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“I Believe in One God” 199: "I believe in God." This first armation of the Apostles' Creed is also the most fundamental. The whole Creed speaks of God, and it also speaks of man and of the world. It does so in relation to God. 200: These are the words with which the Nicene Creed begins. The confession of God's oneness, which has its roots in the divine revelation of the Old Covenant, is inseparable from the profession of God's existence and is equally fundamental. God Reveals His Name 203: God revealed himself to his people Israel by making his name known to them. A name expresses a person's essence and identity and the meaning of this person's life. God has a name; he is not an anonymous force. The Living God 206: Revealing his mysterious name, Yahweh (“I Am Who I Am”), God says who he is and by what name he is to be called. This divine name is mysterious, just as God is mystery. 207: By revealing his name, God, at the same time, reveals his faithfulness which is valid for the past ("I am the God of your fathers"), as for the future ("I will be with you"). A God, Merciful and Gracious 211: The divine name, "I Am" or "He Is," expresses God's faithfulness: despite the faithlessness of men's sin and the punishment it deserves, he keeps "steadfast love for thousands."By going so far as to give up his own Son for us, God reveals that he is, “rich in mercy." God Alone Is 213: The revelation of the ineable name "I Am who Am" contains then the truth that God alone IS. God is the fullness of being without origin and without end. All creatures receive all from him; but he alone is his very being. God is Truth 215: God is Truth itself, whose words cannot deceive. This is why one can abandon oneself in full trust to the truth and faithfulness of his word in all things. 216: God's truth is his wisdom, which commands the whole created order and governs the world. God alone made heaven and earth. God is Love 219: God's love for Israel is compared to a father's love for his son. His love for his people is stronger than a mother's for her children.

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Page 1: Church History All Lecture Notes

“I Believe in One God”■ 199: "I believe in God." This first affirmation of the Apostles' Creed is also the most

fundamental. The whole Creed speaks of God, and it also speaks of man and of the world. It does so in relation to God.

■ 200: These are the words with which the Nicene Creed begins. The confession of God's oneness, which has its roots in the divine revelation of the Old Covenant, is inseparable from the profession of God's existence and is equally fundamental.

 God Reveals His Name ■ 203: God revealed himself to his people Israel by making his name known to them. A

name expresses a person's essence and identity and the meaning of this person's life. God has a name; he is not an anonymous force. 

 The Living God■ 206: Revealing his mysterious name, Yahweh (“I Am Who I Am”), God says who he is and

by what name he is to be called. This divine name is mysterious, just as God is mystery.■ 207: By revealing his name, God, at the same time, reveals his faithfulness which is valid

for the past ("I am the God of your fathers"), as for the future ("I will be with you"). A God, Merciful and Gracious■ 211: The divine name, "I Am" or "He Is," expresses God's faithfulness: despite the

faithlessness of men's sin and the punishment it deserves, he keeps "steadfast love for thousands."By going so far as to give up his own Son for us, God reveals that he is, “rich in mercy."

 God Alone Is■ 213: The revelation of the ineffable name "I Am who Am" contains then the truth that

God alone IS. God is the fullness of being without origin and without end. All creatures receive all from him; but he alone is his very being.

 God is Truth■ 215: God is Truth itself, whose words cannot deceive. This is why one can abandon

oneself in full trust to the truth and faithfulness of his word in all things.■ 216: God's truth is his wisdom, which commands the whole created order and governs

the world. God alone made heaven and earth.  God is Love■ 219: God's love for Israel is compared to a father's love for his son. His love for his

people is stronger than a mother's for her children. 

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■ 220: God's love is "everlasting."■ 221: St. John goes even further when he affirms that "God is love." God's very being is

love. By sending his only Son to us, God has revealed his innermost secret: God himself is an eternal exchange of love, Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, and He has destined us to share in that exchange.

 Implications for Belief in One God■ 222: Believing in God, the only One, and loving him with all our being has enormous

consequences for our whole life.■ 223: (It means coming to know God's greatness and majesty) "Behold, God is great, and

we know him not." Therefore, we must "serve God first."■ 224: (It means living in thanksgiving) if God is the only One, everything we are and have

comes from him: "What have you that you did not receive?”■ 225: (It means knowing the unity and true dignity of all men) Everyone is made in the

image and likeness of God.■ 226: (It means making good use of created things) Faith in God, the only One, leads us

to use everything that is not God only as long as it brings us closer to him, and to detach ourselves from it so far as it turns us away from him.

■ 227: It means trusting God in every circumstance, even in adversity. The Almighty■ 268: God’s might is universal, for God who created everything also rules everything and

can do everything. His power is loving and mysterious. ■ 269: Holy Scriptures ➝ confess universal power. Nothing is impossible without God, who

disposes his works according to his will. He is master of history.  The Creator■ 279: God the Father is the creator of heaven and earth ➝ Apostle’s Creed. We shall

speak first of the Creator. ■ 280: Creation = foundation of all God’s saving plans. Christ casts conclusive light on

mystery of creation. God saw the glory of new creation in Christ. ■ 286: Human intelligence is surely capable of responding to questions of origin.

Existence of God the Creator known with certainty through his works. Faith confirms correct understanding of the Truth. 

■ 293: “The world was made for the glory of God.” Scripture and Tradition never cease to teach this. God created all things to communicate his glory. 

■ 294: Glory of God consists in realization of this manifestation and communication of his goodness, for which the world was created. Ultimate purpose of creation = God may become “all in all,” simultaneously assuring his own glory and our beatitude. 

■ 295: God created the world according to his wisdom; He creates by wisdom and love.

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■ 296: God creates “out of nothing.” (Ex Nihilo) He needs no pre-existent thing or any help in order to create, nor is creation any sort of necessary emanation (abstract but noticeable thing) from divine substance. 

■ 299: His creation is ordered. The Universe is created in the image of the invisible God. Our understanding understands what God tells us by means of his creation. Creation comes from God’s goodness.

■ 300: God transcends creation and is present to it. God’s greatness is unsearchable. ➝ He is greater than all of his works. God is present to his creatures’ inmost being. 

■ 301: God upholds and sustains creation. With creation, God does not abandon his creatures to themselves. Recognizing this utter dependence with respect to the Creator is a source of wisdom and freedom, and of joy and confidence.

 Heaven and Earth + Angels■ 326: “Heaven and Earth” = All that exists is creation in its entirety. Indicates the bond

that unites and distinguishes one from the other. Earth = world of man. Heaven = God’s own place and firmament. Also refers to saints and place of spiritual creatures, the angels, who surround God. 

■ 329: Angel is the name of their office, not of their nature. For what they are “spirit,” for what they do, “angel.” They are servants and messengers of God.

■ 330: As purely spiritual creatures, angels have intelligences and will -- they are personal, immortal creatures, surpassing in perfection all visible creatures. 

