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Cognitive-behavioral Cognitive-behavioral therapy therapy Albert Ellis Albert Ellis Rational Emotive Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy Behavioral Therapy William Glasser William Glasser Reality Therapy/ Choice Reality Therapy/ Choice Theory Theory Emmaus Counseling Training Programme 2002-2003

Cognitive-behavioral therapy

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Cognitive-behavioral therapy. Albert EllisRational Emotive Behavioral Therapy William GlasserReality Therapy/ Choice Theory. Emmaus Counseling Training Programme 2002-2003. Albert Ellis, Sept 27 1913 -. Epictetus, Not Freud. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Cognitive-behavioral therapy

Cognitive-behavioral Cognitive-behavioral therapytherapy

Albert EllisAlbert Ellis Rational Emotive Behavioral Rational Emotive Behavioral TherapyTherapy

William GlasserWilliam Glasser Reality Therapy/ Choice TheoryReality Therapy/ Choice Theory

Emmaus Counseling Training Programme 2002-2003

Page 2: Cognitive-behavioral therapy

Albert Ellis, Sept 27 Albert Ellis, Sept 27 1913 - 1913 -

Epictetus, Not Freud

"What disturbs people's minds is "What disturbs people's minds is not events but their judgments not events but their judgments on events" -Epictetus, 100 A.D.on events" -Epictetus, 100 A.D.

Emmaus Counseling Training Programme 2002-2003

Page 3: Cognitive-behavioral therapy

About EllisAbout Ellis

In 1947 Ellis had come to believe that In 1947 Ellis had come to believe that psychoanalysis was the deepest and most psychoanalysis was the deepest and most effective form of therapyeffective form of therapy … …

Wanted to be an accountant…Wanted to be an accountant…

End of Great Depression - Degree in End of Great Depression - Degree in Business AdministrationBusiness Administration

Started business with brother…Started business with brother…

Tried writing…Tried writing…

Dabbled in counseling …Dabbled in counseling …

Emmaus Counseling Training Programme 2002-2003

Page 4: Cognitive-behavioral therapy

Emmaus Counseling Training Programme 2002-2003

Ellis completed a full analysis and Ellis completed a full analysis and began to practice classical began to practice classical psychoanalysis under Karen psychoanalysis under Karen Horney’s direction. Horney’s direction.

Practiced as psychoanalyst but Practiced as psychoanalyst but grew steadily disillusioned with grew steadily disillusioned with the methodology…the methodology…

He remembered that before he He remembered that before he underwent analysis, he had worked underwent analysis, he had worked through many of his own problems by through many of his own problems by reading and practicing the philosophies reading and practicing the philosophies or Epictetusor Epictetus … …

Page 5: Cognitive-behavioral therapy

Emmaus Counseling Training Programme 2002-2003

By 1955 Ellis had given up By 1955 Ellis had given up psychoanalysis entirely, and instead psychoanalysis entirely, and instead was concentrating on changing people's was concentrating on changing people's behavior by confronting them with their behavior by confronting them with their irrational beliefs and persuading them irrational beliefs and persuading them to adopt rational ones…to adopt rational ones…

Page 6: Cognitive-behavioral therapy

Albert EllisAlbert Ellis

Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy can be Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy can be summed up as “Be rational and think about summed up as “Be rational and think about things logically.”things logically.”

World viewWorld view

Human beings are gullible and highly Human beings are gullible and highly suggestible and are easily disturbed suggestible and are easily disturbed BUTBUT they have the means to control their they have the means to control their thoughts, feelings and action.thoughts, feelings and action.

Emmaus Counseling Training Programme 2002-2003

Page 7: Cognitive-behavioral therapy

People have made People have made themselves victims themselves victims by their own by their own crooked, incorrect, crooked, incorrect, and mainly and mainly irrational thinking irrational thinking patterns.patterns.

Basic Basic assumptionsassumptions

Emmaus Counseling Training Programme 2002-2003

People are both inherently People are both inherently rational and irrational, sensible rational and irrational, sensible and crazy.and crazy.

Page 8: Cognitive-behavioral therapy

Therapeutic goalsTherapeutic goals

To help people avoid To help people avoid having more of an having more of an emotional response to emotional response to an event than is an event than is warranted.warranted.

Emmaus Counseling Training Programme 2002-2003

To correct thought patterns and To correct thought patterns and rid people of irrational ideas.rid people of irrational ideas.

