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CLIMATECONNECT

CLIMATE CONNECT

The Durban Conference is the latest one in a series of conferences which are organized by United Nations (UN) to bring together various countries of the world to evolve workable solutions for mitigating and adapting to climate change.

The Durban Conference is important because it happens to be the last annual meeting of the UN before the Kyoto Protocol (KP) ends. The KP made it mandatory for the developed countries to reduce the emissions of green houses gases, which are responsible for global warming. Developing countries were exempted from a binding target given their priorities of economic growth and historically low emissions. The first phase of the KP will end in 2012. An extension of the Protocol calls for the member nations to agree to an extension. However, over the past two years several countries such as Canada and Japan have made their position clear that they will not support the extension of KP. It will be during the Durban Conference that the fate of KP will be decided.

At Cancun the governments of various nations agreed on what is called the “The Cancun Agreements”. These agreements pertain to adaptation, mitigation, technology transfer, finance and capacity building. Cancun Conference drew almost 12,000 participants, including almost 5,200 government officials, 5,400 representatives of UN bodies and agencies, intergovernmental organizations and non-governmental organizations, and 1,270 accredited members of the press.

Key decisions at Durban would be on:

� Extension of the KP and/or

� Inclusion of developing countries into a new mechanism

The Durban Conference will be of vital importance to the following sectors in which many decisions and

details regarding funding, technology transfer and capacity building are likely:

� Forestry (REDD+)

� Infrastructure

� Rural housing

o Grid development

o Drinking water

o Urban utilities

o Transport

� Agriculture � Renewable energy

� Industrial energy efficiency � Aviation

What happened in Cancun Conference?

What to expect in Durban?

Why is Durban Conference important?

The Durban Conference

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This collection of articles is attributed to our insightful research and intellectual cognizance of topics related to

Durban Climate Conference (COP-17) and Post 2012 carbon markets at large.

Climate Connect

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South Africa allocates $30 million for Durban climate conference

Durban may see EU supporting renewal of Kyoto Protocol

Brazil likely to miss Copenhagen targets: IPEA Report

No escape for coal mining in Australia’s $ 20 carbon tax

Canada not to support Kyoto Protocol after 2012

Governments have unavoidable responsibility to make clear progress towards

2011 climate objectives: UNFCCC

Consensus at Durban in jeopardy

Financing and technology transfer key to climate mitigation: India Africa

India, South Africa likely to submit emissions report this year, China in 2012

Post 2012 Green Climate Fund - Bangladesh and Sweden nominated co -chair

Durban Climate Conference - South African President calls for success

National planning commission minister of South Africa to co - chair $100 billion

Green Climate Fund

Schedule of events leading to Durban, COP 17

Roadmap for Durban agreed at Bangkok climate talks

23 June

14 June

10 June

10 June

9 June

7 June

31 May

26 May

11 May

11 May

9 May

3 May

12 April

9 April

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1.CLIMATE CONNECT

South Africa allocates $30 million for Durban climate conference

London, 23 June 2011: National Treasury of South Africa has dedicated funds approximately worth $30

million to make preparatory arrangements for the United Nations (UNFCCC) Conference of Parties 17 (COP

17) to be held in Durban from 29 November to 9 December 2011. The conference will be attended by

approximately 40,000 climate change negotiators, delegates, civil society organisations, academicians, and

media from across the world. The funds set aside by the treasury will be given to the Department of

International Relations and Cooperation and will be utilised for making arrangements such as finalising

logistics, preparing convention centre, ensuring security, and providing visa.

As per the Department of Water and Environmental Affairs, the conference will be funded by numerous other

sources since it is a UNFCCC initiative. A committee was setup in April to ensure timely preparation for the

conference. Previously, South Africa also lauded the progress made at the climate change conference held at

Bonn earlier this month. The Bonn conference was aimed at setting the stage such that the negotiators are

able to agree on a climate change deal in the Durban meeting.

In a previous article, Climate Connect reported that UN's climate change chief said that the negotiations had

made clear advances on key issues and were also identifying areas that will require high-level political

leadership ahead of the annual conference in Durban. A major area of disagreement among the countries is

the extension of Kyoto Protocol for a second phase. This protocol requires developed countries to commit to

legally binding emission reduction targets, while developing countries are not required to make any such

commitment. Japan, Canada, U.S. and Russia have declared their opposition to the extension of the

protocol, while European Union seems to be in favour of the second phase.