■ 331: Christ is the center of the angelic world. They are his angels. They belong to him because they were created through and for him. He made the messengers of his saving plans.

■ 332: Angels have been present since Creation and serving the accomplishment of the divine plan. ➝ They closed the early paradise; protected Lot; saved Hagar and her child; stopped Abraham’s hand; and communicated the law by their mystery. 

■ 333: The angels protect Jesus in his infancy, serve him in the desert, and strengthen him in his agony in the garden. The angels “evangelize” by proclaimed the Good News of Christ’s Incarnation and Resurrection. 

■ 334: The whole life of the Church benefits from the mysterious and powerful help of angels.

■ 335: The Church joins with angels to adore the holy God. Helps with funerals (“In Paradisum deducant te angeli” -- “May the angels lead you into Paradise...”). Celebrates memory of certain angels (St. Michael, Gabriel, Raphael, and the guardian angels). 

■ 336: From its beginning until death, human life is surrounded by the angels’ watchful care and procession. Christian life shares by faith in the company of angels and men united in God. 

 Jesus

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■ 430: Jesus in Hebrew means “God saves.” Expresses both his identity and his mission. In Jesus, God recapitulates all of his history of salvation on behalf of men. 

■ 431: God was not content to deliver Israel “out of the house of bondage” by bringing them out of Egypt; He also saves them from their sin. Sin -- always an offense against God, so only he can forgive it. 

■ 432: “Jesus” -- the name signifies the name of God, which is present in the person of his Son, who was made man for the universal and definitive redemption from sins. Jesus united himself to all men through his Incarnation. 

■ 433: The mercy seat was the place of God’s presence. St. Paul: “In Christ’s humanity, God was in Christ reconciling the world to himself.”

■ 434: Jesus’ Resurrection glorifies the name of the Savior God. The evil spirits fear his name; in his name his disciples perform miracles. 

■ 435: The name of Jesus is at heart of Christian prayer. All liturgical prayers conclude with the words “through our Lord, Jesus Christ.” Many Christians died with the word “Jesus” on their lips.

 Christ■ 436: The word “Christ” come from the Greek translation of the Hebrew for Messiah,

which means “anointed.” He accomplished perfectly the divine mission that, “Christ” signifies. Necessary that the Messiah be anointed by the spirit of the Lord at once as king and priest, and also a prophet. 

 Only Son of God■ 441: In the Old Testament, “Son of God” is a title given to the angels, the Chosen

People, the children of Israel, and their kings. However, “Son of God” does not imply Jesus was more than human.

■ 444: At 2 solemn moments, the Baptism and the Transfiguration of Christ, the voice of the Father designates Jesus as his “beloved son.” Jesus called himself “the only Son of God.” Only in the Pascal Mystery can the believer give the title “Song of God” its full meaning.

 Lord■ 449: By calling Jesus “Lord,” first confessions of the Church’s faith affirm from the

beginning that the power, honor, and glory due to God the Father are due also to Jesus.■ 450: Many should not submit his personal freedom in an absolute manner to any earthly

power, but only to God and Jesus. The Church believes that the key, the center, and the purpose of the whole of man’s history is to be found in its Lord and Master.

 Why did the Word Become Flesh?

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■ 457: The Word became flesh for us in order to save us by reconciling us with God, who “loved us and sent his Son to be the expiation for our sins.”

■ 458: The Word became flesh so that thus we might know God’s love, for God loved the world so much that he gave  it his only Son, that whoever believes in him should not perish but have eternal life.

■ 459: The Word became flesh to be our model of holiness. Jesus is the model for the Beatitudes and the norm of the new law. This love implies on effective offering of oneself after his example. 

■ 460: The Word became flesh to make us “partakers of divine nature.” This is why the Word became man, and the Son of God became the Son of man, so that man, by entering communion with the Word, and thus receiving divine sonship, might become the Son of God. 

 The Incarnation■ 463: Belief in the true Incarnation of the Son of God is the distinctive sign of Christian

faith. “He was manifested in the flesh.” True God and True Man■ 464: The unique and altogether singular event of the Incarnation of the Son of God does

not mean that Jesus Christ is part God and part man, nor does it imply that he is the result of a confused mixture of the divine and the human. 

■ 465: The first heresies denied not so much Christ’s divinity as his true humanity (Gnostic Docetism). From apostolic times, the Christian faith has insisted on the true incarnation of God’s Son as “coming in the flesh.” 

■ 469: The Church confesses that Jesus is inseparably true God and true man. He is truly the Son of God who, without ceasing to be God and Lord, became a man and our brother. 

 How is the Son of God Human?■ 470: Because “the human nature was assumed, not absorbed.” In the mysterious union

of the Incarnation, the Church was led over the course of centuries to confess the full reality of Christ’s human soul, with its operations of intellect and will, and of his human body. 

■ 472: The human soul that the Son of God assumed is endowed with a true human knowledge. As such, this knowledge could not in itself be unlimited. When he became man he increased in wisdom and in stature, and in favor with God and man.

■ 475: Christ’s human will. Constantinople III, 681: the Church confessed that Christ possesses two wills and two natural operations: divine and human. They are not opposed to each other. 

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■ 476: Since the Word became flesh in assuming a true humanity, Christ’s body was finite. Thus, the human face of Jesus can be portrayed. 

■ 477: The individual characteristics of Christ’s body express the divine person of God’s Son. Features of his human body can be venerated. 

■ 478: Jesus knew and loved each one of us during his life, his agony, and his Passion, and gave himself up for each one of us. 

 Conceived by the Holy Spirit■ 486: The Father’s only Son, conceived as man in the womb of the Virgin Mary, is

“Christ,” “anointed” by the Holy Spirit from the beginning of his human existence. In Summary■ 561: The whole of Christ’s life was a continual teaching: his silences, miracles, gestures,

prayer, love for the people, affection for little and poor. ■ 562: Christ’s disciples are to conform themselves to him until he is formed in them. ■ 563: No one, whether shepherd or wise man, can approach God here below except by

kneeling before the manger  (a long open box that cattle and horses eat from) at Bethlehem. 

■ 564: By his obedience to Mary and Joseph, as well as by his humble work during the long years in Nazareth, Jesus gave us the example of holiness in daily life of family and work. 

■ 565: From the beginning of his public life, at his baptism, Jesus is the “servant,” wholly consecrated to the redemptive work that he will accomplish by the baptism of his Passion.

■ 566: The temptation in the desert shows Jesus triumph over Satan by his adherence to the plan of salvation.

■ 567: The Kingdom of Heaven was inaugurated on Earth by Christ. The Church = the seed and beginning of this Kingdom. 

■ 568: Christ’s transfiguration aims at strengthening the apostles’ faith in anticipation of his Passion. 

