Classical Conditioning &Determinism vs. Free Will

A. Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD): pattern of behavior, marked by negativity, hostility, and defiance toward authorityfigures.

B. Conduct Disorder (CD): repetitive, persistent pattern of aggressive, antisocial behavior violating societal norms or the rights of others.

I. Disruptive Conduct Disorders: disordershaving to do with undesirable behavior such asaggression or defiance, stealing, and otherantisocial behavior.

II. Determinism vs. Free Will

A. Determinism: the assumption that everything that happenshas a cause or determinant in the observable world.

B. Free Will: the belief that behavior is caused by a person’s independent decisions.

Internal Environment External Environment (biology & genetics) (social & physical world)

The Deterministic Equation that explains who you are…

X Time

= YOU (at any given moment in your life)

A. Behaviorists: deterministic psychologists who insist thatpsychologists should study only observable, measurablebehaviors, not mental processes.

III. Behaviorism & Conditioning

B. Operant Conditioning: learning based on association of behavior with its consequences. The individual learns from the consequences of “operating” in the environment. Applies to voluntary responses.

C. Classical Conditioning: learning based on association of a stimulus that does not ordinarily elicit a particular response with another stimulus that does elicit the response. Applies to involuntary responses.

1) Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) An event that consistently and automatically elicits an unconditioned response. (Food)

2) Unconditioned Response (UCR) An action that the unconditioned stimulus automatically elicits. (Salivation)

3) Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Formerly the neutral stimulus, having been paired with the unconditioned stimulus, elicits the same response.(Bell) That response depends upon its consistent pairing with the UCS.

4) Conditioned Response (CR) The response elicited by the conditioned stimulus due to the training. (Salivation) Usually it closely resembles the UCR in magnitude.

IV. Classical Conditioning

A. Classical Conditioning Terminology

B. Acquisition: the process that establishes or strengthensa conditioned response.

E. Extinction: the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus leading to a decrease and elimination of the response.

C. Simultaneous Conditioning: the conditioned stimulus andthe unconditioned stimulus are presented at the same time.

D. Compound Conditioning: two or more conditioned stimuliare presented together with the unconditioned stimulus.

F. Behavioral Aversion Therapy: an attractive stimulus ispaired with a noxious stimulus in order to elicit a negativereaction to the target stimulus.

Behaviorism: Classical Conditioning

• John Watson: Conditioning of Fear

• Orphan boy ‘Little Albert’

– 3. Albert cried because of noise– 4. Eventually, site of rat made

Albert cry

– 1. Albert liked the furry rat – 2. Rat presented with loud CRASH!