Keywords: Durban, COP17, UNFCCC, South Africa, Bonn.

2.CLIMATE CONNECT

London, 14 June 2011: While Canada, US and Japan are opposing extension of Kyoto Protocol, there is a

possibility that EU may favour a second commitment period of the protocol. The Irish Times quoted Julie-Ann

Richards, of the Climate Action Network (CAN) saying that the there are positive signs from EU which is

making it clear that it may consider extension of Kyoto Protocol. This is a welcomed change from EU's

previous demand of a single legally binding agreement for developed and developing nations. These

developments have been reported from United Nation's (UNFCCC) conference on climate change being held

at present in Bonn, Germany.

In a press briefing, Ms. Richards also said that there is a change in attitude of Canada and Japan towards

Kyoto protocol. Last month, Climate Connect reported that these nations are opposed to the idea of protocol's

extension. However, as per the latest briefing, these nations are showing “much more enthusiasm” for the

protocol. Attaining a legal framework of climate change agreement would be a significant step, if it could be

reached at Conference of Parties to be held in Durban in December 2011.

Durban may see EU supporting renewal of Kyoto Protocol

As contained in Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol, developed countries have been assigned emission reduction

targets. These emission reductions, were calculated considering 1990 as the base year, have to be achieved

in the period 2008-2012. The main reason for disagreement upon this protocol is that it does not assign any

reduction targets for the developing countries, which is not acceptable to many developed countries.

Keywords: Kyoto, Durban, UNFCCC, Post 2012, Emission reductions.

3.CLIMATE CONNECT

London, 10 June 2011: A new bill, if passed in its current form, by the Brazilian Parliament would have far

reaching implications on Brazil's ability to meet commitments made at Copenhagen.

The report entitled “Forest Code: Implications Of Pl 1876/99 Areas Of Legal Reserve” released by Instituto de

Pesquisa Economica Aplicada (IPEA), a government owned research institution, states that if changes are

introduced in the way forested land is managed there is very high possibility that Brazil may not meet its forest

carbon targets stated at Conference of Parties in Copenhagen.

The new bill seeks to provide more rights to farmers who are located within densely forested regions.

Brazil likely to miss Copenhagen targets: IPEA Report

The external commitment made by Brazil includes 80% reduction of deforestation in Amazon region

(estimated reduction of 564 million tons of CO by 2020) and 40% reduction of Deforestation in the Cerrado 2

(estimated reduction of 104 million tons of CO by 2020).2

Keywords: Brazil, Copenhagen, Commitments, Forest, Amazon

4.CLIMATE CONNECT

London, 10 June 2011: The Minister for Climate Change & Energy Efficiency, Greg Combet, favors inclusion

of the coal mining sector into carbon pricing.According to a media release, Mr. Combet said the Government's

latest emission projections show that fugitive emissions from coal mines and gas projects, combined with fuel

combustion in liquefied natural gas projects, account for almost half of the growth in Australia's greenhouse

gas (GHG) emissions to 2020.

No escape for coal mining in Australia's $ 20 carbon tax

He was quoted as having said that “these fugitive emissions are heading to be 10% of our national emissions

in 2020 significantly higher than in other coal producing nations.” He added that “to achieve emissions

reductions across the economy at least cost it is reasonable to expect the coal industry to play its part.

However it is not credible for the coal sector, which is experiencing record prices and growth, to expect the

rest of the economy to bear the cost for its pollution.”

The statement added that at hypothetical $20 carbon price, the average liability for methane emissions would

be around $1.60 per ton of coal. This cost should be compared with sale prices for metallurgical coal which

are currently over $300 a ton and for thermal coal which are currently over $120 a ton.

Keywords: Carbon, Pricing, Coal, Australia, Fugitive, Leakages

5.CLIMATE CONNECT

London, 09 June 2011: Canada has confirmed that it will not be taking a target in the second phase of

the Kyoto Protocol (KP) after 2012. The current phase of KP is due to end in 2012.

th thRepresentatives of various governments are meeting in Bonn from the 6 to 17 of June 2011 to figure out a

way to extend the validity of KP. Climate Connect had reported earlier that the United Nations Framework

Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Executive Secretary Christiana Figueres had called upon various

countries to adhere to their commitments.