■ 569: Jesus went up to Jerusalem voluntarily, knowing well that there, he would die a violent death. 

■ 570: Jesus’ entry into Jerusalem manifests the coming of the kingdom and that the Messiah-King was welcomed into his city by his children and the humble of heart. 

 Christ Descended into Hell■ 632: The frequent New Testament affirmations that Jesus was “raised from the dead”

presuppose that the crucified one sojourned in the realm of the dead prior to his Resurrection. 

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■ 633: Scripture says that Christ went into “hell” - Sheol in Hebrew, Hades in Greek - because those there are deprived of the vision of God.

■ 634: The gospel was taught even to the dead. The descent brings the Gospel message of salvation to complete fulfillment.

■ 635: Jesus was called the Author of Life. Christ went down into the depths of death so that “the dead will hear the voice of the Son of God, and those who hear will live.”

 On the 3rd Day, He Rose Again■ 639: The mystery of Christ’s Resurrection is a real event. St. Paul says in AD 56 that,

“Christ died for our sins in accordance with the scriptures, and that he was buried, and raised on the 3rd day.” 

■ 645: By means of touch and sharing a meal, the risen Jesus establishes direct contact with his disciples. In this way, Jesus proves that he is not a ghost, and that is, in fact, the same body he died in, with trace of the Passion still present. The risen Jesus, because he is controlled by the divine Father, can assume any appearance. 

■ 646: Christ's Resurrection was not a return to earthly life, as was the case with the raising from the dead that he performed before Easter of Jairus' daughter. This was a miracle, but the daughter returned to ordinary life, only to die again. Christ's Resurrection is different - in his risen body he passes from the state of death to another life beyond time and space. 

■ 647: No one was an eyewitness to Christ's Resurrection and no evangelist describes it. No one can say how it came about physically. Although the Resurrection was an historical event that could be verified by the sign of the empty tomb and by the reality of the apostles' encounters with the risen Christ, it remains the mystery of faith as an event that transcends and surpasses history. This is why the risen Christ does not reveal himself to the world, but to his disciples.

■ 648: Christ's Resurrection is an object of faith, for it is a transcendent intervention of God himself in creation and history. In it, the 3 divine persons act together as one. The Father's power "raised up" Christ, his Son, and by doing so, perfectly introduced his Son's humanity, including his body, into the Trinity. 

 The Meaning of the Resurrection ■ 651: The Resurrection above all constitutes the confirmation of all Christ's works and

teachings. ■ 652: Christ’s Resurrection is the fulfillment of both the promises of the Old Testament

and of Jesus himself during his earthly life. The phrase, "in accordance with the Scriptures,” indicates that Christ's Resurrection fulfilled these predictions.

■ 653: The truth of Jesus' divinity is confirmed by his Resurrection. The Resurrection of the crucified one shows that he was truly "I Am," the Son of God and God himself.

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■ 654: The Paschal mystery has two aspects: by his death, Christ liberates us from sin; by his Resurrection, he opens for us the way to a new life. This new life is above all justification that reinstates us in God's grace, "So that as Christ was raised from the dead by the glory of the Father, we too might receive new life."

■ 655: Finally, Christ's Resurrection - and the risen Christ himself - is the principle and source of our future resurrection. The risen Christ lives in the hearts of his faithful while they await that fulfillment.

 He Will Come Again in Glory■ 668: "Christ died and lived again, that he might be Lord both of the dead and of the

living.” Christ's Ascension into heaven signifies his participation, in his humanity, in God's power, and authority. Jesus Christ is the Lord; he possesses all power in heaven and on earth. 

■ 669: As Lord, Christ is also the head of the Church, which is his Body. Taken up to heaven, and glorified after he accomplished his mission, Christ dwells on earth in his Church. 

■ 670: Christ's kingdom already manifests its presence through the miraculous signs that attend its proclamation by the Church.

■ 671: Though already present in his Church, Christ's “reign” is nevertheless yet to be fulfilled "with power and great glory" by his return to Earth. This “reign” is still under attack by the evil powers, even though they have been defeated definitively by Christ's Passover.

■ 675: Before Christ's second coming the Church must pass through a final trial that will shake the faith of many believers. The supreme religious deception is that of the Antichrist, a figure that is against everything Jesus is for, by which man glorifies himself in place of God and of his Messiah. 

■ 679: Christ is Lord of eternal life. He is the redeemer of the world. He "acquired" this right by his cross. The Father has given "all judgment to the Son,” yet the Son did not come to judge, but to save and to give the life he has in himself.

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The Early Medieval Church Notes Context■ Fall of Roman Empire, rise of Byzantine Empire■ Charlemagne -- Holy Roman Emperor■ Spread of Church throughout Europe■ Rise of Papal Authority■ Monasticism■ Feudalism -- growth of trades, merchant class■ Crusades and the rise of European cities

 Timeline■ 800: Charlemagne crowned Holy Roman Emperor at Rome by Pope Leo III.

 Monastic Life■ Independent self-supporting community■ Rule of Benedict■ Praying the Psalms■ Scriptorium■ Work: wine, honey, teaching, medical care, barber■ Chronicle history■ Hospitality and charity

 Rule of Benedict■ Prayer: 7 times throughout the day■ Diet: no meat except for the sick■ Work: valuable act in itself■ Spiritual reading: required a library on secular topics■ Humility: submission to Rule■ Unintended Consequences■ Brought wealth and power to a concentrated area.■ Wealthy lords -- give monasteries and estates in exchange for Masses for the soul of a

deceased loved one.■ Efficiency of Cenobitic Rule in addition to stability of monasteries.■ General monk was raised to a level of nobility.■ Serfs of the estate would tend to the labor, thus freeing up monks to study.■ Monasteries attracted many of the best people in society; became central storehouses

and producers of knowledge. Book of Kells

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■ Illuminated manuscript of the Gospels in Latin■ Created in 800 by Celtic Monks■ Represents pinnacle of Insular illumination; represented calligraphy.■ Widely regarded as Ireland’s finest national treasure.

 Romanesque Architecture■ Emerged in late 10th century; evolved into Gothic style (12th century)■ Style in England = Norman architecture.■ Characterized by:■ Massive quality, thick walls, vaults, study piers, large towers, decorative arcading.■ Churches outnumbered castles during this period.■ Most significant: Great Abbey Churches.

Examples: distinctive outline of many of the large Romanesque style churches.■ Bamberg Cathedral (Germany)■ Tournai Cathedral (Belgium)■ Angouleme Cathedral (France)■ Senanque Abbey Church (France)

 Pilgrimage and Crusades■ Excited religious fervor -- inspired great building■ Nobility upon safe return, thanked God by building of a new church or enhancement of

an old one.■ Those who do not return from Crusades could be commemorated■ Crusades --> led the transfer to relics.

