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CognitionModule 34 – Thinking, Concepts, and Creativity
Cognition• Mental activities
• Thinking• Knowing• Remembering• Communicating
Cognition• Concepts
• Mental groupings of similar objects
• Prototypes• A mental image or
best example of a category
Creativity• Creativity
• Ability to generate novel and useful products or solutions to solve problems
Creativity• Convergent Thinking
• Applying rules to solve• 1+5=6
• Divergent Thinking• Produces a variety of
solutions to any problem
• Writing, chess
CognitionModule 35
Problem Solving• Trial and Error• Insight
• “Aha!” moment
• Algorithms• Use a set of rules that
guarantee a solution
• Heuristics• Shortcuts that produces
a quick answer but does not guarantee correct one
The World of Cognito
• In the land of Cognito all residents are either truckers or professors.
•90% of the population are truckers and 10% are professors
The World of Cognito
•Following are descriptions of residents… are they professors or truck drivers?
The World of Cognito
Bucky Loves football Has been divorced three times Enjoys going hunting
The World of Cognito
Teresa •Carries a laser pointer•Not very athletic •Loves classical music
The World of Cognito
Curtis•His personal vehicle has Chicago Bears license plates, a Blackhawks flag, and bumper stickers for the White Sox
•Swears a lot•Loves classic rock music
The World of Cognito
Hank•Wears a baseball cap every day to work
•Has numerous tattoos•Wears old jeans and beat up flannel shirts
The World of Cognito
Jake
•Loves action movies
•Loves eating pie at diners
•Drinks a lot of cheap coffee
The World of Cognito
Alfred
•Balding
•Wears a tweed jacket with elbow patches
•Uses big words a lot
The World of Cognito
Tom
•Uses a CB radio – calls himself “Big Tommy”
•Is overweight (very large stomach)
•Eats very unhealthy
The World of Cognito
Vincent
•Wears glasses
•Speaks five languages fluently
•Carries around large piles of papers in his old leather messenger bag
The World of Cognito
Harold
•Reads constantly
•Buys a lot of Starbucks
•Talks about his glory days at Oxford
The World of Cognito
Lucas
•Goes to the opera monthly
•Has traveled to 32 countries
•Spends a lot of time on his computer
How many of each did you have?•How does this compare to population of Cognito?
•90% truckers
•With limited information … how did you make a shortcut to a decision?
Heuristics• Representative
• Judging the likelihood of an event in terms of how well it seems to match a particular prototype
Heuristics• Availability
• Judging the likelihood that an event will b=happen in terms of how readily it comes to mind, based on either personal experience or exposure through the media
Parent worries
Availability Heuristics• Kidnapping• School snipers• Terrorists• Dangerous strangers
Reality• Car accidents• Homicide• Abuse• Suicide
Reasoning• Deductive
• Start with a premise they have a strong reason to believe is accurate
• General to specific
• All humans are mortal, and I am human, then I am mortal.
• All dolphins are mammals, all mammals have kidneys; therefore, all dolphins have kidneys.
Reasoning• Inductive
• Involves basing a conclusion on specific examples or determining general principles from analyzing examples
• Specific to General
• Grace leaves for school at 7:00am. Grace is always on time. Grace assumes, then, that she will always be on time if she leaves at 7:00am.
• All cats that you have observed purr. Therefore, every cat must purr.
Obstacles to Problem Solving• Confirmation bias
• Tendency to focus on information that is consistent with one’s viewpoint – ignore rest
• Barry is in love and notices only the wonderful positive qualities of his girlfriend. He ignores all the negatives.
Obstacles to Problem Solving
•Belief perseverance• Hold on to belief even
after it is disproven
• Consider the opposite
Obstacles to Problem Solving• Anchoring bias
• Tendency to rely heavily on the first piece of info offered when making decisions
• MSRP for a new Lexus is $39,465. You negotiated a price for $35,250. You feel terrific. You believe you got a good deal!
• JC Penney
Obstacles to Problem Solving• Framing
• The way an issue is stated affects the outcome
• 10% of patients will die having this surgery
• 90% of patients will survive having this surgery
Obstacles to Problem Solving
• Mental Set• Tendency for people
to approach a problem with the mind-set of what has worked in the past will always work
• Lack of fresh perspective
• Crash course