Circulatory System.ppt

7/21/2019 Circulatory System.ppt

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COMPARATIVE ANATOMY:ANIMAL BODY SYSTEMS:

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

AISD - 2009


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Circulatory System

Aortic arches- withinpharyngeal arches

Arteries Carries blood away from

heart

Muscular, elastic fibrouswalls

Regulates blood pressure

Terminate in capillary bed

Veins Carry blood toward heart

Heart Modified blood vessel

Figure 13.1: Cross section of

artery and vein.


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Portal Systems

Veins drain organ and dump blood into otherorgan instead of heart

Figure 13.4: Portal systems.


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Portal Systems(cont.)

Hepatic Drains intestine into liver

Renal

Drains venous channels oftail into kidneys

Hypophyseal

Drains hypothalamus into

sinusoids of anteriorpituitary

Smallest

Figure 13.5: Hepatic and renalportal systems.


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Heart (cont.)

Figure 13.7: Chambers of the

primitive vertebrate heart.


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Heart (cont.)

Figure 13.8: The heart tube elongates and bends.


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Circulatory System

Function:

brings oxygen, nutrients, andhormones to cells, fightsinfection, removes waste,regulates body temp.

The system that transports!!!

Invertebrate Organs:simple heart, vessels

Vertebrate Organs: Heart, blood vessels

(veins, arteries andcapillaries) and blood

Where is your blood made?

Hint: Its made in a different system.


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Animal circulation

Circulation systems are the systems used to

transportoxygen throughout the body to the

cells so they can perform the essential process

of cellular respiration.


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Fish Heart

Fish heart- tube like

4 chambers:

Sinus venosus

Atrium

Ventricle

Conus arteriosus

Figure 13.9: Four chambered heart.


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Fish Heart (cont.)

Sinus venosus

Thin walled venous chamber

Receives blood from: duct of Cuvier, coronary

veins, hepatic veins

Atrium

Large and thin walled

Dorsal to ventricle


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Fish Heart(cont.)

Ventricle

Dumps into conus artriosus- continuous with

aorta

Chambers separated by valves: sino-atrial note,sino-ventricular node, semi-lunar valve

Conus arteriosus

Short in bony fish and amphibians Not found in adult amniotes


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fish heart = two chambers and single

circuit circulation = atrium and

ventricle; blood flows from


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amphibian heart = three chambers = left

atrium receives blood from the

pulmonocutaneous veins

right atrium receives blood from the systemic

veins (deoxygenated), blood flows

through left and right atrioventricular valves

into the ventricle where the blood is

partially separated by blood flow patterns,

but oxygenated and deoxygenated bloodmixes in the ventricle before

it is pumped out through the separate aorta

(carries blood to systemic arteries) and

pulmonocutaneous arteries (carries blood to

the lungs and skin for gas exchange).


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Amphibian Heart

Spiral valve directs oxy. blood

entering ventricle from left atrium

The spiral valve alternately blocks

& unblocks the entrances to the

left and right pulmonary arches

(sending unoxygenated blood to

the skin & lungs).

Figure 13.13: Three-chambered frog heart


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Amphibian Heart(cont.)

Urodele- partially divided

circulation

Right and left atrium

Sinus venosus dumps into

right atrium Pulmonary veins leave left

ventricle

Reptile - fully divided

circulation, but additionalchamber (as in turtle) Figure 13.14: Turtle heart chambers

and circulation path.


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TURTLE HEART =

three chambers with partially separated

ventricle = left atrium receives blood

fromthe pulmonary veins, right atrium receives

blood from systemic veins (via inferior

(or post) and

superior (or pre) vena cava), blood flows

through right and left atrioventricular

valves into the

ventricle which is mostly subdivided by an

interventricular septum into a right and

left half.

Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood is

somewhat separated but mixing occurs.The ventricle pumps blood into the aorta

and systemic arteries and into the

pulmonary artery (trunk) which

carries blood to the lungs.


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CROCODILE HEART/BIRD HEART =

four chambers = left atrium receives

blood from the pulmonary veins,

right atrium receives blood from systemicveins (via inferior (or post) and

superior (or pre) vena

cava), blood flows through right and left

atrioventricular valves into the left

ventricle whichpumps blood into the aorta and systemic

arteries and the right ventricle which

pumps blood into

the pulmonary artery (trunk) which

carries blood to the lungs. Crocodilesretain two aortic

arches. Birds retain a single right aortic

arch.