 Gothic Churches Characteristics:■ Evolved from Romanesque■ Verticality and Light■ More windows and stained glass■ Ribbed vault, flying buttresses, pointed arches, taller towers.

Purposes:■ Places of gathering■ Communication of news, education, worship, pilgrimages■ Economic development■ Art, music, wood, tapestry, hospitality■ Civic pride■ Power, relics, festivals

Examples:

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■ Reims Cathedral (France)■ Notre Dame de Chartres (France)■ Batalha Monastery (Portugal)■ Salisbury Cathedral (England)

 Church of the 13th and 14th Centuries Notes Background:■ Average winter temperatures dropped■ Baltic Sea freezes in 1303, 1306, 1307■ Heavier than expected rains ruined crops from 1315-1318■ Widespread famine, epidemics, and cannibalism

 Famine:■ “Death rides a lion whose long tail ends in the fiery pit of hell.”■ Famine, on the edges of hell, points to her mouth.

 Celestine V:■ Solitary, meditative monk■ Elected 1294 -- lost non-clave of Church■ Disliked the job and voluntarily resigned.■ Successor: Boniface VIII, who held Celestine V prisoner■ Died in prison; his relics were saved in 2008 earthquake

 Boniface VIII:■ Rules from 1294-1303■ Two Swords Doctrine: Church wields one sword, the State wields the other for the

Church.■ Doctrine pisses off King Philip IV; leads to Boniface excommunicating Philip.■ This causes Philip to try to make sure a French successor is chosen.

 Clement V:■ A proper Frenchman, pliant to the King, was elected as the successor.■ Rules from 1305 until death in 1314■ He suppressed the order of the Knights Templar, and executing some members■ He moved the Papacy to Avignon■ Good reasons: more centrally located, safer from attack, safer from street unrest.■ Bad reasons: makes Pope look like French King’s poodle, no biblical history, no famous

saints’ tombs■ Pope settles in Avignon (aka Babylonian Captivity)

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 Clement VI:■ Reign 1342-1352■ Personally aided in plague relief efforts■ Wanted Avignon to be a world capital; however, pilgrims’ goal was still Rome.■ 1343: Papal Bull Unigenitus -- justifies power of Pope and use of indulgences.

 Meister Eckhart (1260-1329):■ One of the greatest philosophical mystics■ Preached that God was intimately close to us■ Mysticism can undermine reliance on authority (he was condemned).

 Urban V:■ Introduced considerable reform in the Church■ Supporter of learning founded University of Hungary■ Last flickers of crusading zeal; had effort to restore the Papacy to Italy, and to suppress

its powerful rivals. He was turned back in 1370. St. Bridget of Sweden:■ Starts an order of nuns■ Has 15 prayers to pray and forgive all 5,475 lashings of Jesus that she has to repeat

every day.■ 1350: moves to Rome to wait the Pope.

 St. Catherine of Siena (1347-1380):■ Intense mystical experiences, spiritual marriage, stigmata■ 1370: vision to inspire her to contact Pope Gregory XI and encourage him to return to

Papacy to Rome■ Gregory XI sees hand of God in her haranguing of him.

 Papal Elections:■ 1059: Papal Bull In Nomini Domini of Nicholas II established cardinal-bishops as the

sole electors of the Pope.■ Consent of cardinal-bishops as the sole electors of the Pope.

 Council of Constance: 1414-1418:■ Called to solve the Great Schism■ Suppress heresy■ Disposed of all 3 of the alleged Popes■ Elected Martin V as the new, unified Pope

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■ Martin’s election ended Avignon Papacy■ Punished 2 leading heretics -- John Wycliffe of England and Jan Hus of Bohemia

 Joan of Arc as Epitome of Era:■ Synthesizes entire 14-15th centuries■ Mystic, nationalistic, uses new military strategies■ Upset over Great Schism■ Her mystique self-assurance was sign of growing individualism in religion, distrust of

institutional authority, even though Joan sought to reinstate royal authority. Christine de Pisan:■ First known professional woman writer. She wrote works about women, recounting

stories of famous women in history, religion, and mythology. What to Make of All This?■ Church cannot be separated from its local context, climate, events of the period.■ Cannot overemphasize the challenge for power between Church and state■ Great men and women -- lay and religious -- often arise out of the most troubling

times.■ The Church survives (thrives) in spite of its worst leaders.■ In spite of the tragedy and horrors, the late Middle Ages (and the Church) were the

seedbed of art, music, great universities, and science.■ Avignon Popes: 1309 -- 1378■ Antipopes: 1378 -- 1418■ Good Popes: Celestine V, Blessed Benedict XI, Blessed Urban V, Gregory XII, Martin V■ Bad Popes: Boniface VIII, Clement V, Clement VI, Urban VI

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Theology as a Philosophical Exercise■ If you were going to “prove” the existence of God using only experience and reason

what are some arguments you could make? The Ontological Argument■ Ontos = “being” --> to exist■ God is:■ “...that than which nothing greater can be conceived” (St. Anselm, 11th Century)■ “...the most perfect being.” (Descartes, 17th Century)■ Existence is a perfection■ A God that doesn’t exist is not perfect --> The most perfect being must necessarily

exist.■ Ontology = Study of the nature of being, existence or reality.

 The Cosmological Argument Thomas Aquinas “5 Proofs”:■ God is “first mover”■ God is “first cause”■ God is necessarily self-existent■ God is the standard of all goodness■ God is the intelligent designer of the universe.

 The Teleological Argument William Paley (18th Century)■ The argument from design■ “Teleos” = “purpose” --> order, goal■ Complexity and order in the universe suggests there must be an intelligent designer of

the universe (God)■ “Intelligent Design” -- the new creationism

 An Argument Against the Existence of God The problem of evil:■ There is evil and suffering in this world■ God is supposed to be all good, all knowing, all powerful■ Why would an all good, knowing, and powerful God allow evil and suffering in this world

that God supposedly created? --> No such God 

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Blaise Pascal (17th Century)■ We have 2 choices: to believe or not believe■ Only 2 possibilities: God exists or He doesn’t exist

2 x 2 = 4 possible outcomes:■ Believe in God exists --> rewarded in the afterlife■ Believe in God that does not exist --> suffer no consequences■ Do not believe in a God that does not exist --> suffer no consequences■ Do not believe in a God that does exist --> punishment in the afterlife

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15th and 16th Century Church NotesBackground■ Since its origins the Church has responded to the signs of the times, and then through

reform and renewal defined itself in a new ay■ Fall of Roman Empire --> great missionaries and strong Popes evangelize, hold peace,

define dogma■ Rise of Germanic Tribes --> spread of Monks from Ireland, Europe becomes truly

Christianized■ Lack of centralized power --> growth of monasteries to educate, stabilize regions,

provide governance■ Doom and gloom of 13th and 14th Centuries --> rise of Dominicans and Franciscans,

mystics, scholasticism, art, philosophyEurope in 1470■ Great nations and cities■ Powerful Popes■ Muslim conquest stabilized■ Distinct split of Eastern and Western Church■ Cultural rebirth of Western Europe■ Recovery of Latin and Greek culture (humanism)

1. The Renaissance Effect■ Recovery of European Commerce■ Printing and minting■ Banking empire of the Medici family■ Profits --> economic diversification■ Profit-making became ore important than Church Doctrine■ To overcome guilt, profit-makers indulge philanthropy■ Art = way to advertise economic success■ Focus on the individual = perfection■ Growing humanism and secularism in a Christian context■ Focus on man’s free will■ Rewards for living excellently came in this life. (Reflection on Plague and War)■ Artists became cult heroes.