Canada not to support Kyoto Protocol after 2012

The meeting is being held as a preparatory stage for Conference of Parties (COP) 17 at Durban which is th thscheduled from 28 November to 9 December 2011.

Keywords: Canada, Post 2012, UNFCCC, Durban, Kyoto Protocol

6.CLIMATE CONNECT

London, 07 June 2011: A United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) press

release has quoted its Executive Secretary Christiana Figueres saying, “Governments lit a beacon in Cancun

towards a low-emission world which is resilient to climate change. They committed themselves to a maximum

global average temperature rise of 2 degrees Celsius, with further consideration of a 1.5 degree maximum”.

She was speaking on the first day of the Climate Change Conference in Bonn, Germany (6-17 June).

Ms. Figueres' reminder comes against the backdrop of recent warnings of a sharp rise in the volume and

concentration of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the atmosphere.

Last week, Climate Connect reported a study, published by the Paris-based International Energy Agency

(IEA), which estimates that 2010 emissions from global energy generation returned to record highs,

representing an unexpectedly sharp rebound from the effects of the financial crisis. Also last week, the US

government's Hawaii-based Mauna Loa laboratory, a key scientific monitor for global climate change,

reported that carbon dioxide concentrations peaked yet again in May, at just under 395 parts per million.

Speaking about expectations for the Bonn meeting, Ms. Figueres said that negotiators are working hard to

provide clarity on the architecture of the future international climate regime to reduce global emissions fast

enough to avoid the worst climate change. She drew attention to the growing momentum of global climate

action which governments need to capitalize on.

The conference is being attended by more than three thousand participants from 183 countries, including

government delegates, representatives from business and industry, environmental organizations and

research institutions. The meeting is designed to make preparations for the UN Climate Conference in

Durban at the end of the year (28 November - 9 December).

Official press release can be accessed here.

Key words: UNFCCC, Cancun, GHG, Bonn, Climate Change

Governments have unavoidable responsibility to make

clear progress towards 2011 climate objectives: UNFCCC

7.CLIMATE CONNECT

London, 31 May 2011: At present, the future of Kyoto protocol and the success of Climate Change

conference (COP 17) to be held in Durban in November-December 2011 seem gloomy. The ministers from

developed and developing countries differ substantially about the outcomes they expect from this meeting.

The ministers of four leading developing countries, Brazil, South Africa, India and China (BASIC) met in

Durban on 28-29 May to discuss the strategy to implement decisions taken at the Conference of Parties 16,

held at Cancun in 2010. The ministers focussed on prioritising preparatory areas for the upcoming COP17.

They emphasised that to enable climate change adaptation and mitigation, financial and technological

transfers promised by the developed countries must be delivered.

In the meeting, the BASIC ministers reiterated that a second term extension of the Kyoto Protocol would be

critical to achieve comprehensive consensus at COP17. Developing countries, which are exempted from

making any emission reduction commitments under the protocol, insist that the extension of this protocol

would be integral to climate change approach.

In a previous article, Climate Connect reported that developed countries such as Japan, Russia, Canada and

USA continue to oppose extension of Kyoto. They primarily disagree with the terms of the protocol because it

exempts many highly polluting developing countries, like India and China, from making any commitments

regarding pollution reduction. This opposition towards extension of Kyoto protocol beyond the first phase was

declared by the representatives of the afore-mentioned industrialised countries at the recent G8 summit held

in France. Japan has threatened to derail international negotiations, if it follows the lines of Kyoto. These

countries at present have not been able to attain their CO reduction targets as committed to the United 2

Nations (UNFCCC).

Consensus at Durban in jeopardy

At present, it is quite clear that there is a huge rift between the two groups. The future course of action would

only be clear as we draw closer to the conference.

Keywords: Kyoto Protocol, BASIC, COP 17, Durban.

