Civitatum Orbis MEditerranei Studia · CFHB Corpus fontium historiae Byzantinae ChH Church History CIL Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum CM Classica et Mediaevalia CMG Corpus Medicorum

Civitatum Orbis MEditerranei Studia

herausgegeben von

Reinhard Feldmeier (Goumlttingen) Friedrich V Reiterer (Salzburg)Karin Schoumlpflin (Goumlttingen) Ilinca Tanaseanu-Doumlbler (Goumlttingen)

und Kristin De Troyer (Salzburg)

Mohr Siebeck

Antioch IIThe Many Faces of Antioch Intellectual Exchange

and Religious Diversity CE 350ndash450

edited by

Silke-Petra Bergjan and Susanna Elm

Silke-Petra Bergjan born 1962 1992 Dr theol Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich 1999 Habilitation in Church History at the Humboldt University Berlin since 2000 Professor of Church History (from the Early Church to the Time of Reformation) at the University of Zurich

Susanna Elm born 1959 1986 D Phil in literae humaniores with a specialization in Ancient History Oxford University since 2002 Professor since 2015 Sidney H Ehrman Professor of History and Classics at the University of California Berkeley Spring 2017 Hedi-Fitz-Niggli Professor at the University of Zurichorcidorg0000-0001-9306-8490

ISBN 978-3-16-155126-0 eISBN 978-3-16-156267-9DOI 101628978-3-16-156267-9

ISSN 2196-9264 eISSN 2569-3891 (Civitatum Orbis MEditerranei Studia)

The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliographie detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at httpdnbdnbde

copy 2018 Mohr Siebeck Tuumlbingen Germany wwwmohrsiebeckcom

This book may not be reproduced in whole or in part in any form (beyond that permitted by copyright law) without the publisherrsquos written permission This applies particularly to reproduc-tions translations and storage and processing in electronic systems

The book was printed by Gulde Druck in Tuumlbingen on non-aging paper and bound by Buch-binderei Spinner in Ottersweier

Printed in Germany

Table of Contents

List of Abbreviations IX

Susanna Elm

Introduction 1

The Many Layers of Antioch Topography

Gunnar Brands Preservation Historicization Change Antioch AD 350ndash450 13

Catherine Saliou

Libaniusrsquos Antiochicus Mirror of a City Antioch in 356 Praise and Reality35

Johannes Hahn Metropolis Emperors and Games The Secularization of the Antiochene Olympics in Late Antiquity 53

The Many Layers of Antioch The Imperial City

Jorit Wintjes Die unbekannte Metropole ndash Antiochien und die roumlmische Armee 75

Claudia Tiersch A Dispute ndash About Hellenism Julian and the Citizens of Antioch 103 Gavin Kelly Ammianus Valens and Antioch 137

VI Table of Contents

Susanna Elm

Death and the Tigris Does Later Roman Historiography Present

an Antiochene Agenda (Eutropius and Festus)163

Visions of Antioch Painted with Words

Jan R Stenger

Healing Place or Abode of the Demons

Libaniusrsquos and Chrysostomrsquos Rewriting of the

Apollo Sanctuary at Daphne 193

Edward Watts

Old Age in the Antioch of the 390s

A Reappraisal of Libaniusrsquos Last Collection of Letters221

Christine Shepardson Bodies on Display Deploying the Saints in

the Religious Competitions of Late Antique Antioch235

Blake Leyerle

Imagining Antioch or The Fictional Space of Alleys and Markets255

The Antiochenes ndash Creating Communities

Jaclyn Maxwell The Voices of the People of Antioch in

John Chrysostomrsquos Sermons and Libaniusrsquos Orations 281

Rudolf Braumlndle

Die Reden Adversus Judaeos (386387) von Johannes Chrysostomus

im Kontext der multikulturellen Metropole Antiochien 297

Adam M Schor

Instituting Clerical Expertise The Apostolic Constitutions in

Socio-Cultural Context 317

Yannis Papadogiannakis

Prescribing Emotions Constructing Emotional Community in

John Chrysostomrsquos Antioch339

Table of Contents VII

Wendy Mayer A Son of Hellenism Viewing John Chrysostomrsquos Anti-Intellectualism through the Lens of Antiochene Paideia361

Silke-Petra Bergjan Konkurrenz unter den Nizaumlnern Die Christen Antiochiens im 4 Jahrhundert 383 Bibliography421 List of Contributors 461 Index of Sources463 Index of Names and Subjects

List of Abbreviations

AASy Les annales archeacuteologiques de Syrie ACED Acta conciliorum et epistolae decretales ac constitutiones summorum

pontificum Edited by Jean Hardouin 11 vols Paris Ex typographia regia 1714ndash1715

ACO Acta conciliorum oecumenicorum Edited by Eduard Schwartz Berlin De Gruyter 1914ff

AE Lrsquoanneacutee epiacutegraphique AHR American Historical Review AIPh Annuaire de lrsquoInstitut de Philologie et drsquoHistoire Orientales (et Slaves) AJA American Journal of Archaeology AJP The American Journal of Philology AKG Arbeiten zur Kirchengeschichte ALW Archiv fuumlr Liturgiewissenschaft ANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der roumlmischen Welt II Principat Edited by

Wolfgang Haase and Hildegard Temporini Berlin De Gruyter 11974ff

AOAT Alter Orient und Altes Testament APAWPH Abhandlungen der Preuszligischen Akademie der Wissenschaften

Philosophisch-historische Klasse ArKB Archaumlologisches Korrespondenzblatt ASEs Annali di storia dellrsquoesegesi AuA Antike und Abendland Aug Augustinianum AW Athanasius Werke BAH Bibliothegraveque archeacuteologique et historique BBKL Biographisch-bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon Edited by Traugott

Bautz Nordhausen Bautz 11975ff BBLAK Beitraumlge zur biblischen Landes- und Altertumskunde BEFAR Bibliothegraveque des Eacutecoles Franccedilaises drsquoAthegravenes et de Rome BEO Bulletin drsquoeacutetudes orientales de lrsquoInstitut Franccedilais de Damas BGBE Beitraumlge zur Geschichte der biblischen Exegese BGL Bibliothek der griechischen Literatur BHTh Beitraumlge zur historischen Theologie Bib Biblica BJSt Brown Judaic Studies BLE Bulletin de litteacuterature eccleacutesiastique BoJ Bonner Jahrbuumlcher des Rheinischen Landesmuseums in Bonn und des

Vereins von Altertumsfreunden im Rheinlande BSGRT Bibliotheca scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana BSRel Biblioteca di scienze religiose ByA Byzantinisches Archiv

X List of Abbreviations

ByS(P) Byzantine Studies Eacutetudes byzantines (Pittsburgh) ByZ Byzantinische Zeitschrift Byz Byzantion CEFR Collection de lrsquoEacutecole Franccedilaise de Rome CFHB Corpus fontium historiae Byzantinae ChH Church History CIL Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum CM Classica et Mediaevalia CMG Corpus Medicorum Graecorum CNRS Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CollLat Collection Latomus CP Classical Philology CQ The Classical Quarterly CRAI Comptes-rendus des seacuteances de lrsquoAcadeacutemie des Inscriptions et

Belles-Lettres CSCO Corpus scriptorum Christianorum orientalium CSEL Corpus scriptorum ecclesiasticorum Latinorum CSHB Corpus scriptorum historiae Byzantinae CSCT Columbia Studies in the Classical Tradition CStS Collected Studies Series (Variorum Reprints) CUFr Collection des universiteacutes de France DOP Dumbarton Oaks Papers EeC Eacutetudes et commentaires EnAC Entretiens sur lrsquoAntiquiteacute classique de la Fondation Hardt EpiSt Epigraphische Studien EThL Ephemerides theologicae Lovanienses FaCh Fathers of the Church FKDG Forschungen zur Kirchen- und Dogmengeschichte ThQ Theologische Quartalschrift GCS Die griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten Jahrhunderte GCS NF Die griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten Jahrhunderte

Neue Folge GOFS Goumlttinger Orientforschungen Reihe 1 Syriaca GRBS Greek Roman and Byzantine Studies GrTS Grazer theologische Studien HR History of Religions HRWG Handbuch religionswissenschaftlicher Grundbegriffe Edited by

Hubert Cancik Burkhard Gladigow and Matthias Laubscher 5 vols Stuttgart Kohlhammer 1988ndash2001

HSCP Harvard Studies in Classical Philology HThR Harvard Theological Review HUTh Hermeneutische Untersuchungen zur Theologie IASHP The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities Proceedings IDR Inscripţiile Daciei Romane Parts 1ndash34 Bucharest Ed Academiei

RSR 1975ndash1988 IFAO Institut Franccedilais drsquoArcheacuteologie Orientale IGLS Inscriptions grecques et latines de la Syrie Edited by Louis Jalabert

Paris Geuthner and Beyrouth Institut Franccedilais du Proche-Orient 11929ff

List of Abbreviations XI

ILS Inscriptiones Latinae selectae Edited by Hermann Dessau Berlin Weidmann 1892ndash1916

IM Istanbuler Mitteilungen JAC Jahrbuch fuumlr Antike und Christentum JACE Jahrbuch fuumlr Antike und Christentum Ergaumlnzungsband JBL Journal of Biblical Literature JdI Jahrbuch des (Kaiserlich) Deutschen Archaumlologischen Instituts JdIE Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archaumlologischen Instituts Ergaumlnzungsheft JEA Journal of Egyptian Archaeology JECS Journal of Early Christian Studies JEH Journal of Ecclesiastical History JHP Journal of the History of Philosophy JLA Journal of Late Antiquity JOumlAI Jahreshefte des Oumlsterreichischen Archaumlologischen Instituts in Wien JRA Journal of Roman Archaeology JRS Journal of Roman Studies JSNTS Journal for the Study of the New Testament Supplement Series JThS Journal of Theological Studies KL Kirchen-Lexikon oder Encyklopaumldie der katholischen Theologie und

ihrer Hilfswissenschaften Edited by Heinrich Joseph Wetzer and Benedikt Welte 12 vols Freiburg i Br Herder 1847ndash1860

KlioB Klio Beihefte Neue Folge LCL The Loeb Classical Library LWQF Liturgiewissenschaftliche Quellen und Forschungen MEFRA Meacutelanges de lrsquoEacutecole Franccedilaise de Rome Seacuterie Antiquiteacute MH Museum Helveticum MLJb Mittellateinisches Jahrbuch MoTh Modern Theology MThSt Marburger theologische Studien NPNF A Select Library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian

Church Edited by Philip Schaff Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1886ndash1905 NTA Neutestamentliche Abhandlungen Neue Folge NTS Supplements to Novum Testamentum NTS New Testament Studies OCA Orientalia Christiana analecta OCP Orientalia Christiana periodica OCT Oxford Classical Texts OECS Oxford Early Christian Studies OLA Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta PaP Past and Present A Journal of Scientific History PAPS Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society PatSt Patristic Studies Catholic University of America PG Patrologiae cursus completus Series Graeca Edited by Jacques-Paul

Migne 167 vols Paris Migne 1857ndash1866 PhS Philologus Supplementband PL Patrologiae cursus completus Series Latina Edited by Jacques-Paul

Migne 217 vols Paris Migne 1841ndash1855

XII List of Abbreviations

PLRE The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire Edited by Arnold Hugh Martin Jones John Robert Martindale and John Morris Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1971ff

PMAAR Papers and Monographs of the American Academy in Rome PO Patrologia orientalis POC Proche-orient chreacutetien POxy The Oxyrhynchus Papyri London Egypt Exploration Society

11898ff PRE Paulys Realencyclopaumldie der classischen Alterthumswissenschaft

Stuttgart Metzler 1894ff PSI Papiri della societagrave italiana RAC Reallexikon fuumlr Antike und Christentum Edited by Theodor Klauser

Stuttgart Hiersemann 11950ff RAM Revue drsquoasceacutetique et de mystique RB Revue biblique RBPh Revue belge de philologie et drsquohistoire RE3 Realencyklopaumldie fuumlr protestantische Theologie und Kirche

3rd edition Edited by Albert Hauck 24 vols Leipzig Evangelische Verlagsanstalt 1896ndash1913

REG Revue des eacutetudes grecques RevSR Revue des sciences religieuses RPh Revue de philologie de litteacuterature et drsquohistoire anciennes RSTh Regensburger Studien zur Theologie SAC Studi di antichitagrave cristiana SAPERE Scripta Antiquitatis Posterioris ad Ethicam REligionemque pertinentia SBibSt Sources for Biblical Study SC Sources chreacutetiennes SE Sacris Erudiri SEAug Studia ephemeridis Augustinianum SJLA Studies in Judaism in Late Antiquity SMSR Studi e materali di storia delle religioni SQAW Schriften und Quellen der Alten Welt STAC Studien und Texte zu Antike und Christentum StBi Studi biblici (Brescia) StLi Studia liturgica StPatr Studia Patristica SUC Schriften des Urchristentums Erster Teil Die Apostolischen Vaumlter

Edited by Joseph A Fischer Zweiter Teil Didache (Apostellehre) Barnabasbrief Zweiter Klemensbrief Schrift an Diognet Edited by Klaus Wengst Darmstadt Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft 1956ndash1984

SVigChr Supplements Vigiliae Christianae Syr Syria Revue drsquoart oriental et drsquoarcheacuteologie Theoph Theophaneia ThH Theacuteologie historique ThZ Theologische Zeitschrift Theologische Fakultaumlt der Universitaumlt Basel TMCB Travaux et Meacutemoires Centre de Recherche drsquohistoire et civilisation

byzantines

List of Abbreviations XIII

TPAPA Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association

TSAJ Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism TU Texte und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der altchristlichen Literatur TuscBuuml Tusculum-Buumlcherei UALG Untersuchungen zur antiken Literatur und Geschichte VigChr Vigiliae Christianae WdF Wege der Forschung ZAC Zeitschrift fuumlr Antikes Christentum ZKG Zeitschrift fuumlr Kirchengeschichte ZNW Zeitschrift fuumlr die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft ZPE Zeitschrift fuumlr Papyrologie und Epigraphik ZSRGR Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung fuumlr Rechtsgeschichte Romanistische

Abteilung

Introduction ndash The Many Faces of Antioch

Susanna Elm

Between 350 and 450 Antioch on the Orontes was as any cursory reading of Libaniusrsquos works reveals a flourishing metropolis1 The aftermath of the cityrsquos third century crisis had been mostly overcome and many of the struc-tures then damaged had been rebuilt at least in part Antiochrsquos standing as imperial residence by then already established became preeminent from Diocletian onward with more emperors residing in the city for longer than in all other residences combined2 Antioch continued to be the administrative center of the region now the seat of the comes Orientis in addition to that of the consularis Syriae and since the city was the staging post for successive military campaigns against the new and newly aggressive Sassanians in Per-sia it also housed the highest military commander in the East the magister militum per Orientem and his staff Antioch always privileged thanks to its location as the gateway from the East to the Mediterranean and vice-versa to Palestine and Egypt as well as the regions between the Euphrates and the Tigris rose to real prominence during the fourth and early fifth century con-tributing to and profiting from the economic boom of its vast Syrian hinter-lands3

The century between 350 and 450 thus witnessed a robust revival Antioch competed head to head with Alexandria Milan and Rome outpacing the slowly rising Constantinople and attracted courtiers teachers students philosophers and poets from everywhere and from all religious backgrounds becoming a true magnet for the elites from all walks of life of the later

1 The present volume assembles papers presented at a conference on Antioch held at the Kloster Kappel am Albis from July 9ndash12 2014 For their indispensable contributions to this volume the editors would like to thank Samuel C Zinsli and Clara A Leon The con-ference and this volume have been supported by the Swiss National Foundation the University of Zurich the Programm fuumlr Chancengleichheit of the University of Zurich the Sidney H Ehrman Fund and the Department of History at the University of California at Berkeley

