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The Shockey Precast Group PARKING STRUCTURE DESIGN GUIDE 2008/2009 EDITION

CLADIRE PARCARI

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  • T h e S h o c k e y P r e c a s t G r o u p

    PARKING STRUCTUREDESIGN GUIDE2008/2009 Edition

  • Parking Structure Design Guide2008/2009 Edition

    Introduction

    48 Bay System

    Parking Structure Aesthetics

    The AltusGroup

    Shockey Parking Structure Specifications

    Glossary

    WhyPrecast?

    WhyShockey?

    OptimalLayout

    Openness

    RampWalls

    DrySystem

    Colors,Features,Textures

    CaseStudies

    CalvertSt.ParkingStructure

    WashingtonNationalsBallpark ParkingStructure

    GaylordNationalHarborResort &ConventionCenter

    C-GRIDReinforcedDoubleTeesfor ParkingStructures

    81

    67

    63

    51

    11

    3

    T h e S h o c k e y P r e c a s t G r o u p

    219 Stine Lane

    Winchester, VA 22603

    540.667.7700

    www.shockeyprecast.com

    NOTE: Thedetailsshowninthisdesignguideare

    intendedtobehelpfulinthepreparationofcomplete

    project plans. These details are not to be used as

    workingdrawings.Workingdrawingsanddetailsmust

    bepreparedandapprovedbyqualifiedprofessionals

    certifiedinthejurisdictioninwhichtheprojectisto

    bebuilt. Shockey acceptsno responsibility for any

    errorsoroversightsintheuseofthismaterialorinthe

    preparationofplans.Thispublicationisintendedfor

    usebyprofessionalpersonnelcompetenttoevaluate

    the significance and limitations of its contents and

    able to accept responsibility for the application of

    the material contained herein. Special conditions

    andspecific local requirementsonyourprojectwill

    requirespecificevaluationandpracticalengineering

    judgmentbytheprojectsEngineerofRecord.

    TheShockeyPrecastGroup2008.AllRightsReserved.

  • FairfaxCountyJudicialCenterParkingStructure,Richmond,VA

  • InTroducTIonAsthecostofrealestatecontinuestorise,ownersanddevelopersareingreaterneedof

    parkingsolutionsthatprovidesmartandcost-effectiveanswerstoavarietyofcommercial,

    residential,municipal,andinstitutionalparkingneeds.Inadditiontothepracticalissues

    relatingtoparkingavailabilityandcost,theseownersandgoverningbodiesareplacingan

    increasedemphasisonaesthetics.Todaysparkingstructuremustbeconvenientlylocated,

    low-cost,andcomplementthesurroundinglandscape.

    Inthischapterwewillexplorethenumerousbenefitsprecastconcreteoffersforowners,

    designersandgeneralcontractors,including:

    Speed-to-market

    Durability

    Sustainability

    50-YearLifeExpectancy

    IntegratedProjectDelivery

    IncreasedValuefortheOwner

    OpennessandSecurity

    Why Precast?Whyaremoreownersanddesignersselectingprecastconcreteasthematerialofchoicefor

    theirparkingstructureprojects?Theanswerissimple.Precastconcreteisahighlydurable,

    economicalandversatilebuildingmaterialthatoffersincomparablevalueandflexibility.Its

    shorterectiontimeandabilitytoreducetheoverallconstructionscheduleappealtoowners

    andgeneralcontractors.Fordesigners,precastopensthedoortoaworldofliterallylimitless

    possibilitiesforprovidingsignaturesolutionstotheirindividualparkingneeds.

    Speed-to-MarketThedecisiontodesignwithprecastconcretecarrieswithitamyriadofadvantagesovercast-

    in-place(CIP)concreteorothertraditionalconstructionmaterials.Oneoftheforemost

    benefitsofusingprecastratherthanCIPconcreteisthattheprecastmanufacturingprocess

    isunaffectedbytemperatureoradverseweatherconditions.Precastconcretecomponents

    arefabricatedinacontrolledplantenvironment,whichmeansthatvaluableprojecttimeis

    notlostwaitingforacceptableweatherconditions.

    Typicalprecastparkingstructurecomponentssuchasdoubletees,columnsandinverted

    teebeamscaneasilybeerectedatanaveragerateof12piecespercraneperday,andcan

    beerectedinweatherconditionsthatwouldbeproblematicforthefullerectionofsteel

    componentsorCIPconcrete.Precastconcretesfastererectionmeansfollow-ontrades

    canbeginworkmorequicklyandtranslatestoanoverallconstructionschedulethatmaybe

    severalmonthsshorterthanthatofaprojectusingCIPconcrete.

    Forgeneralcontractors,thisschedulereductionresultsinaneconomicadvantagedueto

    significantlyreducedoverhead(generalconditions)andincreasedavailabilityofthefirms

    crewsforotherprojects.

    The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM IntroductIon 3

  • durabilityOneofprecastconcretesforemostadvantagesisitsdurability.Plant-castprecastproductsaretypicallymoredurablethanfield-placedconcreteinpartbecauseofthecontrolledenvironmentinwhichtheyaremanufactured.Thelowwater-cementratiousedinprecastconcretecreatesadenserproductthatdoesnotallowpenetrationofchloridesandotherharmfulelementsaseasilyasfield-placedconcrete.ThePrecastPrestressedConcreteInstitute(PCI)PCIHandbook6thEditionreportsthatstudieshaveshownacceleratedcuringmakesprecastconcretemoreresistanttochloridesthanfield-curedconcrete.

    TheShockeyPrecastGroupcanuseflyash,silicafume,slagcementandothercementitious

    mixturestohelpreducethewater/cementratiooftheconcretemix,increasedensity,reduce

    alkalisilicareactivity,andincreasethelong-termstrengthanddurabilityofourprecast

    concretecomponents.Theuseofcorrosioninhibitorsandgalvanizedorepoxy-coated

    reinforcingintheprecastconcretecanfurtherincreasedurability.Topreventcorrosionof

    connectionsandtomaximizethelifespanofaparkingdeck,TheShockeyPrecastGroup

    usesstainlesssteelflange-to-flangeconnectionsinthedrivingsurfacewherethemajorityof

    normalwear-and-tearwilloccur.

    SustainabilitySilicafume,flyash,andslagcementareallconsideredgreenproductsandtheiruseaspartoftheoverallconcretemixcanaddLEEDpointstoaproject.

    50-Year Life ExpectancyInaccordancewiththeLife-365ServiceLifePredictionModel,usingslagwithacorrosioninhibitorinournormalconcretemixtures,itcanbeshownthatwitha1.9covertosteelinourhorizontalprecastcomponents,TheShockeyPrecastGroupisabletoprovideparkingstructuresthatmeeta50-yearlifeexpectancy.

    Intheeventaprimaryflangereinforcementisusedthatcannotcorrode(suchasthe

    C-GRIDcarbonfiberreinforcingsystem),durabilityofthedoubleteeswillbesignificantly

    greaterthanthatofdoubleteesreinforcedwithweldedwirefabric.

    Pleasenotethatachievinga50-yearlifeexpectancyiscontingentuponpropermaintenance

    asoutlinedinPCIsMaintenanceGuide,includingimmediaterepairofcracksandtimely

    replacementofjointsealantstomaintainprotectionofconnections.

    Integrated Project deliveryStructuralprecastcomponentscanbeerectedinarelativelyshortperiodoftimebecausetheyinterlocktosupportoneanother.Simplerinstallationrequiresfewercrewmembers,whichtranslatestolesstraffic,congestionandwasteonthejobsite.Forthegeneralcontractor,acleanerandsaferjobsitemeanslessriskandmoreassuranceofasmoothandsuccessfulprojectflow.AndbecauseTheShockeyPrecastGroupmanufacturesanderectsitsprecastcomponents,thegeneralcontractorcanrelyonasolesubcontractorforprojectcompletion.

    Increased Value to ownerFortheowner,thespeedtomarketofprecastmeansfasterdeliveryofthefinishedparkingstructure,whichcanresultinsignificantcostsavingsandtranslatetoafasterreturnoninvestment.Thedurabilityandlongevityofaprecastparkingstructurealsoequalsabetterlong-terminvestmentfortheowner.Aspreviouslystated,theinherentquality,strengthanddensityofprecastconcreteproducedbyTheShockeyPrecastGroup,combinedwith

    4 IntroductIon The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM

  • aregularmaintenanceprogram,canresultinaparkingstructurewithatypicallifecycleof40-50yearsfargreaterthanthetypicallifecycleofaCIPparkingstructure.Fortheowner,

    thisrepresentsasignificantreturnontheinitialinvestment.

    openness and SecurityAnyonewhohaseverparkedinadimly-lit,closed-inparkinggarageunderstandsperfectly

    theaestheticandsecurity-relatedadvantagesofaprecastparkingstructure.Theuseoflong-

    spanprecastdoubleteesandarchitecturalload-bearingspandrelsorload-bearingwallsallow

    designerstocreateparkingstructureswithwidebaysthatgivepatronsanincreasedsense

    ofvisibilityandsecurity.Theendresult?Morepatronsarelikelytousetheprecastparking

    structurethanadimly-lit,closed-inCIPparkingstructure.

    Why Shockey?

    The Shockey PedigreeWhychooseTheShockeyPrecastGroup?TheShockeypedigreeissynonymous

    withquality,integrity,anddoingajobrightthefirsttime.Ourhistorystretches

    backmorethan100years,encompassinggeneralcontracting,designbuildand

    precastconcreteservices.

    In1896,HowardShockeystartedawagon-repairbusinessinWinchester,Virginia.

    ThebusinessgrewtoincludegeneralcontractingandHowardsreputationfor

    qualityconstructionanddo-it-right-the-first-timeattitudequicklyputhiscompany

    indemandforcustomhomebuilding.Today,manyofthehomeshebuiltatthe

    turnofthecenturyarestillstanding;monumentstohislegacyofhardwork,

    integrity,anddedication.Howardpassedthatlegacytohissons,andinthe1930s,

    JimShockeyjoinedhisfatherinthebusiness.Hewaslaterfollowedbyhisbrother

    Ralph.In1947,thecompanybecameknownasHowardShockeyandSons.

    In1955,Shockeyopenedasmallmanufacturingfacilityforprestressedconcrete

    asadivisionofCrider&Shockey,itsformerready-mixconcretecompany.One

    yearlater,ShockeyBrothers,Inc.becamethethirdShockeyoperatingcompany.

    In1999,thecompanychangeditsnametoTheShockeyPrecastGroup.Today,

    TheShockeyPrecastGrouphascompletedmorethan3,000precastprojects

    throughouttheMid-Atlanticregion,includingtheserecentnoteworthy

    parkingstructures:

    CalvertSt.ParkingStructure,Annapolis,MD

    D.C.NationalsBallparkParkingStructures,Washington,D.C.

    GaylordNationalHarborResort&ConventionCenterParkingStructure,

    OxenHill,MD

    JohnPaulJonesArenaParkingStructure,Charlottesville,VA

    CarilionHealthcareRiversideParkingStructure,Roanoke,VA

    ShadyGroveMetroStationParkingStructure,ShadyGrove,MD

    FairfaxJudicialCenterParkingStructure,Fairfax,VA

    TheShockeyPrecastGroupisachartermemberofthePrecast/Prestressed

    ConcreteInstitute,aswellasbeingaPCI-CertifiedPlantandPCICertified

    Erector.ShockeyPrecastmanagementhasheldleadershippositionsinMAPA,the

    The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM IntroductIon 5

    Shockey Bros, Inc. casting yard, circa 1960s.

    Shockey Bros., Inc. prestressing double tees, circa 1960s.

