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Mark Crocker University of Kentucky Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER) CO 2 Capture and Utilization using Microalgae

CO2 Capture and using Microalgae · 2011. 10. 9. · ‐lipid extraction and conversion to biodiesel and diesel range hydrocarbons has been demonstrated • At present, the economics

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Page 1: CO2 Capture and using Microalgae · 2011. 10. 9. · ‐lipid extraction and conversion to biodiesel and diesel range hydrocarbons has been demonstrated • At present, the economics

Mark CrockerUniversity of Kentucky

Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER)

CO2 Capture and Utilization using Microalgae

Page 2: CO2 Capture and using Microalgae · 2011. 10. 9. · ‐lipid extraction and conversion to biodiesel and diesel range hydrocarbons has been demonstrated • At present, the economics

Energy in Kentucky

• 92% of KY electricity from coal• KY is 1.4% of US population• KY produces:

– 2.3% of US electricity– 3.7% of carbon dioxide

• KY electricity use:– 2.7% of US industrial

• 35% of US stainlesssteel production

• 40% of US aluminumproduction

– 1.7% of US residential

Page 3: CO2 Capture and using Microalgae · 2011. 10. 9. · ‐lipid extraction and conversion to biodiesel and diesel range hydrocarbons has been demonstrated • At present, the economics

CO2 Capture and Utilization Using Microalgae

• Selection of sulfur-tolerant algae strains, identification of optimum conditions for cultivation/CO2 capture

• Development of low cost cultivation medium

• Photobioreactor design

• Optimization of algae processing: algae recovery, dewatering

• Algae oil extraction and upgrading to fuel

• Utilization of algae cake

Project goals:

Page 4: CO2 Capture and using Microalgae · 2011. 10. 9. · ‐lipid extraction and conversion to biodiesel and diesel range hydrocarbons has been demonstrated • At present, the economics

Media

Drying

Dewatering

Coal Power Plant

Biomass Fractionation

ProteinsCarbohydrates

Lipids

CO2 Lean Gas

Recovered Nutrients (N,P,K)

Recovered Media

Recovered Water

Algae Cultivation

Overall Process

Liquid fuels,Biogas, etc.

Page 5: CO2 Capture and using Microalgae · 2011. 10. 9. · ‐lipid extraction and conversion to biodiesel and diesel range hydrocarbons has been demonstrated • At present, the economics

Screening for Optimal Algae Strain • 150 candidate strains identified from literature

• Screening for specific growthrate at pH 5.5 and 35 ᵒC

• Four different growth mediaused 

• Promising strain of Scenedesmus identified –native to KY; currently ourstrain of choice

Scenedesmus

Scenedesmus acutus

Page 6: CO2 Capture and using Microalgae · 2011. 10. 9. · ‐lipid extraction and conversion to biodiesel and diesel range hydrocarbons has been demonstrated • At present, the economics

• Lower capital cost than PBR• Easier to operate• Contamination by otherstrains/organisms problematic

• Water loss by evaporation 

• Better CO2 capture efficiency• Up to 3 times more photosyntheticallyactive volume per unit area of land

• Efficient water utilization through lowevaporative losses

• Biofilm formation problematic 

Ponds vs. Photobioreactors (PBRs)

Page 7: CO2 Capture and using Microalgae · 2011. 10. 9. · ‐lipid extraction and conversion to biodiesel and diesel range hydrocarbons has been demonstrated • At present, the economics

Evolution of CAER PhotobioreactorDesign (2008 ‐ present)  

Page 8: CO2 Capture and using Microalgae · 2011. 10. 9. · ‐lipid extraction and conversion to biodiesel and diesel range hydrocarbons has been demonstrated • At present, the economics

UK CAER Photobioreactor

Design Criteria: 

• Inexpensive to build: cheap components, simple construction 

• Inexpensive to operate: low liquid pumping and gas compression costs

• Easy to operate: maintain optimal conditions for algae growth (pH, adequate dissolved CO2 concentration, etc.) 