2. The Renaissance Papacy■ Loss of influence over European nation-states.■ Decline in moral prestige and leadership.■ Great patrons of the arts.■ Nepotism and simony used to protect family interest.■ Often used pawns by competing political sides.

3. 9 for the Times: Renaissance Popes■ Sixtus IV (1471-1484) -- rebuilds Rome and Avignon; Vatican library -- Good

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■ Innocent VII (1482-1492) -- institutionalizes simony -- Terrible■ Alexander IV (1492-1503) -- Borgia; brought papacy to lowest level; nephew of Calixtus

II -- Worst■ Julius III (1503-1513) -- Worldly, greatest art patron of popes -- St. Peters, Vatican

Museums, Churches; eliminates simony. -- Good■ Leo X (1513-1521) -- “God gave us the papacy. Let us enjoy it.” Issues Bill against

Luther, but cannot stop reformation -- Bad■ Adrian VI (1522-1523) -- non-Italian Pope, vowed to reform Papacy. -- Good■ Clement VII (1523-1534) -- humiliated by sack of Rome. Commissioned Michelangelo

to portray “Last Judgement” in Sistine Chapel. Sanctions annulment of Henry VIII marriage. -- Mediocre

■ Paul III (1534-1549) -- issued the Consilium de Emendanda Ecclesia, as well as the council of Trent. Famous for stating, “Flatterers have led some Popes to think their will is Law.” Iron Fist Policy. -- Good

■ Paul IV (1555-1559) -- successor of Marcellus II, also known to be the Father of the Roman Inquisition, also knowns as the “Inquisito.” -- Bad

4. Indulgences: The Good...■ 1095: Earliest record of a plenary indulgence: Urban II’s declaration at the Council of

Clermont -- remitted all penance incurred by Crusaders who had confessed sins in the Sacrament of Penance: participation in the crusade equivalent to a complete penance.

■ 1230: Dominican Hugh of St-Cher: a “treasury” at Church’s disposal = infinite merits of Christ and immeasurable abundance of saints’ merits.

■ Theology of indulgences demonstrated logically by Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas: reward for displaying piety and doing good deeds.

■ Valid only for temporal punishment for sins already forgiven in the Sacrament of Confession.

5. Indulgences: The Bad...■ Faithful asked for indulgences for saying favorite prayers, doing acts of devotion,

attending places of worship, and going on pilgrimage.■ Confraternities: indulgences for putting on performances and processions.■ Associations asked that meetings be rewarded with indulgences.■ Money from indulgences was used as a “tax” and economic stimulus package for Church

and State -- churches, hospitals, leper colonies, schools, roads, and bridges.6. Indulgences: The Ugly...■ Professional “pardoners” (quaestores in Latin) -- were sent to collect alms for a specific

project; practiced unrestricted sale of indulgences.■ Many of these quaestores exceeded Church teachings, whether in avarice or ignorant

zeal; promised impossible rewards like salvation from eternal damnation in return for money.

■ Tendency to forge documents declaring indulgences had been granted.

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■ Indulgences grew to extraordinary magnitude, in terms of longevity and breadth of forgiveness.

■ 1513, Leo X hires Johann Tetzel, a charismatic Dominican, to sell indulgences to pay for rebuilding St. Peters; tells German archbishops they could share any funds collected.

■ Tetzel declares induglences good not only for person purchasing them, but also for their dead relatives.

7. The Inquisition■ Originated in the 13th Century -- Church tribunal designed to protect church from

heresy.■ Revived in 16th Century -- defending Church’s principles against reformist’s■ 1540s: whole countries had been lost to Protestant usurpers, including England (Henry

VIII), Germany (Luther), Zwingli (Zurich), and Switzerland (Calvin).■ “No man must debase himself by showing toleration toward heretics of any kinds, above

all toward Calvinists.” -- Paul IV (1542).■ Paul IV increased power of Inquisition to Italy and Spain.■ “Even if my own father were a heretic, I would gather the wood to burn him.” -- Paul IV

(1555).7b. The Spanish Inquisition■ 1478: Pope Sixtus IV signs the Papal Bull which gives Spain the right to start the

Inquisition.■ Operated under royal authority.■ Torquemada■ 1483: becomes Grand Inquisitor of Castile and Aragon■ Very powerful, austere stern man and very anti-Semitic. Helps to push the expulsion of

Jews.■ Confessor to Isabella.■ 1478-1530: most active period of the Inquisition.■ Make-up:■ Suprema (1488) -- 6 members that rules over the Inquisition■ Tribunals -- make shift courtrooms■ Familiars -- spies■ Finances -- confiscations, fines, penances, dispensation.■ Heresies: Not eating pork, using olive oil, reading prohibited books, practicing Judaism.■ Torture:■ Toca -- Water Torture■ Porto -- The Rack■ Garrucha -- Hung by the ceiling

7c. The Auto de Fe■ Sentencing of a prisoner■ Took place with pomp and circumstance and in public

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■ Processions of monks and religious officials■ Sunday or special religious holiday.■ Everyone had to attend.■ Accused had to wear a sanbenito -- costume with a head piece.■ Those who confessed wore different colors and suffered a different fate.■ Pardoned confessed Jews initially had to wear the costume for 5 years.■ Sentences:■ Proclaimed by the state■ Burning at the stake -- alive or dead■ Lashes■ Penitence■ Renouncing sins and accepting Catholicism abjuraciones■ Service in the galleys of Spanish ships■ Imprisonment■ Leniency

7d. Alumbrados and the Inquisition■ A form of Christian mysticism -- underwent close scrutiny in both Spain and Latin

America.■ Became popular in Spain around the expulsion of Jews and the charge of engaging in

“illuminated” behavior often lodged against Crypto Jews.■ Claimed to communicate with God without the intermediary of a priest or the church.■ St. Teresa de Avila and Ignatius of Loyola and other great saints went before the

Inquisition.■ Linked to Gnostics -- “knowledge of transcendence baed upon interior, intuitive

means.”8. The Reformation■ Begins as a reform of the Church by clerics■ 1517: Martin Luther (Augustinian Monk) posts 95 theses on door of Wittenburg

cathedral.■ Main objections: ecclesiastical malpractice, false doctrines, excessive devotions of the

faithful.■ Simony, indulgences■ Role of Mary, salvation, authority of the Pope■ Recalls early Church agreements -- Augustinian notion of free will and grace.■ Emphasis on the response of the individual to grace■ Catholic Church portrayed as rigid, institutional, corrupt■ Spreads to Switzerland, France, England■ Reformation used by rulers for own political and economic gains (German princes, Henry

VIII) -- looking for excuses.9. Establishment of Society of Jesus

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■ 1540: Pope John Paul III gives his blessing to form Jesuit Society. Bull -- Regimini Militantis

■ “We are not Monks... The world is our house.” -- Jeronimo Nadal■ Jesuit practices and rituals set new standards for religious life.