2 Expositio totius mundi et gentium 23 (SC 124 160 Rougeacute) 3 Antiochrsquos territory was vast comprising about 7000 square kilometers see Andrea U

De Giorgi Ancient Antioch From the Seleucid Era to the Islamic Conquest Cambridge Cambridge University Press 2016 67ndash132 172ndash175 Michael Decker Tilling the Hateful Earth Agriculture in the Early Byzantine East Oxford Oxford University Press 2010

2 Susanna Elm

Roman Empire If there was a complete prosopography of the members of the intellectual military and administrative elites who we knew resided at An-tioch either permanently or temporarily during that period it would be lengthy and impressive To name but a few between 350 and the earthquake of 458 those living at least for some time at Antioch included the young Constan-tius II the Caesar Gallus the emperors Julian Jovian and Valens historians such as Festus Eutropius Ammianus Marcellinus and Theodoret of Cyrrhus and other intellectuals such as Libanius Aetius Acacius Eudoxius Eunomius Apollinaris Meletius Flavian Paulinus Diodore of Tarsus John Chrysostom Theodore of Mopsuestia and many more Remarkably we possess writings at times extensive ones from nearly all of these men including one of the emperors4 Not surprisingly many of the most dramatic intellectual debates of the late fourth and early fifth century eastern Empire originated in Antioch or found their most intense expression there5

4 The writings of Libanius after his return to Antioch from Constantinople in 354 and

those of John Chrysostom prior to his departure to Constantinople in 397 are particularly rich and hence central to every analysis of the city during this time They also form the basis of the classic works on Antioch by Paul Petit Libanius et la vie municipale agrave An-tioche au IVe siegravecle apregraves J-C BAH 62 Paris Geuthner 1955 Andreacute-Jean Festugiegravere Antioche paiumlenne et chreacutetienne Libanius Chrysostome et les moines de Syrie BEFAR 194 Paris 1959 Glanville A Downey A History of Antioch in Syria from Seleucus to the Arab Conquest Princeton Princeton University Press 1961 and John H W G Liebe-schuetz Antioch City and Imperial Administration in the Later Roman Empire Oxford Clarendon 1972 See now Lieve Van Hoof (ed) Libanius A Critical Introduction Cam-bridge Cambridge University Press 2014 Rafaella Cribiore Libanius the Sophist Rhet-oric Reality and Religions in the Fourth Century Ithaca Cornell University Press 2013 Jutta Tloka Griechische Christen ndash Christliche Griechen Plausibilisierungsstrategien des antiken Christentums bei Origenes und Johannes Chrysostomos STAC 30 Tuumlbingen Mohr Siebeck 2005 Wendy MayerPauline Allen (eds) John Chrysostom New York Rout-ledge 2000 See also Nicholas J Baker-BrianShaun Tougher (eds) Emperor and Author The Writings of Julian lsquothe Apostatersquo Swansea The Classical Press of Wales 2012 Susanna Elm ldquoThe Letter Collection of the Emperor Julianrdquo in Cristiana SognoBradley K StorinEdward J Watts (eds) Late Antique Letter Collections A Critical Introduction and Reference Guide Berkeley University of California Press 2017 54ndash68

5 Dayna S Kalleres City of Demons Violence Ritual and Christian Power in Late Antiquity Berkeley University of California Press 2015 25ndash50 Christine Shepardson Controlling Contested Places Late Antique Antioch and the Spatial Politics of Religious Controversy BerkeleyLos AngelesLondon University of California Press 2014 Isabella Sandwell Religious Identity in Late Antiquity Greeks Jews and Christians in Antioch New York Cambridge University Press 2007 Jaclyn Maxwell Christianization and Communication in Late Antiquity Cambridge Cambridge University Press 2006 Em-manuel Soler Le sacreacute et le salut agrave Antioche au IVe siegravecle apr J-C Pratiques festives et comportements religieux dans le processus de christianisation de la citeacute BAH 176 Beirut Institut franccedilais du Proche-Orient 2006 Johannes Hahn Gewalt und religioumlser Konflikt Studien zu den Auseinandersetzungen zwischen Christen Heiden und Juden im Osten des

Introduction ndash The Many Faces of Antioch 3

Antiochrsquos relevance for the later Roman Empire as a whole and not only for the Eastern empire is undeniable and well-known Nevertheless the city in its own right has only recently once more become the focus of intense scholarly attention In part this is due to an unusual bifurcation of our sources that has led to a corresponding bifurcation of scholarly interests On the one hand we have a great deal indeed almost an overabundance of written sources composed by Antiochene authors a rarity in the study of the Roman world while at the same time the material and archaeological record has been very difficult to reconstruct and interpret As far as the latter is concerned natural conditions such as the topography of Antioch within the alluvial plane of the Orontes river and the Amuq Valley combined with frequent earth-quakes but also devastations due to military engagements and further the complexities of the regionrsquos modern history have made it difficult to recon-struct the dynamic evolution of Antiochrsquos topography and that of its sur-roundings including Daphne and Antiochrsquos harbor Seleucia Pieria6 How-ever recent studies by Gunnar Brands Catherine Saliou Andrea De Giorgi Pauline Allen and Wendy Mayer and others are in the process of reversing this picture so that Christine Kondoleonrsquos wistful subtitle The Lost Ancient City is no longer quite as apt a description as it was in 20007

Indeed as will easily become apparent in the footnotes throughout the vol-ume Antioch its archaeology and its leading intellectuals have seen a true renaissance in scholarship sparked in part by the treasures presented in the ex-hibitions Christine Kondoleonrsquos catalogue discussed Somewhat paradoxical-ly however the increase in scholarship combined with the enormous amount of research still required to reconstruct on the one hand the archaeology of Antioch and that of its vast hinterland and the connections between both and to engage fully on the other hand with the formidable literary output of authors such as Libanius and John Chrysostom encourages a splintering of

Roumlmischen Reiches (von Konstantin bis Theodosius II) KlioB 8 Berlin Akademie Verlag 2004 121ndash189 Bernadette CabouretPierre-Louis GatierCatherine Saliou (eds) Antioche de Syrie Histoire images et traces de la ville antique actes du colloque orga-niseacute agrave Lyon Maison de lrsquoOrient et de la meacutediterraneacutee 4 5 6 octobre 2001 Topoi Suppleacute-ment 5 LyonParis Maison de lrsquoOrient Meacutediterraneacuteen 2004

6 De Giorgi Ancient Antioch (see fn 3) 1ndash33 Shepardson Controlling Contested Places (see fn 5) 161ndash162 for a list of natural and man-made disasters see Wendy Mayer Pauline Allen The Churches of Antioch (300ndash638 CE) Leuven Peeters 2012 Table I 262ndash267

7 Christine Kondoleon (ed) Antioch The Lost Ancient City Princeton Princeton Uni-versity Press 2000 Gunnar Brands Antiochia in der Spaumltantike Prolegomena zu einer archaumlologischen Stadtgeschichte Hans-Lietzmann-Vorlesungen 14 Berlin De Gruyter 2016 Catherine Saliou (ed) Les sources de lrsquohistoire du paysage urbain drsquoAntioche sur lrsquoOronte Actes des journeacutees drsquoeacutetudes des 20ndash21 septembre 2010 Paris Publication eacutelec-tronique 2012 MayerAllen Churches of Syrian Antioch (see fn 6) 1ndash29

4 Susanna Elm

scholarly interest into discrete communities of experts As a consequence po-tential connections different angles of approach and important developments in each discreet area of expertise risk falling between the intra-disciplinary cracks that separate archaeologists historians theologians and literary schol-ars despite their common interest in things Antiochene

It is the aim of this volume to assemble to the extent possible experts on individual authors who resided and wrote in Antioch during the period in question and experts on its topography and archaeology with the aim of directing focus from different angles onto the city itself examining its differ-ent facets with the hope of gaining new insights into old questions such as what if anything made Antioch distinct whether the divisions among its diverse populations were as stark as they are often portrayed what role the built environment played in shaping this late Roman metropolis Gunnar Brands opens the volume with a discussion of the status quaestionis with regard to the cityrsquos built environment beginning with its revitalization under Diocletian and the construction of the new imperial residence on the island in the Orontes to then direct his focus onto the largest infrastructure program in our period the Forum of Valens tangible archaeologically mainly through two sophisticated drainage channels As Brands emphasizes the complex archaeological record shows that Valens and his city planners and architects integrated the existing urban structures including the sports complex for the Olympic Games into their newly built forum They thus accommodated changing religious sensibilities Further Brands makes clear that even though Valensrsquos successors undertook no project of a similar scale Antioch con-tinued to flourish well into the fifth century and beyond as demonstrated by Theodosius Irsquos renovation of the imperial residence in Daphne and Theodo-sius IIrsquos wall which connected the city and its southward expansion toward Daphne and attest to a significant growth in the urban population In fact Brands suggests that the period between Libaniusrsquos return to his home and the death of Theodosius II signified from an urban planning perspective the flourishing of the Hellenistic and imperial Antioch until the earthquake of 458

Catherine Salioursquos re-reading of Libaniusrsquo Antiochicus his famous enco-mium in which he presents the city and Daphne at their ideal best adds finer grain to Brandsrsquos reconstruction Saliou reveals that the rhetoricianrsquos care-fully constructed exquisite model of the genre nevertheless contains in-stances where the actual urban space penetrates the rhetorical sheen Through descriptions of street networks specific monuments at precise intersections and through the almost instinctive use of local toponyms Libanius according to Saliou evoked a far more concrete cityscape than has been assumed one consciously tailored to a religiously diverse audience

This diverse audience might be one factor in determining whether Antioch was indeed unique among its Eastern rivals and might have contributed to its

fame as the Orientis apex pulcher to use the words of Ammianus Marcelli-nus8 Antioch as Brands suggests was densely populated a density that only increased during our period It is well known that this densely packed popu-lation was characterized by numerous different affiliations and allegiances including different religious affiliations and allegiances In fact Antiochrsquos history has often been told through the tensions between these groups9 How-ever and this is an important observation emerging from the contributions to this volume until the early 450s life in Antioch was characterized by suc-cessful coexistence10 Even in times where severe stressors such as food shortages political purges or spikes in taxation exacerbated tensions actual violence was exceedingly rare11

One aspect that may have fostered such relatively peaceful coexistence so Brands and Saliou may well have been a built environment that consciously or accidentally neutralized or accommodated religious diversity12 Johannes Hahnrsquos discussion of the Olympic Games corroborates the suggestion that the built environment did indeed facilitate coexistence even if on occasion as an unintended consequence Hahn argues that Diocletianrsquos expansion of the Olympic Games to include Daphne and hence the sanctuary of Apollo con-tributed to their long survival because this move separated the games from a specific site Antioch and thus from the dominant religious connotation of

8 Ammianus Marcellinus Res gestae 22914 (LCL 315 293 Rolfe) 9 Kalleres City of Demons (see fn 5) Shepardson Controlling Contested Places (see

fn 5) Hahn Gewalt (see fn 5) 161ndash171 Hanns-Christof Brennecke Studien zur Ge-schichte der Homoumler Der Osten bis zum Ende der homoumlischen Reichskirche BHTh 73 Tuumlbingen Mohr Siebeck 1988 87ndash157 with further bibliography

10 An observation borne out by recent scholarship though it is important to keep in mind the many different ways to read such coexistence see Peter Van Nuffelen ldquoNot the Last Pagan Libanius between Elite Rhetoric and Religionrdquo and Jan R Stenger ldquoLibanius and the lsquoGamersquo of Hellenismrdquo in Van Hoof Libanius (see fn 4) 293ndash314 and 268ndash292 Lieve Van HoofPeter Van Nuffelen ldquoMonarchy and Mass Communication Antioch AD 3623 Revisitedrdquo JRS 101 (2011) 166ndash184 Hahn Gewalt (see fn 5) 119 Sandwell Religious Identity (see fn 5) 137ndash139

11 For a discussion of the food shortages in 362 see eg Hans-Ulrich Wiemer Libanius und Julian Studien zum Verhaumlltnis von Rhetorik und Politik im 4 Jahrhundert n Chr Munich Beck 1995 260ndash340 on the treason trials see Kelly in this volume (below pp 137ndash162) and Noel E Lenski Failure of Empire Valens and the Roman State in the Fourth Century AD Berkeley University of California Press 2002 218ndash234 and on the riot of the statues see eg Hartmut Leppin ldquoSteuern Aufstand und Rhetorenrdquo in Hartwin Brandt (ed) Gedeutete Realitaumlt Krisen Wirklichkeiten Interpretationen (3ndash6 Jh n Chr) Historia Einzelschriften 134 Stuttgart Steiner 1999 103ndash123 and Pierre-Louis Malosse ldquoComment arrecircter un massacre Une leccedilon de rheacutetorique appliqueacutee (Libanius Discours XIX)rdquo REG 120 (2007) 107ndash141

12 It is worth noting in this context that there are no traces of monasteries within the city of Antioch itself Hahn Gewalt (see fn 5) 152ndash156 esp n 144

6 Susanna Elm

that site Zeus As a consequence the games became an increasingly civic form of entertainment one of enormous and enduring popularity13 Their long dureacutee was further fostered however by their specific combination of the local and the imperial Emperors and their representatives well into the sixth century sponsored Antiochrsquos Olympic Games eventually re-ldquoChristenedrdquo Heraclean games to showcase their regional and supra-regional interests14

Indeed Antiochrsquos role as an imperial and thus military and frontier city cannot be overestimated even if from the Theodosian dynasty onward em-perors ceased to reside there Interestingly most of our written sources linger on the consequences of such sustained imperial presence only occasionally However as the contributions of Jorit Wintjes Claudia Tiersch Gavin Kelly and Susanna Elm suggest the frequent presence of the emperor and his court may well have contributed to the overall cohesion of Antiochrsquos citizens as they reacted to both the positive and the negative consequences of this pres-ence On the one hand as Wintjes shows the emperor his court and his mili-tary provided significant economic opportunities for the city its hinterland and its harbor rarely mentioned in our sources and manifold occasions to access the imperial power directly15 On the other hand recurrent and occa-sionally heavy-handed imperial attempts to interfere in Antiochrsquos local affairs elicited a spirit of resistance and independent debate which crossed many other potential divides and appears to have soldered the city together This is shown by Tierschrsquos discussion of Julianrsquos Antiochene sojourn Kellyrsquos anal-ysis of Ammianusrsquos conspicuous silence regarding Valensrsquos stay and Elmrsquos description of attitudes toward a potential retaliatory move against Persia after emperor Julianrsquos defeat reflected in the writings of Libanius Gregory of Nazianzus Eutropius and Festus In sum despite significant and sustained imperial impact the citizens of Antioch formed much of their city its built environment included according to their own notions thus forcing the emperors and their representatives to read the temperature of the citizens as

13 Fritz Graf Roman Festivals in the Greek East From the Early Empire to the Middle

Byzantine Era Cambridge Cambridge University Press 2015 128ndash146 and 219ndash225 also highlights the longevity of other festivals celebrated at Antioch

14 Palladius Monachus Dialogus de vita Joannis Chrysostomi 16102 (SC 431 312 MalingreyLeClerq)

15 For example only Joannes Malalas Chronicon 1238 (Ioannis Malalae chronographia ex recensione Ludovici Dindorfi [Bonn Weber 1831] 307) and the Notitia dignitatum oriens 1118 (ed Otto Seeck Notitia dignitatum Accedunt Notitia urbis Constantino-politarum et laterculi provinciarum Berlin Weidmann 1876 32) mention that Antioch from the time of Diocletian onward housed important facilities for the production of weapons and military equipment

accurately as possible and to communicate their wishes well if they wanted their impact to be more than ephemeral16