  • PCIchairmanship,variousPCItechnicalcommittees,andonthePCIIndustryAdvisory

    GrouptotheNationalBuildingInformationModelingStandardInitiative.TheShockey

    PrecastGroupisalsoamemberoftheAltusGroupacollaborationofprecastersdedicated

    toadvancingtheuseofC-GRIDcarbonfiberreinforcing.

    Sole SourceTheShockeyPrecastGroupprovidestheOwner,DesignerandGeneralContractorwitha

    singlepointofcontactforthefullrangeofprecastactivitiesfrominitialcoordinationand

    designthroughturnoverofthebuildingtotheowner.With50+yearsintheproduction

    anderectionofprecastconcrete,TheShockeyPrecastGroupsexperienceintheparking

    structurearenaisunmatchedintheregion--makingustrulyThe Partner of Choice.

    TheShockeyteamassiststheOwnerorGeneralContractorthroughtheentiredesignand

    constructionprocessstartingwithearlybudgetinginformation.Westrivetobepartofthe

    earlydesignprocess,providingexperience-basedbudgetsinsupportofspecificprojectplans

    toassisttheOwnerorGeneralContractorinlong-termfinancialforecastingofprojects.As

    planningcontinuesanddetailsofthestructurebecomemoredefined,weassistindefining

    thecostofaprecaststructurebyofferingacomprehensiveproposalfortheproject.

    Theprojectproposalincludesadetailedengineeringandproductionschedulethat

    enablestheOwnerorGeneralContractortomeetprojecterectionneeds.TheShockey

    PrecastGrouptypicallyassiststheOwnerandGeneralContractorbyprovidingquality

    coordinationeffortstotheteamthroughoutthedesigndevelopmentprocess.

    Shockeysteamincludesfield-experiencedcoordinatorswhospecializeinonsite

    managementofpre-erectionactivitiestofacilitateasmoothtransitiontotheerection

    phaseoftheproject.Ourtransportationcoordinatorsensurethesitelogisticsdetailsare

    plannedwellinadvancetoallowforuninterruptederectionoftheprecast.Aftererectionis

    completedorhasadvancedtoasafedegree,ourFieldCoordinatorsprovideearlyaccessto

    6 IntroductIon The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM

    The Shockey Precast Group Winchester Plant

  • thestructureforfollow-ontrades.Thistimelyonsitecoordinationminimizesdisruptionsof

    fieldactivitiesandreducestheoverallprojectconstructionschedule.

    Duringerectionofthebuilding,TheShockeyPrecastGroupsfieldfinisherscompletethe

    onsitework--enablingtheprecastportionofthestructuretobecompletedwithinamonth

    oferectioncompletion.Thisquickresponseallowspunch-listreviewofthestructure

    toproceedwithoutdelay.Finally,uponcompletionoftheprecastwork,weprovidean

    industry-leadingmanualforcareandmaintenanceofparkingfacilities,alongwithawarranty

    ofourwork.Ownerswhofollowthecyclicmaintenanceactivitiesoutlinedinthismanual

    andwhohavetrainedpersonnelresponsibleforthecareoftheirparkingstructurewill

    ensurethestructuremeetsorexceedstheservicelifeobjectives.TheShockeyPrecast

    Groupsfieldrepresentativesalsoprovideexperience-basedassistancetotheownersonan

    as-neededbasisduringparkingstructureoperations.

    Fromdesigndevelopmentthroughon-lineoperations,TheShockeyPrecastGroupprovides

    one-stopserviceforalltheactivitiesnecessarytobringanewparkingstructuretoreality.

    design Assist ProgramIn1996,legislationwaspassedthatenabledthefederalgovernmenttoenterintodesign-

    buildcontracts.Sincethattime,therehasbeenadramaticriseinthenumberoffederally-

    fundeddesign-buildprojects.Asaresult,theneedforspecialtysubcontractorstosupport

    thissignificantincreasehasneverbeengreater.

    TheShockeyPrecastGrouptypicallyseekstobecomeinvolvedinthedevelopmentof

    projectsthatarelessthan15%designed.Earlyinvolvementinthedesignprocessenables

    TheShockeyPrecastGrouptohelpourcustomersmakesound,informedchoicesthatbest

    servethefinancialandaestheticneedsoftheowner.

    Design Assistance ServicesTheShockeyPrecastGroupprovidesthefollowingdesignassistanceservicesto

    ourcustomers:

    1. Prepareandupdatebudgetestimates.

    2. Participateinconstructabilityreviews.

    3. Supportvalueengineeringoptions.

    4. AttendmeetingswiththeA/EDesignTeamasrequired.

    5. ProvideassistancetotheA/EDesignTeamintheformofconstructiondetails,loading

    concepts,productsamples,anddrawingsfromsimilarproducts.

    6. Participateinregularphone,written,andemailcommunicationswiththeA/EDesign

    Teamduringthedevelopmentofthedesignthrough100%ConstructionDocuments.

    7. UseBIMProcesstoprovide3Dprojectmodels.

    The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM IntroductIon 7

  • FrequencyTheShockeyPrecastGroupprovidesdesignassistprogramserviceswiththe

    followingfrequency:

    1. AtCoreandShell100%DesignDevelopmentDocuments.

    2. At10%,50%,and100%ConstructionDocuments.

    Building Information Modeling (BIM)ABuildingInformationModel(BIM)isadigitalrepresentationofphysicalandfunctional

    characteristicsofafacility.Assuchitservesasasharedknowledgeresourceforinformation

    aboutafacilityformingareliablebasisfordecisionsduringitslife-cyclefrominception

    onward.

    AbasicpremiseofBIMiscollaborationbydifferentstakeholdersatdifferentphasesofthe

    lifecycleofafacilitytoinsert,extract,updateormodifyinformationintheBIMtosupport

    andreflecttherolesofthatstakeholder.TheBIMisashareddigitalrepresentationfounded

    onopenstandardsforinteroperability.NationalInstituteofBuildingSciences

    TheShockeyPrecastGroupsEngineeringdepartmenthasplayedanintegralrolein

    thedevelopmentofBIMfortheprecastindustrythroughitspartnershipwithTEKLA

    Structures.ThiscommitmenttoremainingattheforefrontofBIMtechnologyhasmade

    TheShockeyPrecastGroupinstrumentalintheadvancementanduseofBIMthroughout

    theprecastindustry.Forourcustomers,TheShockeyPrecastGroupsextensiveknowledge

    anduseofBIMtechnologymeanswecanmaximizetheeffectivenessofthisvaluable

    integrationtooltoensuresmoothprojectflowandopenteamcommunication.

    Safety: First at All LevelsTheShockeyPrecastGroupiscommittedtoprovidingasafeandhealthfulwork

    environmentforallouremployeesandotherswhomaywork,visit,orenterourfacilitiesor

    jobsites.Itisourpolicytoconductbusinessinamannerthatoffersmaximumprotection

    toeachandeveryemployeeandanypersonthatmaybeaffectedbyouroperationsand

    business.Wewillmakeeveryefforttoprovideaworkingenvironmentthatisfreefromany

    recognizedorpotentialhazard.ThecommitmentisbestdescribedbytheShockeymaxim

    Safety: First at all levels.

    Thegroundworkforasafeandsuccessfulprojectisestablishedlongbeforethefirstpieceof

    precastisdeliveredtothesite.TheShockeyPrecastGroupisproudofitsthoroughpre-

    constructionplanningandsafeexecutionofallworkactivities.Shockeymanagersandfield

    operationsexpertsmentallybuildtheproject,anticipatingasmanyissuesaspossiblethat

    couldadverselyaffecttheprogressoftheworkonsite.Thoroughon-sitereviewofaccess

    requirementsforthecraneandtruckstransportingtheprecastarediscussedlongbeforethe

    firstlayeroftopsoilisdisturbed.

    Duringtheprojectproposalstage,theFieldOperationsManager,withassistancefrom

    TheShockeyPrecastGroupsEstimatingDepartment,usesavailablecontractdocuments

    todeterminethesafestandmosteconomicalmethodforerectingtheprecast.TheField

    OperationsManagerdeterminesrequiredaccessforthecraneandestablishesthesizeof

    thecrane,lengthsofboom,andboomconfigurationrequiredtosafelyerecttheprecast

    wellwithinthecrane-specifiedcapacities.Anaccesssketchshowingtherequiredcrane

    pathisprovidedwitheachproposal.Additionally,thecranegeometry(length,width)and

    themaximumcranebearingpressureareprovidedsotheownercandeterminecostsfor

    8 IntroductIon The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM

  • providingstabilizedcraneaccessandastablebasecoursetosupportthetrucksproviding

    precastdeliverytothesite.

    ErectionoftheprecastisperformedbyerectorsQualifiedunderPCIsErectorCertification

    Program.PCI-QualifiedErectorsmustundergoarigorousauditoftheirerectionoperations

    atleasteverysixmonths.Anydeficienciesfoundduringtheauditsareimmediately

    corrected.Follow-upauditsensurecontinuedcompliancewiththissafety-oriented

    CertificationProgram.

    Duringthedesigndevelopmentstageofallawardedprojects,theprecastdesignengineer

    usestheerectionplantodetermineifadditionalerectionbracingisrequired.Theprecast

    designengineerevaluatesthestabilityofthepartiallyerectedstructuretoensureitcan

    withstandthemostsevereweatherconditionsatanypointduringerection.Ifadditional

    erectionbracingisrequired,theerectionbracingplanwithspecifiedbracingdetailswillbe

    incorporatedintotheerectionplanforthestructure.Thedesignanalysisanddetailswillbe

    sealedbytheprecastdesignprofessional.

    Internalpreconstructionmeetingsbetweentheerectionforemanandtheprecastdesign

    professionalsandon-sitepreconstructionmeetingsbetweentheGeneralContractor,

    InspectionAgencies,andtheEngineerofRecord,areheldtoensurethatallaspectsof

    precasterectionarefullyunderstoodandagreedupon.Thisincludesin-depthdiscussions

    onprecastconnectionsandrequirederectionbracing.

    Apre-erectionsurveyoftheCIPconcreteorsteelsubstructuresupportingtheprecastis

    completedwellinadvanceoferectionsoanyrequiredmodificationsorrepairstotheCIP

    orsteelcanbeaccomplishedwithoutaffectingtheerectionstartdate.Erectioncommences

    onlyafterassurancefromtheEngineerofRecordthattheCIPhasachievedrequired

    strengthorthesteelstructureisreadytoacceptprecast.

    Theerectorisrequiredtodevelopasite-specificSafetyPlanforeachproject.Thisplan

    containsacompletehazardanalysisandfallprotectionplanningfortheproject.Priorto

    startoftheerection,theerectioncrewisfullybriefedontheSafetyPlanandunderstands

    thesafetyconstraintsoftheproject.Thisincludeshandlingofthetypesofprecastproducts

    fortheproject.Allprecastdeliveredtotheprojectarriveswithashippingandhandlingtag

    attached.Thistagoutlinesthespecifiedmethodoferectingthepanelandgivesanyspecial

    handlinginstructionsforrotatingorrollingtheprecast.Weeklyfollow-upsafetymeetings

    sometimesreferredtoasToolBoxTalks,areheldonsiteforthedurationoftheproject.

    Duringerectionoftheprecast,theerectionforemanisresponsibleforsafetyontheproject.

    Theforemancontinuallyobservestheworkofthecrewtoensurecompliancewiththe

    publishedSafetyPlan.Propersafetymarkingofthesiteismaintainedinaccordancewith

    theSafetyPlanandtheforemanensuresthatnon-erectionpersonnelremainoutsidethe

    erectionarea.Onlywhentheproperlydocumentedturnoveroftheerectedstructurehas

    beencompletedwillnon-erectionpersonnelbeallowedtoperformworkonthestructure.