10. Formula of the Institute■ “Soldier of God beneath the banner of the Cross”■ “Retreats, the education of children and unlettered persons in Christianity, and the

spiritual consolation of hearing confessions”■ “Ready to reconcile the estranged, compassionately assist and serve those who are in

prisons or hospitals.”11. Some Predictions...■ The Jesuits will the Saviors of the Counter-reformation and set the standard for religious

orders.■ Great saints and popes will arise from the “dung heap” of despair■ The Church will hold councils to condemn actions, define dogma, and essentially get its

act together, albeit with a new world context■ 150 years later the Jesuits will be in big trouble and used as pawns between warring

factions; there will be a string of bad popes; the Church will have to face a new threat of a scientific worldview (Enlightenment).

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Catholic ReformationContext■ Protestant Reformation

■ Leaders: Luther, Calvin, Zwingli, Henry VIII■ Ecclesiastical Abuses■ Clerical Laxity

 Characteristics of Reform■ Against all compromise■ Intolerance

■ Catholics toward Protestants■ Protestants toward Catholics■ Various Protestant groups toward one another

■ Suppressing heresy Agencies of Reform■ The Papacy■ Religious Orders

■ External: Theatines, Society of Jesus, Barnabites, Dominicans■ Internal: Cistercians, Carmelites■ Founding of Order for Women

■ The Council of Trent■ The Inquisition■ Index of Prohibited Books

 1. The Papacy■  

■ Paul III (1534-1549)■ Founding: Society of Jesus■ Council of Trent■ Revival of the Inquisition

■ Paul IV (1555-1559)■ Outside the Church there is no salvation■ Strengthened Inquisition■ Index of Prohibited Books

■ Pius IV (1559-1565)■ Reopened Trent■ Tridentine Creed■ Adornment of Rome

 

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2. Religious Orders■ Barnabites (1533)

■ Help poor and suffering■ Raise moral standards

■ Theatines (1533)■ Reform regular clergy

■ Society of Jesus (1540)■ Vow of special obedience■ 1560: over 13,000 Jesuits

■ Dominicans ■ Inquisition and schools

■ Carmelites & Cistercians■ More ascetic life

 2b. Founding of Orders for Women■ Ursalines (1535)

■ Education of girls■ Care of the sick

■ 1609: Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary■ Mary Ward■ Independent, self-governing congregation patterned after model of Society of

Jesus■ Free of confines of cloisters■ Helped persecuted, imprisoned Catholics■ Evangelized in places priests could not go.

 2c. Venerable Mary Ward■ Spent many years asking Pope for recognition of the new order■ 1631 the Institute, considered too advanced for its time, was abolished■ Mary Ward accused of heresy■ 1877: Church formally recognized the congregation■ 2009: Benedict XVI acknowledged Mary Ward’s “heroic virtue”

 3. Council of Trent■ 1543-1563■ Clarified Doctrine■ Instituted reforms that improved the quality of the clergy■ Helped the church...

■ Hold on to what it had retained.■ Regain much of what it had been in danger of losing.

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■ Remain a powerful force in the life of Christendom.  3b. Doctrinal Decrees of Trent ■ Latin Vulgate = Official text of the Bible.■ Protestant doctrine of sola scriptura as basis for religious authority was superseded by

the doctrine that church tradition is equal in authority to Scriptures.■ Protestant doctrines of justification by faith alone, the bondage of the will, man’s utter

depravity and helplessness, and the doctrine of predestination were rejected. Faith and good works were declared necessary for salvation.

■ All 7 sacraments were declared to be true sacraments instituted by Christ.  3c. Reform Decrees of Bishops■ Must reside in their dioceses. ■ Must never be absent for more than three months, and not at all during advent and lent.■ Pluralism (multiple offices) was forbidden.■ Required to preach every Sunday and Holy Day■ Required to visit every church within their diocese at least once a year. 

 3d. Priestly Responsibilities■ Held to the obligation of residence.■ Required to preach.■ To improve the level of priestly education, Trent proposed the establishment of a

theological seminary in every dioceses.■ Priests were to exercise care for their flocks, explaining the Bible, the sacraments and

the liturgy. 4. Outcome of Decrees■ Not adopted universally, enthusiastically, or unanimously.■ Trent succeeded in infusing a new spirit in the Church, which strengthened it immensely

and made it capable of defense and further conquest.  4b. Split Remained■ Trent failed to reunite the Church.■ Reconciliation with the Protestants proved impossible.■ Even after the abuses had been corrected, the split remained. 

 5. Suppression of Heresy■ Office of the Roman Inquisition■ Six Inquisitors -- General are independent of the Bishops in their jurisdiction

■ Could degrade priests from their offices

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■ Could exercise censure, call in the aid of the secular arm, and delegate powers. ■ Could punish (only Pope could pardon)

■ Dominicans put in charge of the Courts. 6. Persecution and Repression■ European states asked to facilitate the work of the Inquisition.■ France -- request was denied.■ Spain -- activities of the Inquisition were stimulated even further.■ Persecution reached a new peak.■ St. Teresa came under suspicion; Archbishop of Toledo was arrested.

 7. The Index■ Roman Index of Prohibited Books■ Another means of suppressing heretical doctrines■ Included wide variety of books

■ Heretical■ Obscene books■ Books on witchcraft

■ Congregation of the Index formed■ Keep Index up to date

 8. Religious Revival■ Genuine revival of Catholic piety■ Great Saints

■ Thomas Moore ■ Angela Merici■ Ignatius■ Pius V■ Teresa of Avila■ Charles Borromeo■ John of the Cross■ Philip Neri

■ Art, music, and architecture 8b. Impact of the Society of Jesus■ Missions:

■ Mozambique■ India■ Angola■ Japan

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■ Colombia■ Mexico■ Philippines ■ China■ Vietnam■ Paraguay■ Canada■ Tibet■ Spangle

■ Schools■ 1547 -- Ignatius opens first school for non-Jesuits in Sicily■ 1600 -- 250 schools

■ Scholarship and the Arts■ Math, geometry, astronomy■ Botany and ornithology■ Geology■ Dance and music■ Arts and architecture

 9. Spirit of the Catholic Reformation■ Sprit of zeal and ardor for the faith■ Recognition of abuses in the Church■ Dedication to the work of reform■ Attitude of intolerance toward heresy■ Outcomes:

■ Renewed zeal for the Church.■ Raise standard of clergy.■ Contributed to producing Church as we know it today.