Page 9: CO2 Capture and using Microalgae · 2011. 10. 9. · ‐lipid extraction and conversion to biodiesel and diesel range hydrocarbons has been demonstrated • At present, the economics

UK CAER Photobioreactor

9

Key Design Features of UK Photobioreactor:  PET packaging tubes: 3.5” diameter, 8’ in length; 

significantly cheaper than PVC or glass Flue gas introduced at return (3” pipe) – sufficient 

suction generated to enable flue gas entrainment; hence no compression costs

Pressure driven; uses variable speed pump PBR cost estimated at < $1/L of photoactive volume 

at scale Modular design for easy scale up 

Page 10: CO2 Capture and using Microalgae · 2011. 10. 9. · ‐lipid extraction and conversion to biodiesel and diesel range hydrocarbons has been demonstrated • At present, the economics

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Dissolved

 Oxygen (m

g/L)

PAR (m

icromol*m

^‐2*s^‐1)

Actual Process Date and Time

UK CAER Reactor Process Data (Week of 10/10/2011)

Internal PAR

Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)

• Dissolved oxygen reading is excellent indicator of algal growth/health • Strong correlation between dissolved oxygen and PAR

Page 11: CO2 Capture and using Microalgae · 2011. 10. 9. · ‐lipid extraction and conversion to biodiesel and diesel range hydrocarbons has been demonstrated • At present, the economics

Medium‐scale (650 L) Experimental Growth Studies

y = 3.5182E‐03x2 ‐ 2.8371E+02x + 5.7194E+06R² = 9.6292E‐01

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5/17/2010 5/22/2010 5/27/2010 6/1/2010 6/6/2010 6/11/2010

Den

sity (g(drymass)/L)

Varicon PBR ‐ Algal Growth Curve 

Varicon Growth Campaign (May 20th ‐ June 7th 2010)

Harvest

Inoculation

Page 12: CO2 Capture and using Microalgae · 2011. 10. 9. · ‐lipid extraction and conversion to biodiesel and diesel range hydrocarbons has been demonstrated • At present, the economics

Carbon Balance (by Mass)

• Total V of tank: 552 L• Density of algae: 1.5 g/L• g of C input (as CO2): 667 g

• Our Scenedesmus is 42% carbon via elemental analysis

• 348 g C in our Scenedesmus

• 52% CO2 used by our algae

Input Output

400X magnification

Page 13: CO2 Capture and using Microalgae · 2011. 10. 9. · ‐lipid extraction and conversion to biodiesel and diesel range hydrocarbons has been demonstrated • At present, the economics

1. Flocculation and sedimentation

• Leverages experience in coal preparation and waste products utilization

• Low molecular weight cationic flocculant (3 ppm)

2. Decanting tank increases density of biomass (2‐10% solids) 

3. Further dewatering via filtration (up to 28% solids)

Algae Harvesting

Page 14: CO2 Capture and using Microalgae · 2011. 10. 9. · ‐lipid extraction and conversion to biodiesel and diesel range hydrocarbons has been demonstrated • At present, the economics

Algae Harvesting

Flocculant-Assisted Sedimentation

• 828 g of algae in system (based on dry mass samples)

• Recovered 751 g of dried algae 90% of algae in systemwas recovered

• 99% of H2O recovered• All water, nutrients and 

unrecovered algae recycledback to system

55 g/L

1.56 g/LPre‐flocculation

Left over after flock

Flocked biomass

Page 15: CO2 Capture and using Microalgae · 2011. 10. 9. · ‐lipid extraction and conversion to biodiesel and diesel range hydrocarbons has been demonstrated • At present, the economics

East Bend Station Demonstration Facility 

Capacity: 650 megawattsLocation: Boone County, KYCommercial Date: 1981 • Define kinetics of process

– Monitor dissolved CO2 and O2 to determine photosynthetic rate

– Help size large system and next generation design

• Gain understanding of real capital and operating costs– Minimize energy consumption

• Measure biomass composition to track heavy metals and other flue gas constituents

Page 16: CO2 Capture and using Microalgae · 2011. 10. 9. · ‐lipid extraction and conversion to biodiesel and diesel range hydrocarbons has been demonstrated • At present, the economics

East Bend Photobioreactor (18,000 L)

16

End view

Side view

M.H. Wilson, J. Groppo, A. Placido, S. Graham, S.A. Morton III, E. Santillan‐Jimenez, A. Shea, M. Crocker, C. Crofcheck, R. Andrews, Appl. Petrochem. Res., 2014, 4: 41‐53. 

