22
African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 8 (5), pp. 763-784, 6 March, 2009 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB ISSN 1684–5315 © 2009 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Indigenous uses of economically important flora of Margallah Hills National Park, Islamabad, Pakistan Asma Jabeen 1 , Mir Ajab Khan 2 , Mushtaq Ahmad 2 , Muhammad Zafar 2 * and Farooq Ahmad 2 1 Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. 2 Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Accepted 6 February, 2009 Informal interviews provided data about 245 useful plants of 77 families of 55 trees, 54 shrubs, 105 herbs, 15 climber, 10 grasses and 6 crops recorded from the Margallah Hills National Park, Islamabad. Two hundred and fifteen local/ vernacular names were noted of total plants. The inhabitants of the park have for a long time been dependent on surrounding plant resources for their food, health care, fodder, fuel wood and other cultural purposes. A list of plant species along with their local name, plant part/s used, popular uses (or troubles treated) are given. The pastoral nomads of the area make use of 159 (64.89%) as native medicine, 79 (32.24%) as fodder for their livestock, 47(19.18%) as fuelwood, 33 (13.46%) as food (fruits), 18 (7.34%) as vegetables, 14 (5.71%) as timber, 6 (2.44%) as industrial, 4 (1.63%) as tannin, 3 (1.22%) as gum and 2 (0.81%) as fiber. Medicinal uses of the 126 plant species have also been described. This information will serve as reference for the benefit of pharmacists, researchers, Hakims (herbalist), veterinarians and public at large. Key words: Indigenous uses, flora, Margallah Hills National Park, Islamabad, Pakistan. INTRODUCTION Margallah Hills National Park, occuping an area of 15,883 hectares in North East of the National Capital Islamabad in the province of Punjab is lying 33° 43’ N latitude and 72°55’ E longitude (Ibrar and Khan, 1998). The topo- graphy of the area is rugged, varying in elevation from 465 to 1600 m comprising mainly of steep slopes and gullies where the rock structure is basically limestone (Nasir and Robina, 1987). The area falls in the far end of monsoon zone and the bulk of monsoon precipitation occurs in July and August, with monthly average of 267 and 309 mm respectively (Maqsood, 1991). The soil of the area is derived from wind, water laid deposits and sedimentary rocks (Hijazi, 1984). The average maximum and minimum temperature are 33.3 and 19.5°C, respectively. The hottest months are May and June when the temperature may raise up to 42°C and the coldest months are December and January when temperature falls below zero (Hussain, 1986). Pakistan is rich in medicinal plant resources due to its varied climatic and edaphic factors. Of the almost 6000 *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. species of vascular plants reported to occur in Pakistan, about 1000 species have been recognized to possess phyto-chemical properties. Between 350 - 400 species are traded in different drug markets of the country and are used by leading manufacturing units of Unani and Homeopathic medicines. Besides, a number of medicinal plants and their derivatives required by pharmaceutical industries are also imported under a liberal import policy of the Government for those drug plants whose cultiva- tion is not feasible in the country. Furthermore, about 40,000 - 50,000 tabibs (practitioner of Greco-Arabic medicine), vaids (practitioner of Ayurvedic and folk- medicine) and a number of un-registered practitioners scattered in rural and remote hilly areas use more than 200 drug plants in traditional and folk-medicines as household remedies for several diseases. In recent years, there has been a consistent growth in the demand for plant-based drugs and several plant products from a variety of species. This has given rise to large-scale collection and habitat degradation. It has resulted in the scarcity of a number of valuable medicinal plant species and their wide range of chemical diversity is diminishing with the present scale of selective extraction from natural habitats.

Clematis Grata Wall

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Clematis Grata Wall

African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 8 (5), pp. 763-784, 6 March, 2009 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB ISSN 1684–5315 © 2009 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper

Indigenous uses of economically important flora of Margallah Hills National Park, Islamabad, Pakistan

Asma Jabeen1, Mir Ajab Khan2, Mushtaq Ahmad2, Muhammad Zafar2* and Farooq Ahmad2

1Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.

2Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.

Accepted 6 February, 2009

Informal interviews provided data about 245 useful plants of 77 families of 55 trees, 54 shrubs, 105 herbs, 15 climber, 10 grasses and 6 crops recorded from the Margallah Hills National Park, Islamabad. Two hundred and fifteen local/ vernacular names were noted of total plants. The inhabitants of the park have for a long time been dependent on surrounding plant resources for their food, health care, fodder, fuel wood and other cultural purposes. A list of plant species along with their local name, plant part/s used, popular uses (or troubles treated) are given. The pastoral nomads of the area make use of 159 (64.89%) as native medicine, 79 (32.24%) as fodder for their livestock, 47(19.18%) as fuelwood, 33 (13.46%) as food (fruits), 18 (7.34%) as vegetables, 14 (5.71%) as timber, 6 (2.44%) as industrial, 4 (1.63%) as tannin, 3 (1.22%) as gum and 2 (0.81%) as fiber. Medicinal uses of the 126 plant species have also been described. This information will serve as reference for the benefit of pharmacists, researchers, Hakims (herbalist), veterinarians and public at large. Key words: Indigenous uses, flora, Margallah Hills National Park, Islamabad, Pakistan.

INTRODUCTION Margallah Hills National Park, occuping an area of 15,883 hectares in North East of the National Capital Islamabad in the province of Punjab is lying 33° 43’ N latitude and 72°55’ E longitude (Ibrar and Khan, 1998). The topo-graphy of the area is rugged, varying in elevation from 465 to 1600 m comprising mainly of steep slopes and gullies where the rock structure is basically limestone (Nasir and Robina, 1987). The area falls in the far end of monsoon zone and the bulk of monsoon precipitation occurs in July and August, with monthly average of 267 and 309 mm respectively (Maqsood, 1991). The soil of the area is derived from wind, water laid deposits and sedimentary rocks (Hijazi, 1984). The average maximum and minimum temperature are 33.3 and 19.5°C, respectively. The hottest months are May and June when the temperature may raise up to 42°C and the coldest months are December and January when temperature falls below zero (Hussain, 1986).

Pakistan is rich in medicinal plant resources due to its varied climatic and edaphic factors. Of the almost 6000 *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected].

species of vascular plants reported to occur in Pakistan, about 1000 species have been recognized to possess phyto-chemical properties. Between 350 - 400 species are traded in different drug markets of the country and are used by leading manufacturing units of Unani and Homeopathic medicines. Besides, a number of medicinal plants and their derivatives required by pharmaceutical industries are also imported under a liberal import policy of the Government for those drug plants whose cultiva-tion is not feasible in the country. Furthermore, about 40,000 - 50,000 tabibs (practitioner of Greco-Arabic medicine), vaids (practitioner of Ayurvedic and folk-medicine) and a number of un-registered practitioners scattered in rural and remote hilly areas use more than 200 drug plants in traditional and folk-medicines as household remedies for several diseases.

In recent years, there has been a consistent growth in the demand for plant-based drugs and several plant products from a variety of species. This has given rise to large-scale collection and habitat degradation. It has resulted in the scarcity of a number of valuable medicinal plant species and their wide range of chemical diversity is diminishing with the present scale of selective extraction from natural habitats.

Page 2: Clematis Grata Wall

764 Afr. J. Biotechnol.

Hijazi (1984) reported that Dodonaea viscosa was the most common shrub of Margalla Hills National Park. Khattak and Ahmed (1990) compared the vegetation on the north and south facing slopes of Margalla Hills and reported the presence of Pinus roxburgii, Apluda mutica and Quercus incana community on the north facing slopes and Acacia modesta, Woodfordia fruticosa, D. viscosa community on the south facing slopes. According to them, the north facing slopes showed greater species diversity as compare to the south facing slopes having the similarity index as 46%.

Population is randomly distributed, mostly located near water streams and springs. In a census of Capital Development Authority CDA acquired land in August 1991, there were 5744 people in 23 settelments (villages). These people are living in 975 houses and own 3910 heads of livestock. People allow their livestock to graze freely, they cut trees for fuel, gather fodder for animals and divert water for cultivated plots. Livestock also compete with the native animals for food and space. Maqsood (1991) estimates that of the 7,000 domestic ungulates in the park, 42% are goats, 31% are cattle, and 25% are water buffaloes. It is not possible to protect the viable population of Grey Goral and Barking Deer if livestock are also permitted to graze in the same area. They unwittingly deplete the natural system of biomass and diversity. The principal direct cause of degradation of Pakistan's rangelands and forests is the rapidly increasing domestic livestock population. Between 1945 and 1986, numbers of cattle almost doubled, while the numbers of buffaloes, sheep and goats more than tripled. Overall livestock numbers continue to increase at a rate of 2% per year. While much of this increase has been fed by the production of fodder within irrigated areas, persistent over-grazing has reduced forage production in Pakistan's rangelands to one-third the potential (a loss of almost 50 million tonnes per year), and in some areas to as low as 15% of potential forage production (GOP/JRC, 1992).