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The Catholic Response to Reformation: The Baroque Period 1600-1750Baroque■ Originally meant overdone -- too many notes in music, too much color in painting, and

too grand in architecture. ■ Started in the Catholic countries -- reaction to Reformation■ Characteristics:

■ Marked by elaborate ornamentation■ Aims to create a dramatic effect■ Appealing to the spirit through the senses ■ Enlarged space■ Heightened sensuality combined with spirituality■ Naturalistic rather than ideal, emotional rather than rational■ Conflict, paradox and contrast, heightened spirituality, lively sensuality■ Ornate

 Churches ■ Examples: The Gesu, Rome. Karlskirche, Vienna. Mexico City, Mexico. St. Ignatius,

Rome. St. Michael’s, Munich. St. Roch, Lisbon. Key element: Elevated pulpit.  Baroque Art■ Mainly defined by date.■ Spain and Italy -- “Look and see how magnificent the Catholic Church is.”■ Financing: 

■ Catholic countries -- Church■ Protestant countries -- Wealthy patrons

■ Other areas of Europe: defined by a style of art that shows great contrast between light and dark and the use of oil paints. 

■ Bernini was an important sculptor during this time. Famous works: ■ Caravaggio was a Baroque master. Light in his paintings usually signified “God” or

heavenly intervention. Famous work: The Calling of St. Matthew (1599-1600), The Crucifixion of St. Peter, Inspiration of St. Matthew, the Beheading of John the Baptist, Judith Beheading Holofernes (1598), the Sacrifice of Isaac, Supper at Emmaus.

■ Artemesia Gentileschi: The Female Caravaggio. Similar painting styles. Famous works: Judith Beheading Holofernes, Mary Magdalene. 

■ El Greco: most famous Spanish painter during Baroque period. Famous works: Veronica, Christ Driving the Traders from the Temple. 

■ Portraits were for the royalty and the wealthy. ■ Rembrandt: Northern European painter. He is a Calvinist. His paintings are generally

darker in nature than others in the Baroque period. 

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■ Peter Paul Rubens: “My passion comes from the heavens, not from earthly musings.” Famous works: Massacre of the Innocents. Elevation of the Cross. 

■ Nicholas Poussin: French Baroque artist. Famous work: Adoration of the Golden Calf (1633).

 Timeline of Baroque Artists■ Italian

■ Caravaggio (1571-1610)■ Bernini (1598-1680)■ Borromini (1599-1677)■ Gentileschi (1593-1652)

■ Spanish■ El Greco (1541-1614)

■ French■ Poussin (1594-1665)■ De la Tour (1593-1652)

■ Flemish■ Rubens (1577-1640)

■ Dutch■ Rembrandt (1606-1669)

 Baroque Music■ Arose out of Counter Reformation, but later became secularized■ Elaborative and decorative -- “Pomp and Ceremony”■ Innovative: opera, cantata, recitative, oratorio■ Development of instrumental music -- solos, concerti■ Strongest in Italy, Germany, England■ Available to many people■ Patronage system -- archbishop, Pope

 Baroque Composers■ Dieterich Buxtehude -- born 1637, organ, vocal music for Church■ Marc-Antione Chapentier -- born 1643, mass, choral■ Arcangelo Corelli -- born 1653, “Christmas Concerto”■ Henry Purcell born 1659, Anglican; hymns, psalms, canons■ Thomaso Albinoni -- born 1671, “Annunciation,” Mass■ Antonio Vivaldi -- born 1678, priest; “Gloria”■ Georg Philip Teleman -- born 1681, “St. Luke Passion,” Choral■ Domenico Scarlatti -- born 1685, “Salve Regina,” “Sabat Mater”

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■ J.S Bach -- born 1685, Lutheran; Passion of St. Matthew, hymns; considered greatest religious composer.

 Te Deum■ The Deum Laudamus - “A Song of the Church” -- Early Christian Hymn of praise. ■ “Thee, o God, we praise.”■ Catholic Church■ Office of Readings found in the Liturgy of the Hours■ In thanksgiving to God for a special blessing:■ Election of a pope, consecration of a bishop, canonization of a saint, religious

profession, publication of a treaty of peace, a royal coronation What else can we say about the Baroque Era?■ Reflects drama and emotion of religious conflict between Catholics and Protestants■ Not everything that was grand was good:

■ Costume and dress; wigs■ Gluttony■ Sexual excess

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Church and ScienceScience and Religion 1. The Medieval Synthesis (1500s)The Bible in the Medieval Period■ Augustine (354-430)■ Argued in favor of some texts being literal, other spiritual/allegorical, some both at

once■ Stressed importance of respecting conclusions of the sciences in relation to biblical

interpretation.■ Biblical interpretation should take due account of what could reasonable be regarded as

established facts.■ The general approach of Augustine was adopted by influential Roman Catholic

theologians of the 1500s. ■ A significant commentary on Genesis written with this approach -- later to influence

Galileo’s views on biblical interpretation.  2. Copernicus and Galileo and the New Astronomy (1500s-1650s)Medieval Model of the Universe■ Ptolemy -- Egyptian astronomer, 200 CE■ Earth is the center of the universe■ All heavenly bodies rotate in circular paths around the earth■ Unchallenged for 1400 years■ The Church endorsed Ptolemy’s model -- fits biblical accounts of the creation of the

universe. ■ Geocentric system -- becomes an article of faith, closed to any scientific scrutiny. 

 2b. The Copernican RevolutionNicolas Copernicus (1473-1543)■ Polish cleric --> works for the Church■ Planets move in concentric circles around the sun■ The earth, in addition to rotating around the sun, also rotated on its own axis■ Simple and elegant (vs. Ptolemaic model)■ Problem: Geocentric view of the world was widely accepted and a working premise for

theologians of the Middle Ages. Bible with its geocentric language (e.g. “the sun rises”) underscored this belief.

 2c. Calvin and the Principle of Accommodation ■ God “stoops” to level of the people he communicates with, accommodating his

revelation to their worldview.

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■ Commended study of astronomy and medicine -- orderliness of created order would show the wisdom of the Creator. 