Data source: UNFCCC)

8.CLIMATE CONNECT

London, 26 May 2011: The Indian Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh urged the governments of

developed countries to support the efforts of developing countries to reduce the impact of climate change

through adequate financing and technology transfer. Dr. Singh made this statement jointly with African

nations at the second Africa India Forum Summit, held in Addis Ababa from 20-25 May 2011. The Addis

Ababa declaration was adopted at the summit in order to strengthen the strategic alliance between the two

nations in economic and environmental issues. India has also announced an aid of

.

The declaration reiterates the importance of Bali Action Plan introduced by the United Nations (UNFCCC) in

2007 which is a roadmap for nations to achieve emission reduction targets. It also emphasises the

importance of the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities” for the Annex 1 and Non-Annex

parties to the Kyoto Protocol. The parties to the protocol have only made limited progress in the last two

conferences held at Copenhagen and Cancun. All eyes are now towards Durban, South Africa which will host th

the 17 session of Conference of Parties (COP) on climate change in December 2011.

$5 billion which would be

given to Africa over the next three years for their capacity building in the afore-mentioned areas

In the Cancun meeting, held last year in December, the developed countries agreed to create a “Green

Climate Fund”, managed under the auspices of UN, with funds worth US $100 billion. US$ 30 billion has been

earmarked for this fund for the period 2010-2012. In “Cancun Agreements”, Annex-1 countries have set

emission reduction targets for themselves, which is subject to UN's monitoring. Few emerging nations such

as India and China have also committed to voluntary emission reduction, which will be monitored internally by

the country's legislative authorities.

Apart from the aid for environmental protection, some African nations such as Kenya which have exhibited

strong economic growth, are receiving investments from sovereign wealth funds of nations such as Norway,

France, and Germany. Both developed and emerging countries are investing in the renewable energy sector

of Africa due to its huge untapped potential. These countries have a promising future and integration of

sustainability with economic growth would check the overall environmental impact.

Keywords: India, Africa, Climate Change, Climate Fund, Durban, COP17.

Financing and technology transfer key toclimate mitigation: India Africa

9.CLIMATE CONNECT

London, 11 May 2011: India and South Africa are likely to submit their "National Communications (NCs)" in

June 2011 and September 2011 respectively. NCs are reports containing detailed information about

greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission of a country and are submitted to the Conference of Parties, the main

body formulating climate change policies.

As per a document released by the UN, the last NCs for India and South Africa were submitted in June 2004

and December 2003 respectively; while China and Brazil had submitted their last NCs in December 2004 and

November 2010. China's next report is likely to be submitted by June 2012. Interestingly, India, China, Brazil

and South Africa have received US$ 3.8 Million, US$ 5.3 Million, US$ 5.72 Million and US$ 420,000 as

financial support provided by the Global Environment Facility for the preparation of Ncs.

India, South Africa likely to submit emissions report this year,

China in 2012

The GHG inventories, that need to be included in NCs, for India and South Africa are fully complete while for

China it is over 75% complete.

NCs usually contain information on national circumstances, vulnerability assessment, financial resources

and transfer of technology, and education, training and public awareness. Accurate, consistent and

internationally comparable data on GHG emissions is essential for the international community to take the

most appropriate action to mitigate climate change.

Keywords: GHG Emissions, National Communications, India, South Africa

Country Submission

date of the last

report to COP

Approximate date

of completion of

Draft NC Report

Approximate date of

submission to the COP

China Dec 2004 Aug 2011 Jun 2012

India Jun 2004 May 2011 Jun 2011

Brazil Nov 2010 - -

South Africa Dec 2003 Sep 2010 Sep 2011

National Communication (NC) Report Status

10.CLIMATE CONNECT

London, 11 May 2011: Bangladesh and Sweden have been nominated co-chair of Green Climate Fund

(GCF) , as per a press release of the Bangladesh Ministry of Environment and Forests. The GCF was agreed

in Cancun last December by industrialized countries to mobilize USD 100 billion per year by 2020 for

developing countries.

The first meeting of the Fund's Transitional Committee was held in Mexico City, on 28-29 April. Four

committees were formed in the meeting-Scope and guiding principles, Governance and Institutional

arrangements, Operational modalities, Monitoring and Evaluation committee. Bangladesh will work as a co-

chair of Monitoring and Evaluation committee. The meeting discussed in detail about the formation of Green

Climate Fund, rules of fund operation and institutional management, monitoring and operation and technical

assistance of the fund.