Villagers are only partially supported by the cash economy, consequently they dependent for their survival on livestock, gardens, fuel wood, fodder, medicinal uses, food, shelters etc. Different parts of the Napoleona imperialis are used for different purposes in the West Africa including mulching and fodder (leaves and twigs),and firewood, chewing stick and ethno-medicine (stem and root) (Osei-Owusu, 1981; Okafor and Fernandez, 1987). Humans consume the juice from the fruits and pods and the seeds are discarded. The seeds have very low human food preference or any industrial use as of now and could therefore form an alternative feeding redient for livestock production. Quarries, abandoned roads and villages, springs and eroded trails are the significant areas of impact. People invariably ignite wild land fires in Margallah Hills. Some fires are probablycaused by carelessness.

An over-riding aspect of the indigenous knowledge system is that it tends to be held by the older, as opposed

to the younger generations. The major loss of indigenous knowledge in the population of villages is the disruption of the traditional channel of oral communication due to shift to written exchange ofcommunications. This made it difficult for the older generation to pass their knowledge on to the younger generation. Depletion of flora at an increasing rate is another crucially important problem of Margallah Hills meaning that important economic species are being lost. The exploitation of ethnobotanical values (Table 1) of Margallah Hills will be helpful in a variety of ways particularly focusing on exploitable potential, status and value for disease control, status and value for disease control, commercialization, marketing aspects and createawareness about the related issues. MATERIALS AND METHODS Knowledgeable and reliable elderly people, plant lovers and Hakim from Margallah Hills National Park were contacted to record the first hand knowledge about the economical/medicinal uses of native species of the area. The ethno-botanical information were collec-ted by using a specifically designed questionaire incorporated in Table 2. Data on parts (leaves, twigs, fruits, pods) of plant species used and ethno-botanical values viz. fodder, medicinal, fiber, food (vegetable, fruit), fuel wood, timber, industrial, tanning and gum were collected. For medicinal uses, in addition to information on the plant parts used, their collection, processing, preparation of drugs, properties of medicine and diseases cured by them were also collected. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION About 245 plant species belonging to 77 families of which 55 trees species, 54 shrubs, 105 herbs, 15 climbers’, 10 grasses and 6 fodder crops have been identified. It has been observed that all of these plant species are being used by the people of Margallah Hills National Park for their varied ethno-botanical importance (Table 2). The ethno-botanical uses of plants can be categorized into ten broad categories (Table 3).

Major proportion of these plant species are used as native medicine (64.89%) and second major use of these plant species is as fodder (32.24%) for their livestock. Forty seven plants (19.18%) are used as fuel wood, thirty three (13.46%) are used as food (fruit), eighteen (7.34%) as food (vegetable), fourteen (5.71%) as timber, six (2.44%) as industrial, four (1.63%) as tannin, three (1.22%) as gum and two (0.81%) are used as fiber.

The Margallah Hills National Park has sustained these ethnobotanical uses for long time. The uses of these plant species are restricted to local people who collect these plant species as and when required (Table 4). Indigenous uses of medicinal plants of Margallah Hills Timbar (Zanthoxylum armatum) fresh and dried both of one cup is used in the morning and one in the evening

Page 3: Clematis Grata Wall

Jabeen et al. 765

Table 1. Ethno-botanical values of plants of Margallah Hills National Park. a. Trees.

S#

Botanical name

Family

Vernacular name

English name

Part used

Use freq

Ethnobotanical values

1 Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd. Mimosaceae Khair,Katha Entire plant

R Medicinal, fuelwood

2 A. farnesiana Mimosaceae Vilaiti kikar Entire plant

R Fodder, fuel wood, Industrial

3 A. modesta Wall. Mimosaceae Phulai Entire plant

C Medicinal, fuelwood

4 A.. nilotica (L.) Delile Mimosaceae Kikar Babul Entire plant

C Medicinal, fuelwood

5 Aesculus indica (Wall.ex Camb.) Hook. f.

Hippocastanaceae Bankhor Horse chestnut

Entire plant

C Fodder, fuel wood, medicinal

6 Albizzia lebbek (L.) Benth. Mimosaceae Shareen Siris Entire plant

C Fodder, fuel wood, medicinal

7 Bauhinia variegata L. Caesalpinaceae Kachnar Buds, leaves, fruit

C Fodder, food (Vegetable), medicinal

8 Bombax ceiba L. Bombacaceae Simbal, Simal

Silk cotton tree, Cotton tree, Kapok tree

Bark, stem, roots, seed

R Fuelwood, medicinal, Industrial

9 Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L’ Herit ex Vent

Moraceae Kaghzi tut, Malaing

Paper Mulbery

Bark, leaves, stem

C Fodder, Industrial

10 Butea monosperma (Lam.) O. Kuntz.

Papilionaceae Palas, dhak, Chichra

Flame of the forest

Bark, leaves, stem

R Fodder, fuel wood, fiber, medicinal, gum

11 Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Skeels

Myrtaceae Bottle-Brush Tree

Entire plant

R Food (Honey production)

12 Cassia fistula L. Caesalpinaceae Kingo, Amaltas

Golden Shower, Pudding pip-tree, Indian Laburnum

Stem, leaves, seeds, root, bark

C Medicinal, fuel wood, tannin, timber

13 Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D. Don) G. Don

Pinaceae Deodar Himalayan Cedar

Entire plant

R Timber, medicinal

14 Celtis eriocarpa Decne. Ulmaceae Batkhar, Kharak

Nettle tree Leaves, stem, fruit

C Fodder, food (Fruit)

15 Cordia oblique Willd.Phytogr Boraginaceae Lasura - Fruit, stem

C Medicinal, fruit, fuelwood,

16 Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex DC

Papilonaceae Tali, Sissoo Shisham Leaves, stem, roots and bark

C Fodder, fuel wood, medicinal, timber

17 Ehretia obtusifolia Hochst ex DC.

Boraginaceae Puna - Stem, fruit,

R Fuel wood, fruit, timber

18 Erythrina suberosa Roxb. Papilionaceae Dhauldak Coral tree Stem, bark

R Fuel wood, medicinal

Page 4: Clematis Grata Wall

766 Afr. J. Biotechnol.

Table 1. Cont.

19 Ficus auriculata Lour. Syn: F. roxburghii Wall. Ex Miq.

Moraceae Trembal, Dusi

- Leaves, fruit

R Fodder, fruit

20 Ficus benghalensis L.

Moraceae Bohr Banyan Leaves, root, bark, seeds

R Medicinal

21 Ficus religiosa L. Moraceae Pipal - Seed, bark, fruit, wood

R Medicinal, fodder, fruit, timber

22 Ficus virgata Wall. ex Roxb Moraceae Phagwara - Fruit, leaves

C Fodder, medicinal

23 Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merill

Flacourtiaceae Kokoh - Fruits, gum

C Fruit, gum, medicinal

24 Grevillea robusta Cunn. Ex R. Br.

Proteaceae - Silky oak Stem R Fuelwood, timber

25 Grewia optiva Drummond .ex Burret

Tiliaceae Dhaman, Salat

- Leaves, fruit, stem

C Fodder, fruit, fuel wood

26 Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don (J. ovalifolia R. Br.)