While the contributions in the first two sections of the volume center on the topography of Antioch Daphne and Seleucia Pieria and their importance as imperial residence and Roman frontier city vis-agrave-vis Persia those in section three more specifically address the literary creation of various vistas of Antioch that is the ongoing literary contest over the symbolic significance of Antioch and its monuments designed to persuade each authorrsquos particular audience to see Antioch and hence themselves in a specific manner As these contributions show however the focus on the city as the central player reveals the extent of the communalities shared by our authors despite the agonistic character of their rhetoric Thus Jan Stengerrsquos comparison of Libaniusrsquos presentation of the sanctuary of Apollo in Daphne in his Monody under the direct impact of emperor Julianrsquos demise with John Chrysostomrsquos point by point rebuttal of that very Monody showcases a direct and ongoing dialogue without Libaniusrsquos insistence that the fate of the Apollo sanctuary presaged Julianrsquos death Chrysostomrsquos insistence that it instead represented Christian triumph ndash at a time when Libanius regained his position as an in-fluential Antiochene voice ndash loses much of its argumentative power Edward Wattsrsquos focus on the same time period Libaniusrsquos resurgence as a public voice late in his life paints the picture of Antioch as seen from a generational perspective in this case as not a city for old men

Regardless of religious or other affiliations an old manrsquos city is no longer the playing field of a man in the prime of his life Though located within the same physical space children the young the old men women slaves and free inhabit and hence see the city differently As Watts shows the seventy-year-old Libanius knew this perfectly well and strove to break out of the Antioch where old men were confined a city he liked far less than the one he knew in his prime

Christine Shepardson instead draws our attention to the fact that old and young bodies were not the only ones that populated and hence viewed ancient cities in their own distinct way ancient cities were also home to ldquothe stone and bronze crowdrdquo17 Shepardson illustrates how distinct groups envisioned the city by demonstrating how Antiochene authors emperor Julian included sought to direct religious devotion to special bodies better bodies such as the statues of the gods the sanctified bodies of martyrs and the extraordinary bodies of ascetics still among the living In the contribution concluding this section Blake Leyerle returns to the topic engaged at the outset by Jan

16 De Giorgi Ancient Antioch (see fn 3) 171 Van HoofVan Nuffelen Monarchy and

Mass Communication (see fn 10) 166ndash184 17 Peter Stewart Statues in Roman Society Representation and Response New York

Oxford University Press 2003 118

8 Susanna Elm

Stenger the exquisite rhetorical techniques employed by Libanius and John Chrysostom to create distinct visual impressions of their shared city in direct response to each other18 While Libanius in high style paints the picture of an Antioch of the leisure class enjoying luxury in their glowing bustling cosmopolitan and sophisticated city and its corresponding suburb John Chrysostom in equally sophisticated style creates arte povera rebuffing Libaniusrsquos vision of Antioch to produce instead verbal sketches which force the eye to see a city often overlooked that of the destitute the beggars and those staggering under their obligations a tale of two cities in the physical space of one Antioch

Section 4 focuses on the various communities which drew such distinct vistas of the city showcasing how the authors of our sources sought to create and foster these communities First Jaclyn Maxwell recovers the voices of those whose city John Chrysostom painted that is his attempts (and those of Libanius) ldquoto speak in the voice of ordinary Antiochenesrdquo19 Maxwell com-plementing Leyerle shows that both authors despite significant differences painted a portrait of the poor and the workers as agents in their own right engaged in debating the role of government the laws economic conditions and the chores of everyday life in very similar ways quite independently of religious distinction Rudolf Braumlndlersquos article equally highlights the commu-nalities of Antiochrsquos many inhabitants as the foil against which to read John Chrysostomrsquos eight sermons Adversus Judaeos dating to 386387 As Braumlnd-le emphasizes Jewish customs and religious views were highly attractive to many in Antioch and the general popularity of festivals including those with religious connotations applied to Passover as well as the Olympic Games It is such common practices and exchanges John sought to dissolve and separate with much rhetorical violence but apparently little immediate success as also indicated so Braumlndle by the anonymous compiler of the Apostolic Constitu-tions the text central to Adam Schorrsquos contribution As Schor convincingly argues the compiler of the Apostolic Constitutions which should be read with Antioch specifically in mind created a deliberately anachronistic and hence aspirational image of the way in which a relatively new community in the city should comport itself that of ordinary Christian clergy Using tech-niques analogous to those found for example in the Palestinian Talmud the compiler sought to train and organize the clergy as a distinct and disciplined group of experts within a highly competitive environment of different Chris-tian leaders

18 Henri Lefebvre The Production of Space trans Donald Nicholson-Smith Oxford

Blackwell 1991 73 19 Jaclyn Maxwell ldquoThe Voices of the People of Antioch in John Chrysostomrsquos Ser-

mons and Libaniusrsquos Orationsrdquo in this volume below pp 281ndash296 at 281

Techniques to create and cement community cohesion are also the focus of Yannis Papadogiannakisrsquos discussion of John Chrysostomrsquos skillful use of the emotions of fear and awe but also of enthusiasm joy and compassion emotions for which Chrysostom developed finely nuanced scripts in his vari-ous sermons which provided his audience with new ways to visualize their neighbors especially those less fortunate Papadogiannakis thus illustrates the ways in which John Chrysostom molded emotions anew so that his audience could also experience their city as a new one no longer as the classic politeia united through euergetism but as a Christian city shaped by pity and com-passion Addressing some of the very same texts Wendy Mayer emphasizes the extent to which this project the use of emotions and other means to guide the soul to create new Christian citizens in a new Christian city through a new Christian paideia is rooted in the very paideia it seeks to overturn namely a particular practice of diagnosing and curing inflictions of the soul Mayer points out that John Chrysostom shares this particular view of human psy-chology and his role as its therapist with Libanius and Theodoret to conclude that this represents a quintessentially Antiochene form of Late Antique paideia common to all three of its sons whether Christian or not

Silke-Petra Bergjan likewise sketches the contours of a specifically An-tiochene way of creating distinct community through processes of competi-tion and confrontation She takes her cue from and deconstructs the account Theodoret and other fifth-century Church historians presented of the crucial schism of the Nicene Christians at Antioch in the fourth century20 By situ-ating the schism firmly in its Antiochene context and by reassessing the role of the so-called Tomus ad Antiochenos found under the writings of Atha-nasius of Alexandria Bergjan shows that the split emerged out of a history of peaceful coexistence and was caused primarily by disagreements over church order at a time when the situation of the Christian communities in Antioch was still entirely in flux

Antioch on the Orontes was a unique late Roman metropolis Our literary sources leave no doubt about the cityrsquos ndash and hence their own ndash distinction The degree to which Antioch was distinct from or rather representative of other late Roman metropoleis is harder to ascertain from a modern scholarly perspective in the absence of comparable sources from other cities Yet it seems fair to conclude that Antiochrsquos location as the gateway to the East its corresponding relevance as a military center and an imperial residence and the self-confidence of its wealthy and well-connected inhabitants both per-manent and temporary gave it a special character To be an Antiochian a citizen of this metropolis provided a self-confidence leading to cohesion that often overrode the many different ways of being Antiochene Though the city

20 Theodoretus Cyrrhensis Historia ecclesiastica 5353ndash4 (GCS 33719ndash3383 Parmen-

tierHansen)

10 Susanna Elm

offered many faces to its inhabitants rich and poor old and young Christian of different stripes and all those of other religious persuasions these many faces merged ultimately into one that of Antioch the apex pulcher of the East Antioch was able to integrate many contested views of the city and hence permitted its inhabitants in all their diversity means for a largely peaceful coexistence The built environment fostered such cohesion and may well have been designed with it in mind it is important to note in this con-text that Christian monasteries emerged in the surrounding countryside rather than in the city itself thus presumably reducing the presence of potential flashpoints As the contributions in this volume suggest a distinct Antiochene matrix of civic pride and cohesion permitted the coexistence of competition and diversity among Antiochrsquos citizens which allowed the city to flourish well beyond the end of the fifth century

Index of Sources

Anonymous writings are classified unter their titles pseudonymous writings under (or at the end of) their pseudonyms

Genesis 126 306 127 238 524 306 61 306 1414 306 Exodus 203ndash6 235 25ndash31 317 Leviticus 194 235 Numbers 16 318 2 Samuel 12 326 2 Kings 21 326 2 Chronicles 33 326 Esther 814 LXX 310 Isaiah 63 313 Ezekiel 312 313

Daniel 107 306 1132 306 1210 306

Jonah 3 326 Matthew 6ndash7 326 72 358 99 326 242 305 2531ndash46 359 2545 358 Luke 6 326 747 326 John 11 375 114 235 1412 207 158 356 Acts 432 345 89ndash24 325 1126 119 278 15 323 Romans 9ndash11 315

464 Index of Sources

1 Corinthians 1016ndash17 345 1017 345 Galatians 214 310

519ndash21 235 Philippians 25ndash8 235

Qumran and Rabbinic Literature Midrash Genesis Rabbah 194 305 306 251 306 265 306 42(43)2 306 Mekhilta de Rabbi Išmael Baḥodeš 4 306 Pesiqta de Rav Kahana 24 (Suva) 306

Mishna Taʾanioth II1 (65b) 306 Qumran 4QFlor II3ndash5 306 Talmud Bavli Megillah 3a 306 Sanhedrin 94a 306 Talmud Yerushalmi Baba Batra 23 265

Ancient Authors and Writings

Ambrosius De officiis 11ndash4 321 17 328 127 321 136ndash37 321 166 328 172ndash175 336 184 336 191ndash93 336 1107ndash109 328 1185 327 1218 336 1227 321 1246 328 1248 328 1251 328 1256ndash257 328 24ndash7 321 260ndash61 321 2111 336 2122ndash124 336 2134ndash138 336

2143ndash151 336 Ammianus Marcellinus Res gestae 141123 94 1576ndash10 142 161015ndash17 143 1612 103 17412ndash17 143 18616 143 18620ndash1872 143 19812 144 1991 144 1912 157 19121 158 2081 94 21151ndash3 94 211618 142 2231ndash22410 114 2241ndash2 109 2252 127 2272ndash3 126 2298ndash10 126

465Index of Sources

22914 5 33 106 22915 122 22101ndash3 126 22101 127 22106ndash7 127 22112 134 22126ndash8 126 22126ndash7 127 128 22127 129 22128 134 144 2213 134 22131ndash5 195 22132 134 301 22134 104 22136 105 22141ndash2 126 22141 108 22142 124 22143 105 129 22144 126 2313 305 2353 144 23615ndash23 188 253 95 25417 106 128 2575 173 2579ndash14 173 2579ndash12 95 25712 174 2599ndash11 146 2599 95 25101 144 25104 95 26ndash31 140 2644 169 2646 147 266ndash10 140 2667ndash9 142 26611 147 2672 140 147 26713 140 2733 143 2741 141 275 141 2758 139 279 141 2710 140 141 27106ndash7 141 27121ndash18 141

271215 151 176 271216ndash17 151 175 281 158 2811 158 2812ndash4 157 28111 140 158 28114 158 28115 158 28118 140 28121 140 28123 158 28124ndash25 140 28125 158 28126 140 28157 159 282 140 141 2821ndash4 143 28211ndash14 141 28214 151 285 140 2869 140 28612 140 28620 140 28622 140 28625 159 2911ndash4 141 151 157

175 2913 152 2914 150 152 2915ndash29228 141 157 2915ndash41 156 158 2915 149 2916 98 29115 159 29124 144 157 158 29129ndash32 157 29133 159 29136 176 29138ndash39 159 29138 158 29142ndash29220 156 29142ndash29217 158 29142 159 2924 144 157 29210 158 29215 144 157 158 29216 144 29218 139 29220 159

Index of Sources

29221ndash28 156 158 29221 152 29222ndash28 176 29222ndash23 158 294 140 29619 143 301ndash2 152ndash153 159 301 141 3014ndash15 154 3021ndash9 141 3022 153 3024 139 3028 153 303 140 304 141 3041 139 152 3042 139 305 140 31 144 165 3113 142 159 3144 154 311312ndash16 166 311314ndash15 159 31142ndash3 139 31144 143 31148ndash9 142 159 31148 138 31168 144 145 Anonymus Anthologia Graeca 9699 49 Anonymus Antonini Placentini Itinerarium 47 309 Aphthonius Progymnasmata 81 38 Apollinarius Laodicensis Epistula ad Basilium (Basilius Caesariensis ep 364) 401 413 Aristides Aelius Orationes 1711 38

1717 38 22 198 2321 38 Aristoteles Rhetorica 28 1385b13ndash16 357 25 1382a5 353 Athanasius Apologia de fuga sua 11 396 Contra gentes 23 116 De decretis Nicaenae synodi (decr) 102 411 203 411 211ndash2 411 224ndash5 411 231ndash4 411 Epistula ad Afros (ep Afr) 408ndash409 13 409 31 409 7ndash8 412 Epistula ad Jovianum 16 400 Epistula ad Rufinianum 401 402 Orationes contra Arianos (Ar) 410ndash411 191 411 1910 411 1117 411 1161 411 1243 411 2343 411 2423 411 De synodis Arimini et Seleuciae (syn) 408ndash409 411ndash

412 61 409 93 409

412 411 413 412 53 411 Tomus ad Antiochenos (tom) 384 404 405ndash

410 413ndash415 417ndash420

31 403 4 388 51 399 53 409 54 410 7 413ndash414 418 72 418 Ps-Athanasius Refutatio hypocriseos Meletii et Eusebii (ref) 400 412 413 Augustinus Aurelius Sermones 3006 309 Aurelius Victor Liber de caesaribus 384 182 Ausonius Carmina 21 224 22 224 244ndash5 32 Barḥadbešabba ʿArbaiumla 8 396 26 396 Basilius Caesariensis Epistulae 24 414 61 414 66 414ndash415 418 67 414 415 68 416 69 414 416 80 414 82 415 89 415 416

92 391 416 129 416 138 390 140 409 156 390 204 416 417 207 402 210 417 214 417 258 415 418ndash419 266 416 364 401 413 Callinicus Vita Hypatii (v Hyp) 33 67 335ff 67 Cassius Dio Cocceianus Historia Romana 5531 223 68241 82 Anonymus Chronicon Paschale 490 Dindorf 125 53514ndash19 Dindorf 396 547 Dindorf 134 54723ndash5483 Dindorf 387 Cicero De officiis 335 Epistulae ad Atticum 1516b 268 In Verrem 2494 237 Constantinus Porphyrogenitus De administrando imperio 13175 116 Anonymus Constitutiones apostolorum 312ndash313 317ndash

337 1ndash6 322 11 317 323

Index of Sources 468

156 327 16ndash10 317 2 329 332 211 330 221 330 251 331 254ndash7 330 254 328 261 331 263 330 2611ndash17 330 291 331 2103ndash4 331 211 330 214ndash16 330 2143 331 217 331 2171 331 218 333 2184ndash6 330 2187ndash12 318 219 331 2211 330 2213ndash9 330 2214ndash5 326 2217ndash8 326 2219 326 2222 326 2224ndash15 326 2231 326 2232ndash2241 326 224 330 2243ndash6 318 2244ndash5 326 2247 331 2251 332 2257ndash2268 326 2257 317 330 2258 332 2262ndash3 332 2263 332 333 2264ndash7 330 2264 330 2265 317 2266 317 332 2267 317 227 332 2275ndash6 318 2276ndash2285 332

2276 331 2285 332 230ndash31 330 230 331 232 332 2323 331 234 330 2354 318 236ndash37 333 2362 313 237 330 239 330 2403ndash2419 330 2422 331 2424 331 2443ndash4 331 2444 331 245 327 247ndash52 330 247 332 2471 331 248 330 252 327 257ndash58 332 25721 330 259ndash60 318 2593 313 2611 312 313 2623 312 3ndash4 330 31ndash3 330 333 34 330 35ndash7 333 39 333 310 333 312 333 316 331 3161ndash2 332 3161 330 3164 331 319ndash20 330 319 331 3191 332 320 331 332 3202 331 41ndash3 330 43ndash4 330 46ndash10 330 334 414 333