    The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM IntroductIon 9

  • 10 IntroductIon The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM

    JohnPaulJonesArenaParkingStructure,UniversityofVirginia,Charlottesville,VA

    Er

    ic A

    . Tay

    lor P

    hoto

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  • Bay SizeTheShockeyPrecastGroups48baymoduleuses12widedoubletees,whichresultin

    themostcost-effectiveuseofprecastcomponents.Basedonthe12doubleteewidth,this

    handbookwillofferapossibletypicalparkingstructurelayout.Wheneverpossible,limit

    theuseofnon-standardteewidthsorbaysizes,asthiswillinfluencethecost.Thebaysize

    youchoosemayresultinverydifferentspandreldimensions,floortofloorheights,drainage

    plansand/orsupportingwallsystems.

    drainageForownersanddesigners,assuranceofaproperdrainagesystemisoneofthemost

    importantconsiderationsinthedesignofaparkingdeckbothforthehealthandlifeofthe

    deckaswellasforthecomfortandconvenienceofitspatrons.Theuseofadrysystemfor

    washesthatdirectwatertowardthedrainisconsideredsuperiortotheuseofCIPconcrete

    pourstrips.WhileCIPtoppings,suchasthoseusedinpourstrips,typicallyfeaturea3,000

    psiconcretemix,theconcreteusedforaprecastdrysystemwillusea6,000psimix.Since

    theprecastdrysystemisproducedinacontrolledplantenvironment,itismonitoredbythe

    PCIQualityControlprogram.ThequalityofCIPwashcastingsmaynotbecontrolledin

    thesamemanner.

    Designedcorrectly,aneffectivedrainageplanwillhelppreventwaterfrompondingor

    causingprematuredegradationtothejointinterfaces.Generally,drainsarelocatedatthe

    interiorbays,atalternatinggridlines.Oneeconomicalwaytoprovideproperdeckdrainage

    istowarpthedecksurface.Warpingoccurswhenthedeckperimeterisheldataconstant

    elevationandtheinteriorbaysarealternatelyraisedandlowered.Warpingisgenerallynot

    causeforconcernregardingcrackingofthedoubleteesurface,providedthewarpisheldtoa

    limitof.175inchperfootofwidthfora60longtee.PleasereferencePCIJournalJanuary/

    February2003,page35forstandardindustrypractice.Thefollowingdiagramprovidesan

    illustrationofthisconcept.

    The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM 48 Bay 11

    48 BAY SYSTEM

  • 12 48 Bay The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM

    Whilewarpingofthedecksurfaceisanoptionworthconsidering,itisalsopossibleto

    alternatelyraiseandlowertheperimeterofthedeckequallywiththeinteriorbays,resulting

    inatwo-waydeckcrossslope.Thiseliminatestheneedforwarpingteesbut,inturn,tends

    tobelesscosteffective.Theamountofcrossslopealongthelengthoftheteewilldepend

    onthedecksystemandbaysizechosen.Eitheroptionispossibleandmayormaynotbe

    suitabletothedesigninquestion.

    Afewimportantdrainagefacts-

    TheShockeyPrecastGroupcastspre-manufactureddrainunitsintotheflangesof

    thedoubleteesthatprovidecosteconomyandbettersealingqualitycomparedtofield

    installedvarietiesandeliminatesfieldcuttingandinstallation.

    TheShockeyPrecastGroupstotalprecastdecksurfacedoesnotrelyontheuseof

    fieldtoppedCIPconcrete.Thisrepresentsasubstantialadvantageoverotherprecast

    systemsandprovidesbetterdurabilityandlowercosts.Italsominimizesthechancefor

    waterinfiltrationattheprecastinterface.

    TheShockeyPrecastGroupcandivertwatertowardthedrainusingoneofthree

    possiblesystems:precastcurbs,monolithicprecastwashes,orCIPwashes.

    Locatinghandicappedparkingspacesshouldincludeconsiderationofmaximum

    allowableslope.

    drainage considerationsThemovementofwaterfromthedecksurfaceisillustratedbelow.Theslopingofthedeck

    structureenablesthewatertobedirectedtostrategicallylocateddrains.Thisslopinghasa

    verysignificanteffectonstructureframing.Therefore,earlydeterminationiscriticaland

    vitaltofloorheights.

    High point

    Bay width

    High point Low point w/ drain

    Interior bay

    Bu ilding perim eter Constan t elevation

    Approx . 60

    Concep t of Warping

    ma x .175 inch per

    Arrows indicate direction of water

    flow

    Concept of Warping

  • Expansion JointsUndernormalseasonalheatingandcoolingcycles,concretewillexpandandcontract.This

    inturngeneratesin-planeforcesanddisplacementsthatmustbeaccountedfor.Expansion

    joints,whencorrectlylocated,allowtheseeffectstooccurwithoutadverselyaffectingthe

    precastjointsandconnections.Dependingonthedeckconfiguration,expansionjoints

    shouldbelocatedamaximumof300feetapart.Theexpansionjointisfrequentlylocatedat

    thejointbetweentwoteesatacolumngridlineandshouldbelargeenoughtoaccommodate

    thecombinedthermalmovementoneachhalfofthestructure.Thelocationoftheshear

    resistingelementsalsoplaysaroleindeterminingthelocationofexpansionjoints.If,for

    example,a300longdeckcontainedstiff,shear-resistingelementsonbothends,itmight

    beadvisabletointroduceanexpansionjointsomewhereinthemiddleofthedecktohelp

    relievethebuildupofstressattheends.Thisisbecauseshearelementsactaspoints

    offixityandwillacttorestrainthedeck,therebycausingconnectionforcestoexceed

    reasonablelimits.Itisessentialtorememberthatexpansionjointsalsoservetointerrupt

    thelateralforceresistingsystem,which,forthepurposesofdesign,effectivelycreatestwo

    separatebuildingstructures.Eachbuildinghalfmustcontainsufficientlateralload

    resistingelements.

    The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM 48 Bay 13

    Typical Framed Level Drainge Plan

  • 14 48 Bay The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM

    General LoadingAparkinggaragemustsatisfyavarietyofloadingrequirements.Inadditiontotheirown

    selfweight,parkinggaragesaredesignedtoresistuniformvehicularloadsof40psforthe

    applicationofa3,000poundsactingonanareaof20squareinches(typicalsizeofthebase

    ofatirejack).Ifhigherloadingcriteriaareneededtoresistfiretrucksorotherlarge

    vehicles,specialprovisionsmayberequired,includingthedeepeningofelementsor

    theadditionofreinforcing.Otherloadsincludewindorseismic,asdeterminedbythe

    applicablebuildingcode.

    Seismic/Wind considerationsParkingstructurestypicallyutilizeshearwallstoresistthelateralwindorseismicforces

    prescribedbylocalbuildingcodes.Dependingonlocationandsiteconditions,thedesign

    loadswillvary,aswillthenumberorsizeofshearwallsneeded.Shockeyengineersalways

    performacomprehensivelateralloadanalysisofeachbuildingthecompanydesigns.Loads

    fromthisanalysisarethengiventotheEngineerofRecordforverifyingtheCIPfootingand

    walldesigns.

    Whenpossible,itisadvantageoustoprovideshearwallslocatedalongthelineoframpwalls

    withanadditionalwalloneachendoftherampasshowninthefigurebelow.Another

    option,dependingontheprescribedloads,istooffertheshearwallswithpunched

    windowopeningstoprovideadditionallightandopenness.Horizontalrampwallscanbe

    usedtoprovidetherequiredlateralstabilityparalleltotheramp.Thesewallshaveopenings

    toprovidelightandopenness.

    Wallsshouldbelocatedinawaythattakesmaximumadvantageofthesurroundingdead

    loadelements.Shearwallsthatsupportdoubleteesorinvertedteebeamswillengage

    moredeadload,whichhelpstocounteractthewalloverturningmoment.

    Whenoverturningmomentsarelargerthandeadloadresistingmoments,acondition

    knownasnetupliftonashearwallelementoccurs.Thisrequiresthedesignofhold-down

    devicesorconnections,which,inturn,increasescost.

    SincethedesignoftheCIPfootingsandwallsistheresponsibilityoftheEngineerof

    Record,itisimportantthatsufficientthoughtbegiventoshearwallplacementearlyinthe

    designprocess.TheShockeyPrecastGroupisableandqualifiedtoworkwiththeproject

    engineerstohelpdeveloprational,economicalandpracticalload-resistingsystemsthatwill

    providesuperiorbuildingperformance.

    Shea r walls

    Possible Stair shafts

    Shear Wall Layout

  • Floor-to-Floor HeightThefloor-to-floorheightofaparkingstructuredependsonavarietyoffactors,includingthe

    precastelementsusedandtheusagerequirementsoftheoccupants.Thesampleparking

    structureincludedinthishandbooksuggestsafloor-to-floorheightof10-8.Thisheight

    providesforoptimaleconomyandallowsaminimum7-0verticalclearanceunderthe

    invertedteebeams.

    Fire resistanceDependingonnumerousfactors,aparkingstructuremayberequiredtohaveeithera1-hour

    or2-hourfirerating.MostparkingstructuresfallunderthecategorytypeIIB,asdefinedby

    theInternationalBuildingCode,anddonotrequireanyparticularfireresistanceratingat

    all.However,whenrequiredbydesign,precastparkingstructurescaneasilybedesignedtoa

    higherleveloffireresistance.

    Fireresistanceratingsofprecastcomponentsaremeasuredandspecifiedaccordingtothe

    commonstandard,ASTME119.Fireenduranceisdefinedastheperiodoftimeelapsed

    beforeaprescribedconditionoffailureisreachedduringastandardfiretest.Designing

    precastelementstosatisfyagivenfireresistanceratingwillincreasecoststosomedegree

    primarilywhenadditionalreinforcingorlargermembersizesareneeded.

    opennessAprimarybenefitofthe48bayisthattherearefewerverticalelementstointerruptthe

    naturalsightlines.Theinherentopennessofa48bayparkingstructurecontributesto

    increasedsecurityofparkingstructurepatronsandprovidesnaturalventilation.

    Joints and revealsJointsizesbetweenprecastandCIPelementsvary.Recommendednominaljoint

    dimensionsarenotedinthishandbook.Thesejointshavebeenestablishedbasedon

    tolerancerequirements(seesectionbelow),andtoensurealong-lastingjointinterface.

    Whendiscussingthesejoints,itisimportanttounderstandthatthedimensionsgivenare

    The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM 48 Bay 15

    Reveal

    1

    Cau lk with backer rod

    Pan el

    1

    Tra pezoidal Reveal

    Color #1

    Color #2

    Joints and Reveals

  • 16 48 Bay The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM

    nominalmeaningactualjointsizesareallowedtodeviatefromthesevaluestowithin

    industryacceptedranges,asdescribedinPCIMNL135.Whenselectingaccentrevealsor

    rusticationlines,itisimportanttotiethemtothechosenjointsize.Avoidtriangularreveals

    wherepossiblebecausetheyaredifficulttoaffixtotheforms.Instead,atrapezoidalreveal

    willprovideaflatnailingsurfacefortheformbuildersandhelpminimizepossiblenail

    holeirregularities.Whenchoosingarevealsize,considerlimitingthedepthto.Deeper

    revealsdecreasetheeffectivesectionofthepanel.Thisreducespanelstrengthandincreases

    thechanceforpanelcracking,whichmayrequireanincreaseinthepanelthickness.Besure

    toincluderevealsbetweenanyandallcolorbreaks--whentwoseparatefacemixesareused

    withinthesamepanel,itsstronglyrecommendedthatdesignersincludearevealbetween

    thetwomixestoprovidethecastingcrewadistinctstoppingpointandhelpreducecolor

    bleed.Thiswillhelpensureasmoothbreaklinebetweenthetwocolors,asillustratedinthe

    figurebelow.

    corners and QuirksWhenconsideringdetailsatbuildingcorners,itsrecommendedthataquirkbe

    introducedatpanelreturnsespeciallythoseexceeding1-1inlength.Toachievea

    superiorfinishalongthepanelface,panelsareoftenproducedintwophases,which

    resultsinacastingorpourlinebetweenthetwopieces(seesketchbelow).Thequirk

    willminimizethiseffectbyessentiallyhidingthelineintheapexofthenotch.