The Transitional Committee includes experienced and respected individuals from the fields of finance and

climate change, from both developed and developing countries. Its task is to propose an effective design for

the new fund in time for approval by the next UN Climate Conference in Durban, in December, 2011.

Keywords: Green Climate Fund, Cancun, Mexico, Bangladesh, Sweden, chair

Post 2012 Green Climate Fund - Bangladesh and Sweden

nominated co-chair

11.CLIMATE CONNECT

London, 9 May 2011: South Africa will be hosting this year's United Nations Climate Change Conference and

the South African President seems optimistic about reaching a broad agreement on an international

agreement.

Speaking at the World Economic Forum on Africa, President Zuma mentioned some of the hurdles in getting a

legally binding agreement of reducing carbon emissions. He drew attention to the diverse stands taken by the

various groups of countries on the issue of a legally binding climate change agreement.

The European Union, which is the leader in low-carbon technologies, continues to call for greater mitigation

measures by other developed countries like the US and Australia as well as the advanced developing

countries like China, Brazil and India. The US, on the other hand, has openly stated reservations about

agreeing to an international agreement which does not include legally binding targets for the developing

countries. And the developing countries argue that developed countries have a historical responsibility to

reduce their carbon emissions and any binding targets would adversely impact their own economic growth.

President Zuma mentioned the plight of the small island nations and the least developed nations and said that

while the magnitude of the impacts of climate change may different from region to region around the world, all

the parties involved must act collectively.

While there remain stark differences between the developed and developing countries, there are some

issues on which broad consensus and agreement seems likely. These include REDD and REDD+

mechanisms, the Clean Energy Fund and the technology transfer to developing countries.

The Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation was recognized as a tool to mitigate

impact of climate change at the Cancun climate change summit last year. The policy guidelines were issued in

Mexico last year and details regarding the actual operational mechanism of this program could be announced

during the Durban summit. Discussions on REDD+ program, which rewards developing countries for forest

conservation efforts, are also likely to move forward. India is one of the major countries lobbying for

recognition of REDD+ as a mitigation tool.

Following the decision to establish a new financial mechanism for the Green Climate Fund at Cancun, the

structure of the committee that would oversee the fund has been discussed and delegates from the various

country groups have been decided. Further progress in the regard is be expected at the Durban summit.

Durban Climate Conference - South African President

calls for success

12.CLIMATE CONNECT

A decision to set up the Technology Mechanism to facilitate the technology transfer from developed to

developing countries was taken at the Cancun summit. The broad set up of the Technology Executive

Committee and the Climate Technology Centre & Network are likely to be finalized before the Durban

summit.

As seen in the last few climate change summits, a comprehensive legally binding international agreement

seems unlikely at Durban. However, significant progress on several other issues can be expected.

The 17th session of Conference of Parties meeting on climate change is scheduled to be held at Durban

from 28 November to 9 December 2011.

Keywords: Durban Climate Change Conference, COP17, South Africa, Green Climate Fund, REDD

13.CLIMATE CONNECT

London, 3 May 2011 :National planning commission minister of South Africa,

.

Minister in the Presidency for Planning of South Africa. He has played an important role in South Africa's economy. He was the

He was one of two UN special envoys to the 2002 Monterrey Financing for Development summit and a

member of the 2007 G-20 summit.

. Under the fund, aid

flows by the industrialized countries are meant to reach $100 billion a year by 2020.

Trevor Manuel has been

appointed to the 40 member transitional committee responsible for the design of the $100 billion (R674

billion) green fund

Dumisani Jele,Trevor Manuel's spokesman, confirmed that Manuel would co-chair the Green Climate Fund. But Jele said this was not a full-time position and that Manuel would not have to resign from the cabinet to take up the post.

With COP 17 meet scheduled in Durban, South Africa later this year, the appointment of Trevor Manuel to the transitional committee for Green Fund is significant because of the fact that he is the

Minister of Finance from 1996 to 2009, during the presidencies of Nelson Mandela, Thabo Mbeki and Kgalema Motlanthe, making him the country's longest-serving finance ministers.