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mammalian heart = four chambers = same basic flow pattern

as bird above, but mammals have

retain a single left aortic arch;


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Figure 13.10: Heart chambers, oxygenated

blood flow (red), and septum modification.

Heart


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Invertebrate Circulatory systems

Invertebrate circulatory system:

cells simply do diffusion to take in oxygen

systems with many hearts

systems with one heart.

The heart is simply used for pumping blood.

Circulatory systems can be either:

open systems closed systems


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Open circulatory systems

Blood is pumped through a system of vessels

BUT is only partially contained in these

vessels.

Most of the time the blood is pumped through

open cavities back to the heart.

This system is beneficial to arthropods and

mollusks because the blood comes into directcontact organs and tissues.


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Open Circulatory System

A pumping heart moves fluid through thebody.

Hemolymph = circulatory fluid

Not constantly contained in blood vessels

Clear, contains no hemoglobin

Carries nutrients, but not oxygen


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Open Circulatory System (cont.)

How does it work?

At the sinus, hemolymph freely baths

tissues.

It is then collected, and returned to the

heart.

Hemocoel


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Open Circulatory System (cont.)


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Closed circulatory systems

A closed system forces blood through vesselsthat extend throughout the body of theorganism.

Since the system is closed the blood neverleaves the vessels.

This system is beneficial to larger organismsbecause the blood is kept at a higher pressure

which allows for more efficient circulation withinthe organism.


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Closed Circulatory System

A pumping heart moves blood into

Arteries which transport the blood Away from

the heart to tissues and organs which carry out the exchange

of gases and nutrients in the

capillaries, at which point the blood (now

depleted of nutrients) moves into the

veins which transport it back to the heart


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Closed Circulatory System (cont.)

Organism examples

Annelidssegmented worms (earthworms)

Mollusksspecifically the Octopus

(has the simplest closed system)


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Closed Circulatory System (cont.)

How does it work?


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Cardiovascular System

(closed system with additional complexity)

A chambered pumping heart sends blood

out into arteries, capillaries and veins,

returning to the heart.

Path:


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Cardiovascular System

Arterie

s

Arteriole

s

Capillarie

s

Venule

s

VeinsHeart


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Section 29-2

Insect:

Open Circulatory System

Annelid:

Closed Circulatory System

Heartlike

structures

Bloodvessels

Heartlike structure

Small vessels in tissues

Blood

vessels

Hearts

Heart

Sinuses

and organs

Figure 2910 Invertebrate Circulatory Systems


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Vertebrate circulatory systems

Chordate circulatory systems:

single loop systems

found in organisms with gills

double loop systems Double loop systems of most reptiles have three

chambered hearts

Double loop systems of crocodiles, birds andmammals have four chambered hearts.


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Section 33-3

Double-Loop Circulatory SystemSingle-Loop

Circulatory System

FISHESMOST REPTILES

CROCODILIANS, BIRDS,

AND MAMMALS

Figure 3311:The Circulatory Systems of Vertebrates


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Section 37-1

Figure 37-5 The Three Types of Blood Vessels

Capillary

Connective

tissue

Connective

tissue

Smooth

muscle

Smooth

muscle

Endothelium

Endothelium

Valve

Venule

Endothelium

Arteriole

VeinArtery

Mammalian Blood Vessels


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Blood

Functions

transport substances to and from capillaries

(nutrient and gas exchange)

guards against invasion by pathogens

aids in the regulation of body temperature

Clots


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Blood

Structure/Parts

Plasma = liquid part of the blood

Includes: proteins, salts, gases, wastes, and

nutrients Erythrocytes (red blood cells/RBCs)

6 million/mm3 in whole blood

Do not have a nucleus

Life cycle in body = approx. 120 days

Contain Hemoglobin


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Blood

Hemoglobin

Carrier of O2

Iron (Fe) groups responsible for the carry

of oxygen

High affinity for both

O2 and CO2


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Blood


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Blood

RBCs

Manufactured in bone marrow

Skull, vertebrae

ribs, long bones


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Blood


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Blood

Leukocytes (white blood cells/WBCs)

Larger than RBCs;

Possess a nucleus

Lack hemoglobin

Initiate the immune response


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Blood

Thrombocytes (platelets)

Produce 300 billion per day

150,000 to 300.000 per mm3 of whole

blood

Formed by fragmentation of larger cells

Function - Blood Clotting


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Blood


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Blood

Steps in blood clotting

Platelets clump together at injury site for a partial

seal

Enzyme cascade resulting in fibrin cross bridges

A framework is woven that will catch RBCs

Vessel repair occurs

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