51 333 53 333 56 333 58ndash9 333 58 333 5171 313 5172 313 52019 313 61ndash4 318 64ndash5 333 67ndash9 325 612ndash141 323 6161 318 61811 323 620ndash22 328 6251 313 7 322 332 7233 313 7387 313 746 330 8 322 332 81ndash2 333 8117 333 82 333 824 331 827 333 84ndash15 330 844 330 864 332 879 332 886 332 8911 332 810 332 8119ndash12 332 812 332 81243 333 8132ndash9 332 81311 332 81415 332 8152 332 816ndash22 333 8211 333 822 323 823ndash26 333 823 333 824 333 825 333 8332 313 847 332

84711 332 84720 332 84723ndash24 332 84733 332 84734 330 84742 332 84744 332 84745 332 84749ndash50 331 84751 332 84753 332 84754ndash56 332 84761 332 84763 332 84765 312 84770 313 84785 323 Anonymus Continuatio Antio- chiensis 187 fn 78 Damasus Romanus Epistula Per filium meum 420 Anonymus Didache 322 326 with fn

64 Anonymus Didascalia apostolorum (Didasc) 322 323 326

331 4 (Syriac) 328 8 (Syriac) 332 9 (Syriac Latin 28) 331 11 (Syriac) 331 24ndash25 (Syriac Latin

fragments 44ndash45) 323 26 (Syriac) 328 48ndash63 (Latin) 328 Anonymus Diognetum Epistula ad 21ndash5 238

Epictetus Dissertationes 323 375 Epiphanius Panarion seu adversus LXXX haereses (haer) 50113 323 7396 411 73251ndash9 391 73281 391 73282 398 7329ndash33 391 392 73351 388 73352 392 77203ndash7 394 77211ndash9 418 77215ndash6 419 Eunapius Vitae sophistarum 640 46 7411ndash761 170 1511 (496) 232 frg 391 156 Euripides Orestes 268 202 Eusebius Caesariensis Historia ecclesiastica (he) 187 fn 78 6213 119 6364 119 7306ndash9 119 868 76 911 123 Laus Constantini 915 31 Praeparatio evangelica 428 216 Vita Constantini 3502 31

Eusebius Vercellensis Epistula ad Gregorium Elvirensem 401 Eutropius Breviarium praef 165 1ndash6 177 291 179 417 179 4263 179 69ndash10 182 612ndash14 182 618 180 7ndash10 177ndash178 7 178 75 182 76 182 79 180 8 178 83 180 84 180 85 180 181 86 181 87 181 89 182 820 181 823 182 9 178 92 181 97 182 913 182 918 182 924 182 925 182 10 178 108 182 1010 182 10161 175 178 10162 178 10163 178 1017ndash18 179 1017 146 Evagrius Scholasticus Historia ecclesiastica 116 240 120 43 212 29ndash30

Anonymus Expositio totius mundi et gentium 23 1 118 32 137 166 36 118 50 137 58 137 Festus Rufus Breviarium 1 165 2 183 3ndash14 183 6 184 9 183 10 184 11 184 14 183 15ndash29 183 151 184 1513 184 173 186 191ndash2 186 202 186 203 188 204 186 242 186 281 2 184 292 146 185 30 183 Galenus De animi cuiuslibet peccatorum digno-tione et curatione 369 De propriorum animi cuiuslibet affectuum dignotione et curatione (aff dig) 369 376 29 369 3 369 51ndash5 376 55ndash8 369 57ndash8 369 109ndash10 369 Gregorius Nazianzenus Epistulae 18ndash19 169 52ndash53 334

Orationes (or) 2111 107 428 209 477 105 5 166 171ndash173 54 212 513 172 527 209 15 309 Gregorius Nyssenus Oratio funebris in Meletium episcopum 387 Ps-Hermogenes Progymnasmata 71 38 Hieronymus Altercatio Luciferiani et Orthodoxi 3ndash5 401 Chronicon (chron) ad a 328ndash339 394 ad a 360 391 ad a 362 394 Epistulae (ep) 153 419 1086 390 1277 390 Anonymus Historia acephala 413 Homerus Iliad (Il) 203 143ndash47 203 2448 258 9556ndash560 203 24261 132 Odyssea (Od) 8266ndash366 215 11317 203 11576ndash581 203 12431ndash433 265

Horatius Carmina 3459 302 Hymni Homerici Hymnus ad Apollinem 194ndash206 267 Iamblichus De mysteriis 211 110 320 110 Ignatius Antiochenus Epistula ad Magnesios (Magn) 91 313 103 310 Epistula ad Philadelphios 82 310 Joannes Antiochenus (Roberto [TU] ndash Mariev [CFHB]) fragment 271 (R)

= 204 (M) 138 fragment 3062 (R)

= 2372 (M) 138 Joannes Chrysostomus Ad eos qui scandalizati sunt (scand) 370 371 373

377 378 Prol 1ndash3 372 Prol 4 372 11 372 12 372 13ndash6 372 21 372 Ad populum Antiochenum de statuis (stat) 257 303 351ndash

354 112 312 31 278 6 352 353 93 267 141 274 146 278 15 353

151 274 301 152 271 153 294 161 298 166 270 273 17ndash19 362 171 248 172 249 267 278

301 1714 267 184 301 194 267 300 202 275 Adhortationes ad Stagirium a daemone vexatum (Stag) 1 377 2 377 3 355 Adversus Iudaeos (Jud) 297 314ndash315 1 314 11 122 311 13 238 308 14 302 303 311

312 16 238 302 310 175ndash11 238 17 308 18 302 312 313 2 314 21 308 22 122 310 2122 309 3 308 314 31 311 33 305 43 310 5-8 314-315 5 307 51 314 53 304 59 299 307 511 212 67 251 71 315 73 303 306 76 312

84 286 311 85 308 86 308 88 312 Adversus oppugnatores vitae monasticae (oppugn) 121 38 275 311 361 362 Commentarius in epistulam ad Galatas (comm in Gal) I7 313 315 II6 315 Contra eos qui subintroductas habent (subintr) 5 272 10 272274 Contra Judaeos et gentiles quod Christus sit deus (Jud et gent) 2 217 15 303 16 212 Contra ludos et theatra (theatr) 4 304 312 315 De ascensione (ascens) 246ndash247 1 247 De baptismo Christi (bapt) 61 299 615 299 De David et Saul 31ndash2 63 De educandis liberis (educ lib) 379 5ndash7 271 13ndash15 271 56 274 De eleemosyna (eleem) 1 269 300 6 267

De incomprehensibili dei natura seu contra Anomœos 349 420 334 346 De laudibus Pauli (laud Paul) 381 46 208 212 De sacerdotio (sac) 379 380 23 312 321 379 24 312 336 25 315 31 321 33 336 34ndash5 321 328 34 328 336 36 321 38 321 39ndash11 336 314 334 336 41 328 336 43 336 44 336 4661ndash79 362 49 336 51ndash2 336 5110ndash28 277 52ndash5 336 63 336 64 336 65 336 67 336 611 328 De terrae motu 352 De virginitate (virg) 15 270 6610ndash12 271 Epistula ad Innocentium papam 13 316 Expositiones in Psalmos quosdam 6 374 110 208 1271 269 Homilia de martyribus 347

Homilia de poenitentia 9 339 Homilia habita cum presbyter gothus = Homiliae diversae 362 Homilia in epistulam ad Philemonem arg 304 Homilia post reditum ab exsilio 1 316 Homiliae in Acta apostolorum 4 362 13 361 134 270 264 274 343 304 385 157 Homiliae in epistulam ad Colossenses (hom in Col) 105 274 Homiliae in epistulam I ad Corinthios (hom in 1 Cor) 4 362 41 304 6 362 115 269 116 293 126ndash7 300 127 298 145 269 206 274 215ndash6 270 215 293 300 24 345 346 245 271 267 275 296 294 304 269 305 293 345 272 282 346 294 36 343 365ndash6 286 366 274 433 274

Homiliae in epistulam II ad Corinthios (hom in 2 Cor) 18 347 203 269 Homiliae in epistulam ad Ephesios (hom in Eph) 115 303 115ndash6 310 123 298 133 274 153 275 207 271 Homiliae in epistulam ad Hebraeos 104 315 114 269 153 271 164 270 286 274 Homiliae in epistulam ad Philippenses (hom in Phil) 103 271 274 Homiliae in epistulam ad Romanos (hom in Rom) 2 362 62ndash3 316 115 271 15 356ndash357 Homiliae in epistulam I ad Thessalonicenses (hom in 1 Thess) 113 269 270 Homiliae in epistulam II ad Thessalonicenses (hom in 2 Thess) 34 277 Homiliae in epistulam I ad Timotheum (hom in 1 Tim) 103 303 133 272 Homiliae in epistulam ad Titum (hom in Tit) 32 302 313 315

Homiliae in evangelium Ioannis (hom in Io) 375ndash376 2 375 380 21 361 364 211ndash4 375 214 375 215 375 376 325 376 326 376 43 374 434 376 435 376 184 256 191 270 283 270 424 271 533 274 585 299 77 358 803 271 Homiliae in evangelium Matthaei (hom in Mt) 18 286 25 286 4 208 47 286 302 51 302 77 300 177 277 327 286 353 295 376ndash7 292 435 286 494ndash5 300 495 271 565 293 594 295 645 286 662 278 66673 282 68 294 694 286 713 274 733 274 75 294 77 293 883 273 293 884 286

Homiliae in Genesim (hom in Gen) 11 277 61ndash3 63 10 374 101ndash2 374 102 374 375 117 273 411 63 Homiliae in mutatione nominum in illud Saulus autem adhuc spirans 1 275 In illud Vidi dominum (hom in Isa 61) 21 274 In kalendas 1 122 3 274 In Lazarum (Laz) 16 256 270 111 274 23 272 61 278 63 255 65 270 71 63 299 304 Laudatio Drosidis martyris 6 274 Laus Diodori 4 206 Panegyrica in Maccabaeos 1 and 2 309 Panegyricum in Babylam martyrem (pan Bab 1) 240 244ndash246 2 256 8ndash10 195 8 (3) 61 33 244 41 239 81ndash90 134 84 245 90 244

92ndash97 301 93 246 108 245 Panegyricum in Babylam et contra Iulianum et gentes (pan Bab 2) 206ndash218 1 207 8 207 10 212 11 213 13 213 218 20 213 22 217 43 213 46 213 47 213 48 213 55 218 66 211 67ff (12) 61 68 194 218 69 194 70ndash72 210 73ndash75 195 75 212 213 214 76 (14) 61 77 274 78 213 81 213 82ndash86 213 82 213 86 213 88 213 90 195 92ndash97 195 93ndash94 210 95 214 97 210 98ndash113 197 214 98 200 209 99 213 214 218 102 214 218 103 213 215 104 216 109 213 218 110 215 111 213 216 114ndash126 209

114ndash117 211 117 206 118ndash126 212 119 212 126 206 208 Panegyricum in Eustathium Antiochiae episcopum 2 274 Panegyricum in Ignatium martyrem 5 211 Panegyricum in Julianum martyrem (pan Juln) 238 240 1 241 2 242 4 210 241 242

252 312 5 243 251 Panegyricum in Juventinum et Maximinum martyres 134 Panegyricum in martyrem Lucianum (pan Lucn) 1 250 Panegyricum in martyres 1 (pan mart 1) 1ndash2 252 1 63 3 241 Panegyricum in martyres 2 (pan mart 2) 241 250 251 Panegyricum in Meletium 391 Panegyricum in Pelagiam Antiochenam martyrem 240 4 251 Postquam reliquiae martyrum (= Homiliae diversae 1) 348

Quod nemo laeditur nisi a seipso 370ndash371 373 Sermones de Anna (Anna) 15 295 42 122 43 274 46 273 51 63 53 273 55 269 Sermones in Genesim (serm in Gen) 31 274 53 271 54 269 Specimen expositionis in Job 1 256 Ps-Joannes Chrysostomus De non anathematizandis vivis vel defunctis 420 Joannes Malalas Chronographia (chron) 26 47 811 47 812 47 814 47 95 47 108 47 259 1010 43 49 1027 55 56 1051 43 118 51 1114 27 121ndash12 56 123 63 1212 125 1216 59 1233 125 1238 6 51 119 1239 91 1244ndash46 57 1247 123 1249 92 133ndash4 119 1319 108

1330 95 143 151 1331 63 1339 28 43 44 47 1513 138 166 69 1713 69 1716 49 1887 120 Josephus Flavius Antiquitates Iudaicarum 10269 307 17148 259 17286 79 Bellum Judaicum 1425 259 2202 307 240 79 733 307 Julianus Imperator Caesares (Caes) 68CD 110 68Dndash69A 110 80C 114 125B 111 Contra Galilaeos (Gal) 58 238B 114 frg 57 130 Epistula ad Athenienses (ad Athen) 167 757ndash820 103 273A 111 280B 111 Epistula ad Themistium (ad Them) 255Dndash258C 110 256Bndash258C 111 260AB 109 263A 112 266Dndash267A 110 267A 112 267B 111

Epistulae (ep) (CUFr Bidez) 19 (32 W) 113 26 (21 Weis)415CD 113 30 (31 Weis) 113 31 231 78 (11 Weis)375C 113 80 (12 Weis) 20 84a (39 W) 113 115 88 (44 W) 113 89a (47 Weis) 109 110 113 89a 453C 129 89a 452Dndash453A 116 89b (48 Weis) 113 89b 288C 104 89b 296C 104 90 (55 Wright) 399 98 51 197 106 (38 Weis) 115 112 (43 Weis) 113 115 136b (62 Weis) 110 fragm ep 288AndashC 110 fragm ep 292D 110 fragm ep 293Andash294D 113 fragm ep 293CD 113 Hymnus in Helium regem 112 Hymnus in Matrem Deorum 112 Misopogon (Mis) 337Andash338A 124 338A 118 338D 130 131 339Andash340B 131 339A 127 130 339Cndash340B 118 339Cndash340A 127 339CD 126 340Bndash342A 130 342AndashD 127 129 342BndashD 118 342C 106 121 133 342D 127 130 343A 127 132 343Cndash344A 106 343CD 130 133

343C 125 343D 107 344A 128 133 344Bndash345A 129 344BC 106 344B 113 118 127

131 344C 239 344D 115 132 345BndashD 130 345BC 129 345CD 130 345D 129 346AndashC 113 129 346AB 129 346A 130 131 346BC 240 346B 134 196 239

301 346C 129 346D 124 347Andash349A 129 348Dndash349BD 127 348D 131 349AndashC 130 349A 132 349BC 131 349B 115 349Cndash353A 131 349D 130 350AB 128 350BC 133 350B 106 126 350D 130 351Andash354C 130 351AndashC 118 351A 128 131 351CD 130 351C 131 353A 130 353Bndash354B 127 353Bndash354A 118 353D 131 354AB 104 354B 131 354C 130 131 354Dndash355B 126 355AndashC 133 355C 132

356AndashD 129 130 356C 132 356D 104 357AndashD 130 357C 119 357D 128 358D 132 359Bndash360D 129 359BC 131 132 359B 127 360A 131 360B 132 360D 124 128 130

131 361AB 239 361BC 246 361B 134 195 204 361C 134 361Dndash362C 62 361Dndash362B 50 126 128 361Dndash362A 129 362Bndash363C 133 362BndashD 114 362B 239 362D 121 363A 303 363CD 132 363C 134 204 363D 133 364AndashC 135 364A 107 134 364C 130 364D 135 365AndashD 124 365C 130 365D 106 366Bndash370B 124 367Andash368A 125 367CndashD 19 367Dndash369D 104 367D 109 368 105 368CD 125 368C 124 368Dndash369D 125 369AndashD 105 369D 105

