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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Rational vs Irrational Thinking
Essential Concepts
Thinking Feeling Behavior
This is an Automatic Process
Merges Cognitive Principles with Behavioral Approaches
Psychological distress is due to disturbances in the cognitive process
ABC’s of CBT and RET
A= activating event B= belief about event C= emotional and behavioral consequence
Ellis Rational Emotive Therapy and Interventions
A (event) - B (beliefs ) C (consequence)
D (disputing intervention) E (effect)
F (New Feeling)
Examples of Beck’s Biases in Thinking
Depression – negative view of self, experience, and future
Hypomania- Inflated view of self and future Anxiety- Sense of physical or psychological
danger Phobia- Sense of danger in specific,
avoidable situations Paranoia- Attribution of bias onto others
Ellis’s Eleven Irrational Beliefs
It is essential that a person be loved or approved of by virtually everyone in the community
Some people are bad/wicked and therefore should be blamed and punished
A person must be perfectly competent, adequate and achieving to be considered worthwhile
It is a terrible catastrophe when things are not as we want them to be
Unhappiness is caused by outside circumstances, and a person has no control over it
Dangerous or fearsome things are a great cause for concern and their possibilities must be dwelt opon
cont
It is easier to avoid certain difficulties and self-responsibility than to face them
A person should be dependent on others and should have someone stronger on whom to rely
Past events are determinants of present behavior; the influence of the past can not be eradicated
A person should be quite upset over other people’s problems
There is always a right or perfect solution to every problem, and it must be found or the results will be catastrophobic
Beck’s Cognitive Therapy and Errors in Information Processing
Arbitrary Inference- drawing conclusions without enough evidence
Selective Abstraction-Focusing on details out of context
Overgeneralizing- Drawing a conclusion about all events based on only a few
Magnification and minimization- Errors in evaluating the significance or magnitude of an event
Personalization- Relating external events to yourself with no rational basis for doing so
Absolutist dichotomous thinking- splitting
Beck’s Core Schemas
Systems of beliefs in which we consistently view situations.
Developed from past experiences, upbringing and trauma (Beck was trained psychodynamically and holds more from this theory than Ellis does-thus these schema’s can lie dormant and be triggered by events)
Beck’s Cognitive Triad
How you see self, experience and future
Example of a depressed person: Sees self as defective, inadequate, deprived and
diseased Interprets experience as negative, even when
evidence exists for a neutral or positive interpretation.
See future as continuing in this grim fashion and expect failures
Process of Therapy
Identify problem and dysfunctional thought patterns
Challenge thought patterns
Change thought patterns
CT and REBT differences
Cognitive Therapy-Beck Therapist uses Socratic
Dialog to elicit exceptions and counter arguments to challenge thoughts
Client does not take on philosophical system
REBT- Ellis Structured Induction to
Philosophical system Therapist is more
directive and confrontational
Specific Worksheet Techniques
Glasser’s Reality Therapy
The tough, smart drill sergeant approach Excuse making, assigning blame to external events, upbringing
or bad environment is discouraged Emphasizes Natural Consequences Individual choice and responsibility is emphasized Meeting needs for survival, belonging, power, freedom,
independence and fun leads to vision of what we want Choice theory- Maladaptive behavior arises from flaws in
matching desired outcomes to our actions due to 1) lack of knowledge, 2) previous failure and giving up or 3) faulty beliefs about what will work
Glasser’s Realty Theory InterentionsWDEP
Wants- Cl. Identifies and understands wants from life in all arenas.
Direction and Doing- Is the client’s behavior taking them closer or further away from their wants
Evaluating- Look at behavior and it’s impact on others and their own wants. Evaluation of wants is also conducted for realism and worthwhilness to client
Planning- Client’s evaluation leads to formulation of action plan
Attributes of a Reality Therapist beyond empathy, congruence and positive regard
High energy Actively able to confront with a caring attitude Positive, but not naïve view of human behavior High hope and ability to reframe lazy, resistant, and
manipulative behaviors into creative expressions Culturally sensitive in realizing reality is not the same
for all clients
Lazarus’s Multimodal TherapyBASIC-ID
Patients are troubled by seen problems and all seven realms should be explored as possible
Behavior, affect, sensations, imagery, cognition, interpersonal relationships, and biological functions
Very Intergrative
Linehan’s Dialectical Behavioral Therapy DBT
Designed for use with Borderline Clients Looks at interrelatedness of client’s behaviors,
thoughts, and emotions Focuses on Dialects of clients need to accept self
and change; getting what she needs and loosing it in order to grow, and client maintaining the validity of her experience while learning to interpret it differently
Focus on emotional regulation and mindfulness
Shapiro’s Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing
EMDR
Other Techniques
RET BOOK DTR Daily Thought Record Self-talk Relaxation techniques Visualizations Meditation 1-10 symptom report and log