Page 9: Cognitive-behavioral therapy

Fundamental IdeasFundamental Ideas

1.1. A-B-C Theory of Personality A-B-C Theory of Personality where:where:

A = Activating eventA = Activating event

B = Belief systemB = Belief system

C = Emotional consequenceC = Emotional consequence

Emmaus Counseling Training Programme 2002-2003

AA BB CC

DD EE

2.2. Disputing thoughts and beliefsDisputing thoughts and beliefs

Page 10: Cognitive-behavioral therapy

Emmaus Counseling Training Programme 2002-2003

There are a number of typical “thinking There are a number of typical “thinking errors” people typically engage in, errors” people typically engage in, including... including...

1.  ignoring the positive,1.  ignoring the positive, 2.  exaggerating the negative, and2.  exaggerating the negative, and 3.  over generalizing. 3.  over generalizing.

Irrational beliefs take the form of absolute Irrational beliefs take the form of absolute statements. statements. 

Instead of acknowledging a preference or a Instead of acknowledging a preference or a desire,desire, we make unqualified demands on we make unqualified demands on othersothers, or convince ourselves that we have , or convince ourselves that we have overwhelming needs.  overwhelming needs. 

Page 11: Cognitive-behavioral therapy

It is a necessity to be loved and approved of It is a necessity to be loved and approved of by all important people around us.by all important people around us. “If she/he “If she/he doesn’t love me, it is awful.”doesn’t love me, it is awful.”

Emmaus Counseling Training Programme 2002-2003

It is better to avoid some difficulties and It is better to avoid some difficulties and responsibilities.responsibilities. “It won’t make any difference “It won’t make any difference if I do that or not. People won’t care.”if I do that or not. People won’t care.”

Some people are bad and should be Some people are bad and should be punished for itpunished for it..”He/She did that to me and ”He/She did that to me and I’m going to get even.”I’m going to get even.”

Common irrational ideas:Common irrational ideas:

Page 12: Cognitive-behavioral therapy

Emmaus Counseling Training Programme 2002-2003

It is required that one be It is required that one be thoroughly competent, adequate, thoroughly competent, adequate, and achieving if one is to be and achieving if one is to be worthwhile. worthwhile. “If I don’t make the “If I don’t make the goal, it’s all my fault.”goal, it’s all my fault.”

It is awful and catastrophic if It is awful and catastrophic if things are not the way they are things are not the way they are supposed to be.supposed to be. “Isn’t it terrible “Isn’t it terrible that the house isn’t clean and that the house isn’t clean and tidy.” tidy.”

Page 13: Cognitive-behavioral therapy

Function and role of the Function and role of the counselorcounselor

The counselor is active, confronting and The counselor is active, confronting and involved.involved.

Emmaus Counseling Training Programme 2002-2003

Does not seek to support or challenge Does not seek to support or challenge any particular belief system.any particular belief system.

Must be open to alternative lifestyles Must be open to alternative lifestyles and variations among people.and variations among people.

Must provide the opportunity for clients Must provide the opportunity for clients to explore a new set of beliefs that are to explore a new set of beliefs that are satisfactory and functional for everyday satisfactory and functional for everyday life.life.

Page 14: Cognitive-behavioral therapy

Discussion: Discussion:

Strengths and Strengths and Limitations Limitations

Emmaus Counseling Training Programme 2002-2003

Page 15: Cognitive-behavioral therapy

Dr. William Glasser,Dr. William Glasser,

1925 -1925 -

Emmaus Counseling Training Programme 2002-2003

““Take Take responsibility and responsibility and control of your own control of your own life and face the life and face the consequences of consequences of your actions.”your actions.”

Page 16: Cognitive-behavioral therapy

Emmaus Counseling Training Programme 2002-2003

William GlasserWilliam Glasser

Began career as psychiatrist in late Began career as psychiatrist in late 1950s.1950s.

He has worked and consulted in every He has worked and consulted in every area of psychiatry and has taught and area of psychiatry and has taught and lectured at universities on every lectured at universities on every continentcontinent

During the last decadeDuring the last decade, moved from , moved from that that which he calls External Control which he calls External Control PsychologyPsychology to Choice Theory to Choice Theory

Page 17: Cognitive-behavioral therapy

World viewWorld view

Emmaus Counseling Training Programme 2002-2003

Human beings are capable of identities Human beings are capable of identities of success and failure. When needs are of success and failure. When needs are met in a responsible way, we develop met in a responsible way, we develop an identity characterized by success an identity characterized by success and self-esteem. and self-esteem.