Orationes (or) 140Dndash41A 19 2118Cndash119A 109 4 111 4130BC 111 5179Dndash180C 110 5180AB 111 5180A 111 6 115 167 6184C 112 7228BC 114 7228D 111 8246C 111 8249AB 111 8250C 111 8252BC 111 1280ndash82 113 Juncus De senectute apud Stobaeus 50285 223 Lactantius De mortibus persecutorum (mort) 361 91 505ndash6 91 Libanius Epistulae (ep) 1ndash18 225 19ndash839 225 227 19 226 36 277 88 119 882 26 433 123 695 205 696 109 827 104 840ndash1112 225 227 8401 228 8402 228 8403 228 8431 51 845 229 847 228 8471 26 851 119 228 852 228

853 229 855 228 856 228 865 229 866 229 868 229 871 228 872 228 874 228 884 229 885 228 896 228 898 229 899 228 906 228 908 229 909 228 922 228 925 229 938 228 940 228 941 228 952 228 959 228 964 229ndash230 9641 229 9642ndash3 229 9644 229 967 228 970 228 972 229 987 228 990 228 991 228 992 228 1004 228 1007 229 10121 38 1021 228 1022 228 1024 229 1028 228 1043 228 1048 230 10486 231 10487 231 10488ndash9 231 1051 228 10512 230

10518 230 1063 143 1064 228 1071 228 1087 228 1092 228 1106 229 1110 228 1113ndash1542 225 227 1113 226ndash227 11194 98 1154 77 11793 51 1181 51 12002 38 1379 104 13994 127 1406 104 1459 170 1543ndash1544 225 Fragments 40 54 Orationes (or) 15 285 113 51 186 259 187 283 199 47 1118 105 1125 77 1129 168 1136ndash138 170 1143 151 1144 151 153 1156ndash159 176 1159 175 1163ndash165 170 1167 170 1205 105 1207 105 1226 105 1256 224 1284ndash285 203 26 284 216 288 226ndash28 284 232ndash33 290

233 119 237ndash39 292 252 292 258 109 114 2330 119 36 285 311ndash12 285 312 285 318 285 328 285 330 288 435 105 542ndash44 50 542ff 64 9 122 10 25 62 64 105 62 64 107 62 64 1010 62 64 1030 62 64 195 11 35ndash 239 256

257ndash267 277 111ndash12 36 111 257 1111 48 1112 257 1113ndash130 36 1113ndash28 257 1125 38 1128 38 260 1129 267 1142ndash130 258 1147 48 1151 47 48 51 1159ndash65 50 1172ndash74 48 1172 38 1173 49 1176 46 1185ndash93 37 1188 38 48 49 1189ndash91 258 1190 37 48 259 1194ndash99 37 1194ndash96 48 1194 194 11109 51 11111ndash113 51 11114 51

11115 298 300 11119 39 48 49 11125 38 42 48 50

51 11131ndash267 36 11131ndash195 36 11131 15 11133ndash149 258 11134 38 11139 51 11150ndash162 282 11150ndash156 258 11159ndash162 76 11163ndash175 258 11170 48 11177 118 11180 258 11181ndash195 258 11187ndash188 42 11187 51 11188 51 11195 42 11196ndash267 36 11196ndash229 36 37 11196ndash198 37 40 11196ndash197 48 260 11196 43 45 11197 256 11198ndash201 48 11198 266 11200 38 47 48 11201ndash202 37 46 48 11201 266 11202 38 46 51 260 11203ndash207 45 11203ndash204 39 48 11203 39 48 11204ndash205 37 46 11204 46 260 11206ndash207 18 11206 46 48 11208ndash209 39 48 11208 39 48 11209 39 48 11211ndash218 37 11211 39 48 260 11212 38 42 48 51 11213ndash217 261 11217 48 266

11218 38 42 48 121 11219 42 11220 38 11221 42 11225 42 11226 259 11228 16 11229 16 11230ndash243 36 11231ndash232 38 11231 38 11233ndash253 122 11234 38 42 44 11235ndash243 37 11236 38 48 51 258 11236andash237 201 11236a 194 11237 216 11238 38 11241 38 11242 51 11243ndash244 38 11243 42 48 11244ndash267 36 11244ndash245 38 11246ndash247 38 11246 38 48 266 11247 266 11250 38 39 47 48

49 11251 263 11252 263 266 11254 265 266 11255 263 265 11256 263 11257 38 263 11260ndash262 266 11265 266 11266 38 11267 263 11268ndash272 36 11268ndash269 36 12 167ndash168 1257ndash67 168 1270ndash73 168 1270 168 1271ndash78 168 1273 167 1274ndash77 168

1274 168 1277 168 1280 167 1283 167 1288 167 1292 167 15 130 1515 118 1516 15 1519 135 1523 104 1525ndash26 131 1530 129 1552ndash53 124 1552 19 1553 20 119 1555ndash66 135 1579 26 49 131 16 104 130 164ndash14 135 1615 126 1616ndash30 103 1618 108 1621ndash27 104 1622ndash25 125 1628ndash38 135 1628ndash36 107 1630 103 1640ndash44 128 1640 104 1641ndash42 107 1641 290 17 168ndash169 198 1719ndash20 169 1719 168 1721 169 1723 169 1732 169 17158 123 18 168 169ndash171 1827 109 1833ndash35 103 1843ndash47 103 1850ndash62 103 1866ndash70 103 18126 127 18130ndash135 114 18135 109 18148 109

18170ndash176 104 18170ndash171 107 18182ndash188 127 18195 104 18198 107 18199 134 18244ndash264 170 18275 170 18276 170 18277ndash280 171 1935 81 1945 76 1954 118 203 263 2018ndash20 76 2018 76 2019 76 2038 84 2042 259 2044 24 25 212 289 218 289 2113 289 2121 84 229 81 2212ndash13 289 2225 289 2226 289 2326 84 24 165 208 248 187 249 174 2410 187 2422 187 2436 129 2441 187 2615 299 2618 290 276 105 2711ndash14 105 2714 105 126 2723 47 2818 266 292 105 30 200 232 237

240 307 121 308 240 312 309 236

3010 236 3015 119 3017 242 3028ndash29 303 304 3042 121 3051 26 240 3125 266 287 3128 123 3139ndash40 287 328 119 3311 289 3312 125 3329 290 3333ndash34 290 3335ndash36 291 3335 263 290 3513 299 3528 38 36 282 361 288 363 288 364 288 4110ndash12 125 428ndash10 21 123 454 291 4510 291 4522 125 290 4526 26 4610ndash17 125 4610 105 4639 290 47 84 474ndash5 84 477ndash8 84 477 288 4712 288 4713 288 4732 292 484 119 4836 141 151 4838 25 5011 285 5130 77 561 125 5615 125 5755 263 584 284 60 134 195 197ndash

205 245

601 200 602ndash3 203 603 200 604 200 605 200 214 215 606 216 607 194 200 201 608ndash9 199 6010 200 6011 200 6013 200 6014 202 203 fragments 2ndash5 201 fragments 2 and 3 215 61 47 198 617 38 6117 38 6118 38 622 287 6224ndash25 285 6241 263 6270 287 68 47 91 47 Lucianus Samosatensis De Saltatione 125 Peregrinus Proteus 31 59 Macrobius Saturnalia 335 Marcus Antoninus Imperator Ad se ipsum 940 110 Marcus Diaconus Vita Porphyrii Gazensis 63ndash70 66 Menander Rhetor (ed RussellWilson pagination Spengel) 37214 283 43411ndash4374 198 43516ndash43610 201 4371ndash4 197

Anonymus Notitia dignitatum occidens 94ndash8 96 oriens 114ndash10 96 oriens 1118 6 oriens 1121ndash22 83 oriens 2840 83 oriens 3160 83 Origenes Contra Celsum 826 116 Ovidius Metamorphoses 1525ndash552 194 Palladius Monachus Dialogus de vita Joannis Chrysostomi 16102 6 67 Pausanias Graeciae descriptio 6232 59 Prsquoawstos Buzand Buzandaran Patmutiwink 421 174 Philostorgius Historia ecclesiastica (h e) 313 396 318 396 51 391 55 391 78 195 78a 134 301 710 134 196 Philostratus Flavius Imagines 268 Vitae sophistarum (VS) 325 Praefatio 367 1 367 Pindarus Nemea 1060ndash72 203

Plato Charmides 156endash157a 369 Euthyphro 14e 110 Gorgias 364 Menexenus 247endash248a 110 Phaedrus 261a 375 270b 375 Plinius maior Naturalis historia 3214 86 3565 268 37112 268 Plinius minor Epistulae (ep) 423 223 Plutarch An seni respublica gerenda sit 223 Polemo Laodicensis Physiognomonicus 132 Polybius Historiae 1267 86 Proclus In Platonis Rempublicam commentarii 108 351 Procopius Caesariensis De aedificiis 2102ndash14 44 De bello Persico 251ndash282 120

Propertius Elegiae 3912 268 Ps-Quintilianus Declamationes minores 30616 223 Rufinus Aquileiensis Historia ecclesiastica (h e) 1025 391 1029 403 1030 407 1031 405 119 15 18 334 Salustius De deis et de universo 16 128 Scriptores Historiae Augustae Vita Cari 188 9 189 Severus 168 80 Seneca maior Controversiae 184 223 Seneca minor Dialogus 10 223 Epistulae morales ad Lucilium 93 223 Severus Antiochenus Homiliae (hom) 9 240 26 70 37 240 65 240 84 240 91 71 92 70 95 70 71

Socrates Scholasticus Historia ecclesiastica (h e) 1245ndash6 394 2418ndash16 407 24114ndash15 407 2442 391 2446ndash7 393 3153 114 341 389 342 389 404 36ndash9 395 371 407 372 407 3714ndash15 408 3718ndash21 407 3133ndash4 138 318 195 3206 405 32510ndash18 391 32513ndash18 410 32514 410 32515 410 418 138 42 147 150 169 425ndash6 388 425 388 43 150 45 150 4141 150 4151 150 4321 155 53ndash5 395 551 388 553 402 62 284 Sozomenus Historia ecclesiastica (h e) 2192 394 3208ndash9 396 3209 397 4282ndash4 391 42810 393 5121 406 5123ndash4 408 5133 389 519ndash20 196 519 195 51912ndash13 61

51922 61 520 134 195 647ndash10 391 6131 150 6237ndash15 402 731 388 7105 387 Stephanus Byzantius Ethnica sv Ἄκρα 47 Suetonius Augustus 283 19 Tacitus Annales 45 79 Themistius Orationes (or) 786b 141 7100a 170 9 156 11148dndash149b 154 13166c 155 23292cndashd 224 Theocritus Epigrammata 22137ndash213 203 Theodoretus Cyrrhensis Commentarius in Danielem (Dan) 307 Praefatio 306 Graecorum affectionum curatio Prol 373 Historia ecclesiastica (h e) 385 1222 394 2857 48 293 48 2122 389 2221ndash12 402 22337 389

2248ndash9 396 22410 397 2312ndash10 386 2313 391 2317ndash10 391 2318 388 23110 391 23111 388 396 342ndash354 386 352 399 36 195 3102ndash3 387 3103 244 3114ndash3121 195 3114 134 312 196 488 400 4132 387 4244 388 425ndash26 249 4251 48 5204 47 5353ndash4 9 385 Historia religiosa (h rel) 385 216 249 2185 47 219 249 8 336 8518 48 87 249 88 249 1264 48 13 336 164 248 193 248 219 248

Theon Aelius Progymnasmata 7 255 Theophanes Confessor Chronographia 386 AM 5824 92 AM 5878 25 AM 5976 138 Anonymus Traditio apostolica (trad apost) 322 326 330 12ndash7 330 14 333 Vitruvius De architectura (arch) 16 259 744 258 752 258 Zonaras Epitome historiarum 131242 134 Zosimus Historia universalis 2312 174 3131 94 3133ndash4 156 3284ndash29 95 3311ndash2 95 173 441 147 4114 150 4131ndash2 150 4153 176 445 228

Imperial Codes and Synodal Acts

Codex Justinianus (Cod Just) 333 91 32825 91 7222 91 9211 91 11781 67

Codex Theodosianus (Cod Theod) 1166 290 1295 149 264 92 63 67 773 83 788 83

7136 149 8411 176 8113 149 9110 149 9111 149 10112 67 298 1031 109 114 10195 148 10221 98 10231 88 111610 114 11233 114 11242 149 11316 149 113617 149 12123 92 12150 109 114 121103 67 1265 147 1268 147 12131 109 1314 114 1513 127 15136 26 1522 148 1612 238 1613 246 1627 117 16219 149 1651 117 1656 246 16108 237

161010 237 161016 299 161017 64 161025 299 Novellae Theodosiani III 299 Concilium Antiochenum (341342 CE) Canon 5 398 Concilium Chalcedonense (451 CE) Canon 5 398 Concilium Elvirense (300302 CE) Canon 49 308 Concilium Laodicense (360s CE) Canon 37 310 Canon 38 310 Concilium Romanum (372374 CE) Confidimus quidem 402 416 420 Concilium Trullanum (692 CE) Canon 2 318

Inscriptions and Papyri Lrsquoanneacutee eacutepigraphique (AE) 1983 895 126 1983 927 79 1991 656 126 1996 425 87 Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL) 2 7088 126 3 6730 155 6 1139 117 6 3137 87 8 18529 126 10 3440a 87

10 3443 87 10 3636 87 10 7583 81 10 7584 81 11 3737 87 16 106 79 Corpus papyrorum Latinarum (ed Robert Cavenaile Wiesbaden Harrassowitz 1958) 12026ndash28 85

Inscripţiile Daciei Romane (IDR) 2 14 81

Inscriptions grecques et latines de la Syrie (IGLS) 3 1158 86 3 1159 86 3 1162 86 3 1163 87 3 1165 86 3 1167 86 3 1168 86 3 1169 87 3 1171 86

3 1175 87 3 1178 86 Inscriptiones Italicae 1 1 17 87 Inscriptiones Latinae selectae (ILS) 694 117 Oxyrhynchos Papyri (POxy) 889 223 Papiri della societagrave italiana (PSI) 685 223

Index of Subjects

For entries on ancient authors compare also the Index of Sources

Acacius of Caesareahellip2 205 fn 49 391

acclamationhellip69 142 288 289ndash290

AcraAcropolis of Antiochhellip41 46ndash48

Adrianoplehellip96 139 140 143 144 161

Aelius Aristideshellip38 198 fn 22

affects see passions

agora in Antiochhellip248 250 263

Alamannihellip103 fn 1 160

Alexander the Greathellip46 49

ndash Olympias Fountainhellip48 49

Alexander (bishop of Antioch)hellip384ndash

Alexandria (Egypt)hellip1 32 fn 77 258

ndash Christianityhellip385ndash386 389 390 413

fn 157 415 419

ndash synod (362 CE)hellip386 403ndash404 406

407ndash408 410

Alexandria ad Issumhellip24

almsgivinghellip291 292ndash293 294 315

330 353 354ndash359 381

alytarchhellip56 57 67 68 298

Ambrosehellip321 328 334 336

ndash siege and destruction (359 CE)hellip144

155 167 174

ndash rebuilt under Valenshellip155

Ammianus Marcellinushellip137ndash162 164ndash

ndash ~ on Julianhellip106 108 127 129

135ndash136

ndash ~ on Valenshellip138ndash143 145ndash162

ndash Antiochene citizen or long-term

residenthellip138 143ndash145 164

ndash biographical datahellip127 138 143ndash145

153 157

ndash Book 31 written firsthellip144ndash145

amphithaleshellip56

amphitheater in Antiochhellip42 see also

theater

Amuq Valleyhellip3

amusement see entertainment

Anatolius of Berytushellip226

Ancyrahellip151 188

angerhellip376 377

anhomoeanshellip303 311 314 349 410

Anne Sainthellip295

anti-intellectualismhellip362ndash364 375 381

anti-Judaismhellip297 304ndash311 315ndash316

anti-paganism Christianhellip59ndash60 61 65

204ndash205 208 313

Antioch

ndash administration

ndash city administrationhellip118ndash119 see

also city council

ndash seat of the comes Orientishellip1 26

68 85 118 see also comes

Orientis

ndash seat of the consularis Syriaehellip1

23 68 118 see also consularis

Syriae

ndash seat of the magister militum per

Orientemhellip1 118 see also

magister militum per Orientem

ndash seat of the governor of Syria

Coelehellip80

ndash seat of imperial power since the

Tetrarchyhellip19 see also imperial

residence

ndash historyhellip23ndash24 56 75ndash79 90ndash95

98ndash100 155ndash159 194ndash196 233

ndash foundationhellip37 48

ndash Persian conquest (256260)hellip15

17 29 85

ndash under the rule of Palmyra (270s)hellip

491 Index of Subjects

ndash under the jurisdiction of Laodiceahellip24

ndash population ndash number of inhabitantshellip16ndash17

with fn 18 97ndash98 ndash population growthhellip29ndash30

ndash religion see also Christianity in Antioch church buildings Judaism in Antioch pagan religion in Antioch synagogue temples ndash Christian-Jewish overlapshellip302