    Corners and Quirks

    Panel Corner Detail (Monolithic Pour)

    Panel Corner Detail (Sequential Pour)

    Maximum panelreturn length = + 11

    Square corner possiblebut not recommended

    use quirk if possible

    Pane 1 returnsgreater than 1 - 1

    quirk quirk

    First pour

    Second pour

    Sequentialpour line

  • Facial ProjectionsFacialprojectionscanaddauniqueaccenttoyourbuildingproject.Becausethesefeatures

    arecasttothepanelsbottominform,aminimumdraftdimensionisnecessaryinorderto

    beabletostripthepanelsoutoftheforms.Withoutproperdraft,suctionforcesgenerated

    betweentheconcreteandtheformmaycausethepanelstobindupduringstripping

    andpossiblydamagethepaneland/orforms.Toensurethisdoesnotoccur,Shockey

    recommendsaminimumdraftof1:6onfacialprojections,asnotedinthesketchbelow.

    Alsokeepinmindthatfacialprojectionsincreaseproductioncosts,sinceformsneedtobe

    builtuptoaccommodatethefeature.

    TolerancesPrecastconnectionsandpaneldimensionsneedtoallowforindustrystandardtolerances.

    AnexcellentguidetoprecasttolerancesisavailablethroughPCI.TheToleranceManual,

    MNL135,describesindetailtheallowableproductionanderectiontolerancesforvarious

    precastelements.Requestacopyatwww.shockeyprecast.com.

    PenetrationsVerticalpenetrationsthroughthedoubleteeflangescanbelocatedanywhereexceptin

    thestem.Penetrationsthroughtheprecastthatmayberequiredforwallhydrants,pipe

    penetrationsandlightfixturescanbecastintothepanelsprovidedthecoordinationfor

    locationandsizeisdoneearlyenoughintheshopdrawingdevelopment.Thelocationand

    sizeofthesepenetrationsshouldbefurnishedtoShockeyduringtheshopdrawingprocess.

    Thisistoensurethattheinformationcanbeincorporatedintotheshopdrawingsand

    fabricationdrawingsinadequatetime.Foropeningslessthan10square,itisrecommended

    thatthepenetrationsbefieldcut.

    connectionsDesignoftheconnectionsisalwaystheresponsibilityoftheprecaster.Shockeyutilizes

    avarietyofuser-friendly,safeandefficientconnectionsthatallowprecastelementsto

    besetandsecuredinatimelyfashion.Includedinthishandbookareanumberoftypical

    The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM 48 Bay 17

    Facial Projections

    Panel as-cast

    Forms built up to createfacial projections

    Loops for stripping

    Panel in finalerected position

    Facial projection

    6

    1

    Minimum draft

  • 18 48 Bay The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM

    connectionswhichprovidethedesignerwithasolidbasisforcosteffectiveandhighly

    efficientdesigns.Dependingonvariousfactors,includinglifeexpectancyanddurability

    requirements,embedmentfinisheswillvaryfromjobtojob.TheShockeyPrecastGroup

    typicallyrecommendsthefollowingplatefinishes:

    Non-weldedplateconnectionsexposed Hot-dippedgalvanized

    totheelements orJFinish

    Weldedplateconnectionsexposed ZincRichCold

    totheelements GalvanizingCoated

    RodsandBolts Electroplated

    Allothermaterial Plain

    Flange-to-flangeshearconnections Stainlesssteel

    MaintenanceEnsuringlong-lastingdurabilityofaparkingstructurerequiresownerstakethenecessary

    stepstomaintainthestructureoncecompleted.Properlymaintainingaparkingstructure

    necessitatesregularinspectionsandcleaningoftheprecastjoints,andarangeofotheritems.

    Theissueofsnowremovalshouldbeaddressedearlyinthedesignphasewithownerssoit

    doesnotbecomeasourceofconcernoncethesnowplowsbegintheirwork.Forexample,

    theimpropermoundingorremovalofsnowcancauseadegradationofthejointsortee

    surfaces.

    cIP concreteCIPconcreteistypicallynotincludedintheprecastscopeofwork.However,since

    CIPinterfaceswiththeprecastelements,thecoordinationofprecasttoCIPinterfaceis

    extremelyimportant.CIPelevationsanddetailsshouldcloselymatchtheprecastdesignto

    ensuretheproperfit-upandexecutionofthepieceswhentheyarriveonsite.

    Followingisanexplanationofeachdesignteammembersresponsibilitiesregardingthe

    coordinationofCIP-to-precastinterface:

    Engineer of Record (EOR) TheEORshouldspecifytopofCIPpier,wallandfootingelevationsandprovideadequatereinforcingdetailsoftheseelementswithinthe

    contractdocuments.Pierandfootingdesignsshouldaccountforthepossibilityofuplift

    andslidingforcesatshearwalllocations.Reinforcingdetailsshouldspecifyadequate

    confinementsteelatthetopsofpiersandwalls,asrequiredbytheACIcode.Pierandwall

    sizesshouldtypicallybealargerdimensionthantheprecasttheysupportsothatanchor

    boltsandembeddedplatescanbeeasilyplacedwithintheconfinementsteel.Dowelsor

    anchorboltsusedtoconnecttheprecasttotheCIParetypicallytheresponsibilityofthe

    precaster.Inmanycases,TheShockeyPrecastGroupmaysuggestalternatetopofpier

    orfootingelevationsthateitherenhancethestructuresperformanceorimprovecost-

    effectiveness.Inthiscase,theCIPsubcontractorisaskedtoexecutethedetailsaccording

    totheprecastdrawings,sincethisishowthepiecesarefabricated.

    General Contractor (GC)CoordinatetopofCIPpierandwallelevationswiththestructuralandprecastdrawings.EnsurethattheCIPsubcontractorfollowsand

    properlyexecutesthereinforcingdetailsthatareshownontheContractDrawings

    (seenotesabove).

  • The Shockey Precast GroupDesignandprepareanchorboltlayoutdrawingsforusebytheGCandCIPsubcontractor.Supplyallloosehardwareandanchorboltsneededfor

    theattachmentoftheprecastelementstotheCIPconcrete.

    CIP SubcontractorCarefullyexecutetheCIPreinforcinglayoutsperthestructuraldrawings,includingtheconfinementtieslocatednearthetopsofpiersandwalls.

    Incorporateloosehardwarefortheprecastconnectionsaccordingtothelocations

    shownontheprecastlayoutdrawings.Whenadiscrepancyexistsbetweenthestructural

    drawingsandtheprecastdrawingsfortopofCIPelevations,theprecastdrawingsgovern.

    ThefollowingsketchillustratestheCIP-to-precastinterface:

    ItisgenerallyrecommendedthattheCIPsystembedesignedsuchthattheprecastelements

    arenotrequiredtoretainearthloads.Instead,CIPretainingwallscanbeprovidedthat

    actindependentlyfromtheprecasttowithstandtheseforces.Ifnecessary,itispossible

    todesigntheprecastteesorwallsbelowgradetoacttoresistearthloads,asshowninthe

    followingsketch.Thiscouldinfluencethelocationofshearresistingelements,connections,

    andmaynecessitatetheuseofacast-in-placetoppingonthetees.

    The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM 48 Bay 19

    Reinforcing including ACI requiredconfinement ties to be designed and detailed by the EOR, furnished andinstalled by the GC or CIP subcontractor

    Anchor bolts or embedded platessupplied by Shockey, installed byCIP subcontractor at locationsshown on precast anchor bolt layouts

    Always maintain top of pier or wallelevations as shown on the precastdrawings. Notify GC of anydiscrepancies between the structuraland precast drawings

    Ideally, the CIP section should bewider than the supported precast.For piers, this should be 2 on allsides. For walls, 1 is suggested

    CIP Pier for Precast Column

    Free-Standing Wall Fixed Wall

    Free standing, CIP retaining wall.Backfill wall and allow foranticipated wall movement orrotation to occur prior to setting precast .

    Precast double tee

    Precast double tee

    CIP or precast retaining wall.

    Possible CIP topping

    Connection

  • 20 48 Bay The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM

    The 48 Bay SystemToillustratethetypicalpaththatTheShockeyPrecastGroupsdesign-assisteffortwould

    take,pleaseconsiderthefollowingexample:

    TheShockeyPrecastGroupisapproachedbyapotentialcustomer,whobringstothetable

    thisinformationregardingaparkingstructure:

    1. Thestructuremusthaveafloor-to-floorheightof118gradetofirstelevated

    level,and108onallotherlevels.

    2. Rampslopeis6.1%atthefirstlevel,and5.6%attheupperlevels.

    3. The256,000SFstructuremustbedesignedtoaccommodate790cars.

    Usingthisinformation,TheShockeyPrecastGroupwillworkwiththedesignteamto

    achieveanoptimallayoutusingthe12doubleteesand48baysystem.Onthefollowing

    pageisanexampleofowner-providedsketchestypicallyreceivedbyTheShockeyPrecast

    Groupatthebeginningofthedesign-assistprocess:

  • The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM 48 Bay 21

  • 22 48 Bay The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM

    Usingtheowner-providedsketchesandbasicdeckrequirementsasaguide,TheShockey

    PrecastGroupworkswiththeprojectdesignteamtodevelopacustomized48baysolution

    thatmeetstheownersneedsandsatisfiesthedesignersvision.Specificsofthedeckare

    listedbelow:

    Deck Type12wide,30deeptees

    48widebays

    10-8floortofloorheight

    7-0minfreeverticalclearance

    192longrampwitha5.55%slope

    177parkingspacespertypicallevel

    Thefollowingpagesillustratethetypicalprecastcomponentsandconnectionsthatcomprise

    TheShockeyPrecastGroups48baysystem.Thesedetailsareincludedtogivethedesigner

    abetterunderstandingofthe48baymoduleasawhole,andtogiveinsightastonecessary

    designconsiderationsspecifictoprecastconcreteparkingstructures.