Page 18: Cognitive-behavioral therapy

Our brains work as a control Our brains work as a control system gearing all of our system gearing all of our behavior to fulfilling basic behavior to fulfilling basic human needs. When such human needs. When such needs as belonging, attaining a needs as belonging, attaining a sense of self-worth, and being sense of self-worth, and being free or being in control of our free or being in control of our own destiny are thwarted, we own destiny are thwarted, we experience pain and are not experience pain and are not satisfied with life. satisfied with life.

Emmaus Counseling Training Programme 2002-2003

Basic Basic assumptionsassumptions

Page 19: Cognitive-behavioral therapy

All behavior is made up of four All behavior is made up of four different but inseparable different but inseparable components: components: acting, thinking, feeling acting, thinking, feeling and physiologyand physiology..

““Acting and thinkingActing and thinking are are directly under our control … I directly under our control … I don't focus on how people feel don't focus on how people feel or on the physiology of their or on the physiology of their brains because none of us brains because none of us have direct and predictable have direct and predictable control over these two control over these two components.”components.”

Emmaus Counseling Training Programme 2002-2003

Basic Basic assumptionsassumptions

Page 20: Cognitive-behavioral therapy

Basic Basic assumptionsassumptionsWe create our own inner We create our own inner

world: What is important is not world: What is important is not the way the real world exists the way the real world exists but rather the way we but rather the way we perceiveperceive it to exist.it to exist.

Emmaus Counseling Training Programme 2002-2003

Human learning is a lifelong Human learning is a lifelong process based on process based on choice.choice.

Five basic needs are the source of all Five basic needs are the source of all human motivation: human motivation: survival, love and survival, love and belonging, power, freedom and funbelonging, power, freedom and fun. .

Page 21: Cognitive-behavioral therapy

Emmaus Counseling Training Programme 2002-2003

People living External Control Psychology loose effective control of their lives while attempting to control other people .

Fundamental ideas

Clients' unhappiness is associated with the Clients' unhappiness is associated with the following:following:

• they have not been able to meet their they have not been able to meet their need for love and belonging… need for love and belonging…

• they almost always blame their they almost always blame their difficulties on other people…difficulties on other people…

Page 22: Cognitive-behavioral therapy

Emmaus Counseling Training Programme 2002-2003

They want to blame their They want to blame their unhappiness on things that unhappiness on things that happened in the past or may happened in the past or may happen in the future. happen in the future.

They will try to avoid facing the They will try to avoid facing the fact that the only person's fact that the only person's behavior they can control is behavior they can control is their own.their own.

Page 23: Cognitive-behavioral therapy

Emmaus Counseling Training Programme 2002-2003

Role of the counselorRole of the counselor

Helps the client Helps the client choose more choose more effective behaviorseffective behaviors – help the client – help the client make better or mentally healthy make better or mentally healthy choiceschoices

To learn a wide variety of To learn a wide variety of effective procedures, practices, effective procedures, practices, and techniquesand techniques so that they can so that they can use those techniques that they use those techniques that they believe are most effective for a believe are most effective for a particular client particular client

Page 24: Cognitive-behavioral therapy

Emmaus Counseling Training Programme 2002-2003

Example of techniques:Example of techniques:

** changing to the correct grammarchanging to the correct grammar by by teaching clients to say, teaching clients to say, I'm choosing to depressI'm choosing to depress, , instead of saying, instead of saying, I'm depressedI'm depressed, quickly helps , quickly helps clients see that they can make more effective clients see that they can make more effective choices even when they are very unhappy. choices even when they are very unhappy.

** Helping the client understanding that Helping the client understanding that he/she he/she chooses to depresschooses to depress because he/she because he/she learnt, usually as a child, that if you choose to learnt, usually as a child, that if you choose to anger, you will harm what relationships you anger, you will harm what relationships you may have…so choosing to depress may have…so choosing to depress retrains retrains the angerthe anger

Page 25: Cognitive-behavioral therapy

Emmaus Counseling Training Programme 2002-2003

** Make clients see that they have learnt that Make clients see that they have learnt that the choice they are making is the choice they are making is a powerful way to a powerful way to ask for helpask for help. Depressing may actually be the . Depressing may actually be the most powerful way people who are suffering most powerful way people who are suffering have figured out to ask for help. It is also have figured out to ask for help. It is also socially socially acceptableacceptable and necessary. and necessary.

** Make clients realize that the choice to Make clients realize that the choice to depress may make it depress may make it easier for them to avoid easier for them to avoid facing the problemfacing the problem and taking the chance of and taking the chance of suffering a further rejection.suffering a further rejection.

Page 26: Cognitive-behavioral therapy

DiscussionDiscussion

Emmaus Counseling Training Programme 2002-2003