■ Biblical texts are written to teach us about Jesus Christ, not astronomy, geography, or biology

■ Texts like Genesis 1 not intended to be taken as a literal representation of reality.■ Calvin’s arguments taken up by other writers defending the natural sciences in this era.

 2d. Galileo (1564-1642)■ Defends Copernican system■ Initially received sympathetically by RC church.■ Becomes a fight over biblical interpretation and pride: Jesuits, Dominicans, powerful

people.■ Galileo adopts “accommodationist” theory■ 1615 -- Bellarmine resolves first trial. Since no physical proof of heliocentrism, treat it

as a theory. Urban VIII was his friend. ■ 1633 -- Second trial. Galileo found guilty of heresy. Political, philosophical and

theological issues!■ 2000 -- John Paul II issues formal apology.■ “If it happens that the authority of sacred Scripture is set in opposition to clear and

certain reasoning, the person who interprets Scripture does not understand it correctly.” 3. Newton and the Deists and the Mechanistic University (late 1600s-1700s)Newton (1642-1727)■ “Celestial mechanics” -- world is a machine with design and purpose, pointing to a

Creator■ Leads to the rise of “Deism” ■ “Age of Reason” (late 1600s-1700s) -- Locke, Herbert of Cherbury, Hobbes, Hume■ God = “watchmaker” -- designed the universe, but not seen as continually involved with

or intervening with it. ■ He was a physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, theologian, and

alchemist. ■ “God governs all things and knows all that is or can be done.” 

 4. The Jesuit Connection to Science■ Missionary work: introduced western science■ 1599: Ratio Studiorum -- (plan of studies) emphasizes study of science. ■ Goal of producing literate clergy■ By 1750: 631 geometry titles written by Jesuits■ Kept in line with European fascination with science, especially astronomy.■ 1773: world’s 170 observatories -- 30 operated by Jesuits

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■ Vatican Observatory (still exists today)■ Mid 1800s -- 40 Seismological Centers

 5. The Responses from the “Religious Side”■ Responses to rise of modern scientific enterprise varied -- no single “religious

response” to modern science.  A. Modern Catholicism■ End of 1800s -- theologians come to terms with Enlightenment■ Critical and skeptical of traditional Christian doctrine■ Positive toward radical Biblical criticism, stressed ethics over theology■ Embrace scientific discoveries and development■ Evolution is given supernatural significance (deified evolution)■ Dismiss traditional doctrines that conflict with a scientific worldview■ “Development” of doctrine in biblical text is correlated to ongoing development of

knowledge in the natural sciences -- earlier mistakes are “corrected” by later discoveries 6. Draper, White and Anti-Catholic Myths John William Draper■ Founder of NYU Medical School; President of American Chemical Society■ Believed in the positivism of Auguste Compte -- civilization moves through stages of

which science is the peak.■ Spoke of the “Expansive force of human intellect and the compression arising from

traditional faith.” Wrote “History of the Conflict between Religion and Science” (1874)■ Spiraled into a vitriolic rant against Roman Catholicism. 

 Andrew Dickson White■ Historian, Founder of Cornell, the first major secular university in America■ In response to attacks on him about Cornell, he wrote “History of the Warfare of Science

with Theology in Christendom” (1896) to describe how pernicious the (Catholic) religion was. 

 Roger Bacon and the Myth of the Church as Anti-Science■ 13th Century Franciscan monk■ Dickson/Draper myth: Bacon was repeatedly persecuted and imprisoned because of the

opposition of the medieval Church. ■ He was held up as an example of the Church’s anti-scientific bias.

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■ Advocated study of mathematics to facilitate grounding of the scientific method in quantitative techniques. 

■ Proponent and practitioner of the experimental method of acquiring knowledge about the world -- over and against authority. 

 7. Summary■ Complex relationship between Church and science: cannot be reduced just to “conflict”■ Science as its own discipline did not exist before the 1700s. ■ Up to the 18th Century most scientists were also religious; many had theological and

philosophical training. ■ Cannot dismiss scientific contributions of the clergy, especially the Jesuits in the 16-17

centuries.■ The “split” between science and religion in the 18th Century was a combination of

philosophical, methodological and political factors. 

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Vatican II and the 21st Century Pius XII -- 1939-1958■ Papal Nuncio to Germany 1917-1930, Secretary of State 1930-1939■ Tried to prevent war through diplomacy■ Wanted to protect church vs. Fascism, Nazism, Communism■ Encouraged biblical and liturgical scholarship

 John XXIII -- 1958-1963■ Accessible and friendly■ Expected to be a caretaker Pope■ Pastoral -- resurrected practice of Pope visiting prisoners on Christmas■ Ecumenical■ Key Encyclicals ■ Mater et Magistra (1961)■ Pacem in Terris (1963)■ Concern for Peace (Cuban Missile Crisis)■ Won TIME’s man of the year award. ■ Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli -- first born son of a farming family in Sotto il Monte, near

Bergamo in northern Italy.■ At 78 was elected pope.■ Astonished the world by calling the council “AGGIORNAMENTO” -- opening up the

windows of the Church■ Emphasis on pastoral renewal, not dogma

■ Substance of deposit of faith one thing■ Way it is presented and taught another

 Vatican II (1962-1965)■ Opens October 1961■ Aggiornamento -- included protestants, women■ Three main issues:■ Reform of worship■ Role of the laity■ Ecumenism ■ Four sessions: 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965■ 2,600 Bishops

 What the Council Produced■ Dogmatic constitution on divine revelation (Dei verbum)■ Dogmatic constitution on the church (Lumen Gentum)■ Constitution on sacred liturgy (Sacrosanctum Concilium)

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■ Pastoral constitution on church in the modern world (Gadium et Spes) Key Themes1. Church is primarily mystery/sacrament rather than organization/institution2. Church is whole -- people of God -- not just hierarchy, clergy, religious 3. Church’s mission included work for peace and justice 4. Church includes all Christians not only Catholic Christians. 5. Church is communion of local churches not just units of universal 6. Church is eschatological community, not yet the kingdom of God7. Lay people have their own intrinsic mission, not just agents of hierarchy8. There are levels of truth -- not all teachings are of equal importance9. God uses other Christian churches and non-Christian religions to offer salvation to all humankind. 10. The dignity of the human person and the freedom of faith are foundations of religious liberty for all humans.  Major Effects of the Council■ Change from Latin to vernacular in the assembly■ Enhanced local identities of particular churches■ Attention to “inculturation”■ Emphasis on the people vs. Institution

 Outcomes■ Focus on issues of peace and justice as central to church’s mission■ Inclusion of lay persons in key liturgical roles -- empowers persons to see themselves

as actors■ Development of community roles■ Collaboration with persons of other faiths, collaboration with other churches and

religious groups for peace and justice work■ Encouragement of political and social activism■ More active roles for women