  • The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM 48 Bay 23

    results: Floor Framing Plans and Parking Layout Plans

  • 24 48 Bay The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM

  • The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM 48 Bay 25

  • 26 48 Bay The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM

  • The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM 48 Bay 27

  • 28 48 Bay The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM

  • The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM 48 Bay 29

    South Building Elevation (Highlightingproductdescription)

    North Building Elevation (Highlightingproductdescription)

  • 30 48 Bay The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM

    East Building Elevation (Highlightingproductdescription)

    West Building Elevation (Highlightingproductdescription)

  • The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM 48 Bay 31

    West Elevation at Stairwall (Highlightingstairwallcutaway)

    Longitudinal Building Cross Section at Ramp walls

  • 32 48 Bay The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM

    Building Cut-Away Section Illustrating Building Assembly

  • The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM 48 Bay 33

    Pocketed Shear Wall Details

  • 34 48 Bay The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM

    Horizontal Ramp Wall and Details

  • The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM 48 Bay 35

    Vertical Ramp Wall Options

  • 36 48 Bay The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM

    12 Wide Double Tee Profile W/6-0 Stem Spacing

  • 12 Wide Double Tee Profile W/5-0 Stem Spacing

    The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM 48 Bay 37

  • 38 48 Bay The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM

    Inverted Tee Beam Profile Detail

  • Deck Drain Details

    The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM 48 Bay 39

  • 40 48 Bay The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM

    Stem Block-Out Details

  • Double Tee to Flange Chord Connections

    The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM 48 Bay 41

  • 42 48 Bay The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM

  • Column to CIP Footing or Pier

    The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM 48 Bay 43

  • 44 48 Bay The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM

    Double Tee to Spandrel Connection Details

  • Double Tee to Spandrel Details Corbel Detail

    The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM 48 Bay 45

  • 46 48 Bay The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM

    Double Tee to Spandrel Connection Details Top Connection

  • Double Tee to Beam Connection Details

    The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM 48 Bay 47

  • 48 48 Bay The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM

    Non-Load Bearing Spandrel to Column Connection

  • Load-Bearing Spandrel to Column Connection

    The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM 48 Bay 49

  • 50 48 Bay The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM

    Outboard Column Option

  • TheShockeyPrecastGroups48baymoduleoffersincomparableefficiencyand

    cost-effectivenessfortheowner.Thefollowingchapterhighlightstheflexibilityand

    freedomavailabletothedesignerthroughthe48baymodule.

    PArkInG STrucTurE AESTHETIcSThedaysofplain,gray,box-likeparkingstructuresareover.Savvyownersanddesigners

    aretakingadvantageofthenearlylimitlessdesignfreedomofferedbyprecastconcrete.At

    Shockey,wehelpourcustomersrealizetheiruniqueprojectvisionswithindividualized

    precastsolutionsthataredurable,costeffectiveandbeautiful.Inthischapter,wewill

    explorethevarietyoffinishoptionsavailablewithprecastconcretefromShockey.

    color, Textures and Applied FinishesThroughavarietyofaggregates,choiceofmatrixcolors,varyingdepthsofexposure,

    andfinishingtechniques,precastcanmeetalmostanycolor,formortexturethatmay

    bespecifiedbythedesigner.Additionally,thebeautyofnaturalaggregatesisgreatly

    accentuatedwhentheaggregatesarefusedwiththecolorandtexturebenefitsofprecast.

    colorTheShockeyPrecastGrouprecommendsthatcolorselectionsbemadeinthesameor

    similarlightingconditionsasthefinal,in-placeconditions.Inordertomaintainmatrixcolor

    uniformity,whitecementshouldalwaysbeusedalongwithcolorpigmentsconformingto

    ASTMC979.Evenwhenthedesiredmatrixcolorisgray,theuseofwhitecementandgray

    pigmentisstillhighlyrecommended.

    The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM ParkIng Structure aeSthetIcS 51

  • 52 ParkIng Structure aeSthetIcS The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM

    Whenreviewingcostinselections,itisimportanttoconsiderthesourceofaggregateifdeep

    exposureisrequired(localsourcesarealmostalwaysmorecosteffective);andtorealizethat

    matrixcolorssuchasblueandgreenarehighercostselections.

    Variationsincolorcanbeachievedwithinareasofthestructureorwithineachindividual

    precastunit.Useofmultiplecolorsrequiresclearlydefinedcolorbreaks,whichcanbe

    achievedwithreveals,jointsandprofilechangestoensurecrisptransitions.

    Deepexposurefinishescanbeachievedeitherthroughtheuseofchemicalretardantsor

    throughthesand-blastingprocess.Inbothcases,morethanjusttheextremesurfaceareaof

    theaggregateisexposed,allowingthecoarsestoneaggregatetoprojectbeyondthecement

    matrix.Theexposureshouldremainat40%ofthenarrowdiameterofthecoarseaggregate

    inordertopreventtheoccurrenceofbaldspots.Bothtypesofsurfacetreatmentshighlight

    thenaturalbeautyofthestonewhileprovidingatexturethatcannotbeobtainedthrough

    theuseoflighterfinishingtechniques.

    TextureTextureexpressesthenaturalbeautyofthematerialcomponentsandcanbeusedtodefine

    oraccentuatespecificareasofthestructuresfaade.Texturetakesadvantageofitschanging

    relationshiptolighttocreatearangeofsurfacedifferencesfromsubtletodramatic.When

    changingtexturesorexposureswithinasingleprecastunit,clearandwell-definedbreak

    pointsareneededsimilartothoseforcolor.Texturedsurfacesalsohavetheaddedbenefit

    ofhidingtheeffectsofweatheringandhigh-volumeuseareassincetheirregularitiesinthe

    surfacehelpdivertattentionfromlinestreakinganddiminishtrafficusemarks.

    Texturecanbeachievedthroughavarietyofdifferenttechniques,andcanrangefromlight

    exposuretodeepexposure.

    Applied FinishesTheseareavarietyofpost-appliedtechniquesusedtoachievethedesiredappearance

    andcharacterofthefaade.Thestructuresfinalappearanceisobtainedthroughthe

    combinationofmixdesignselectionandthechoiceofappliedfinish.Althoughfinalfinishes

    suchasbrickveneersarecastinnaturalstoneorformliners,andmayreceiveapost-casting

    finish,theyareaddressedseparatelysincethecriticalelementsofobtainingthedesired

    appearanceareachievedduringthepre-pouroperation.

    Thedepthoftheappliedfinishshouldtakeintoaccountthesize,function,articulationand

    configurationoftheunits.Finalselectionofthefinishgradationshouldbemadeduringthe

    mock-upphaseandshouldincluderecommendationsfromTheShockeyPrecastGroup.

    Variationofappliedfinisheswithintheindividualunitscanbeusedtoenhancetheoverall

    appearanceofthestructure.Thiscanbeamorecost-effectivemeansofaccentuatingkey

    componentsorareasofthefaadethantheuseofmultiplemixes.Whenmultipleapplied

    finishesarepartofthedesign,thesamelogicregardingprofilechangesand/orrevealwork

    toensurecleanbreaksshouldbeappliedasthatofmultiplemixes.

    Acid Etch FinishAcidetchingisaprocessthatdissolvesthesurfacecementmatrixtoexposethesandand,

    toalesserextent,thecoarseaggregate.Acidetchingistypicallyusedtoachievealight-

    to-medium-lightexposure.Theendresultissimilartothatofnaturalproductssuchas

  • sandstoneorlimestone.Theetchingprocessleavesasugar-cubeappearance,whichis

    enhancedbydirectsunlight.

    Thedecisiontoincorporateanacid-etchfinishmustbemadepriortoorduringthemix

    designprocesssinceonlyacid-resistancesiliceousaggregates(granite,quartz,etc.)shouldbe

    used.Carbonateaggregatessuchasdolomiteandlimestone,suitableforsandblastingmixes,

    willdissolveordiscolorthroughtheacid-etchingprocessduetotheircalciumcontent.

    Complementaryaggregates(fineandcoarse)andcementpigmentsshouldalwaysbechosen

    whenanacidetchfinishisselected.

    Acidetchingisthecrucialsecond-stepprocesswhenthefaadeofthestructurewillinclude

    clayproductssuchasthinbrickveneer.Thisprocessnotonlyhelpsremovesomeofthe

    surfacelaitanceonthebrickduringthemanufacturingprocess,butalsoexposesthesand

    betweenthethinbrickjointstomimicthatofhand-laidbrickmortar.Itisusedasasafe

    finisharoundthebrickveneerforincorporatedprecastfeaturessuchaslintels,sills,bands,

    andprojectionsthathaveallbeenintegratedwithinthesameprecastunit.

    Sand-Blasted FinishSandblastisthegenerictermusedfortheabrasiveblastingprocess.Varyinggradationsof

    blastmaterialareusedtochipawaytheprecastsurface.Selectionofaparticulargradation

    dependsonthedesireddepthoffinish.Sandblastingallowsthedesignerthefullrange

    ofdepthsobtainableinprecast(lighttoheavy).Onfinalexposedsurfaces,brushblasting

    shouldbeavoidedbecauseofitsinabilitytouniformlyremoveallthesurfacelaitance.Light

    blastingprovidesasimilarappearancetothatfoundinnaturallimestonewithoutthesugar

    cubeappearancecreatedbyacidetching.

    Incontrasttoacidetching,blastingtendstobebettersuitedtomutingorcamouflaging

    minorvariationsthatoccurinthemanufacturingprocess.Thisisespeciallytruewhen

    addressingdeepprofilearticulations.Deeperblastshaveanincreasedabilitytoensure

    uniformity.However,onceblastingexceedsthelightleveloffinishandtexture,theend

    resultismoredependentonthenaturalelementsofthemix(aggregates).Complementary

    aggregatesandmatricesshouldalwaysbeconsideredwhenspecifyingdeeperlevelsof

    exposure.Adeeperblastcanmimicothernaturalmaterialssuchasflamedgraniteandcan

    createinterestingplaysoflightthroughitstexture.

    Blastingcanalsobeamoreeconomicalmeansofachievingmultiplevariationswithinthe

    sameunitthanincorporatingmultiplemixdesigns.Blastingcreatesmultiplevariations

    byexposingdifferinglevelsofthecoarseaggregateinpre-definedareasoneachpanel.

    Theoveralldesiredeffectoftextureisalsoinfluencedbythetypeandselectionofcoarse

    aggregateinrelationtothepsiofthematrix.Softeraggregateswillbecomeconcaveduring

    theblastingprocess,whileharderaggregateswillbecomeconvex,dependinguponthedepth

    ofexposure.

    Exposed AggregateThisprocessisachievedbychemicallyretardingthematrix,whichprovidesanon-abrasive

    methodofexposingthenaturalbeautyofthecoarseaggregates.Unlikethesandblasting

    process,thechemicalretarderdoesnotmuteordamagethecoarseaggregates.The

    chemicalretarderisappliedtothemoldsurface,whichdelaysthecementpastefromsetting

    up.Afterstrippingthepanel,theretardedoutersurfacelayerofcementisremovedwitha

    The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM ParkIng Structure aeSthetIcS 53

  • 54 ParkIng Structure aeSthetIcS The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM

    high-pressurewasher.Avarietyofdepths,fromshallowtodeep,canbeachieveddepending

    onthetypeofretarderused.Aswithotherfinishes,variationsofexposurewithinthesame

    unitcanbeachievedwithchemicalretarders;however,aclearrevealorprofilechangeis

    amustforthetransitionpointstopreventbleedingofexposure.Thechoiceofaggregate

    sizeisessentialwhenchoosingdepthtopreventexcessiveaggregatelossbaldspots.Ifthe

    ownerordesignersvisionistoenhancethebright,naturalcolorsoftheaggregates,chemical

    retardersshouldbeused.Itisrecommendedthatcontrastingmatricesandaggregatesbe

    avoidedtopreventapatchyappearance.

    Form LinersFormlinersofferthedesignerawidearrayofpossibilitiesinshapes,patterns,textures,and

    designs.Thelinermaterialuseddependsonthedesiredeffectandthenumberas-cast

    required.Anycombinationofappliedfinishescanbeutilizedinconjunctionwithform

    liners.Formlinerfinishescanbeimplementedeitherasthemainaestheticfeatureorasa

    highlight,medallion,orlogo.Advancesinformlinertechnologieshavecreatedadesign

    palettelimitedonlybytheimagination.Whenvastareasofprecastwilluseformliners,

    limitationsoflinersizesshouldbeincorporatedwithrevealworktopreventlinerbuttjoints.

    Formlinersprovidethehighestdegreeoftextureandwillenhancetheplayoflightand

    shadows,creatingachangingappearanceofthefaadethroughouttheday.Keyplacement

    ofnightilluminationcanalsocomplementtheeffectsoftheliner.

