Christians and Jews Documentary Facts 2012 Ppt

8/2/2019 Christians and Jews Documentary Facts 2012 Ppt

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/christians-and-jews-documentary-facts-2012-ppt 1/146

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C`~bù Y~kub`fkuypu"=7,777

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eophi ymd` ml{vc`~`‒ Yonkmu Ecp~yol

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Mh`smli~km vmu ~mqì,

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hkn~m~{, My jk~uy yc` hkn~m~{ ukq` mboplyì yo 977(777 zohpbù #wmw{~pu+( mu Emùm~&u ykb` yo

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Yc`{ v`~` mnh` yo ecmlf` yc` u`}p`le` kj yc` iùkflmyì meeo~iklf Wcm~moc vmu loy yc` nùy

uohpykol( vkyc oyc`~ up~zkzo~u oj Wcm~moc&u jmbkh{, Ky ku mhuo m empu` jo~ vckec Bouù( klkykmyì kl

Yc`nù( vmu lmbì &F~mli Ue~kn`& " kluwèyo~ y`~~kyo~{ n{ ^mbuù KK " yc` ecoke` loy yo `limlf`~

cku uol B`~l`wymc( mu hùu w~`wm~ì ycml Bouù # –C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu jkfcy N`fklklfu jo~ yc`Fouw`h oj Aùpu " A`coupmc+,

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Uoekmh Hmvu oj Bouù SKZ"SKKK NE@

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NE@+( F~``d Ycòhof{ mli klik~èyh{ yc` obml Ycòhof{, W{ycmfo~mu( klkykmyì kl Yc`nml

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yc` C`n~`v y~knù o~fmlkqmykol ole` h`jy @f{wy,

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mli C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu oj yc` jk~uy Mwouyhù( yc`{ mpyobmykemhh{ y~mluf~ùu kl Ec~kuykml Nknh` " yc`

y`sy oj yc` &Ohi Yùymb`ly&, Yc`{ m~` yc` joplimykol jo~ vcmy vophi hmy`~ n` emhhì &Uoekmh Hmvu

oj Bouù&, Ky ku eh`m~ ycmy ycù` m~` yc` jk~uy hmvu vckec uy~ùu yc` ikflky{ mli zmhp` oj cpbml hkj`,Bp~i`~ ku m e~kb` loy olh{ yo bml npy yo Foi,



JME@ JO^ YCOU@ VCO YMD@ N^KN@

Ecmwy`~ =7 Wm~mf~mwc =6

.Jo~ yc` HOÎ {op~ Foi ku Foi oj foiu mli Ho~i oj ho~iu( f~`my mli wov`~jph mli mvùob` Foi( my

yc` j~oly( lo~ ymd` m n~kn`.,

Ecmwy`~ =0 Wm~mf~mwc =;

.Io loy iùy~o{ yc` hmv( loy yo hood my mli loy ymd` n~knù( yc` n~kn` nhkliu yc` `{ù oj yc` vku` mli apuy

nèmpu` e~oodì.,Ecmwy`~ >: Wm~mf~mwc >0

.Ep~uì n` c` vkhh ymd` n~knù( yo dkhh yc` uoph mli yo ucì klloe`ly nhooi- Mli mhh yc` wòwh` ucmhh um{(

Mb`l,.

Eobb`ly1 Yc` }pmhky{ oj .Ho~i oj yc` bmuy`~u. muuoekmyù fmz` ml ùoy`~ke #loy hoodklf my

yc` j~oly+ vkyc ml meypmh cpbml mey #io loy ymd` n~knù+,

Vckec( bml{ .bmuy`~u. mbolf wòwh` loy ~puc yo eobwh{, Mli o~iklm~{ wòwh` io loy

fkz` yc`b o~ mud yc`b meeoplymnh` jo~ n~`mec oj ycku Eobbmli,

Yc` yvo mli yc~`` wm~mf~mwc K iki loy eobb`ly, Bo~` eh`m~h{ `sw~ùuì eml loy n`-

Klukuy`le` mli ehm~ky{ oj yc` vo~iklf klikemyù .n~kn`. mu m z`~{ u`~kopu ukl " imblì,

Pljo~yplmy`h{ olh{ kl yc` Nknh`( loy yo wòwh` ,,,

C@HWKLF YCOU@ KL L@@I #YC@ O^WCML( YC@ VKIOV( YC@ UY^MLF@^+Ecmwy`~ =7 Wm~mf~mwc =3

.Vcmy io apuyke` o~wcml mli vkiov mli hozù yc` vmli`~`~ mli fkz` ckb n~`mi mli jooi,.

Ecmwy`~ =7 Wm~mf~mwc =;

.Io {op hoz` mli yc` jpfkykz`( ycmy {` vmli`~`~u kl @f{wy,.

Ecmwy`~ >9 Wm~mf~mwc =6

.Io loy apif` yc` uy~mlf`~ e~oodì( yc` o~wcmlu mli vkiovu( mli vkiov`~u ucophi loy f`y nmkh

ehoycù,.

3

C@HWKLF YCOU@ KL L@@I #YC@ O^WCML YC@ VKIOV YC@ UY^MLF@^+



C@HWKLF YCOU@ KL L@@I #YC@ O^WCML( YC@ VKIOV( YC@ UY^MLF@^+

Ecmwy`~ >9 Wm~mf~mwc =;

.Vc`l {op ~`mw yc` yc` j~pkyu oj yc` `m~yc {op jo~f`y ml{ dloed yc` ipuy( loy yo ymd` ckb nmed( npy h`y

ckb ~`bmkl yc` uy~mlf`~( yc` woo~( o~wcmlu mli vkiovu( yc` Ho~i {op~ Foi nhùu {op mhh ycklfu cmliu

jphh [op~,.