Bignoniaceae Nila Gul-Mohar

Green-ebony, Sharp leaf Jacaranda

Stem R Fuel wood

27 Juglans regia L. Juglandaceae Akhraot Himalayan Walnut

Fruit, bark, leaves

R Fruit, fodder, medicinal

28 Lannea coromandelica (Houtt)Merrill

Anacardiaceae Kamlai - Bark, leaves

R Medicinal

29 Mallotus phillipensis (Lam.) Muell.Arg

Euphorbiaceae Kamila, Kambal

- Fruits, leaves, bark

C Medicinal

30 Maytenus royleanus (Wall.ex Lawson) Cufodont.

Celastraceae Pataki, Pataki

- Seeds, stem, leaves

C Medicinal, fodder

31 Melia azedarach Linn. Meliaceae Dhrek, Bakain

China berry, Bead tree, Persian Lilac

Stem, leaves, flowers, leaves

C Fodder, timber, medicinal

32 Moringa oleifera Lam. Moringaceae Sohanjna - Leaves, flowers, fruits, bark

C Fodder, food (Vegetable), gum

33 Morus alba L. Moraceae Tut, Chitta tut, Spin tut

White Mulberry

Leaves, stem, bark, fruit

C Medicinal, fruit, fuel wood, fodder

34 Olea ferruginea Royle Oleaceae Kao, Kahu, Khuwan

Wild olive Fruit, leaves, bark, wood

C Medicinal, fodder, fuel wood

35 Parkinsonia aculeata Linn. Leguminosae Kabuli kikar, vilayeti Kikar

Jerusalem Thorn

Stem, leaves,

C Fuel wood, fodder

Page 5: Clematis Grata Wall

Jabeen et al. 767 Table 1. Contd. 36 Prunus cerasoides D.Don Rosaceae Fruit R Fruit

37 Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham.ex D.Don

Rosaceae Batangi, Medlar Fruit, leaves, stem,

C Fruit, fodder, fuel wood

38 Prunus persica (L.) Batsch. Rosaceae Aru Peach Fruit R Fruit 39 Pinus wallichiana A. B.

Jackson ( P. excela Wallich ex D. Don)

Pinaceae Biar Himalayan Blue Pine

Stem R Timber

40 Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb Palmae Jangli khajur Wild Date Palm

Fruit, juice of tree, root, kernel

C Fruit

41 Phyllanthus emblica L. Euphorbiaceae Amla, Ambli, Aonla Fruits, food, flowers, seed, root bark

C Medicinal, Fruit, food (vegetable)

42 Pinus roxburghii Sargent Pinaceae Chir Chil Wood, resin

C Timber, fuelwood

43 Pistacia chinensis subsp. Integerrima (J.L. Stewart) Rech.

Anacardiaceae Kakar singhi Kangar

Entire plant

C Fodder, timber, medicinal

44 Platanus orientalis L. Platanaceae Chenar Oriental Plane

Stem R Fuel wood, timber

45 Prunus armeniaca L. Rosaceae Hari Apricot Fruit R Fruit 46 Pyrus communis L. Rosaceae Nashpati Pear Fruit R Fruit

47 Quercus floribundla Lindley ex A Camus (Q. dilatata Lindley)

Fagaceae Barungi Entire plant

C Fodder, fuel wood, tannin

48 Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus

Fagaceae Rin, Shah Baloot, Ban

Oak Entire plant

R Fodder, fuelwood, timber

49 Robinia pseudoacacia Linn. Leguminosae False acaia, Black loust

Entire plant

R Fodder, fuel wood

50 Salix babilonica Oinn. Salicaceae Bed Majnu Weeping willow

Entire plant

C Fuel wood, fodder, tannin

51 Sapium sebiferum (L.) Roxb. Euphorbiaceae Makkhan charbi, Vilayiti shishtum

Chinese Tallow Tree

Stem C Fuel wood

52 Sorbus lanata (D.Don) Schauer

Rosaceae Doda Fruit C Fruit

53 Taxus baccata L. subsp. Wallichiana (Zucc.) Pilger

Taxaceae Barmi Himalayan Yew

Entire plant

R Timber, fruit, fodder

54 Tecomella undulata (Roxb.) Seeman

Bignoniaceae Lahura Bark, seed, wood

R Medicinal, fuel wood, timber

55 Zizyphus oxyphylla Edgew. Rhamnaceae Phitni, Amlai Fruit R Fruit

Page 6: Clematis Grata Wall

768 Afr. J. Biotechnol.

Table 1b. Shrubs

S# Botanical name Family Vernacular name

English name

Part used

Use freq

Ethnobotanical values

1 Acacia hydaspica J.R. Drummond ex Parker

Mimosaceae Leaves, stem

C Fodder, fuel wood

2 Barleria cristata L. Acanthaceae Tadrelu, Bansa siyah

Whole plant

C Medicinal

3 Berberis lycium Royle Berberidaceae Sumbal Kashmal, Zarch

Whole plant

C Medicinal, fuel wood

4 Buddleja asiatica Lour Buddlejaceae Batti, Banna Wood C Walking sticks 5 Buxus papillosa C.K.Schneid Buxaceae Shamshad Entire

plant C Fuel wood

6 Calotropis procera (Willd.) R. Br.

Asclepiadaceae aak Sodom’s Apple

Entire plant

C Medicinal

7 Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Edgew.

Capparidaceae Karir, Karildelha

Fruit, flowers

C Medicinal

8 Carissa opaca Stapf ex Haines Apocynaceae Granda Entire plant

C Medicinal, fuel wood

9 Colebrookia oppositifolia Smith Labiatae Shakardana Entire plant

C Medicinal

10 Cotinus coggyria Anacardiaceae Bhan, Wig Smoke tree Leaves C Fodder 11 Daphne mucronata Royle Thymeleaceae Kuttilal Fruit C Fruit

12 Debregeasia saeneb (Forssk.) Hepper & Wood

Urticaceae Chajul Fruit C Fruit

13 Dodonaea viscose (L.) Jacq. Sapindaceae Sanatha Leaves, bark, seed, wood

C Medicinal, fuel wood

14 Euphorbia milii Des Moul. Euphorbiaceae Crown-of-Thorns

Entire plant

R Protect the tops of wall

15 Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. Ex Klotzsch

Euphorbiaceae Poinsettia Entire plant

C Hedge plant

16 Embelia ribes Burm. Myrsinaceae Babrung, Baobirung

Seeds R Medicinal

17 Euphorbia royleana Boiss. Euphorbiaceae Danda thor Entire plant

C Medicinal, hedge plant

18 Grewia asiatica L. Tiliaceae falsa Fruit R Fruit 19 Grewia tenax (Forssk.) Fiori Tiliaceae Kango,

Gwangi Leaves R Fodder

20 Indigofera heterantha Wall. ex Brandis

Papilionaceae Kainthi Leaves R Fodder

21 Jasminum humile var humile f. pubigerum (D.Don) Grohmann

Oleaceae Peeli chambeli

Flower, root, juice

C Medicinal

22 Jasminum officinale L. Oleaceae Chambeli Entire plant

R Medicinal

23 Justicia adhatoda L. Acanthaceae Bhaikar Leaves, flowers, roots, stem

C Medicinal, fuel wood

24 Lantana camara L. Verbenaceae Panch phali Hedge-flower Entire plant

C Medicinal, fuel wood

Page 7: Clematis Grata Wall

Jabeen et al. 769

Table 1b. Contd. 25 Lantana indica Roxb. Verbenaceae Ghaneri Leaves,

stem C Medicinal, Fuel

wood 26 Mimosa rubicaulis Lam.