307ndash308 310 see also ldquoJudaizersrdquo ndash interreligious dialoguehellip303ndash307 ndash pagan-Christian overlapshellip298ndash

302 ndash pagan-Jewish overlapshellip308 ndash peaceful coexistence of pagans

Christians and Jewshellip66 68 121ndash122 301ndash302

ndash statistics of pagans Christians and Jewshellip303ndash304

ndash territoryarea of settlementhellip1 fn 3 16ndash17 with fn 18 see also city wall ndash expansionhellip18 19 27ndash30 43ndash44

49 ndash urban developmenthellip15ndash33 43ndash45

49ndash50 92 143 see also Old City Orontes Island street system ndash estimated number of houseshellip17

fn 18 ndash religious cityscapehellip49ndash52 see

also church buildings synagogue temples

Antiochus Ihellip129 with fn 148 Antiochus IIIhellip49 Antiochus Chuzon (prefect)hellip43ndash44 with

fn 48 Antiphon (sophist)hellip369 apatheiahellip374 with fn 54 Aphrahat (ascetic)hellip249ndash250 336 Aphroditehellip60 fn 18 215 ndash festivalhellip122 Apollinaristshellip385 Apollinarius of Laodiceahellip2 401 412ndash

414 418 420 fn 198 Apollohellip51 56 194 195 199 201ndash202

203 with fn 42 204 213 215ndash216 218 245 246

ndash festivalhellip62 128

Apollo Temple in Daphnehellip20 26 50 56 58 59 61 62 121 123 126 193ndash220 241 244 301 see also

Babylas relics ndash conflagrationhellip26 50 134 195ndash196

199 204 205 208 with fn 63 209 210 218 245ndash246 301 ndash imperial inquesthellip134 196 214

ndash festivalhellip62 128 ndash Julianrsquos visit and repairhellip20 62 126

128 133 214 301 ndash Libaniusrsquos Monody for Daphnehellip

197ndash205 214 215 216 217 ndash statue and oraclehellip58 201 202 204

fn 46 210 214 244 245ndash246 Apollonius of Tyanahellip304 apologetics Christianhellip205ndash218 252 apostleshellip317 318 322 325 330 333

337 361 375 fn 61 ndash Johnhellip364 fn 7 ndash Matthewhellip323 326 ndash Paulhellip237 362 fn 2 380 with fn 93

381 apostrophehellip198 203 213 214 aqueducts see water supply Arcadius (emperor)hellip23 25 fn 47 archaeology see excavations Areshellip215 ndash temple in Antiochhellip21 50 Arintheus (general)hellip151 176 Aristaenetus (prefect)hellip198 fn 24 227

with fn 30 230 AristotleAristotelianismhellip112 349 353

357 367 368 fn 23 369 fn 25 378 407

AriusArianism see homoeans Armeniahellip141 145ndash146 147 151 152ndash

155 160 161 166 173ndash175 176 180ndash187 188

Arsaces (king of Armenia)hellip146 175 176

Artogerassahellip175 asceticism (see also fasting) ndash alytarchhellip56 ndash Christian ~hellip68 117ndash118 236 239

247ndash250 253 319 321 327 336 374 fn 53 378

ndash Julianrsquos ~hellip64 113 116 117ndash118 130ndash131 133 300 374 fn 53

Index of Subjects 492

Asterius of Petrahellip419 Asterius (presbyter)hellip394 405 Athanasius of Alexandriahellip71 116 386

389 with fn 31 396 397 fn 76 398 fn 80 400 401 402 with fn 97 405 406 408ndash418 see also Tomus ad

Antiochenos Athena ndash temple in Antiochhellip21 26 fn 51 50

58 Athenagoras (apologist)hellip238 athumiahellip354 371 377ndash 378 Augustinehellip241 fn 41 309 Augustus (emperor)hellip55 180 181 184

185ndash186 223 Ausoniushellip32 224 233 awe see fear and awe Babylashellip61 fn 22 194 fn 9 204 207ndash

210 214ndash218 244 ndash Church (martyrion) of Saint ~ in

Antiochhellip24 206ndash207 with fn 51 387

ndash Church (martyrion) of Saint ~ in Qausīyehhellip24 31 206 387

ndash cult and festivalhellip120 206 with fn 52

ndash martyrion in Daphnehellip61 242 ndash miracle-workinghellip209 214 217 ndash relicshellip244ndash245

ndash translocation to Daphne by Gallushellip61 194ndash195 216 244 301

ndash translocation to Antioch by Julianhellip133ndash134 195 204 fn 46 206 fn 52 215 244ndash246 301

Bagawan Roman-Persian battle athellip151 152 154 175

Basilica of Rufinushellip25 fn 47 119 fn 89

Basilius of Ancyrahellip412 Basilius of Caesareahellip390 401 403 409

414ndash419 baths and thermal complexes in Antioch

and Daphnehellip21 22 27 with fn 61 29 37 38 with fn 12 40 with fn 30 and 32 41 42 51 143 265 with fn 39 301

ndash Baths of Commodushellip58

ndash Christian critique of mixed-gender bathinghellip317

ndash Pribatonhellip27 fn 61 261 fn 24 beast hunts (venationes)hellip63 with fn 26

69 143 beggarshellip269ndash271 275 291 292ndash293

294ndash295 300 356 358 biblical exegesishellip306ndash307 308 325ndash

329 bishop (office)hellip48 117 317ndash318 320

323 325ndash326 329ndash332 334 336 398

ndash powers and dutieshellip329ndash330 ndash qualitieshellip330ndash331 bodies ndash ~ of martyrs and saintshellip236 247ndash

253 ndash ~ of venerators of martyrs and

saintshellip250ndash251 ndash god-~hellip235ndash239 243 bouleuterion in Antiochhellip42 Bryaxis 58 fn 14 194 Caesarea Cappadociaehellip142 147 153

156 169 ndash Basilrsquos cathedralhellip153 Caesarea Maritimahellip175 Caesarius (vicarius Asiae)hellip226ndash227 Caius Caesarhellip185ndash186 campus Martius in Antiochhellip206 fn 51 Caracalla (emperor)hellip56 fn 7 80 fn 18

181 186 Carus (emperor)hellip172 174 181 182

with fn 64 186 with fn 76 188 Cassas Louis-Franccediloishellip13 28 Cassius C (quaestor)hellip180 181 186 Castalian Springhellip61 cavalry in Antiochhellip96ndash97 Celsus (consularis Syriae)hellip226 298

with fn 11 chariot raceshellip55 63 69 120 122 299 Christianity in Antiochhellip30 119 130

134 135 303 383ndash420 ndash anti-Judaismhellip297 304ndash311 315ndash

316 see also ldquoJudaizersrdquo ndash anti-paganismhellip204ndash205 208 313 ndash Christianization of the

cityscapehellip30ndash31

ndash factionalism and schismshellip66 121 fn 99 134 246ndash247 303 336 383ndash420 ndash two Nicene factionshellip206 249ndash

250 303 352 383ndash420 ndash unification of the two Nicene

factionshellip384ndash385 ndash ldquohereticsrdquohellip240 246ndash247 253 303

311 327 359 see also ldquoJudaizersrdquo ndash mission among paganshellip208 304 Chryses (priest)hellip203ndash204 Chrysostom see John Chrysostom church buildings in and near Antioch ndash Church of Saint Babylas in

Antiochhellip24 ndash Church of Saint Babylas in

Qausīyehhellip31 ndash Church of the Maccabean martyrs

(Kerateion)hellip50 309 ndash first church under Liciniushellip30 ndash fundraising for ~hellip334 ndash Great Church (Golden Octagon)hellip30

31 50 with fn 89 92 93 134 196 301 304 385

ndash Old Church (Παλαιά) in Antiochhellip30 50 388 389 393

ndash parish churcheshellip30 ndash small church of Paulinushellip388ndash390 Cicerohellip236 237 321 Cimon (Libaniusrsquos son)hellip230 with fn 37

231 circus in Antiochhellip60 61 fn 19 143

see also beast hunts chariot races ndash ~ factionshellip69 with fn 39 71 citadel see AcraAcropolis city council of Antiochhellip103 105ndash106

109 114ndash115 118ndash119 120 125 133 134 258 287

city gates of Antiochhellip43 44 45 61 206 fn 52 246 260 fn 20

city map of Antiochhellip14 41ndash43 city seal of Antiochhellip32ndash33 city wall of Antiochhellip16ndash17 25 fn 47

28 41 43ndash45 49 240 fn 37 253 civilitas (imperial virtue)hellip131 178 180

181 182 classis Misenensishellip85ndash86 with fn 42

classis Syriacahellip86 fn 40 87 with fn 44ndash45 89

Claudius (emperor)hellip55 223 Clement of Romehellip323 clergyhellip317ndash318 319 321 323ndash324

325 326 329ndash337 ndash higherhellip321 see also bishop deacon

presbyter ndash lowerhellip332 see also subdeacons ndash mid-levelhellip332 ndash qualitieshellip336 cohortshellip79 81ndash83 89 coinagehellip13 14 19 32 33 76 264

fn 34 comes Orientishellip1 26 68 85 118 119

fn 89 see also Celsus Fortunatianus Icarius Proculus Terentius

ndash Theodosius Irsquos decree of 397hellip26 comes rerum privatarumhellip148 149

fn 53 Commodus (emperor) ndash Baths of ~ in Antiochhellip21 58 ndash building activities in Antiochhellip21 58 ndash ~ and the Olympic Games in

Daphnehellip56 with fn 7 58 with fn 16 60

community spirithellip345ndash346 compassionpityhellip198 fn 23 354ndash359 consolationcomforthellip211 219 352 356

377 Constantine (emperor)hellip30 31 88 92

123 fn 109 129 223 ndash building policy in Antiochhellip15 18ndash

19 31 see also Golden Octagon ndash religious policyhellip117 119 Constantinoplehellip95 137 142 147ndash148

150ndash152 160ndash161 176 183 224 226

ndash aqueducthellip143 ndash attempt to reestablish Olympic Games

in 434435 CEhellip67ndash68 ndash Christianity in ~hellip395 ndash Church of the Holy Apostleshellip31

148 ndash Council of ~ (381 CE)hellip246 ndash earthquakehellip352 fn 46 ndash John Chrysostom and his

congregationhellip395 ndash Procopiusrsquos revolthellip147 169

ndash rivalry between ~ and Antiochhellip1 19 22 25 32 fn 77 137 233

ndash Synod of 360 CEhellip391 401 ndash Synod of the Oak (403 CE)hellip316 ndash Tyche of ~hellip33 Constantius II (emperor)hellip19 92ndash95

109 114 132 142 157 fn 82 167 170 175

ndash antipagan policieshellip26 fn 51 60 119 with fn 87 121 129

ndash building activities in Antiochhellip18 ndash church politicshellip387 389 ndash Persian campaignshellip92ndash94 120 167 ndash presence in Antiochhellip19 25 92 137 consularis Syriaehellip1 16 68 118 143

224 see also Celsus Festus Continuatio Antiochiensishellip187 fn 78 Cosconius Fronto Marcushellip81 fn 26 Crassus M Liciniushellip180 181 184

185ndash186 Crispinus (presbyter)hellip394 Croesushellip202 215 Ctesiphonhellip150 168 170ndash173 178ndash182

184ndash187 189 cunctos populos (edict of February 28

380)hellip299 303 Cynicshellip112 115 374 fn 53 Cyril (monk)hellip385 Damasus of Romehellip402 415 420

fn 197 dancehellip121 123 132 238 263 267

fn 48 285 Daniel ndash book of ~hellip306ndash307 ndash considered as prophethellip306ndash307 with

fn 73 Daphnehellip26ndash28 29 51 57 91 193ndash194

218ndash220 258 302 see also Apollo Temple Babylas relics excavations Maiuma festival Olympic Games stadium

ndash bathshellip38 ndash ~ and Diocletianrsquos persecution of

Christianshellip58 fn 15 ndash ~ in Libaniusrsquos Antiochicushellip36 37

38 51 258

ndash ~ in Libaniusrsquos Monody for

Daphnehellip197ndash205 214 215 216 217

ndash former name Heracleahellip67 ndash foundation mythhellip37 194 216 ndash Heraclean Gameshellip6 56 fn 7 66ndash67 ndash imperial residencehellip4 25 fn 47 26 ndash Jamblichus teaching in ~hellip123

fn 109 ndash Julian and ~hellip20 62 301 ndash martyrionhellip50 61 242 ndash Matrona (healing cave)hellip238 241

302 with fn 39 ndash necropolishellip28 ndash summer retreat for the

Antiochianshellip26 29 58 ndash synagoguehellip302 ndash templeshellip51 57 243 301 see also

Apollo Temple ndash theaterhellip27 61 fn 19 193 deacon (office)hellip317ndash318 323 326

331ndash332 398 deaconess (office)hellip317 332 decurionshellip68 69 119 127 Demeter ndash temple in Antiochhellip50 51 with fn 91 Demetrius (martyr in Thessaloniki)hellip67

fn 35 demonshellip70ndash71 211 212 215ndash216 218

242 with fn 45 247 251 377ndash378 Demophilus of Constantinoplehellip150 Demostheneshellip285 286 362 fn 2 367

378 Dio Chrysostomhellip370 Diocletian (emperor)hellip76ndash77 84ndash85

90ndash91 114 173 324 ndash building policy in Antiochhellip18 57ndash

58 91 ndash ~ and the Olympic Gameshellip56ndash58

59 60 ndash ~ and the Persianshellip173 ndash ~rsquos Palace in Antiochhellip18 45 46 84

108 193 ndash persecution of Christianshellip58 with

fn 15 ndash program of religious renewalhellip56ndash58 Diodore of Tarsushellip2 327 336 385