    Formlinersareakeycomponentwhenimplementingathinbrickveneer.Thethreemain

    typesofbrickliners(elastomeric,plasticgrids,andsnaps)eachhavetheirownpositive

    attributes,dependingonprojectdesignandpanelconfiguration.Theselectionofaliner

    shouldbemadewiththeguidanceofTheShockeyPrecastGroup.Whenadesignerchooses

    touseaformliner,itisveryimportantthatthedesignerrecognizetheleadtimerequired

    withformliners.Leadtimewillvarybytypeoflinerandpatternselected.Linersrequiring

    uniqueartworkwillrequireadditionaltimefortheartisantocreatethemastermold.

    Formlinerleadtimescanrangefrombetweenfourtoeightweeks.Whenelastomeric

    linersareusedinconjunctionwiththinbrick,asamplerunoftheactualbrickbeingusedis

    requiredinordertoobtainthecorrectfit.Thefirst100bricksfromarunaremeasuredand

    theformlinerisbasedontheaveragebricksize.Inadditiontotheleadtimefortheform

    liner,theleadtimerequiredonthebrickmustbeconsideredaswell.Brickmanufacturers

    willusuallyfabricatethelightershadesinthebeginningofthemonthandthedarkershades

    attheend(orviceversa).Dependingonthetimeofthemonthandthetypeandcolorof

    thebrickselected,itistypicallyfourweeksminimumuntilthefirstrunofbricksisdelivered.

    case StudiesInthissection,wefeaturecurrentexamplesofprojectsthatbenefitedfromTheShockey

    PrecastGroupsdesign-buildcapabilities.Eachoftheseprojectsoffereditsownchallenges,

    includingaggressiveschedule,complexdesign,tightbudget,andlimitedsiteaccess.Theuse

    ofprecastconcretecontributedsignificantlytotheoverallsuccessofeachoftheseprojects.

  • calvert Street Parking Structure, Annapolis, Md

    TheCalvertStreetParkingGarageinhistoricdowntownAnnapolis,Marylandisa

    168,000SFparkingstructureownedbytheDepartmentofGeneralServicesoftheState

    ofMaryland.Designofthestructurecalledforfourbaysoffourlevelsofelevatedprecast

    framing,consistingoftworampedbaysandtwoflatbays,providing727parkingspaces.

    Exterioraestheticswereofparamountconcerntotheownerthroughoutthedurationof

    theprojectgiventhecloseproximityofthenewstructuretoseveralhistoricalbrick-clad

    buildingsoftheStateCapitolcomplex.TheShockeyPrecastGroupmetthisdesiredintent

    byprovidingastructuralgrayprecastframesurroundedbyaseparatefaadeofarchitectural

    precastusingamixofhighlyarticulatedthin-brickandarchitecturalprecastelements.The

    architecturalfaadewasessentiallyself-supportingwithregardtogravityload,withrequired

    lateralsupportprovidedbytiebacktothestructuralframe.Inordertoensureasuccessful

    project,thedesignteamhadtobevigilantindetailingthenumerousinterface/offset

    conditionsandconnectionschemessuchthatrequirementsforconstructabilityandaccess

    wereinconcurrencewithaestheticrequirements.

    TheShockeyPrecastGroupsWinchesterproductionfacilityprovided554piecesof

    structuralprecastfortheproject,includingdoubletees,beams,columns,spandrels,vertical

    rampwalls,shearwalls,flatslabs,andstair/elevatorcorewalls.The223elementsof

    thearchitecturalfaadewereprovidedbyTheShockeyPrecastGroupsFredericksburg

    productionfacilityandconsistedofanarrayofspandrels,wallpanels,cornices,coping,and

    columncovers.

    Thedesignofthefaadespecifiedtwocolorsofthinbricktobeusedineitherstandard

    runningorFlemishbondcoursingatspecificlocationsalongtheexteriorelevations.

    Layoutanddetailingofthehorizontalandverticalcoursingofbrickpresentedaformidable

    challengetoallmembersofthedesignandproductionteam,thusrequiringdiligent

    attentiontoassureproperalignmentofbrickbetweenprecastelements.Thepresenceof

    severalhighlyarticulated,ornatecorniceandsilldetailsofarchitecturalprecastpresented

    achallengetobothdesignandproductionteams.Inordertoaccenttheprecastfaade,

    numerouspiecesofdecorativesteelcolumns,channels,beams,grilles,andglazingwere

    field-installed.

    The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM ParkIng Structure aeSthetIcS 55

  • 56 ParkIng Structure aeSthetIcS The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM

    Erectionofthestructurewasextremelydifficultduetolimitedaccesstotheinterior

    footprintofthestructure.Thearchitecturalfaadehadtobeerectedinconjunctionwiththe

    structuralcomponentsoftheparkingstructure.Theaccessplanwaschangedtoeliminate

    rampconstruction,andthelastphaseofconstructionwasmovedtothetopofBladenStreet

    outofthefootprint.Thischangesavedtimeandexpenseforthegeneralcontractor,and

    resultedinashorterandmorecontinuouserectionprocess.Erectionwascompletedon

    scheduleinapproximately12weeks.

    Project Timeline:Design July2005December2005

    Construction December2005February2007

    ProductionWinchester January9,2006May16,2006

    ProductionFredericksburg January3,2006May17,2006

    PrecastErectionStart April3,2006

    ErectionComplete July21,2006

    OpentoPublic January10,2007

  • d.c. nationals Parking Structures, Washington, dc

    Thisprojectincludedtwoparkingstructuresthatwouldprovide1,250parkingspacesto

    D.C.Nationalspatrons.Bothgarageswerescheduledtobebuiltduringconstructionof

    thenewbaseballstadium,NationalsPark.Theoriginalconceptspecifiedanunderground

    parkinggarage;however,complicationsinthedesignprocessmadethisconceptimpractical.

    Withonly12monthsremainingintheprojectschedule,theprojectwasredesignedasa

    precastparkingstructureandTheShockeyPrecastGroupwasrecruitedasadesign-build

    partner.Shockeyassistedtheteamwithdevelopmentoftheoveralllayoutofthegarages

    sothattheownersconstructioncompletiondeadlineofApril2008couldbemet.On-time

    completionwasessential,asApril2008markedthestartofthe2008baseballseasonand

    openingdayoftheNationalsnewstadium.

    Thesiteitselfpresentedsignificantchallenges.TheDCNationalsBallparkissetbelow

    gradeelevation,soitwasnecessarytoincludearetainingwallbetweentheballparkand

    thegaragesinthedesignoftheparkingstructures.InordertomeetLEEDrequirements,

    thedesignerhadtoallowforadditionalprogramfeatures,suchasbicycleparking,inthe

    design.Parkingaccesscontrolswerealsoincludedtoaccommodatethefuturepossibilityof

    commercialuseofthegaragesbytheowner.

    TheShockeyPrecastGroupproducedatotalof308,000squarefeetofprecastdoubletees

    fortheproject.Bothgaragesconsistofthreeframedlevelsandarethreebayswide.TheEast

    garagefeatures170,000squarefeetofdoubleteesandtheWestgarageincludes138,000

    squarefeetofdoubletees.DesigndevelopmentwasanongoingprocessandtheShockey

    teamscoordinationeffortsincludeddevelopmentofthedrawingsandmatchingtheparking

    structuresprecastfinishestothoseoftheballpark.TheShockeyPrecastGrouphadtoallow

    forretailandticketsalesonthefirstfloorofbothparkingstructures.Sincetheseretailareas

    hadcast-in-placeconcretearoundthem,itwasnecessaryforTheShockeyPrecastGroup

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  • 58 ParkIng Structure aeSthetIcS The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM

    toincludecoordinationandinteractionwithCIPinitsplanninganddesign.Becauseof

    thesurroundingretailareas,thefirstfloorofthegarageswasunusuallytall,addingtothe

    coordinationconsiderationsincorporatedbythedesignteam.

    Complexrevealsandtwodifferentsandblastpatternsincreasedtheoverallintensityofthe

    project,buttheuseofarchitecturalprecastmadeitpossibleforthedesignersvisiontobe

    realizedwellwithintheprojecttimelineandbudget.Anotheruniqueaspectoftheproject

    forthedesignerandforTheShockeyPrecastGroupwasthattheprecastdesignhadto

    accommodatethehangingofartworkontheexteriorofthegarages.Theprecastshearwalls

    wereincorporatedintotheexteriorwindowdressing,andatowereffectwasaddedtothe

    faadetocreatevisualinterest.

    ErectionoftheparkingstructuresbeganinJuly2007andwascompletedon

    November21,2007.ThefinishingofthestructureswascompletedonMarch1,2008.

    Nationals Parking Structures Construction Timeline:June6,2007 Productionstart

    July23,2007 Erectionstart

    November21,2007 ErectionComplete

    March1,2008 FinishingComplete

    April15,2008 Walk-throughwitharchitect

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  • 60 ParkIng Structure aeSthetIcS The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM

    Gaylord national Harbor resort and convention center

    ThePetersonNationalHarborCenterisa300-acresitelocatedona1milewaterfront

    stretchofthePotomacRiverinPrinceGeorge,Maryland.NationalHarborishometo

    7,000,000squarefeetofrestaurants,shopping,officespace,residencesandhotels,including

    theGaylordNationalHarborResortandConventionCenter.TheGaylordNationalHarbor

    Resortisthelargestnon-gaminghotelandconventioncenterontheeastcoastandthe

    largesthotelinWashingtonD.C.

    Anumberofdifferentparkingstructureconfigurationswereconsideredinorderto

    maximizetheoptimalnumberofparkingspaces.Theapproveddesignspecifieda

    247,700SF,six-levelstructuretoprovide1,933parkingspacesforstaffandvisitorstothe

    GaylordNationalHarborResortandConventionCenter.Theupperfivelevelsofthe

    parkingstructurewereconstructedofprecastcomponentsproducedbyShockeyatits

    FredericksburgandWinchesterplants.Shockeymanufacturedanderected12x30double

    teeswitha4flange,12x30doubleteeswitha4flange,8flatslabs,10thickwalls,

    stairunits,columnswitharchitecturalfinish,L-beams,24x36inverted-teebeams,10

    thickprestressedspandrelswithanarchitecturalfinishand10thickprestressedvertical

    rampwallsfor6stems.

    Theparkingstructuresarchitecturalprecastfeaturesincludehorizontalribsonspandrels

    andexteriorelevatorwallpanels,columncoversandaplanteronthenorthendofthegarage

    roof.Theexterioroftheparkingstructurerequiredarchitecturalmixdesignandfinishesbe

    consistentwiththoseoftheHotelandConventionCenter.

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  • TheuseofprecastratherthanCIPconcreteenabledthebuildingtobeconstructedwithin

    itsownfootprint.TheproposedschedulewasveryrestrictiveregardingShockeysactivities

    andscheduleduringtheconstructionprocess.Theuseofprecastallowedthemajorityof

    theworktobeperformedatShockeysmanufacturingfacility,whichenabledShockeyto

    meettheschedulesrestraints.

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    Products Used:12x30DTwith4flange

    12x30DTwith4flange

    ColumnCovers

    8precastflatslabs

    10thickwalls

    PrecastStairUnits

    ColumnswithArchitecturalFinish

    LBeams

    24x36PrestressedInvertedTeeBeam

    10thickprestressedspandrelswitharchitecturalfinish

    10thickprestressedverticalrampwallfor6stems

  • 62 ParkIng Structure aeSthetIcS The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM

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    Long&FosterParkingStructure,Chantilly,VA

  • THE ALTuSGrouPc-GrId reinforced double Tees for Parking StructuresTheShockeyPrecastGroupisamemberofAltusGroup,anationalpartnershipofprecast

    concretemanufacturersandsuppliers.Committedtoinnovation,AltusGroupdevelops

    andmarketsCarbonCastproductsmadeusingC-GRIDcarbonfibergridreinforcing

    includingprecastwallpanels(architecturalcladdingpanelsandhighperformance

    insulatedwallpanels)pretoppeddoubletees,andresidentialwallpanelsandstemdecks.