subsp. Himalayana (Gamble) Ohashi

Mimosaceae Arlu, ral, Shiah-kanta

Entire plant

C MedicinaL

27 Myrsine africana L. Myrsinaceae Gukoon, Khokal, Baybring

Entire plant

C Medicinal, fodder, fuel wood

28 Nannorrhops ritchieana (Griff.) Aitchison

Palmae Chatai palm, Mazri

Entire plant

R Medicinal, industry

29 Nerium oleanderL. Syn: N. indicum Mill.

Apocynaceae Kanair, Ganira

Oleander, Rose Bay

Entire plant

C Medicinal

30 Opuntia monacantha (Willd.) Ham.

Cactaceae Nagphana Prickly Pear Entire plant

F Medicinal

31 Otostegia limbata (Benth.) Boiss.

Labiatae Chiti Buti, Bui, Phut kanda

Marjoram Leaves C Medicinal, fuel wood

32 Pavetta tomentosa Roxb. ex Smith

Rubiaceae - - Leaves, roots

R Medicinal

33 Rabdosia rugosa (Wallich ex Benth.) Hara (Plectranthus rugosus Wallich ex Benth.).

Labiatae - - Leaves R Fodder

34 Plectranthus coetsa (Buch. –Ham.ex D. Don) Hara

Labiatae - - Leaves R Fodder

35 Prinsepia utilis Royle Rosaceae Bakal Seeds R Medicinal

36 Prunus bokhariensis Royle ex C. Schneider

Rosaceae Aloocha, Alu bokhara

Fruit R Fruit

37 Pteracanthus urticifolius (Kuntze) Bremek Syn. Strobilanthes alatus Nees

Acanthaceae Entire plant

R Fodder

38 Punica granatum L. Punicaceae Anar, Daruna

Wild pomgranate

Entire plant

C Medicinal, fuel wood

39 Rubus ellipticus Smith. Rosaceae Aakain Fruit, leaves

C Fruit, fodder

40 Rubus fruticosus L. Rosaceae Karwara Blackberry Fruit, leaves

R Medicinal, fruit

41 Rubus sanctus Schreber R. ulmifolius L.

Rosaceae Fruit R Fruit

42 Reinwardtia indica Dumort. (R. trigyna (Roxb.) Planchon)

Linaceae Basant Leaves C Fodder

43 Ricinus communis L. Euphorbiaceae Arand, Arind Castor oil plant

Seed, leaf, bark, root

C Medicinal

44 Rosa macrophylla Lindley Rosaceae Ban gulab Himalayan Musk Rose

Fruit, leaves

C Fruit, fodder

45 Solanum incanum L. Solanaceae - - Entire plant

C Medicinal

46 Staphylea emodi Wallich ex Brandis

Staphyleaceae Chitra - Stems R Medicinal

47 Viburnum cotinifolium D.Don Caprifoliaceae Taliana - Fruit R Fruit

48 V. grandiflorum Wall. ex DC. Caprifoliaceae Guch - Fruit, wood

C Fruit, fuel wood

Page 8: Clematis Grata Wall

770 Afr. J. Biotechnol.

Table 1b. Contd. 49 Vitex negundo L. Verbenaceae Nirgud Marwani,

banua Leaves, roots, wood

C Medicinal, fuel wood

50 Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) S.Kurz

Lythraceae Dhawi - Flowers, leaves, wood

C Medicinal, fuel wood

51 Zanthoxylum armatum DC Rutaceae Timbar, Timer

Kababe Bark, fruit, stem, seeds

C Medicinal

52 Zizyphus mauritiana var spontanea (Edgew.)

Rhamnaceae Ber, Beri, Bera

- Fruits, leaves

C Medicinal, fuel wood

53 Zizyphus nummularia Burm. Syn: Rhammus hummularia Burn.

Rhamnaceae Jher beri, Mala, Ber

- Entire plant

C Medicinal

54 Zizyphus oxyphylla Edgew. Rhamnaceae Phitni - Fruit C Fruit

C. Herbs

S# Botanical name Family Vernacular name

English name Part used

Use freq

Ethnobotanical values

1 Achillea millefolium L. Compositae Akarkara Yarrow Whole plant

R Medicinal

2 Achyranthus aspera L. Amaranthaceae Latjira, Charchita, Poth kant

- Entire plant

R Medicinal

3 Aconitum heterophyllum Wallich ex Royle

Ranunculaceae Atis - Tubers C Medicinal

4 Adiantum capillus-veneris L.

Polypodiaceae Sumbul, Hansraj

- Entire plant

C Medicinal

5 Amaranthus viridis L. Amaranthaceae Chanlai, Dhindo

- Leaves C Medicinal

6 Anagallis arvensis L. Primulaceae Dhabbar, Jonkmari

Blue pimpernel

Entire plant

C Medicinal

7 Androsace rotundifolia Hardwicke

Primulaceae - - Entire plant

R Fodder

8 Argemone mexicana L. Papaveraceae Sial Kanta, Pila Dhatura

Prickly Poppy Entire plant

C Medicinal

9 Argyrolobium roseum (Camb.) Jaub. & Spach

Papilionaceae Makhan Booti

- Entire plant

C Medicinal

10 Artemisia brevifolia Wall. ex DC. Syn.: A. maritima L. sensu Hook.f.

Compositae - - Entire plant

R Medicinal

11 Bellis perennis L. Compositae Daisy Entire plant

R Fodder

12 Boerhavia procumbens Banks ex Roxb.

Nyctaginaceae Itsit - Leaves, roots

C Food (Vegetable) , medicinal

13 Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth (C.indicus Sprengel)

Leguminosae Arhar Seed C Food (vegetable)

14 Colchicum luteum Baker Colchicaceae Surinjan Talakh

Seeds and corm

C Medicinal

Page 9: Clematis Grata Wall

Jabeen et al. 771 Table 1c. Contd.

15 Colchicum aitchisonii (Hook.f.) E. Nasir

Colchicaceae Surinjan Shirin

Seeds and corm

C Medicinal

16 Chenopodium album L. Chenopodiaceae Bathueya, Batho

Entire plant C Medicinal

17 Chenopodium ambrosioides L.

Chenopodiaceae Chandan bathwa

Entire plant C Medicinal

18 Commelina benghalensis L.

Commelinaceae Kanchara Entire plant C Medicinal

19 Commelina paludosa Blume

Commelinaceae Kanjuna Roots C Medicinal

20 Convolvulus arvensis L. Convolvulaceae Hiranpadi, Lehli, Hirran khurry

Bindweed Entire plant C Fodder, medicinal, food (vegetable)

21 Convolvulus prostratus Forssk.

Convolvulaceae Shirin Dodak Entire plant C Fodder, food (vegetable)

22 Calendula arvensis L. Compositae Gul-e-Ashrafi

Field Marigold

Flowers, leaves

C Medicinal

23 Cannabis sativa L. Cannabaceae Bhang Hemp Leaves and flowering tops

C Medicinal

24 Carthamus oxycantha M. Bieb.

Compositae Pohli Carthamus Seeds C Medicinal

25 Cichorium intybus L. Compositae Kasni, Chicory

Entire plant C Medicinal

26 Cissampelos pareira Linn. Menispermaceae Pilligar, Pilajar

Leaves, roots C Medicinal

27 Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott. (C. untiquorum Schott)

Araceae Arbi Elephant’s Ear, Taro, Dasheen

Tubers, leaf-stalks

R Food (vegetable), medicinal

28 Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist.

Compositae Paleet Canadian Fleabana

Entire plant C Medicinal

29 Coriandrum sativum L. Umbelliferae Dhania Coriander Entire plant C Medicinal 30 Datura innoxia Miller Solanaceae Dhatura,

Sada Dhatura

Leaves, seed R Medicinal

31 Datura stramonium L. Solanaceae Dhatura, Sada Dhatura

Thorn Apple Leaves, seeds, fruits

R Medicinal

32 Dioscorea deltoidea Wall. ex Griseb.

Dioscoreaceae Kunj Root R Industry

33 Daucus carota L. Umbelliferae Gajar Carrot Root C Food (vegetable) 34 Duchesnea indica (Andr.)

Focke Rosaceae Yellow-

Flowered Strawberry

Fruit, leaves C Fruit, fodder

35 Euphorbia helioscopia L. Euphorbiaceae Chhatri dodak

Sun Spurge Roots milky juice

C Medicinal

36 Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L.

Convolvulaceae Sunkha pushpi

Entire plant C Medicinal

37 Fragaria nubicola Lindl. Ex Lacaita

Rosaceae Mewa Wild Strawberry

Fruit R Fruit

38 Fumaria indica (Hausskn.) Pugsley

Fumariaceae Pit papra Fumitory Entire plant C Medicinal

39 Geranium ocellatum Camb.

Geraniaceae Bhand Entire plant C Medicinal

40 Geranium rotundifolium L. Geraniaceae Choti Rattanjot

Entire plant R Medicinal, fodder

Page 10: Clematis Grata Wall

772 Afr. J. Biotechnol.

Table 1c. Contd.