Manuel has been active in global development as well. He chaired the World Bank and International

Monetary Fund's board of governors in 2000, as well as the bank's development committee from 2001 to

2005.

“The high level of interest among governments in contributing to the design process is a demonstration of the

great interest among parties in the Green Climate Fund. Parties have put forward experienced and respected

individuals from the fields of finance and climate change,” said UNFCCC executive secretary Christiana

Figueres.

The “Green Climate fund” was a result of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

(UNFCCC) talks in Cancun (COP16) held from 29 November to 10 December 2010. It is established to

provide financial help to developing countries dealing with the impact of climate change

Keywords : Green Climate Fund, Trevor Manuel, South Africa, National Planning Commission Minister , COP

17, Durban

National planning commission minister of South Africa to

co- chair $100 billion Green Climate Fund

14.CLIMATE CONNECT

London, 12 April, 2011:The preparations of the seventeenth session of the Conference of the Parties (COP

17), Durban, South Africa to be held later this year are in full swing. This year, many meetings are being

planned to discuss the agenda for the COP 17.

rdBangkok climate change negotiations held from 3 April 8 April, 2011 in Thailand have agreed to a road map

for this year's UN climate change negotiations in Durban, South Africa towards the end of 2011.

The Bangkok meeting was officially the first week of a three-week session, which will resume in Bonn,

Germany on June 6.The annual G8 and G20 summits will hold a discussion of the climate policies in the

coming years. All the meetings held this year will culminate at the UN Climate Change Conference in Durban,

South Africa, at the end of this year. Durban talks looks forward to welcoming as many as 40,000

COP17/CMP7 visitors which would include Heads of State, Government Officials, Businessmen and other

delegates.

Schedule of events leading to Durban, COP 17

The intergovernmental negotiation process primarily consists of Conference of the Parties (COP), the

Meeting of the Parties of the Kyoto Protocol (CMP), Subsidiary Bodies and a series of workshops.

In addition, two ad hoc working groups were established, namely, the Ad Hoc Working Group on Further

Commitments for Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol (AWG-KP) and the Ad Hoc Working Group on

Long-term Cooperation under the Convention (AWG-LCA) by the CMP and the COP respectively. AWG-KP

was established in 2005 to discuss future commitments for industrialized countries under the Kyoto Protocol.

AWG-LCA was established as a part of Bali Action Plan in COP13, 2007.

15.CLIMATE CONNECT

AWG-KP 16 and AWG-LCA 14 sessions in Bangkok, Thailand from 3 April 8 April were preceded by

preparatory regional group meetings from 30 March to 2 April.

Discussions in the Bangkok meet focused not only on what should happen with regard to the future of the

Kyoto protocol but also how it will happen.

Keywords: COP 17, Bangkok, Durban, Bonn, G2O, G8, AWG-KP, AWG-LCA

16.CLIMATE CONNECT

London, 9 April, 2011: Bangkok climate change negotiations have wrapped up in Thailand and have agreed

to a road map for this year's UN climate change negotiations in Durban, South Africa towards end of 2011.

The talks concluded after two days of workshops followed by four days of negotiations.

"Parties to the UN Climate Change Convention agreed to an agenda to work towards a comprehensive and

balanced outcome at the UN Climate Change Conference in Durban at the end of the year," said Christiana

Figueres, executive secretary of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).

Roadmap for Durban agreed at Bangkok climate talks

unhappiness that the talks could not reach a resolution on many issues, especially the future of the Kyoto

Protocol that has proved to be elusive even at Cancun last December. The first round of emission reduction

commitments under the Kyoto Protocol is due to expire at the end of 2012, but some richer countries, like

Russia, Japan and USA, have said they will not sign up to a second phase. Developed countries continue to

argue that taking new pledges makes little sense if others, especially fast emerging economies, do not take

steps to curb emissions growth.

About 2,000 participants from 175 countries, including government delegates, representatives from business

and industry, environmental organisations and research institutions, attended the Bangkok climate talks.

The next meeting is scheduled for Bonn in mid-June.

Keywords: Bangkok, Durban, Cancun, climate talks, carbon

17.CLIMATE CONNECT

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