    LEED-friendlyCarbonCastproductscanweighless,insulatebetterandlastlongerthan

    competitivebuildingtechnologies.

    In2008,ShockeyembarkedonitsfirstCarbonCastproject:the$7.68millionWinchester

    ParkingStructure.The140,000square-foot,five-storyWinchesterParkingStructureis

    situatedatacornerinWinchestershistoricdistrict.Theparkingstructurefeaturesabrick

    faade,accentedwithprecastconcretefeaturesthatmimiclimestone.Anenclosed,elevated

    pedestrianwalkwaywillconnecttheparkingstructurewiththeFrederickCountyOffice

    Complex.TheWinchesterParkingStructurefeatures482precastcomponents,including

    204precastdoubleteesreinforcedwithCarbonCastC-GRIDcarbonfiber.Theuseof

    C-GRIDreinforceddoubleteesprovidedacost-effectivesolutionthatenabledtheproject

    tostaywithinbudget,whiletheuseofprecastconcreteenabledtheteamtomeettheowners

    veryaggressiveschedule.TheShockeyPrecastGroupsotherC-GRIDprojectsinclude

    parkingstructuresforTheUniversityofMarylandatShadyGroveandWalterReed

    MedicalCenter.

    ShockeysmembershipintheAltusGroupenablesustobringknowledgeofandexperience

    withtheindustryslatestinnovationsandtechnologytoeveryoneofourparkingstructure

    projects.Notonlycanweoffereconomic,attractiveparkingstructuresolutions,wealsouse

    materialsandsystemsthatcanresultingreaterparkingstructurelongevity,durability,and

    overallstrength.

    The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM the altuSgrouP 63

    TheShockeyPrecastGroupsC-GRIDEmbedmentMachineplacesC-GRIDintoadouble

    teefortheWinchesterParkingStructureproject.

  • 64 the altuSgrouP The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM

  • The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM the altuSgrouP 65

    These sections have been reprinted with permission from the Altus Groups Carbon Cast Pretopped Precast Double Tees brochure.

  • 66 the altuSgrouP The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM

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    WashingtonDCNationalsParkingStructures,Washington,DC

  • SEcTIon 03 41 00PrEcAST STrucTurAL concrETE

    GuIdE SPEcIFIcATIon

    General1.1 SuMMArYA. Section includes: 1. Structuralprecastconcretefor:

    a. Columns

    b. Beams

    c. Spandrels

    d. FloorandRoofDoubleTees

    e. InvertedTeeBeam

    f. StairRiserSections

    g. WallPanels

    h. FlatSlabs

    i. ShearWalls

    2. CaulkingandExpansionJoints

    3. AccessoriesandSupportingDevices

    B. Related Requirements: 1. Section034500-PrecastArchitecturalConcrete

    2. Section079201JointSealants

    1.2 rEFErEncESA. American Concrete Institute: 1. ACI301-SpecificationsforStructuralConcrete

    2. ACI318-BuildingCodeRequirementsforStructuralConcrete

    B. ASTM International: 1. ASTMC33StandardSpecificationforConcreteAggregates

    2. ASTMA36/A36M-StandardSpecificationforCarbonStructuralSteel

    3. ASTMC94StandardSpecificationforReady-MixedConcrete

    4. ASTME119-StandardTestMethodsforFireTestsofBuilding

    ConstructionandMaterials

    T h e S h o c k e y P r e c a s t G r o u p

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  • 5. ASTMC150-StandardSpecificationforPortlandCement

    6. ASTMA153/A153M-StandardSpecificationforZincCoating(Hot-Dip)on

    IronandSteelHardware

    7. ASTMA185-StandardSpecificationforSteelWeldedWireFabric,Plain,for

    ConcreteReinforcement

    8. ASTMC260StandardSpecificationforAir-EntrainingAdmixturesforConcrete

    9. ASTMA416/A416M-StandardSpecificationforSteelStrand,Uncoated

    Seven-WireforPrestressedConcrete

    10. ASTMC494StandardSpecificationforChemicalAdmixturesforConcrete

    11. ASTMA497-StandardSpecificationforSteelWeldedWireFabric,Deformed,

    forConcreteReinforcement

    12. ASTMA615StandardSpecificationforDeformedandPlainBillet-SteelBars

    forConcreteReinforcement

    13. ASTMC618StandardSpecificationforCoalFlyAshandRaworCalcined

    NaturalPozzolanforUseasaMineralAdmixtureinPortlandCementConcrete

    14. ASTMA666-StandardSpecificationforAusteniticStainlessSteelSheet,Strip,

    Plate,andFlatBar

    15. ASTMA706/A706M-StandardSpecificationforLow-AlloySteelDeformed

    andPlainBarsforConcreteReinforcement

    16. ASTMC979StandardSpecificationforPigmentsforIntegrally

    ColoredConcrete

    17. ASTMC989StandardSpecificationforGroundGranulatedBlast-FurnaceSlag

    forUseinConcreteandMortars

    18. ASTMF1554Grade36AnchorBolts

    C. American Welding Society: 1. AWSD1.1-StructuralWeldingCode-Steel

    2. AWSD1.4-StructuralWeldingCode-ReinforcingSteel

    3. AWSD1.6StructuralWeldingCodeStainlessSteel

    D. Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute: 1. PCIMNL-116-ManualforQualityControlforPlantsandProductionof

    StructuralPrecastConcreteProducts

    2. PCIMNL-120-PCIDesignHandbook-PrecastandPrestressedConcrete

    3. PCIMNL-123-DesignandTypicalDetailsofConnectionsforPrecastand

    PrestressedConcrete

    4. PCIMNL-127PCICommitteeReportErectorsManualStandardsand

    GuidelinesfortheErectionofPrecastConcreteProducts

    5. PCIMNL135TolerancesforPrecastandPrestressedConcreteConstruction

    68 ParkIng Structure SPecIfIcatIonS The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM

  • 1.3 dEFInITIonS

    A. Fabrication Drawings: Documentsusedbytheproductionfacilityto manufacturetheprecastcomponents.SometimesreferredtoasShop

    Drawings.Informationincluded:

    1. Requireddimensionalinformation

    2. Descriptionandlocationonallinserts,bearingplates,anchorsand

    reinforcementmaterialsrequiredtomanufacture,transport,anderectthe

    precastcomponent

    3. Finishrequirementsforeachcomponent

    4. Handling,storageandshippinginstructions

    5. Providedasaninformationalsubmittalonly

    B. Erection Drawings:Documentsprovidingtheassemblyplacementofprecast componentsonthejobsite.ErectionDrawingsarereviewedandsealedbya

    ProfessionalEngineer.Informationincluded:

    1. Plansandelevationslocatinganddimensioningallprecastcomponents.

    Eachprecastcomponentisindividuallyidentified.

    2. Sectionsanddetailsshowingconnections,openings,blockouts,andcast-initems

    andtheirrelationshiptothestructure.

    3. Descriptionofalllooseandcast-inhardwareformakingconnections.

    C. Construction Plan: Amanagementplanforthesequenceofassemblyoftheprecast componentsoftheproject.Thisplanincludes:

    1. Accessplanforcraneandtransportofprecastcomponents.

    2. Erectionsequencebyloadsbeingshipped.

    3. Erectionblockplanoutliningthesequenceoferectionactivity.

    4. Specificerectioncriteriarequiredfortheparticularproject.

    5. Project-specificconstructionstabilityplanthatoutlinesanyadditionalerection

    bracingthatmayberequired.

    6. Technicaldatasheetongroutusedfortheproject.

    7. Erectiontolerancesfortheproject.

    D. Field-Use Erection Drawings: Theerectiondrawingswithanymodificationsmade duringtheapprovalprocessthataredistributedpriortoactualerectionoftheproject.

    E. Control Number:Auniqueidentificationofeachprecastcomponentforaproject.

    F. Piece Mark:Acomponentidentificationofaprecastelementonaproject.Similar piecescanhavethesamePieceMarkbuteachwillhaveauniqueControlNumber.

    G. CIP: Cast-in-Place Concrete

    H. Architectural Features: Wherefinalappearanceorformofprecastcomponents requiretheuseofcoloredaggregate,pigmentedconcretemixorsurfacetexturessuch

    assandblasting,waterwash,etchedfinishesorthinbrick.

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  • I. BIF:Bottominformindicatesthesurfaceofprecastthatwillbeinthebottomofthe formduringcasting.

    J. SIF:Sideinformindicatesthesurfaceoftheprecastthatwillbeinthesideofthe formduringcastingbybuilt-uprails.

    K. TIF:Topinformindicatesthetopexposedsurfaceduringcasting.

    1.4 AdMInISTrATIVE rEQuIrEMEnTS

    A. Coordination 1. CoordinatetheWorkofframingcomponentsnotpre-tensionedbutassociatedwith

    theWorkofthissection.

    2. Coordinatecutting,drillingorcoringinprecastmemberswiththemanufacturer.

    3. Coordinateallprecastopeningorpenetrationgreaterthan10inchesinany

    dimensionwiththemanufacturerpriortosubmittalofErectionDrawings.

    B. Pre-installation meetings 1. Conveneminimumoneweekpriortocommencingtheonsiteworkofthissection.

    2. Coordinatethesequenceofinstallationwithfoundationandsupportingelements

    inplacewithprecastitemstobedelivered.

    C. Site Survey:Provideasitesurveytoverifyfielddimensionsandtolerancesaminimum of2weekspriortodeliveryofprecastunitsforinstallation.

    1.5 SuBMITTALS

    A. Action Submittals:Provideforreviewandapproval. 1. ErectionDrawings:Indicatelayout,unitlocations,unitidentificationmarks,

    connectiondetails,dimensions,openings,andrelationshiptoadjacentmaterials

    andconformancewiththerequirementsoftheContractDocumentsandsealedby

    professionalengineer.Providecoordinationinformationforitemsrequiredtobe

    embeddedinadjacentmaterials.

    2. DesignCalculations:Submitdesigndatareportsindicatingcalculationsfor

    loadingsandstressesoffabricatedprecastcomponents,connections,and

    reinforcement.CalculationsshallbepreparedbyProfessionalEngineer

    experiencedinprecastconcretedesign.

    3. Samples:Submitthreesamples12x12inch(304.8x304.8mm)insizeillustrating

    surfacefinishtreatmentofarchitecturalfeaturedcomponent.

    4. Mockup:Provideaccesstoamockuppanelattheprecastmanufacturingplantfor

    approvalbytheArchitectforcolorandtexture.Theapprovedmockupshallbethe

    controlstandardforcolorandtexture.

    B. Informational Submittals 1. MixDesign:Providetheconcretedesignmixwithcertificationregarding

    compliancewithrequirementsoftheContractDocuments.

    2. FieldUseErectionDrawings:Submitfielduseerectiondrawingsincorporating

    commentsfromapprovedErectionDrawings.

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  • 3. ConstructionPlan:Submitpriortothepre-installationmeeting,aconstruction

    plan,includingcalculationsanddetailsforguying,stayingandshoringprecast

    elementstoassurestructuralstabilityduringtheerectionphase.Provideforthe

    removal,replacement,andrelocationofguying,bracingandshoringrequired

    untilallpermanentstructuralconnectionsarecompleted.