41 Geranium wallichianum D.Don ex Sweet

Geraniaceae Rattanjot Entire plant R Medicinal, fodder

42 Gerbera gossypina (Royle) Beauv.

Compositae Chit patra Entire plant C Fodder

43 Habenaria digitata Lindl. Orchidaceae Entire plant R Fodder 44 Impatiens bicolor Royle Balsaminaceae Entire plant R Fodder 45 Impatiens edgeworthii

Hook. f. Balsaminaceae Entire plant R Fodder

46 Lathyrus aphaca L. Papilionaceae Jungli-matar, Rawan, Dokani

Yellow Vetchling

Seeds, flowers C Medicinal

47 Lathyrus sativus L. Papilionaceae Khasri dal, Kasari

Entire plant C Fodder

48 Lathyrus sphaericus Retz. Papilionaceae Entire plant C Fodder 49 Lactuca serriola L. Syn: L.

scariola L. Compositae Kahu, Khas

salad Entire plant C Medicinal

50 Leucanthemum vulgare Lam.

Compositae Marguerite Ox-eye Daisy

Entire plant R Fodder

51 Leucas capitata Desf. Syn: L. cephalotes (Roth) Spreng.

Labiatae

Chatra, Gulloda, Goma

Entire plant R Medicinal

52 Linum usitatissimum L. FLAX

Linaceae Alsi Entire plant C Fiber, medicinal

53 Lotus corniculatus L. Papilionaceae Bird’s-foot Trefoil

Entire plant C Fodder

54 Melilotus indicus Linn. Papilionaceae Sinji Entire plant C Medicinal 55 Malva neglecta Wallr. Malvaceae Saunchal,

Khubsi Entire plant C Medicinal

56 Malvestrum coromandelionum (L.) Garcke

Malvaceae Yard sonchal Entire plant C Medicinal

57 Martynia annua L. Martyniaceae Choa, Hath jori Tiger’s Claw Fruit R Medicinal 58 Mentha royleana L. Labiatae Jangli podina Entire plant R Medicinal 59 Micromeria biflora (Buch.-

Ham. ex D. Don) Benth Labiatae

Chai boti Entire plant C Medicinal

60 Mimulus strictus Benth. Scrophulariaceae Entire plant C Fodder 61 Mirabilis jalapa L. Nyctaginaceae Gul-e-Abbasi Four O’clock

Plant Entire plant C Medicinal

62 Misopates orontium (L.) Rafin. Syn :. Antirrhinum orontium L.

Scrophulariaceae Entire plant R Fodder

63 Nepeta laevigata ( D.Don) Hand.-Mazz.

Labiatae

Entire plant R Fodder

64 Nepeta erecta (Benth.) Benth.

Labiatae Entire plant R Fodder

65 Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek (Nasturtium officinale R. Br.)

Brassicaceae Piriya Halim Water Cress Entire plant C Food (vegetable), medicinal

66 Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Nymphaeaceae Kanwal Water Lily, Lotus

Entire plant C Food (fruit), medicinal

67 Oenothera rosea L’ Herit ex Ait. Syn.: Hartmannia rosea (L’Herit. Ex Ait.) G. Don

Onagraceae Mirchi Evening Primrose

Entire plant C Fodder

Page 11: Clematis Grata Wall

Jabeen et al. 773 Table 1c. Contd. 68 Oxalis corniculata L. Oxalidaceae Khatti Buti,

amlika, Khatamitha chukha

Yellow Wood Sorrel

Entire plants C Medicinal, Food (Vegetables)

69 Origanum vulgare L. Labiatae Banjawain Wild Marjoram

Leaves C Food (vegetable)

70 Polygonum. amplexicaulis D.Don

Polygonaceae Anjbar, Masloon Entire plant R Fodder, medicinal

71 Polygonum plebeium R. Br. Polygonaceae Dremak Bistort Entire plant C Medicinal 72 Potentilla nepalensis Hook. f. Rosaceae Entire plant R Fodder

73 Potentilla supina L. Rosaceae Entire plant C Fodder 74 Paeonia emodi Wall. ex

Royle Paeoniaceae Mamekh Himalayan

Peony Entire plant C Medicinal

75 Peganum harmala L. Zygophyllaceae Harmal Seeds, leaves C Medicinal 76 Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene

Syn:. Lippia nodiflora (L.) L. C. Rich.

Verbenaceae Makna, Jal Nim, Makra

Leaves C Medicinal

77 Plantago lenceolata L. Plantaginaceae Baltanga Ribwort Plantain

Entire plant R Medicinal

78 Podophyllum hexandrum Royle

Podophyllaceae Ban Kakri May Apple Root, fruit R Medicinal, fruit

79 Primula denticulata Smith Primulaceae Dog-tooth Primula

Entire plant C Fodder

80 Prunella vulgaris L. Labiatae Self-heal Leaves R Fodder, Food (Vegetable)

81 Rumex chelepensis Mill. Polygonaceae Ambavati Root C Medicinal

82 Solanum surratense Burm. f. Solanaceae Kundiari, Momoli Mokri

Night-shade Entire plant C Medicinal

83 Solanum americanum Mill. (Solanum villosum Miller)

Solanaceae Muko Black Fruit, Yellow/Orange Fruit

Entire plant C Medicinal

84 Salvia moocroftiana Wallich ex Benth.

Labiatae Kallijarri, Gahi kand, Lupra

Sage Leaves, seeds, roots

R Medicinal

85 Saussarea heteromalla (D.Don) Hand.-Mazz

Compositae Batula, Kali ziri Seeds C Medicinal

86 Sauromatum venosum (Aiton) Kunth (S.guttatum Schott)

Araceae Sanp the boti Cobra Plant Rhizome F Medicinal

87 Senecio chrysanthemoides DC.

Compositae Entire plant R Fodder

88 Sesamum orientale L. Syn. S. Indicum L.

Pedaliaceae Til, Sesame Seeds C Industry

89 Sida cordata (Burm.f.) Boiss Malvaceae Simak, Bariar, Kungya bala

Common Mallow

Entire plant C Medicinal

90 Silene conoidea L. Caryophyllaceae Chhota takla Catchfly, Campion

Entire plant C Medicinal

91 Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertner

Compositae Kandiali Milk thistle Leaves, seeds C Medicinal

92 Sisymbrium irio L. Cruciferae Jangli sarson, Khaksi, Khub kalan

Leaves, seeds C Medicinal

Page 12: Clematis Grata Wall

774 Afr. J. Biotechnol. Table 1c. Contd.

93 Sonchus arvensis L. Compositae Dodal Corn Snow thistle

Entire plant F Medicinal

94 Stachys parviflora Benth. Labiatae Bui, Kirimar, Baggibuti

Entire plant F Medicinal

95 Stellaria media (L.) Vill. Caryophyllaceae Gandel Entire plant C Medicinal 96 Taraxacum officinale

Weber Compositae Hand,

Dudal, Kanphul

Dandelion Leaves, roots C Medicinal

97 Trichodesma indica (L.) R. Br.

Boraginaceae Kallri Booti, Chota kulfa, Nila karaji

Entire plant C Medicinal

98 Urtica dioica L. Urticaceae Bichchu buti Stinging nettle

Shoots R Food (Vegetable)

99 Veronica anagallis-aquatica L.

Scrophulariaceae Water Speedwell

Entire plant C Medicinal

100 Viola canescens Wall. ex Roxb.

Violaceae Banafsha Entire plant F Medicinal

101 Verbascum thapsus L. Scrophulariaceae Gidar Tambaku

Leaves, flowers, seeds

C Medicinal

102 Vetiviria zizanioides (L.) Nash. Syn: Andropogon muricatus Rotz.

Plantaginaceae Khas Root C Medicinal

103 Vicia sativa L. Papilionaceae Rewari, Ankra

Entire plant C Medicinal

104 Vinca major L. Apocynaceae Sada-Bahar Myrtle, Blue periwinkle

Entire plant F Medicinal

105 Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal

Solanaceae Aksan, Asgand, Nagsor

Entire plant R Medicinal

d. Climbers

S#

Botanical name

Family

Vernacular name

English name

Part used

Use freq Ethnobotanical values

1 Asparagus adscendens Roxb.

Liliaceae Safed musli Root C Medicinal

2 Clematis grata Wall. Ranunculaceae Bilri Stem and leaves

F Medicinal

3 Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth) Alston

Caesalpinaceae Kanderi, Urian

Bark, root

F Tannin, medicinal

4 Cuscuta reflexa Roxb Cuscutaceae Nila tar, akash bel, Zarbuti

Stem, fruits and seeds

C Medicinal

5 Gloriosa superba L. Liliaceae Kariari, Kalihari, Mulim

Climbing lily, Crisped Glory Lily

Tubers R Medicinal

6 Hedera nepalensis K.Koch

Araliaceae Kurie, Banbatkari

Himalayan Ivy

Leaves C Medicinal, fodder

7 Hiptage benghalensis (L.) Kurz

Malpighiaceae Endra Leaves F Medicinal

8 Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth

Convolvulaceae Bindweed Morning Glory

Entire plant

C Medicinal

Page 13: Clematis Grata Wall

Jabeen et al. 775 Table 1d. Contd.