396ndash397 398 399 420 dioecesis Orientishellip83 84 85

Diogenes of Sinopehellip115 374 fn 53 Dionysushellip60 fn 18 ndash temple in Antiochhellip26 fn 51 50 diseasesmaladiesillnesses ndash bodily ~hellip354ndash355

ndash magic spell and ~hellip288 ndash old age and ~hellip229ndash230

ndash psychological ~hellip354ndash355 369 371 372 375 376 377ndash378

divination see oracles Dorotheus of Antiochhellip394 with fn 60

415 Drosis (martyr)hellip120 earthquakes ndash in Antiochhellip3 15 16 with fn 15 25

fn 47 26 211 259 fn 19 278 fn 86 ndash 115 CEhellip82 ndash 341 CEhellip19 fn 29 ndash 365 CEhellip168 fn 16 169 170 ndash 397 CEhellip25 fn 47 ndash 458 CEhellip2 4 22 30 32 ndash 526 CEhellip49 fn 81 120

ndash in Asia Minor (365 CE)hellip168 fn 16 169

ndash in Constantinople (390s CE)hellip352 fn 46

ndash in Nicomediahellip38 198 fn 23 Easter calendarhellip308 314 315 ekphrasishellip201 210 255 fn 2 256 with

fn 3 328 Ellebichushellip229 with fn 31 289 Emathia (citadel)hellip46 emotionshellip339ndash360 368 ndash rituals and ~hellip343 351 empathy see compassion encomiumpanegyrichellip289 384ndash385 see

also Libanius Antiochicus ndash genre and featureshellip36ndash39 193 256

257 259 fn 18 263 fn 27 267 with fn 48

ndash imperial panegyricshellip19 110 131 ndash martyrsrsquo panegyricshellip207ndash208 244ndash

246 entertainment publicspectacleshellip63ndash64

120ndash121 194 285 286 287 299ndash300

ndash John Chrysostomrsquos condemnation of ~hellip63ndash64 122 238 243 286

ndash Julianrsquos contempt for ~hellip63 64 106ndash107 126 127 131 132 300

Epiphanius of Salamishellip323 390 391ndash395 398 418ndash419

ethopoeiahellip356ndash357 Eucharisthellip323 330 331 339ndash346 349 Eudocia (wife of Theodosius II)hellip43ndash44

with fn 49 Eudoxius of Constantinoplehellip2 150 391

392 fn 50 394 fn 60 euergetism see almsgiving sponsoring Eugenius (usurper)hellip76ndash78 Eunapius of Sardishellip46 135 145 150

153 156 164 232 Eunomiushellip2 417 Euphrateshellip154 166 181ndash182 184 185

186 188 ndash boundary of the Roman Empirehellip181 Euripideshellip202 218 Eusebius of Vercellaehellip386 390 400

401 403 404 405 with fn 115 406 419

ndash congregationhellip404 Eustathius of Antiochhellip150 386 393ndash

396 399 ndash congregationhellip385 393ndash394 395

398 Eutropiushellip148 152 155 158 fn 85

164 175ndash183 187ndash189 ndash biographical datahellip175ndash176 178 ndash datehellip152 165 175 ndash religious affiliationhellip187 Eutychideshellip32 Euzoiumlushellip386 388 389 394 fn 60 400 Evagrius of Antiochhellip150 389ndash390 with

fn 35 excavationsarchaeology at Antioch and

Daphnehellip13ndash15 21ndash22 24 fn 44 26ndash27 29 39ndash42 45 61 fn 19 75 fn 1 88 206 fn 51 257 fn 8 260 263 278 fn 48

expertisehellip320ndash321 337 faminesfood shortages in Antiochhellip5 ndash in 333 CEhellip92 ndash in 354 CEhellip93 fn 68 ndash in 362363 CEhellip5 fn 11 93 104ndash

105 125ndash126 133 ndash in 382 and 384 CEhellip23 105

fasting ndash Christianhellip302 313 374ndash375 ndash Jewishhellip302 313 314 fear and awehellip339ndash341 343 345 347

348 349ndash350 351 ndash fear of godhellip352ndash353 ndash fear of helldamnationhellip353 358 ndash mysterium tremendum et

fascinanshellip349ndash350 festivals and holidays in Antioch and

Daphne ndash Christian ~hellip120 206 fn 52 242

331 348 ndash Jewish ~hellip308 314 315 ndash pagan ~hellip20 fn 35 60 fn 18 62 64

120ndash122 194 300 see also Kalendae Maiuma Olympic Games

Festus Rufushellip148 152 155 156 163 164 166 175 176ndash177 183ndash189

ndash biographical datahellip158 with fn 85 176

ndash datehellip152 165 ndash religious affiliationhellip187 Fidustius (praeses)hellip98 with fn 88 Final Judgmenthellip354 358 Firminus (military official)hellip230ndash231 Flavian of Antiochhellip206ndash207 with fn 51

246ndash247 249 303 336 352 396ndash397 398 420

fleet Roman ndash ~ in Seleucia-Pieriahellip85ndash90 ndash Julianrsquos burning the fleet on his return

from Persiahellip170 171 172 185 foothills of Antioch (huporeia)hellip47ndash48 forgivenesshellip169 241 318 325ndash326

330 Fortunatianus (comes rerum

privatarum)hellip148 149 fn 53 Forum of Valens in Antiochhellip4 20ndash23

27 143 262 fn 25 fountains see water supply Galenhellip368 with fn 22 369 373 376

379 Galerius (emperor)hellip137 145 173 182 Gallus (Caesar)hellip2 50 61 93ndash94 126

137 194 204 209 216 309 Gazahellip66 George of Alexandriahellip389 391 fn 46

George of Laodiceahellip411 fn 143 gnōmē (γνώmicroη)mindsethellip372ndash379 382 Golden Octagon (Great Church in

Antioch)hellip30 31 50 with fn 89 92 93 134 196 301 304 385

Gordian III (emperor)hellip174 181 186 Gothic wars (Valens)hellip95ndash96 139 141

142 147ndash148 150 152 153 155 159 161 165 176 188

Gothshellip144ndash145 176 grammateushellip56 Gratian (emperor)hellip140 142 fn 23 156

298 Gregory of Nazianzushellip153 171ndash175

183 368 380 Hadrian (emperor)hellip27 181 184 186 ldquohalf-Christiansrdquohellip302 hamartia ndash moral errorhellip369ndash370 372ndash373

377ndash378 ndash sinhellip325ndash326 330 331 336 353

370 372 373 375 with fn 86 377 hands laying on ofhellip333 happinesshellip110 111 fn 44 350 371

373 harbor of Antioch see Seleucia Pieria ndash river porthellip29 Hephaestushellip199 215 Heraclean Games (Herakleia)hellip6 56

fn 7 66ndash67 Heraclius (emperor)hellip25 fn 49 138

fn 5 ldquohereticsrdquohellip240 246ndash247 253 303 311

327 359 Hermeshellip56 ndash temple in Antiochhellip50 61 119 fn 89 Herod the Greathellip259 fn 19 Hiberiahellip146 147 151ndash152 153 155

160 161 173 174ndash175 Hierapolishellip148 149 150 168 413

fn 157 Hierophanteshellip229 with fn 33 Hilarius (priest and martyr)hellip157 Hippocrateshellip369 fn 25 hippodromes in Antiochhellip29 ndash new hippodromehellip19 42 299 301 ndash old republican hippodromehellip18 19 Homerhellip128 203 215 258

homoeans (Arians)hellip249ndash250 386ndash389 391 392 fn 46 393 395 fn 64 396 397 fn 76 400ndash402 406 407 408 410ndash412 414 fn 159 416 417

homoeousianshellip392 fn 49 410 fn 138 411 412 413

homoios (ὅmicroοιος)hellip400ndash401 410ndash413 homoousianshellip155 398 411 412 homoousios (ὁmicroοούσιος)hellip393 400ndash401

410ndash413 Honorius (emperor)hellip299 fn 16 huporeia (foothills of Antioch)hellip41 47ndash

48 Hypatius (archimandrite at

Rufinianae)hellip67ndash68 Hypatius (prefect)hellip144 145 hypostasisusia and trinitarian theology ndash hypostasis and usiahellip405 407ndash408

410 417 ndash one hypostasishellip399 400 406 417 ndash three hypostaseishellip384 fn 5 406

408 409 413 417 419 420 ndash usiahellip400ndash401 407 409ndash413 Icarius (comes Orientis)hellip105 fn 7 126 idolatryhellip67 70ndash71 235 238 239 252

253 326 345 Ignatius of Antiochhellip120 240 fn 37

310 313 illness see diseases imperial residence in Antiochhellip1 9 16

18 24 25 45 60 62 78 90 92 102 118 137 146 162 166 194ndash195 244

ndash construction under Diocletian (Palace of Diocletian)hellip18

imperial residence in Daphne ndash renovation under Theodosius Ihellip4 25

fn 47 26 impersonation see prosopopoeia interreligious dialoguehellip303ndash307 Isauriahellip48 95 141ndash142 with fn 18

153 181 Iulius (magister militum per

orientem)hellip144ndash145 Jamblichushellip123 fn 109 James of Cyrrhestica (ascetic)hellip248 Jerusalem Templehellip211ndash212

ndash Julianrsquos plans of rebuildinghellip212 305

John Chrysostomhellip197 205ndash220 232 238ndash239 240ndash252 255 257 267ndash278 281ndash287 292ndash296 297ndash316 336 339ndash360 361ndash382

ndash careerhellip207 fn 56 316 387 fn 17 395

ndash condemnation of public entertain-menthellip63ndash64 122 238 243 286

ndash ecclesiologyhellip345ndash348 351ndash352 ndash ~ and church disciplinehellip251 312

336 ndash ~ on the conflagration of the Apollo

Templehellip206ndash218 301 ndash ~ on emotionshellip339ndash360 ndash ~ on the Eucharisthellip339ndash346 ndash ~ and Hellenistic paideiahellip361ndash382 ndash ~ and Judaismhellip238 297 304ndash311

315ndash316 ndash ~ as psychagoguepsychic

therapisthellip354ndash355 368ndash382 ndash ~ and the Riot of the Statueshellip248ndash

249 300ndash301 351ndash354 362 ndash ~ and the veneration of

martyrshellip240ndash247 250ndash251 252 309 347ndash348

ndash ~ on wealth and povertyhellip269ndash271 275ndash276 282 292ndash295 354ndash360

ndash Panegyricum in Babylam et contra

Iulianum et genteshellip206ndash218 245ndash246 ndash datehellip206 fn 52 ndash genrehellip207 212ndash213

ndash plight against ldquohereticsrdquohellip246ndash247 303 359

ndash plight against ldquoJudaizersrdquohellip251 304ndash305 308ndash309 310ndash313 315

ndash warning of participation in pagan festivalshellip122 238 242

John Malalashellip21 22 46 151 154 Jovian (emperor)hellip161 170ndash171 177ndash

180 184ndash185 388 ndash ~ in Antiochhellip95 137 144 175 ndash letter of Apollinarius to ~hellip414 ndash letter of Athanasius to ~hellip400 ndash peace treaty with Shapur IIhellip145 147

161 171 172 173ndash175 179 182 185 187

ndash synodal letter to ~hellip391 fn 48 393 joy spiritualhellip348 350 with fn 37 353 Judaism in Antiochhellip122 301ndash316 see

also anti-Judaism ndash attractiveness for pagans and

Christianshellip238 307ndash309 ndash Bible interpretationhellip306 ndash festivalshellip308 314 315 see also

New Yearrsquos festival Pessach Sabbath ndash celebrated also by Christianshellip308

312ndash313 314 ndash Jewish physicianshellip308 ndash Julian and ~hellip211ndash212 305 ndash proselytismhellip304 ndash synagoguehellip49 69 fn 39 309 313 ldquoJudaizersrdquo ndash Christians with inclinations towards

Judaismhellip302 307ndash308 310 312ndash313 314

ndash the Apostolic Constitutionsrsquo plight against ~hellip327ndash329

ndash John Chrysostomrsquos plight against ~hellip251 304ndash305 308ndash309 310ndash313 315

Julian (emperor)hellip103ndash136 167ndash189 ndash Ammianus on ~hellip106 108 127 129

135ndash136 ndash asceticismhellip64 113 116 117ndash118

130ndash131 133 300 374 fn 53 ndash building policyplans in Antioch and

Daphnehellip19ndash21 ndash choice of Antioch as residencehellip19

62 ndash contempt for public

entertainmenthellip63 64 106ndash107 126 127 131 132 300

ndash cultic sacrificeshellip62 105 109 112ndash114 119 121 126 127 128 129 240 301 305

ndash deathhellip95 165ndash166 168 169ndash170 172 173 178 187 ndash identity of ~rsquos murdererhellip169 170 171 172 178 179 185

ndash first adventus in Antiochhellip20 94 122 124

ndash ~ and the Antiocheneshellip94ndash95 103ndash136

ndash ~ and Babylasrsquos relicshellip133ndash134 195 204 fn 46 208 244 301

ndash ~ and Christianityhellip109 113 134 135 178 196 209 234 301ndash302 386 387 fn 17

ndash ~ and the conflagration of Apollorsquos Templehellip50 134 196 210 245ndash246 301 ndash inquiry about the arsonisthellip134

196 ndash ~ and the food market crisis of

362363 CEhellip94 104ndash105 124ndash126 133

ndash ~ and Judaismhellip211ndash212 305 ndash Misopogonhellip103 108 124ndash136 ndash pagan renewalhellip19ndash20 62 104ndash107

108ndash118 126 205 301 ndash Persian campaignhellip19 94ndash95 104

108 128 135 144 161 165ndash166 167ndash173 178 184ndash185

ndash pietyhellip106 109ndash114 117 129 ndash judged as superstitious by

Ammianushellip106 129 ndash restorationreopening of pagan

templeshellip20 49ndash50 239 ndash self-divinizationhellip106 111 ndash theurgy and divinationhellip112 128ndash

129 155ndash156 with fn 82 159 ndash visit to the Apollo Temple in Daphne

and repairhellip20 62 126 128 133 214 301

Julian of Ascalonhellip262 fn 26 Julian (martyr)hellip120 241ndash242 244 252 ndash shrinehellip251 Julian Saba (ascetic)hellip249 Juncus (philosopher)hellip223 Justin (emperor)hellip69 71 Justin Martyrhellip238 Justinian (emperor)hellip17 fn 20 30 32

45 ndash Justinianic Wall in Antiochhellip44ndash45

49 Kaisarion in Antiochhellip21 Kalendae (New Yearrsquos festival)hellip60

fn 18 107 with fn 18 122 134 Kerateion (Maccabean Church)hellip50 Koimeterion in Antiochhellip50 Khosrau I (Persian king)hellip120 Kronos Temple of in Ciliciahellip302

Laodiceahellip24 80 ndash synod (360s CE)hellip310 Leontius (anti-emperor)hellip138 fn 5 Leontius (prefect of Constantinople)hellip

67ndash68 with fn 35 Leontius (bishop)hellip244 394 fn 60 396ndash

397 Libaniushellip35ndash52 167ndash171 197ndash205

224ndash233 281ndash292 295ndash296 ndash Antiochicushellip16 35ndash52 53 257ndash267

ndash date and genrehellip35ndash36 with fn 3ndash4 53 256

ndash historical valuehellip45ndash52 ndash structurehellip36

ndash condemnation of public entertainmenthellip63 64

ndash familyhellip77 230 with fn 37 231 390 ndash John Chrysostom and ~hellip209 213ndash

215 217ndash220 267ndash278 281ndash287 311ndash312 378ndash379

ndash letter collectionhellip225ndash231 ndash ~ and Christianityhellip50 240 fn 34

304 ndash ~ and Judaismhellip304 ndash ~ on Julianhellip62 104 135 167ndash171

188 374 fn 53 381 ndash ~ and old agehellip151 221ndash222 224ndash

233 ndash ~ on pagan festivalshellip122ndash123 ndash ~ and religionhellip49ndash52 200ndash205 ndash ~ and urban development in

Antiochhellip15ndash16 20 24ndash26 ndash Monody for Daphnehellip197ndash205 214

215 216 217 ndash datehellip197 with fn 18 ndash genrehellip198 201 205

ndash school of ~hellip123 283 285ndash288 312 liburnahellip86 with fn 41 Licinius Valerius Licinianushellip30 88 91

123 fn 109 ndash massacre of the Antiochene

populationhellip91ndash92 love ndash ~ of fellow-Christianshellip345ndash346

356ndash357 359 ndash ~ of fellow-humanshellip346 357ndash358 Lucian (martyr) festivalhellip250 Lucifer of Calareshellip386 394 399 401