    C. Closeout Submittals 1. ProvideManufacturersWarrantyletter.

    1.6 QuALITY ASSurAncE

    A. Perform Work in accordance with requirements of PCI MNL-116, PCI MNL-123, PCI MNL-120, PCI MNL 135.

    B. Fire Rated Construction: Rating as indicated by construction type on contract documents.

    C. Source Quality Performance Testing: Provide for tests for all precast concrete workinconformancewithPCIPlantCertificationrequirements.Usecertifiedtest

    equipment,andunlessotherwisespecified,conformwith:

    1. ManualForQualityControlForPlantsandProductionofPrecastand

    PrestressedConcreteProducts,PCIMNL-116(latestedition)

    2. PCIDesignHandbook,LatestEdition.

    3. ACI318fortheBuildingCodeRequirementsforReinforcedConcrete

    (latestedition)

    D. Mockup Control Sample Unit:Provideamockuppanelattheplant,4feetby4feet insize,forqualitycomparisonoffinishedunittoanapprovedappearancesamplefor

    colorandtexture.

    E. The plant quality control records and inspection procedures for this project shall be available for review, verification and in-plant inspection by an independent testing agent or the Architect/Engineer.

    1.7 QuALIFIcATIonS

    A. Fabricator:CompanycertifiedbythePrestressedConcreteInstitute(PCI)Plant CertificationProgramwithanin-houseengineeringdepartmentmanagedbya

    registeredprofessionalengineer.

    B. Precast Engineer: Designprecastconcretemembersunderdirectsupervision ofProfessionalEngineerexperiencedinprecastdesignandlicensedinthestateof

    theproject.

    C. Erector: Companywithexperienceintheerectionofprecastunitssimilartothose requiredforthisprojectandshallbeaQualifiedorCertifiedErectorunderthePCI

    FieldCertificationProgram.

    D. Welder: QualifiedinaccordancewithAWSD1.1,AWSD1.4,andAWSD1.6

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  • 1.8 dELIVErY, STorAGE, And HAndLInG

    A. Lift and support precast concrete members during manufacturing, yarding, transporting and erection operations only from identified support points with suitable lifting and handling devices.

    B. Lifting inserts will have a minimum safety factor of 4. Reusable lifting hardware and rigging will have a minimum safety factor of 5.

    C. Lifting or Handling Devices: Capable of supporting member in positions anticipated during manufacture, storage, transportation, and erection.

    D. Storage: 1. Protectmemberstopreventstaining,chipping,orspallingofconcrete.Store

    membersoffthegroundondunnagematerialsasrecommendedbyfabricator.

    2. Placeallunitssothatidentificationmarksarereadable.

    3. Stacksothatliftingdevicesareaccessibleandundamaged.

    E. Mark each member with date of production, job number, control number, and piece mark referenced from Erection Drawings.

    1.9 WArrAnTY

    A. Provide Manufacturers Warranty for a 1-year period.

    ProducTS2.1 FABrIcATorS

    A. Fabricators: 1. TheShockeyPrecastGroup,WinchesterVirginia,Tel:(540)667-7700,

    www.shockeyprecast.com.

    2.2 dESIGn rEQuIrEMEnTS

    A. General: Theproject,asshownonthedrawings,includingcomponentdimensionsandconnectionconfigurations,providestherequirementsforthedevelopmentof

    thedesigndocuments.Designshallincludeconsiderationforcustomarystresses

    incurredinfactoryprecasting,transporting,anderecting.Thedesign,manufacturing,

    transportationanderectionprocessshallbecompatiblewiththerequirementsofthe

    ContractDocuments.

    B. Design Criteria: 1. Designallledges,haunches,bearingareas,andconnectionsasrecommendedin

    PCIDesignHandbook.Haunches,dappedendbearingsandconnectionswithout

    redundantmeansofloadtransferareconsideredcritical.

    2. Minimumreinforcingforallprecastprestressedconcreteandprecastreinforced

    concreteshallbeinaccordancewithACI318.Analysisofprestressedcomponents

    willincludeacheckoftheshearreinforcingrequirementsat.1L,.2L,.25Land.3L,

    whereListhecomponentlength.

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  • C. Modifications:Submitallproposedmodificationstotheprojectdesignsrepresented onthedrawingswithcompletedesigncalculationsanddrawings,preparedandsigned

    byalicensedprofessionalengineerforreviewandapproval.

    D. Maximum Allowable Deflection:PerACI318-9.5-ControlofDeflections

    E. Seismic Design: Design and detail elements and connections to resist seismic force in accordance with code requirements and ACI 318 for the following:

    1. As specified by contract documents.

    F. Design members exposed to weather to allow movement of components without damage, failure of joint seals, undue stress on fasteners or other detrimental effects, when subject to seasonal or cyclic day/night temperature ranges.

    G. Design system to accommodate construction tolerances, deflection of other building structural members and clearances of intended openings.

    H. Calculate structural properties of framing members in accordance with ACI 318.

    2.3 MATErIALS

    A. Concrete Materials:AsappropriatetodesignrequirementsandPCIMNL-116. 1. Cement:GrayPortland,conformingtoASTMC150TypeIorIII.

    2. Cement:WhitePortland,conformingtoASTMC150TypeI

    (forarchitecturalmixes).

    3. FlyAshAdmixture:ASTMC618ClassCorF--25%maximum.

    4. GroundGranulatedBlast-FurnaceSlag:ASTMC989Grade100or

    12040%maximum.

    5. Aggregates:ASTMC33exceptasmodifiedbyPCIMNL116.

    6. Air-entrainingadmixtures:ASTMC260

    7. Water-reducing,Retarding,AcceleratingAdmixtures:ASTMC494

    8. Pigments:Non-fading,lime-resistantpigments:ASTMC979

    B. Concrete Mix Design: ACI318,Chapter5,usingstandarddeviationcalculationsinaccordancewithsection5.3.1.1or5.3.1.2.

    1. Theconcretemixdesignswillconformtothefollowingrequirements:

    Structuralconcrete:Columns,Walls,Stairs,SpandrelBeams

    StrengthofConcrete5000psiminimum

    Water-cementitiousmaterialsratiomaximum0.42

    AirContent5.5%+/-1.5%

    Structuralconcrete:DoubleTees,Beams

    StrengthofConcrete6000psiminimum

    Water-cementitiousmaterialsratiomaximum0.40

    Aircontent5.5%+/-1.5%

    Self-ConsolidatingConcrete(SCC)

    StrengthofConcrete6000psiminimum

    Water-cementitiousmaterialsratiomaximum0.38

    Aircontent5.5%+/-1.5%

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  • Architecturalconcrete:

    StrengthofConcrete5000psiminimum

    Water-cementitiousmaterialsratiomaximum0.44

    Aircontent5.5%+/-1.5%

    C. Batching concrete: 1. TheconcretebatchingplantwillbeinconformancewithASTMC94andwillbe

    certifiedbytheNationalReadyMixedConcreteAssociation.Volumetricbatching

    ofconcretewillnotbepermitted.Allmeasurementsofthevariouscomponents

    willbebyweightandwillbeaccurate(withinthemostrecenttolerancelimitsof

    ASTMC94).

    2. Theuseofcalciumchlorideoradmixturescontainingchlorideionsorothersaltsis

    notmorethan0.15%chlorideionsorothersaltsbyweightofadmixture.

    2.4 rEInForcInG And connEcTIon MATErIALS

    A. General:Provideallreinforcement,accessoryandconnectionmaterialsrequiredforacompleteinstallationasindicatedontheapproveddrawings.Pourstripreinforcement

    tobesuppliedandinstalledbyothersunlessspecified.ProvideGroutingasrequiredfor

    designbearing.

    B. Reinforcing Bars:ASTMA615,Grade60.ReinforcingusedtofabricateembeddedpartsorconnectionsbyweldingwillbeASTMA706.

    C. Welded anchor studs:AWSD1.1

    D. Prestressing Strand:ASTMA416,270,000psiminimumultimatestrength,uncoated,7-wire,lowrelaxation.

    E. Anchor Bolts:ASTMF1554Grade36

    F. Welded Wire Fabric:ASTMA185(plainsteel)orASTMA497(deformedsteel);inflatsheets;unfinished

    G. Carbon Fiber Reinforcement:C-GRIDasmanufacturedbyChomarat

    H. Tensioning Steel Tendons:ASTMA416/A416MGrade270Kofsufficientstrengthcommensuratewithmemberdesign.

    I. Rod Anchor bars: Dayton/Superior High Strength Coil Rod, or approved equal.

    J. Supports for Reinforcement for Exposed-to-View Concrete: CRSI Class 1,

    plastic protected legs

    2.5 AccESSorIES

    A. Connecting and Supporting Devices: 1. ASTMA36/A36Mcarbonsteel,Plates,angles,itemscastintoconcrete[or]

    [itemsconnectedtosteelframingmembers,]insertsconformingtoPCIMNL-123;

    hot-dipgalvanizedinaccordancewithASTMA153/A153M.Surfacesrequiring

    fieldweldingshallbeZRCpainted.

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  • 2. ASTMA666Type201LN,302or304stainlesssteel,Tee-to-Teeflange

    connectionsconformingtoPCIMNL-123.

    3. AnchorBolts:ASTMF1554Grade36

    B. Grout:Non-shrink,non-staining,minimumyieldstrengthof5,000psiat28days.

    C. Bearing Pads: 1. StandardBearingPad:Rubberpadcomposedofhomogeneousblendof

    ozone-resistantrubberelastomerandhighstrengthrandomsyntheticfibercords;

    Surfacehardnessof75ShoreAdurometer+/-5percent;Compression,8000psi;

    MASTICORDasmanufacturedbyJVIInc.orapprovedequal.

    2. LaminatedFabric-rubberPads:Preformed,unusedsyntheticfibersandnew

    unvulcanizedrubber.Surfacehardnessof80ShoreAdurometer+/-10%.

    (Capralonorapprovedequal).

    3. ExpansionBearingPads:Assembliesconsistingofloweranduppercomponents.

    Dynalonorapprovedequal.

    a. Theuppercomponent:Anassemblyofasheetofstainless(14gage

    minimum)withaminimum2Bmillfinish.Sizedlargerthanthelower

    elementbyaminimumof1/2inchineachdirection.

    b. Thelowerelement:AnassemblyofaStandardBearingpad,withastainless

    steelsupportplateandabondedcontactlayerofPTFE(Teflon).

    D. Shims:Steel,ASTMA36;orengineeredmultipolymerplasticmaterial,compressive strengthof8000psi;Korolath,oranapprovedequal.

    E. Mechanical Splice for Future Expansion Column and Wall Reinforcing

    Anchorage: Erico Lenton or NMB Splice Sleeve.

    F. Double Tee Flange-to-Flange Shear Connectors:JVIVectorConnector,or approvedequal,manufacturedfromASTMA666Type201LNor304Lstainless

    steel,or,wherestainlesssteelisnotrequired,ASTMA36steelwithJ-Finish

    corrosionprotection.

    G. Bolts, Nuts and Washers:ASTMA307High-strengthsteeltyperecommendedfor structuralsteeljoints;Corrosionresistantchromium-nickeltype.

    H. Prime Paint: (ZRC) Zinc rich alkyd type coating.

    2.6 FABrIcATIon

    A. Fabrication procedure to conform to PCI MNL-116 and ACI 318.

    B. Maintain plant records and quality control program during production of precast members. Make records available upon request.

    C. Ensure reinforcing steel, anchors, inserts, plates, angles, and other cast-in items are embedded and located as indicated on erection drawings. Clean surfaces of all embedded items of rust, scale, grease, and foreign matter.

    D. Hardware supplied by other trades shall be furnished to the fabricator fully assembled and tagged for location a minimum of 30 days prior to scheduled production.

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  • E. Fabricate required openings with dimension larger than 10 inches (250 mm) in d