9 Lathysrus aphaca L. Papilionaceae Seed and flowers

C Medicinal

10 Porana paniculata Roxb. Convolvulaceae Safed Bel Bridal Wreath

Stems C Industrial

11 Psium sativum L. Leguminosae Desi mattar Pea Fruit F Food (Vegetable)

12 Pueraria tuberosa (Roxb. ex. Willd.) Dc.

Papilionaceae Bidhari qand Tubers C Medicinal

13 Rosa brunonii Lindley Rosaceae Jungli gulab, Kuji, Karir, Palwari, Tarni

Himalayan Musk Rose

Entire plant

F Medicinal

14 Smilax aspera L. Smilacaceae Roots Medicinal 15 Trichosanthes cucumerina

L. Cucurbitaceae Jangli

Chachinda Fruit Food

(Vegetable), medicinal

Table 1e. Grasses

S#

Botanical name

Family

Vernacular name

English name

Part used

Use freq

Ethnobotanical values

1 Apluda mutica Poaceae Lundar Entire plant

C Fodder

2 Aristida cyanatha Poaceae Entire plant

C Fodder

3 Cynodon dactylon Linn. Poaceae Talla, Dhab khabal

Entire plant

F Medicinal

4 Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees

Poaceae Bans Leaves and stem

C Medicinal

5 Dicanthium foveolatum (Del.) Roberty

Poaceae Palwa Entire plant

C Fodder

6 Heteropogon contortus (L.)

Poaceae Suriala Entire plant

C Fodder

7 Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin. Ex Steud.

Poaceae Dila Entire plant

C Fodder

8 Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roemer and Schultes

Poaceae Kaie Entire plant

C Fodder

9 Sorghum halepense L. Pers.

Poaceae Buron Entire plant

C Fodder

10 Themeda anathera Poaceae Entire plant

C Fodder

to cure jaundice. It is also grinded, mix with egg and then women wash their hairs, it used as a conditioner. Its fruit is grinded with Jangli podina (Mentha royleana) and mixes with salt for curing pain in stomach. It is sold 7 - 8 rupees per kg.Amla (P. emblica), Timbar (Z. armatum), Jangli podina, (M. royleana), ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi) and black salt are mix to make medicine for indigestion. The fruit of Gukoon (Myrsine africana) is used for killing the worms in abdomen, for improving

digestion and for relief of cough. Green Gukoon is sold 20 rupees per kg while dried is sold 100 rupees per kg. It is collected in December and January, dried and sold.

Sumbal (Berberis lycium) root is boiled in water then mixed with milk when this become thick then Desi ghee, sooji flour of maize, sugar and almond is added and used for the pains and arthritis. Sumbal (B. lyceum) bark is taken off, dried and then sold for the treatment of pimples. Bhaikar (Justicia adhatoda) is used for curing

Page 14: Clematis Grata Wall

776 Afr. J. Biotechnol.

Table 1f. Fodder crops grown

S# Botanical name Family Vernacular name

English name

Part used

Use freq

Ethnobotanical values

1 Avena sativa Poaceae Jandar Entire plant

R Fodder, food

2 Brassica compestris Poaceae Sarsoon Entire plant

F Fodder, food (Vegetable)

3 Cicer arietinum L. Leguminosae Channa Gram, Chickpea

Entire plant

R Fodder, food (Vegetable)

4 Penisetum americanum (L.) Schuman

Poaceae Bajra Entire plant

R Fodder, food

5 Triticum vulgare Gundum Entire plant

C Fodder, food

6 Zea mays Poaceae Makai Maize Entire plant

C Fodder, food

F = Frequent, A = Abundant, R = Rare; C = common.

Table 2. Collection of ethno-botanical information from Margallah Hills National Park. Parts used Purpose of use Status Buds Medicinal Rare Leaves Fodder Frequent Fruit Fuelwood Common Bark Food (Fruit) Stem Food (vegetable etc.) Roots Timber Seed Industrial Flowers Tannin Root bark Gum

Shoots Fiber

Rhizome Corms Tubers

Table 3. Ethnobotanical properties of plant species collected from Margallah Hills National Park.

S/N Ethno-botanical uses Number of species used Plant species (%) used ethno-botanically (n = 245 )

1 Medicinal 159 64.89 2 Fodder 79 32.24

3 Fuelwood 47 19.18

4 Food (Fruit) 33 13.46

5 Food (Vegetable etc.) 18 7.34

6 Timber 14 5.71

7 Industrial 6 2.44

8 Tannin 4 1.63

9 Gum 3 1.22

10 Fiber 2 0.81

Page 15: Clematis Grata Wall

Jabeen et al. 777

Table 4. Medicinal plants of Margallah Hills National Park. Botanical name Local name Medicinal uses Trees Acacia catechu Khair, Katha Astringent, applied in spongy gums Acacia modesta Phulai Tonic, stimulant, ash is used in snuff preparation Acacia nilotica Kikar Diarrhea, dysentery, somachic, astringent, expectorant, aphrodisiac Aesculus indica Bankhor Tonic, febrifuge, rheumatic pain Albizzia lebbek Shareen Restorative, astringent, piles, diarrhea, gonorrhea, carbuncle, boils,

swelling, snake bite, treatment of lymphatic gland, tuberculosis Bauhinia variegata Kachnar Alterative, anthelmintic, tonic, astringent, skin diseases, ulcer,

scrofula, dysentery, piles, diarrhea, worms, dyspepsia, antidote to snake bite

Bombax ceiba Simbal, Simal Astringent, alterative, restorative, tonic, stimulants Butea monosperma Palas, dhak, Chichra Anthelmintic, astringent, diarrhea, dysentery, tonic, diuretic,

depurative, aphrodisiac, snake bite, diabetes Cassia fistula Kingo, Amaltas Laxative, emollient, tonic, febrifuge, constipation, cathartic, emetic,

astringent, purgative, pustules Cedrus deodara Deodar Carminative, diuretic Cordia oblique Lasura Cough, disease of chest Dalbergia sissoo Tali, Sissoo Stimulant, gonorrhea, astringent, alterative, leprosy, boils, eruptions,

vomiting Erythrina suberosa Dhauldak Febrifuge Ficus benghalensis Bohr Pains and bruises, rheumatism and lumbago, poultice, abscesses,

gonorrhea, astringent, tonic, diabetes, leucorrhoea, cooling, aphrodisiac

Ficus religiosa Pipal Cooling, alterative, laxative, astringent, gonorrhea, purgative, scabies

Ficus virgata Phagwara Laxative, demulcent, constipation, lungs and bladder diseases Flacourtia indica Kokoh Jaundice, enlarged spleen, cholera Juglans regia Akhraot Anthelmintic, astringent, rheumatism Mallotus phillipensis Kamila, Kambal Vermifuge, purgative, cure parasitic skin diseases, used for

poulticing in cutaneous diseases Maytenus royleanus Pataki, Pataki Toothache Melia azedarach Dhrek, Bakain Cathartic, emetic, emmenagogue, resolvent, poultice to relieve

nervous headaches, hysteria, rheumatism, splenic enlargement, diabetes

Morus alba Tut, Chitta tut, Spin tut

Diaphoretic, emollient, inflammation of throat, cooling, laxative, sore throat, dyspepsia, melancholia, anthelmintic, astringent

Olea ferruginea Kao, Kahu, Khuwan Toothache, astringent, antiseptic, antiperiodic, diuretic, hoarseness of voice, rubefacient, diabetes, asthma

Phyllanthus emblica Amla, Ambli, Aonla Cooling, refrigerant, diuretic, laxative, astringent, hemorrhage, diarrhea, dysentery, jaundice, dyspepsia, anemia, inflammation of the eye, asthma, bronchitis, biliousness, refrigerant, aperiant

Pistacia chinensis Kakar singhi Kangar

Expectorant

Tecomella undulata Lahura Vermifuge Shrubs Barleria cristata Tadrelu, Bansa

siyah Swelling, cough, rheumatism, pneumonia, snake bite, ear and eye ailments

Berberis lycium Sumbal Opthalmia, cooling, laxative, internal wounds, intestinal colic (antispasmodic), pharyngitis, throat pains, diabetes, bone fractures