Page 17: CO2 Capture and using Microalgae · 2011. 10. 9. · ‐lipid extraction and conversion to biodiesel and diesel range hydrocarbons has been demonstrated • At present, the economics

East Bend Growth Study: Winter 2012Productivity & Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR)

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Total PAR

 umol/m

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East BendProductivity

Total PAR

Average growth rate = 10 g/(m2.day) 

Page 18: CO2 Capture and using Microalgae · 2011. 10. 9. · ‐lipid extraction and conversion to biodiesel and diesel range hydrocarbons has been demonstrated • At present, the economics

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East Bend Growth Study: Summer 2013

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1‐Jun 11‐Jun 21‐Jun 1‐Jul 11‐Jul 21‐Jul

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uctiv

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Harvest

Outage

Average growth rate = 39.4 g/(m2.day) 

Page 19: CO2 Capture and using Microalgae · 2011. 10. 9. · ‐lipid extraction and conversion to biodiesel and diesel range hydrocarbons has been demonstrated • At present, the economics

Techno‐economic Analysis Effect of payback period (10 vs. 30 years), capital cost 

reduction and algae growth rate 

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Growth rate (g/(m2*day))

Baseline

30 yr base CAP

30 Yr Low Cap

(10 years)

Baseline (30 years)

Low capex (30 years)

Page 20: CO2 Capture and using Microalgae · 2011. 10. 9. · ‐lipid extraction and conversion to biodiesel and diesel range hydrocarbons has been demonstrated • At present, the economics

FuelsFertilizers

Energy (Combustion)

Animal Feed SupplementsAnimal Feed

Aquaculture Feed

NutraceuticalsPersonal Hygiene

CosmeticsFood Products

FDARegulatedApplications

Value Market Size

Algal Biomass Utilization

Page 21: CO2 Capture and using Microalgae · 2011. 10. 9. · ‐lipid extraction and conversion to biodiesel and diesel range hydrocarbons has been demonstrated • At present, the economics

Conclusions 

• CO2 recycling using microalgae is feasible from a technical point of view:

‐ a low cost PBR has been designed, built and operated ‐ a low cost methodology for algae harvesting and dewatering has beendevised‐ areal productivity of routinely ≥ 30 g/m2/day (summer) and ≥ 10 g/m2/day(winter) has been demonstrated at significant scale (18,000 L)‐ lipid extraction and conversion to biodiesel and diesel range hydrocarbonshas been demonstrated

• At present, the economics remain uncertain. Current calculations suggest that the cost of capturing and recycling CO2 using microalgae will fall close to $1600/ton CO2

• The largest sources of cost reside in the algae culturing stage of the process, corresponding mainly to the capital cost of the photobioreactor system

• The overall economics will be driven by the value of the biomass ‐ hence, the production of high value products is a pre‐requisite

Page 22: CO2 Capture and using Microalgae · 2011. 10. 9. · ‐lipid extraction and conversion to biodiesel and diesel range hydrocarbons has been demonstrated • At present, the economics

Summary: From Flue Gas to Liquid Fuels

M.H. Wilson, J. Groppo, E. Santillan-Jimenez, M. Crocker et al., Appl. Petrochem. Res. 4 (2014) 41

CO2 in flue gasAlgae cultivation

Flocculation, sedimentation

& gravity filtration

Lipid extractionColumn purificationCatalytic upgradingDiesel-range hydrocarbons

Page 23: CO2 Capture and using Microalgae · 2011. 10. 9. · ‐lipid extraction and conversion to biodiesel and diesel range hydrocarbons has been demonstrated • At present, the economics

Acknowledgements

• KY Department of Energy Development and Independence

• Duke Energy 

• Department of Energy: CERC‐ACTC 

• The UK algae team:Michael WilsonDr. Jack Groppo Tonya MorganDr. Eduardo Santillan‐Jimenez  Robby PaceDr. Czarena Crofcheck  Sarah MarquesAubrey Shea Renan SalesXinyi (Abby) E Stephanie Kesner

23

Page 24: CO2 Capture and using Microalgae · 2011. 10. 9. · ‐lipid extraction and conversion to biodiesel and diesel range hydrocarbons has been demonstrated • At present, the economics

Questions?

http://greenchicgeek.blogspot.com/2009_08_01_archive.html