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Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendel’s discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype Analyze probabilities Distinguish genotype and phenotype Use Punnett Squares Predict genetic outcomes Use a Pedigree Chart

Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype

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There are _____ pairs of chromosomes in humans giving ______ Total chromosomes A. The Chromosome This picture shows two copies of the chromosomes. Both sides are a single _____________. chromosome ____________ Single Strands of a chromosome ____________ Center of two identical chromosomes ________ A specific place on chromosome that is a genetic trait (the color coded parts) Chromatids Centromere Gene

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Page 1: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype

Classical Genetics - Objectives

• Identify and label parts of chromosomes• Describe Mendel’s discoveries• Perform genetic crosses• Identify and perform a karyotype• Analyze probabilities• Distinguish genotype and phenotype• Use Punnett Squares• Predict genetic outcomes• Use a Pedigree Chart

Page 2: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype

A. The Chromosome

Chromosome

_______________ Thread-like strand made of DNA and proteins that transmits hereditary information.

Chromosome

Histones (proteins)

DNA

This is what we had to break down in the onion

Page 3: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype

There are _____ pairs of chromosomes in humans giving ______ Total chromosomes.

2346

A. The Chromosome

This picture shows two copies of the chromosomes. Both sides are a single _____________.chromosome

____________ Single Strands of a chromosome____________ Center of two identical chromosomes________ A specific place on chromosome that is a genetic trait (the color coded parts)

Chromatids

Centromere

Gene

Page 4: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype

B. Karyotype___________ An orderly arrangement of the chromosomes in an organism

Karyotype

Arrangement: Largest to Smallest

First 22 pairs are called: Autosomes

Last pair: ____________________ but may not match

Sex Chromosomes

XX = ________ XY = ______X is __________ than the Y chromosome

Female MaleLarger

Page 5: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype

B. KaryotypeKaryotypes detect:

__________________Genetic diseases

Find the mistakes?1.2.3.

Partial deletion (2)Total deletion (16)Trisomy (21) ?1.A _____copy of a gene2.Trisomy 21 is ___________________

3rd

Down’s Syndrome

Page 6: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype

__________ Type of organism with one copy of chromosomes. Some plants, algae, fungi.

C. InheritanceChromosomes are __________fromparents

inherited___ from mother___ from father11

__________ Type of organism with two copies of chromosomesHaploid

Diploid

_________ Cells that contain one-half the genetic information; sperm and egg in humans

Gamete

Page 7: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype

D. Genes and DominanceLet us say we are studying freckles.The blue gene is the gene for freckles.

But the two genes are different!One gene codes for Freckles andis labeled ___.

F

The other codes for NO Freckles and is labeled ___.f F f_________ are different forms of the same gene.Alleles

Page 8: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype

D. Genes and Dominance

F f

____________What the genes both are.

Genotype

____________What the organism LOOKS like.Phenotype

So the GENOTYPE IS ______

But what does the person LOOK LIKE?1. Lots of freckles?2. A few freckles?3. No freckles?

Ff

Page 9: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype

D. Genes and Dominance

F f

___________ genes always override____________ genes.DOMINANTRECESSIVE

Dominant = ___________________1. Are not the most ___________

Like polydactylism2. Most common are __________

Recessive = ___________________1. Act like they are ____________

CAPITAL LETTERS

lowercase lettersTurned off

common

wild type

Page 10: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype

D. Genes and Dominance

F f

Genotype PhenotypeFFFfff

FRECKLESFRECKLES

NO FRECKLES

Therefore our person has:

This is called _____________________.Complete Dominance

Page 11: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype

C. Inheritance

Page 12: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype

E. Other Types of Dominance

_________________________ The dominant and recessive blend together making a new phenotype.

Incomplete Dominance

RR rrRr

________________ Both phenotypes are displayed. Neither is dominant

Codominance

Page 13: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype

F. Punnett Squares

E eEePupil size in guinea pigsE = ____________ e = ___________

Mother and father are both ___Mother can give __ OR __Father can give __ OR __

EeEE

ee

Large pupil Small pupil

________________ shows all genetic possibilities of the offspring.Punnett Square

Page 14: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype

F. Punnett Squares

E

e

E eEE Ee

Ee ee

What % have genotype EE? ___________What % have genotype Ee?___________What % have genotype ee? ___________What % have PHENOTYPE Small pupils?______________What % have PHENOTYPE Large pupils?______________

¼ or 25%

¼ or 25%½ or 50%

¼ or 25%¾ or 75%

_________________________ Genotype EE; both dominant

_________________________ Genotype ee; both recessive

_________________________ Genotype Ee; mixed dom/rec

Homozygous Dominant

Homozygous Recessive

Heterozygous

Page 15: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype

F. Punnett Squares

In orchids, Purple flower (P) is dominant to White (p). If a Pp flower is crossed with a pp flower, show the Punnett square

What percent are Purple? ____________What percent are White? _____________

Page 16: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype

F. Punnett Squares - Dihybrid_____________________ using a Punnett square to track ONE genetic trait.Monohybrid crosses

_____________________ using a Punnett square to track TWO genetic traits.

Dihybrid crosses

Test cross of peas Y =y =W =w =

YellowGreenWrinkledSmooth

Parent peas’ genotypes:YyWw x YyWw

Page 17: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype

F. Punnett Squares - Dihybrid

YyWw x YyWw

Page 18: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype

F. Punnett Squares - DihybridYW Yw yW yw

YWYwyWyw

YYWWYYwwYYWw

YYWwYyWW

YyWW

yywwYyWw

YyWw

YyWwYyww

YywwYyWwyyWWyyWw

yyWw

% Yellow/Wrinkled: _______

% Yellow/Smooth:________

% Green/Wrinkled: _______

% Green/Smooth:________

Page 19: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype

G. Gregor MendelGregor Mendel is called _____________________

1. Was a _______2. Studied ____________3. Discovered the ______ laws of genetics

The father of geneticsMonk

Pea Plants2

Law 1: Law of Segregation: Alleles __________ during formation of gametes (sperm and egg cells)

Law 2: Independent Assortment: Each Trait is ______________ of one another

separate

Independent

Page 20: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype

H. Pedigree Chart• Male =

• Female =

• Sexual union =

• Offspring =

Page 21: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype

H. Pedigree ChartRecessive gene on X chromosome; affects males more than females.

Page 22: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype

H. Pedigree and X-linkage

Males with trait are: XrY

Females with trait are: XrXr

Males without the trait are XRY

Page 23: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype
Page 24: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype

I. Meiosis

___________ Cells with two copies of chromosomes

Diploid

___________ Cells with one copy of chromosomesHaploid

What cells need to be haploid?

GAMETES: The egg and sperm cellsGametes need to be haploid so you get 1 copy of chromosomes from each parent:

1 chromosome from mother1 chromosome from father= 2 copies!

Page 25: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype

I. Meiosis

Just like Mitosis!

Page 26: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype

I. Meiosis

NO interphase,This meansNO DNAREPLICATION

1 copy of eachChromosome!

Page 27: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype

I. Meiosis – Mr. Anderson 8:25

Page 28: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype

I. Meiosis ________________ Exchange of genetic material between identical chromosomes.

Crossing Over

McClintock &Creighton - discovery

Increases genetic diversity

Page 29: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype

I. Meiosis

______________ - Genes on the same chromosome are usuallyInherited together.

Mendel’s Independent assortment does not apply during meiosis

Gene Linkage

_____________ - The closer together genes are, the more likely to be linked. A map of the chromosome can be developed.

Gene Map