Calotropis procera Aak Dysentery, tonic, sudorific, alterative, antispasmodic, expectorant, emetic, digestive, stomachic, purgative, guinea worms

Capparis decidua Karir, Karildelha Sporadic Carissa opaca Granda Treatment in worm infested sores of animals, fly repellent,

stimulants, asthma

Page 16: Clematis Grata Wall

778 Afr. J. Biotechnol.

Table 4. Contd. Dodonaea viscose Sanatha Astringent, gout, rheumatism, swelling, burns, fomentation Embelia ribes Babrung, Baobirung Anthelmintic, alterative, tonic, carminative, stomachic Euphorbia royleana Danda thor Cathartic, anthelmintic Jasminum humile Peeli chambeli Astringent, tonic, ring worm, used for destroying the unhealthy lining

walls of chronic sinuses and fistulas Jasminum officinale Chambeli Diuretic, emmenagogue, anthelmintic, skin diseases, headache,

weak eyes, scorpion sting, ulceration, eruptions, cons, otorrhoea Justicia adhatoda Bhaikar Cough, bronchitis, asthma, rheumatism, stomachache, joints,

eruption, dysentery, diabetes Lantana camara Panch phali Diaphoretic, carminative, antiseptic, rheumatism, tetanus, malaria,

tonic, atoxy of abdominal viscera Lantana indica Ghaneri Snake bite Mimosa rubicaulis Arlu, ral, Shiah-

kanta Piles, burns, vomiting

Myrsine africana Gukoon, Khokal, Baybring

Killing worms in abdomen, digestion purpose, cough

Nannorrhops ritchieana Chatai palm, Mazri Diarrhoea, dysentery, purgative Nerium oleander Kanair, Ganira Skin diseases, leprosy, abortion, scorpion sting, snake bite,

swellings Opuntia monacantha Nagphana Laxative, poultice, expectorant, asthma, cough, hepatic congestion,

gonorrhea Otostegia limbata Chiti Buti, Bui, Phut

kanda Ophthalmia, gums, wounds

Punica granatum Anar, Daruna Stomachache, cardiac, cooling, refrigerant, astringent, anthelmintic Rubus fruticosus Karwara Urticaria, diarrhea, cough, fever, diuretic Ricinus communis Arand, Arind Boils, swelling, pain, healing wounds and sores, toothache,

febrifuge, laxative, constipation Staphylea emodi Chitra Snake bite Vitex negundo Nirgud Pain, tooth brush, gum and skin diseases, headache, skin allergy Woodfordia fruticosa Dhawi Astringent, stimulant, liver complaints, hemorrhoids, dysentery,

menorrhagia, mucus membrane disorder Zanthoxylum armatum Timbar, Timer Stomachache, carminative, toothache, tooth brush, tonic, aromatic,

fever cholera, dyspepsia, fritters, piles Zizyphus mauritiana Ber, Beri, Bera Herbal tea, blood purifier, fever, intestinal worms, dysentery Zizyphus nummularia Jher beri, Mala, Ber Boils, scabies, astringent, cooling, bilious affections, herbal tea,

blood purifier, fever, intestinal worms, dysentery, diabetes Herbs Achyranthus aspera Latjira, Charchita,

Poth kant Toothache, pain, dysentery, rheumatism, skin diseases, insect bites, bowel complaints, night blindness, cough , asthma

Aconitum heterophyllum Atis Tonic Adiantum capillus-veneris Sumbul, Hansraj Aromatic, emollient, cough, febrifuge Amaranthus viridis Chanlai, Dhindo Emollient, scorpion sting, snake bite Argemone mexicana Sial Kanta, Pila

Dhatura Jaundice, dropsy

Argyrolobium roseum Makhan Booti Aphrodisiac, tonic, used for increasing milk and butter production for goat

Artemisia brevifolia Anthelmintic, worms Boerhavia procumbens Itsit Diuretic, purgative, febrifuge, Anthelmintic Colchicum luteum Surinjan Talakh Pain Colchicum aitchisonii Surinjan Shirin Pain Chenopodium album Bathueya, Batho Laxative, Anthelmintic, hepatic disorder, enlarged spleen, jaundice,

urinary diseases, rheumatism, antidote to snake bite Chenopodium ambrosioides

Chandan bathwa Anthelmintic, piles

Commelina benghalensis Kanchara Skin inflammation, laxative

Page 17: Clematis Grata Wall

Jabeen et al. 779

Table 4. Contd. Commelina paludosa Kanjuna Snake bite, vertigo, fever Convolvulus arvensis Hiranpadi, Lehli,

Hirran khurry Purgative, skin diseases, worms

Calendula arvensis Gul-e-Ashrafi Stimulant, antispasmodic, emmenagogue, wounds Cannabis sativa Bhang Refrigerant, tonic, narcotic, sedative, anodyne Carthamus oxycantha Pohli Ulcer, itch Cissampelos pareira Pilligar, Pilajar Stomachache, wounds, snake bite, malaria Conyza canadensis Paleet Homeostatic, stimulant, astringent, diuretic, dysentery, diarrhea,

hemorrhage Coriandrum sativum Dhania Digestion Datura innoxia Dhatura, Sada

Dhatura Boils, narcotic, anodyne, gonorrhea, hydrophobia, earache

Datura stramonium Dhatura, Sada Dhatura

Boils, narcotic, anodyne, gonorrhea, hydrophobia, earache

Euphorbia helioscopia Chhatri dodak Cathartic, cholera, eruption, anthelmintic Evolvulus alsinoides Sunkha pushpi Tonic, asthma, vermifuge Fumaria indica Pit papra Fever, diarrhea, worms, goiter, antipyretic, blood purifier, cooling ,

anti periodic, eruption, diabetes, bladder infection Geranium ocellatum Bhand Astringent Geranium rotundifolium Choti Rattanjot Diuretic, astringent Geranium wallichianum Rattanjot Astringent, toothache Lathyrus aphaca Jungli-matar,

Rawan, Dokani Narcotic, resolvent

Lactuca serriola Kahu, Khas salad Cooling, sedative, diaphoretic, diuretic, antiseptic, hypnotic, expectorant, coughs, phthisis, bronchitis, asthma, pretties

Leucas capitata Chatra, Gulloda, Goma

Antidote, snake bite, cough, cold

Melilotus indicus Sinji Emollient, swelling, fomentation, diarrhea, bowl complaints Malva neglecta Saunchal, Khubsi Cooling, emollient, demulcent, piles, bronchitis, cough, ulcer,

hemorrhoids, skin diseases Malvestrum coromandelionum

Yard sonchal Resolvent, emollient, cooling, sores and wounds, pectoral, diaphoretic

Mentha royleana Jangli podina Stomachache, carminative, diarrhea, dysentery Micromeria biflora Chai boti Herbal tea Oxalis corniculata Khatti Buti, amlika,

Khatamitha chukha Stomach trouble, intoxication, refrigerant, worms, clean rusted vessels, scorpion sting

Polygonum. amplexicaulis Anjbar, Masloon Herbal tea Polygonum plebeium Dremak Pneumonia, bowel complaints, diarrhea Paeonia emodi Mamekh Nervous disorders, diarrhea, purgative, emetic Plantago lenceolata Baltanga Toothache, dysentery Podophyllum hexandrum Ban Kakri Cancer Rumex chelepensis Ambavati Astringent, coetaneous disorder Solanum surratense Kundiari, Momoli

Mokri Toothache, pain, demulcent, expectorant, cough, asthma, catarrh, animal diseases

Solanum americanum Muko Antiseptic, skin diseases, germicidal, carminative, tonic, alterative, diuretic, heart diseases, intestinal worms and swelling

Salvia moocroftiana Kallijarri, Gahi kand, Lupra

Poultice, dysentery, cough, cold

Saussarea heteromalla Batula, Kali ziri Carminative, cure for horse bite Sauromatum venosum Sanp the boti Stimulating poultice in snake bite Sida cordata Simak, Bariar,

Kungya bala Rheumatism, gonorrhea, spermatorrhea, elephantiasis, demulcent, opthalmia, astringent, stomachache, diuretic, febrifuge, aphrodisiac, laxative, gonorrhea, colic tenseness, piles

Silene conoidea Chhota takla Emollient, fumigant

Page 18: Clematis Grata Wall

780 Afr. J. Biotechnol.

Table 4. Contd. Silybum marianum Kandiali Aperient, sudorific, demulcent, hemorrhage Sisymbrium irio Jangli sarson,

