arti i5ation of t"at )ember in its #or!. T"e )i$itary Staff

Committee s"a$$ be res5onsib$e under t"e Se urity Coun i$ for t"e strate4i dire tion of any

armed for es 5$a ed at t"e dis5osa$ of t"e Se urity Coun i$. Luestions re$atin4 to t"e ommand

of su " for es s"a$$ be #or!ed out subse uent$y. T"e )i$itary Staff Committee #it" t"eaut"ori ation of t"e Se urity Coun i$ and after onsu$tation #it" a55ro5riate re4iona$ a4en ies

may estab$is" re4iona$ sub- ommittees. Art.=F/.'f 5re7enti7e or enfor ement measures a4ainst any State are ta!en by t"e Se urity Coun i$ any

ot"er state #"et"er a member of t"e +.%. or not #"i " finds itse$f onfronted #it" s5e ia$

e onomi 5rob$ems arisin4 from t"e arryin4 out of t"ose measures s"a$$ "a7e t"e ri4"t to


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onsu$t t"e Se urity Coun i$ #it" re4ard to a so$ution of t"ose 5rob$ems . Art >0 /. But 5robab$y

t"e most im5ortant 5ro7ision of t"e +.%. C"arter re4ardin4 Co$$e ti7e Se urity is its Arti $e >1

#"i " $ays do#n %ot"in4 in t"e 5resent C"arter s"a$$ im5air t"e in"erent ri4"t of indi7idua$ or

o$$e ti7e se$f-defense if an armed atta ! o urs a4ainst a )ember of t"e +.%. unti$ t"e Se urity

Coun i$ "as ta!en t"e measures ne essary to maintain internationa$ 5ea e and se urity. )easures

ta!en by )embers in t"e e8er ise of t"is ri4"t to se$f-defian e s"a$$ be immediate$y re5orted to

t"e Se urity Coun i$ and s"a$$ not in any #ay affe t t"e aut"ority and res5onsibi$ity of t"e

Se urity Coun i$ under t"e 5resent C"arter to ta!e at any time su " a tion as it deems ne essary

in order to maintain or restore internationa$ 5ea e and se urity.

Wor 6? of Co /0 S /3r 04 367 r 0> U6 0 7 N50 o68

'n 3u$y 10 t"e Se urity Coun i$ set u5 a united Command under t"e +.%. f$a4 as t"e %ort"&orean aut"orities fai$ed to om5$y #it" t"e dire tions si8teen states offered for es for t"e +.%.

Command. T"is #as a "istori de ision be ause for t"e first time or4ani ed ommunity of

nations em5$oyed armed for es a4ainst an a44ressor.To ensure t"at a 5ermanent member does not b$o ! any a tion of Se urity Coun i$ a

+nitin4 Pea e Reso$ution #as 5assed on %o7ember 10 by #"i " it #as de ided:1/ if t"e Se urity Coun i$ fai$ed to ta!e any a tion t"e Ienera$ Assemb$y ou$d meet #it"in 2=

"ours to onsider any situation t"reatenin4 internationa$ 5ea e and se urity2/ a Pea e Obser7ation Committee of 1= member states #as onstituted to obser7e and re5ort t"e

areas of internationa$ tension/ it im5ressed on member states to !ee5 s5e ia$ ontin4ents ready to be made a7ai$ab$e to t"e +.%.

5rom5t$y=/ it estab$is"ed a 1= State Co$$e ti7e measure Committee to study and ma!e re5ort to t"e Se urity

Coun i$ and t"e Ienera$ Assemb$y on t"e met"ods #"i " mi4"t be used to maintain 5ea e and

se urity.>/ 't ur4ed members to meet and dis uss 5rob$ems #"i " #ere $i!e$y to t"reaten internationa$ 5ea e

and se urity.

By t"is reso$ution t"e Ienera$ Assemb$y be ame t"e u$timate ustodian of o$$e ti7e se urity. 'n

order ases su " on Sue Cana$ ase Con4o ase (un4er ase t"e +.%. used t"e o$$e ti7e

se urity measures. T"us on t"e #"o$e o$$e ti7e se urity #as effe ti7e a4ainst dan4er to 5ea e

from midd$e 5o#ers and sma$$ states but no a tion ou$d be ta!en a4ainst bi4 5o#ers or states

ba !ed by bi4 5o#ers.


17/18

T> C> f D f /08 of 0> Co /0 S /3r 04 S480 9

1. %eutra$s "a7e no 5$a e under t"e o$$e ti7e se urity be ause t"e system 5resumes t"at a$$

5arties are eit"er sub7erters of 5ea efu$ order or a 5arty to o$$e ti7e enfor ement

2. 't on edes t"e ri4"t of se$f-defense to members #"i " urtai$s t"e need of o$$e ti7e se urity.

. T"e Co$d 9ar bet#een 9est and East "as made t"e o$$e ti7e se urity $ess effe ti7e and

un#or!ab$e.

=. 'n o$$e ti7e se urity sma$$ states s"ou$d "a7e 4reater say be ause t"ey de5end more on

o$$e ti7e se urity t"an t"eir o#n for es. T"e bi4 5o#ers on t"e ot"er "and are norma$$y

re$u tant to 5ut t"eir 5o#er be"ind an effort #"i " does not onform to t"eir nationa$ interests.

>. A$$ nations are not ab$e to o55ose a44ression and a$so it is diffi u$t to $o ate an a44ression.

)or4ent"au onsiders t"e o$$e ti7e se urity system as ;un#or!ab$e be $o a$i ed t"at e7ery #ar

#ou$d be ame a 9or$d 9ar. 'n a tua$ #or!in4 t"e system of Co$$e ti7e Se urity "as fai$ed to

#or! effe ti7e$y in many ases.


18/18

Bib$io4ra5"y

Boo!

• S.R. )eyni

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