404 419

ndash congregationhellip400 403 404 Lucilius Caiushellip237 Lucius of Alexandriahellip389 Lucius Verus (emperor)hellip86 182 Maccabean martyrshellip302 309 ndash Church of the Maccabean martyrs

(Kerateion)hellip50 309 ndash festival dayhellip309 ndash site of the martyrionhellip302 309 316 ndash venerationhellip309 Macedonius (ascetic)hellip336 magichellip157 169 288 308 ndash ~ trials see treason trails Antioch magister militum per Orientemhellip1 118

144 Magnentius Flavius Magnushellip93 Magnus Maximushellip227 228 Maiuma festivalhellip60 fn 18 63 fn 26 64

122 285 fn 21 Maratocuprenihellip141 151 fn 64 Marcell of Ancyrahellip392 fn 49 394

fn 56 416 Marcianoplehellip161 176 Marcionites in Antiochhellip303 Marcus Aurelius (emperor)hellip82 178

182 Mardoniushellip229 with fn 31 markets in Antiochhellip258 267 269ndash275

355 Marnas celebrations ofhellip66 Maron (ascetic)hellip248 martyrions in Antioch and Daphnehellip246 ndash martyrion of Babylas at the western

bank of the Oronteshellip24 206ndash207 with fn 51 387

ndash martyrion of Babylas in Daphnehellip61 242

ndash martyrion at the Romanesian Gatehellip246

martyrs and saints Christianhellip239ndash245 309

ndash bodies and relicshellip211 240 ndash ~ as reminders of virtuehellip241 252 ndash ~ are powerful and work

miracleshellip209 218 241 242 247 249 250 253

ndash festivalshellip120 206 fn 52 242 250 347ndash348

Index of Subjects

ndash venerationhellip240ndash242 247 Matrona healing cave ofhellip238 241 302

with fn 39 Mavia (queen of the Saracens)hellip142 Maximinus (praefectus annonae

vicarius urbis Romae prefect of Gaul)hellip157ndash158 with fn 85

Maximinus Daia (emperor)hellip91 117 137

Maximus of Ephesushellip168 fn 16 170 medicinehellip305 fn 61 308 364ndash366

368ndash377 380ndash381 megalographiahellip258 with fn 14 Megalopsychia (Yakto) mosaichellip27 61

fn 19 261ndash262 with fn 24 264 272ndash273

Meletius of Antiochhellip206ndash207 208 fn 61 385ndash386 387 with fn 17 389 391 392ndash393 396 399 401 402ndash403 405 410 fn 138 415 416 418 420

ndash congregationhellip47 206 249ndash250 384 fn 5 404 417 420

ndash exileshellip249 386 387 with fn 17 392 397 398 399 416

ndash homoean beginningshellip387 391ndash392 with fn 49 393

ndash Meletian schismhellip352 383ndash384 386ndash387 399ndash405

ndash return from exile (362 CE)hellip388 ndash return from exile (378 CE)hellip206

303 fn 44 324 420 Menander Rhetorhellip37 with fn 9 38 197

fn 20 198 fn 23 201 283 fn 8 Meroehellip50 60 fn 18 63 fn 26 ndash festivalhellip63 fn 26 ndash Temple of Artemishellip50 63 fn 26 Mesopotamiahellip142 145 148 153 155

161 173ndash175 185 187 ndash provincehellip80 181 186 metaphorshellip155 158 216ndash217 with

fn 85 377 metropolitanhellip330 fn 97 military in Antiochhellip75ndash102 105 ndash cavalry in Antiochhellip96ndash97 ndash fleet in Seleucia-Pieriahellip85ndash90 ndash number of soldiers in the cityhellip79

86ndash87 96ndash98 101 mindset see gnōmē

miracles ndash bodies and relics of saintshellip209 218

239ndash250 253 ndash Christians can perform ~hellip207 ndash healing cave of Matronahellip2238 241 Mishnahellip306 318 fn 11 328 fn 77 moderatio (imperial virtue)hellip131 168

178 179 180 181 184 185 186 188

monasticismhellip47 67ndash68 121 312 fn 116 333 362 418

ndash Christian monasteries are in the surrounding countryside not in Antiochhellip5 fn 12 10

monody (genre)hellip168 197 fn 20 198 201 205 see also Libanius Monody for Daphne

mosaics in Antioch and Daphnehellip14ndash15 27 39 261 with fn 24 262 fn 25 267 fn 48 see also Megalopsychia mosaic

museshellip51 ndash temple in Antiochhellip51 61 119 fn 89 NarsesNarseh (king of Persia)hellip173 Nemesis temple in Daphnehellip57 Neocaesareahellip416ndash417 Neo-Nicenismhellip405 fn 115 417 Neo-Pythagoreanismhellip123 with fn 109

129 new town of Antioch see Orontes island New Yearrsquos festival ndash Antiochene Kalendaehellip60 fn 18 107

with fn 18 122 134 ndash Jewish ~hellip308 314 Nicaea Council of (325 CE)hellip407 411 Nicene Christianity at Antiochhellip150

206 317 383ndash420 Nicene creedhellip383 393 397 fn 76 406

408 409 413 417 Nicomediahellip30 38 92 150 ndash earthquakehellip198 fn 23ndash24 Nisibishellip145 181 185 nymphaea in Antioch and Daphnehellip19

22 27 260 fn 22 nymphs ndash temple in Daphnehellip51

Index of Subjects

Old City of Antiochhellip28 29 39 45ndash46 48

Olympias (John Chrysostomrsquos patron)hellip370 371 373

Olympias Fountainhellip48 49 Olympic Games in Antioch-Daphnehellip6

20 fn 35 23 37 53ndash71 201 299 ndash durationhellip56 58 ndash establishment under Augustushellip55 ndash games of 356 CEhellip36 53 ndash games of 384 CEhellip25 fn 47 ndash reestablishment under

Commodushellip21 56 ndash renaming in Heraclean Gameshellip6 56

fn 7 66ndash67 ndash renewal under Diocletianhellip56ndash58 ndash secularization in the 4th centuryhellip20

fn 35 23 62ndash63 65ndash66 ndash termination after 516 CEhellip69ndash71 oracles and divinationhellip129 156 159

182 fn 64 see also treason trials ndash ~ at the Apollo Temple in Daphnehellip

58 with fn 15 134 194 195 202 204 with fn 46 209 214 216 244 245 301

ordinationhellip332ndash333 Oribasiushellip367 368 fn 22 Orontes Island (new city of Antioch)hellip4

17 18 24 39 46 49 ndash buildingshellip29ndash30 ndash decline after 458 CEhellip30 Ostrakine quarterhellip22 pagan religion in Antiochhellip56ndash58 113ndash

114 117 123 128 195ndash196 199ndash205 236ndash237 298 see also Julian pagan renewal sacrifices statues of gods temples

ndash declinehellip20 fn 35 61 65 ndash pagan buildingshellip22 25 26 51 ndash secularization of pagan festivalshellip20

fn 35 23 62ndash64 with fn 26 65ndash71 paideiahellip125 130 132 361 363 364

365 368 373 375 fn 61 378ndash382 ndash definitionhellip365 Παλαιά (Old Church) in Antiochhellip30 50

388 389 393 Pallas spring of in Daphnehellip27 Palmyrahellip18 82

Pan temple in Antiochhellip50 panegyric see encomium Papa (king of Armenia)hellip141 153ndash154

159 160 176 Parmenios gorgehellip17 21 143 Parrhasios (painter)hellip268 278 parrhesiahellip106ndash107 135 passionsaffects (pathē)hellip353 369 370

372 374 375 376 377 380 pathoshellip198 210 291 patriarch Jewish in Tiberiashellip304 Paul (apostle)hellip47 237 310 346 362

fn 2 380 with fn 93 381 Paulinus of Antiochhellip303 386ndash387 388

389 390 394ndash405 417 418ndash419 420 fn 198

ndash congregationhellip388ndash390 406 416 417 418 420

pederastyhellip274 with fn 74 Pelagia (martyr)hellip251 penancehellip108 fn 24 330 Persian campaigns ndash Augustushellip180 181 ndash Constantius IIhellip92ndash94 120 ndash Diocletianhellip91 ndash Gordianhellip181ndash182 ndash Hadrianhellip181 ndash Jovianhellip179 ndash Julianhellip19 94ndash95 104 108 128 135

144 161 165ndash166 167ndash173 178 184ndash185

ndash Lucius Verushellip86 ndash Septimius Severushellip80 with fn 18

82 173ndash174 ndash Trajanhellip79 82 171ndash173 180ndash181

184 186 ndash Valenshellip95 150 152ndash155 165 177

182 186ndash187 Pescennius Nigerhellip80 Pessachhellip308 314 315 Peutinger Tablehellip260ndash261 philanthropiahellip112 114 philosophy ndash Julian on ~hellip111ndash112 ndash moral ~hellip366 368 369 370 372ndash

375 381 ndash ~ and medicinehellip364 365 369 374

377 379

Index of Subjects

ndash ~ and rhetorichellip364 365 367ndash368 370 371 381

ndash speculative ~hellip367 Philostratus Flaviushellip268 367 Phyrminus gorgehellip17 physicianhellip369 ndash Christians may not consult

Jewish ~shellip305 fn 61 ndash Christians do consult Jewish ~shellip308 ndash Jews may not consult

Christian ~shellip305 fn 61 ndash philosopher as ~ of the soulhellip369 ndash priest as ~ of the soulhellip368 370ndash380 Pireicus (painter)hellip268 274 277 pity see compassion Platohellip110 112 304 362 fn 2 364

fn 9 367 369 380 381 fn 97 Plethrionhellip21 25 fn 47 59 with fn 17

62 Pliny the elderhellip86 268 Pliny the youngerhellip223 Plutarchhellip132 223 with fn 4 368 porterhellip332 with fn 120 333 fn 126 porticoesstoas in Antiochhellip37ndash38 40

45 48 51 256 259ndash262 264ndash266 271 275

povertyhellip268ndash271 275 284 290 293 294ndash295 300 fn 27 354ndash359 see

also almsgiving beggar ndash statistics of wealth distributionhellip282 prayers ndash Christianhellip241ndash242 247 253 313

318 322ndash323 345ndash347 353 ndash Jewish prayers in Antiochian

liturgyhellip313 322 ndash Jewishhellip313 322 ndash paganhellip106 115 fn 67 128 fn 139

201 236 245 presbyter (church office)hellip317 323 326

331 332 336 398 priests ndash Christianhellip251 321 326 336 346ndash

347 352 368 370 380 403 ndash paganhellip56 with fn 8 59 62 109

fn 31 113 117 128 203 214 301 Priscus (neoplatonist)hellip170 prisonjailprison conditionshellip290ndash291

354 356 processions

ndash Christianhellip195 243ndash244 301 348 ndash paganhellip62 70 129 with fn 148 194

243ndash244 Proclus (neoplatonist)hellip350ndash351 Procopius (usurper)hellip95 137 140 142

147 169 170 fn 24 171 225 Proculus (comes Orientis)hellip25 fn 47 62

fn 24 227 228 with fn 30 Prohaeresiushellip231 fn 43 prosopopoeia (impersonation)hellip281 283

291 294 295 prostitutionhellip271 274 with fn 74 294 Protopaschiteshellip308 provinces Roman ndash Armeniahellip173 181 183 186 ndash Assyriahellip181 183 186 ndash Mesopotamiahellip80 181 186 ndash Syriahellip77 79 80 99 ndash Syria Coelehellip80 99 ndash Syria Phoenicehellip80 psychagogyhellip364ndash365 367ndash368 373

380ndash381 psycho-therapysoul-treatmenthellip368

369ndash373 380 382 Pythagorashellip304 ndash Neopythagoreanshellip123 with fn 109

129 quinqueremehellip86 fn 41 rabbishellip122 with fn 101 305 319 321

324 325 328 335 337 relics of martyrs and saints ndash bodies and ~hellip211 240 247ndash248

253 ndash power and miracle workinghellip209

218 241 242 247 249 250 253 ndash ~ as reminders of virtuehellip241 252 ndash venerationhellip211 240ndash245 247 253

349 repentancehellip325ndash326 330 retirementhellip223ndash224 ndash ~ age of Roman senatorshellip223 retorsiohellip217 rhetoric (see also apostrophe ekphrasis

encomium ethopoeia monody pathos prosopopoeia retorsio sermocinatio Sophistic)

ndash epideictic oratoryhellip208 212 213 365 382

ndash forensic oratoryhellip212 213 218 ndash ~ in educationhellip123 283 312 363 ndash ~ and philosophyhellip364 365 367ndash368

370 371 381 ndash visualizing oratoryhellip255ndash256 rhyparographyrhopographyhellip256 268

274 Richomerhellip228ndash229 with fn 31 Riot of the Statues (Antiochener

Steueraufstand)hellip5 fn 11 24 84 248 249 298 300 303 314 351ndash352 362

Roman-Persian borderhellip142 145ndash146 155 173 174 181 186ndash187

Roman-Persian peace treaties ndash 299 CEhellip173ndash174 ndash 363 CEhellip95 145 152 155 161

170ndash171 172 173ndash175 179 182 187 with fn 79

Rufinus (prefect of the East)hellip228 229 fn 31

sabbathhellip302 308 313 with fn 128 Sabelliussabellianismhellip394 fn 56 407

417 sacrifices paganhellip128 194 ndash decline of sacrificial cult prior to

Julianrsquos reignhellip119 121 301 ndash Julian nicknamed ldquosacrificial

servantrdquohellip129 ndash Julianrsquos obsession with ~hellip62 105

109 112ndash114 119 121 126 127 128 129 240 301 305

ndash Theodosius IIrsquos ban on ~hellip64 fn 29 237 299 fn 16

sadnesshellip198 200 201 205 231 275 350 fn 37

saints see martyrs and saints Salamanes (ascetic)hellip248 Saraceneshellip95 142 Sardishellip264 with fn 33 Sauromaces (king of Hiberia)hellip146 151 scholae palatinae (palace guards)hellip96ndash

97 98 102 Seleucia (Isauria)hellip181 Seleucia Pieriahellip29 75 76 77 85ndash90

92 97 99ndash101

ndash channelhellip79 fn 15 ndash excavationshellip40 fn 31 Seleucia-Rimini synod (359 CE)hellip391

401 402 403 409 416 Seleucus I Nicatorhellip37 46 48 49 194

fn 4 259 senators Roman ndash age for membershiphellip223ndash224 ndash retirement agehellip223 Seneca the youngerhellip368 369 Septimius Severushellip56 79ndash80 with

fn 18 82 84 97 fn 86 173ndash174 Serdica council of (342 CE)hellip315 399

406 sermocinatiohellip213 Severus Alexander (emperor)hellip182 Severus of Antiochhellip70ndash71 240 fn 37 Shapur Ihellip173 201 fn 37 215 Shapur IIhellip141 145 147 with fn 43

153 161 with fn 93 167 168 170ndash171 174ndash175 176 179 182 188 215 397

shops in Antiochhellip262ndash265 266 fn 47 268 271 273ndash274

Silpius Mounthellip17 60 fn 19 267 Simonides (philosopher)hellip159 fn 88 sin see hamartia slaveshellip62 261 262 264 270 275 289

294 313 Sophistic ndash Firsthellip364 365 369 379 381ndash382 ndash Secondhellip363ndash365 367 368 379

381ndash382 soul therapy see psycho-therapy Spirit Holyhellip317 332 with fn 119 333

337 407 409 418 sponsoringeuergetismhellip29 58 68ndash69

120ndash121 sports buildings in Antiochhellip21 23 42

Documents

Civitatum Orbis MEditerranei Studia · CFHB Corpus fontium historiae Byzantinae ChH Church History CIL Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum CM Classica et Mediaevalia CMG Corpus Medicorum