Khaksi, Khub kalan Expectorant, stimulant, restorative, poultice

Sonchus arvensis Dodal Diuretic, sedative, cooling, hypnotic, diaphoretic, antiseptic, expectorant, cough, bronchitis, asthma, phthisis

Stellaria media Gandel Cooling, astringent, vulnerary, kindling, broken bones, swellings Taraxacum officinale Hand, Dudal,

Kanphul Fomentation, Aperient, diuretic, tonic, chronic disorder of kidney and liver

Trichodesma indica Kallri Booti, Chota kulfa, Nila karaji

Snake bite, diuretic, depurative, swelling , joints, dysentery

Viola canescens Banafsha Purgative Verbascum thapsus Gidar Tambaku Diarrhea, dysentery, analgesic, antiseptic, wounds, aphrodisiac,

narcotic, fish poison Vetiviria zizanioides Khas Diaphoretic, stimulant, refrigerant, febrifuge, emmenagogue, tonic Vicia sativa Rewari, Ankra Anti poisonous Withania somnifera Aksan, Asgand,

Nagsor Pain, diuretic, tonic, rheumatism, alterative, astringent, aphrodisiac, sedative, coagulate milk

Climbers Asparagus adscendens Safed musli Glactagogue, demulcent, tonic, diarrhea, dysentery, general debility Clematis grata Bilri Skin diseases Caesalpinia decapetala Kanderi, Urian Purgative Cuscuta reflexa Nila tar, akash bel,

Zarbuti Anthelmintic, carminative, alterative, purgative, diuretic, jaundice, pains, paralysis, vomiting, bilious disorders

Hedera nepalensis Kurie, Banbatkari Diabetes Hiptage benghalensis Endra Rheumatism, skin diseases Lathysrus aphaca Narcotic, resolvent Rosa brunonii Jungli gulab, Kuji,

Karir, Palwari, Tarni Skin and eye diseases, biliousness, tonic

Grasses Cynodon dactylon Talla, Dhab khabal Piles, irritation of urinary organs, dropsy, vomiting, dysentery Dendrocalamus strictus Bans Tonic, astringent, acholics

Table 5. Medicinal plant values of plant species from Margallah Hills National Park. Medicinal properties Number of plants Astringent 28 Tonic 23 Stimulant 10 Diarrhea 15 Dysentery 19 Somachic 1 Expectorant 8 Aphrodisiac 7 Febrifuge 8 Restorative 4 Carbuncle 1 Gonorrhea 8 Boils 6 Swelling 8 Treatment of lymphatic gland 1 Tuberculosis 1 Piles 8

Page 19: Clematis Grata Wall

Jabeen et al. 781

Table 5. Contd. Alterative 9 Anthelmintic 14 Skin diseases 13 Ulcer 4 Scrofula 1 Worms 12 Dyspepsia 4 Snake bite 14 Snuff preparation 1 Diuretic 17 Depurative 2 Diabetes 9 Laxative 11 Emollient 8 Constipation 3 Cathartic 4 Emetic 4 Purgative 11 Pustules 1 Carminative 8 Cough 14 Eruptions 5 Disease of chest 1 Leprosy 2 Vomiting 4 Pains and bruises 1 Rheumatism 13 Poultice 6 Abscesses 1 Leucorrhoea 1 Cooling 13 Scabies 2 Lungs and bladder diseases 2 Jaundice 5 Demulcent 6 Enlarged spleen 3 Cholera 3 Vermifuge 3 Toothache 9 Emmenagogue 4 Resolvent 4 Hysteria 1 Diaphoretic 6 Antiseptic 6 Refrigerant 5 Melancholia 1 Inflammation of throat 2 Antiperiodic 2 Asthma 10 Rubefacient 1 Hoarseness of voice 1 Hemorrhage 3 Anemia 1

Page 20: Clematis Grata Wall

782 Afr. J. Biotechnol.

Table 5. Contd. Inflammation of the eye 1 Bronchitis 5 Biliousness 4 Aperiant 3 Pneumonia 2 Improvement of internal wounds 1 Digestive 3 Ear and eye ailments, Opthalmia 5 Sudorific 2 Pharyngitis 1 Stomachache 9 Intestinal colic (antispasmodic) 3 Bone fractures 2 Sporadic 1 Fly repellent 1 Gout 1 Fomentation 3 Burns 2 Destroying the unhealthy lining walls of chronic sinuses and fistulas

1

Headache 2 Scorpion sting 4 Cons 1 Otorrhoea 1 Joints 2 Tetanus 1 Malaria 1 Atoxy of abdominal viscera 1 Abortion 1 Gums 2 Wounds 7 Cardiac 3 Urticaria 1 Hemorrhoids 2 Fever 3 Menorrhagia 1 Skin allergy 1 Liver complaints 3 Fritters 1 Herbal tea 4 Mucus membrane disorder 1 Aromatic 2 Blood purifiers 3 Bowel complaints 3 Insect bites 1 Night blindness 1 Dropsy 2 Increasing milk and butter production for goat 1 Vertigo 1 Narcotic 6 Itch 1 Sedative 4

Page 21: Clematis Grata Wall

Jabeen et al. 783

Table 5. Contd. Urinary diseases 1 Anodyne 1 Homeostatic 1 Hydrophobia 2 Goiter 1 Hypnotic 2 Cold 2 Antipyretic 1 Phthisis 1 Pretties 1 Pectoral 1 Intoxication 1 Clean rusted vessels 1 Cancer 1 Catarrh 1 Animal diseases 1 Germicidal 1 Horse bite 1 Spermatorrhea 1 Elephantiasis 1 Colic tenseness 1 Fumigant 1 Vulnerary 1 Chronic disorder of kidney and liver 1 Kindling 1 Analgesic 1 Fish poison 1 Anti poisonous 1 Coagulate milk 1 Glactagogue 1 General debility 1 Paralysis 1 Acholics 1 Eaeche 1

diabetes, jaundice and pimples. Young leaves are crush-ed and juice is taken. It is used during summer.Kao (Olea ferruginea) has cold effect and is used in summer. Its leaves are grinded and juice is taken for pimples. Kao is used as favorite fodder and fuel wood. Kingo (Cassia fistula) fruit used as medicine and local people sell it. Their pods are used for curing constipation and pneumo-nia. These are boiled and decoction taken. The number of plant species used to cure different diseases incur-porated in Table 5 showed that maximum plant species of Margallah Hills National Park are being used against the cure of astringent. Twenty three are used as tonic, nineteen against dysentery, seventeen against diuretic, fifteen for the cure of diarrhea, fourteen are used against anthelmintic, snake bite, cough, thirteen against skin diseases, rheumatism, cooling, twelve against worms,

eleven for the treatment of laxative, purgative and ten for the cure of stimulant, asthma. Ethnobotnical knowledge of the local people of Margallah Hills National Park provides an insight into the new or less known medicinal herbs of traditional medicine and also gives new material for the pharmacological research. This infor-mation will serve as a reference for the benefit of phar-macists,-researchers,-Hakims-(herbalist), terinarians and pubic at large. REFERENCES GOP, JRC, IUCN (1992). The Pakistan National Conservation Strategy.

Government of Pakistan Urban Affairs Division, and The World Conservation Union, Pakistan. Xxviii+378 pp.

Hijazi S (1984). A phytosociological study of Margallah Hills National Park. M. Phil Thesis, Department of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-

Page 22: Clematis Grata Wall

784 Afr. J. Biotechnol.

Azam Univ. Islamabad. Hussain M (1986). Re-introduction of cheer pheasant in the Margalla

Hills National Park: a report by WorldWide Fund for Nature, Pakistan and Capital Development Authority Islamabad.

Khattak ZD, Ahmed S (1990) Phytosociological Studies Of The Vegetation On The North and South Facing Slopes of the Margalla Hills. J. Sc. Tech Univ Peshawar, 14: 129-132.

Maqsood A (1991). Mammals of Margallah Hills National Parks: An Annotated List of Mammals, 8.

Okafor JC, Fernandez ECM (1987). Compound farms of southeastern

Nigeria: a predominant agro-forestry home garden system with crops and small livestock. Agroforestry Syst. 5(2): 153 -168.

Osei- Owusu A (1981). Survey of wild food plants in Ghanaian villages. Project paper, institute of renewable natural resources, University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.