Ecmwy`~ >9 Wm~mf~mwc >7 #Emw,>9/>7+

.Vc`l {op ucmd` {op~ ohkz` y~``( io loy fo nmed yo eohhèy yc` ~`bmklu( npy h`mzù yc`b mhk`l( ycò~wcml mli vkiov,‟

Ecmwy`~ >9 Wm~mf~mwc >= #Emw,>9/>=+

‟&Vc`l {op fmyc`~ yc` j~pkyu oj {op~ zkl`{m~i( io loy eohhèy i`n~ku( npy h`mzù yc`b mhk`l( yc` o~wcml

mli vkiov,.

Eobb`ly1 Yc` y`sy uymyù `swhkekyh{ ycmy Foi ku ~kfcy mli fkzù jooi yo &o~wcml‟( “vkiov‟( “vmli`~klf&,

Kj olh{ wòwh`( ùwèkmhh{ ycou` h`mi`~uckwu uymyù mli hoemh eobbplkykù ucophi ~`w`my ycku

Eobbmli n`jo~` ymdklf ièkukolu ol yc` npif`yu oj uymyù mli eobbplkykù, Yc` Eobbmli vmu jk~uy onu`~zì n{ @uu`lù mli Ec~kuykml eobbplkykù, C` vmu muuoekmyì vkyc m

w~of~ùukz` eobbplky{ `lfmf`b`ly meykzky{ kl o~i`~ loy yo ~`bmkl ol hkj`( m wm~kmc,

U`z`~mh ykbù kl &I`py`~olob{& ku yc` y`sy oj Emw,=7/=;( m ~`bkli`~ " io loy jo~f`y vc`~` A`vu h`jy mli

i`w~kzmykol ycmy yc`{ cmz` upjj`~ì,

&JO^FKZ@L@UU& KL YC@ U@Z@LYC [@M^, &#=+

Ecmwy`~ =0 Wm~mf~mwc > #Emw,=0 / >+

.Jo~fkz`lùu( cov`z`~( ku ycku1 mhh yc` h`li`~ vco fkzù homl cku l`kfcno~( yo jo~fkz` i`ny mli lo holf`~

mud oj cku l`kfcno~ o~ cku n~oyc`~( yo w~`mec jo~fkz`lùu kl colo~ oj yc` Ho~i yc{ Foi, .

Ecmwy`~ =0 Wm~mf~mwc 5 #Emw,=0 / 5+

.J~ob yc` oyc`~ wòwh` mudklf yc` i`ny( mli vcmy {op cmz` kl {op~ n~oyc`~ yo jo~fkz`, .


.Npy ky vkhh loy n` woo~ mbolf {op( ycmy {op vkhh nhùu yc` Ho~i kl yc` hmli ycmy yc` Ho~i yc{ Foifkz`yc yc`` wouuùukol( mu ky&u h`fme{, .

;



&JO^FKZ@L@UU& KL YC@ U@Z@LYC [@M^, &#=+

Ecmwy`~ =0 Wm~mf~mwc : #Emw,=0 / :+

.Jo~ yc` Ho~i {op~ Foi vkhh nhùu {op mu {op fkz` e~ìky cmu uwod`l mli oyc`~ wòwhù( mli {op vkhh

loy f`y e~ìky( mli ycop ucmhy ~`kfl oz`~ bml{ lmykolu( mli ycou` vkhh ~`kfl oz`~ {op, .


.Mli {op vkhh n` woo~ ml{ oj {op~ n~oyc`~u kl ml{ oj {op~ ekykù kl {op~ hmli vckec yc` Ho~i {op~ Foi

fkzù {op( io loy cm~i`l {op~ c`m~y lo~ ehou` {op~ cmli n`jo~` {op~ n~oyc`~ ycmy {op woo~, .


.Npy yo ow`l {op~ cmli mli fkz` ckb homlu upkyì yo {op~ l`ìu mli hmed oj upjj`~klf, .

Ecmwy`~ =0 Wm~mf~mwc ; #Emw,=0 / ;+

.Vmyec opy io loy eob` klyo {op~ c`m~y mli bkli vkedì um{ mww~omecklf yc` u`z`lyc {`m~( yc` {`m~ oj

jo~fkz`lùu( mli loy bmd` ky nèmpu` {op~ `{` yo {op~ n~oyc`~ l`bkhouykz yc` woo~ mli kflo~` ky( ycmy c`

ucmhh e~{ plyo yc` Ho~i mfmkluy {op mli vkhh n` ol {op~ f~`my ukl, . Ecmwy`~ =0 Wm~mf~mwc =7 #Emw,=0/=7+

.Fkz` ckb( fkz` ckb mli cov bml{ homlu {op vkhh ~`}pk~` mli cov ky vkhh n`( mli vc`l {op fkz` yc`b(

loy yo f~k`z` {op~ c`m~y( nèmpu` jo~ yc` Ho~i {op~ Foi vkhh nhùu {op kl mhh {op~ uypjj mli mhh ol` vkhh

vo~d jo~ {op~ cmliu, .

Ecmwy`~ =0 Wm~mf~mwc == #Emw,=0/==+

.Jo~ loy i`w~kz` woo~ oj {op~ hmli( mli yc`~`jo~` K eobbmli {op1 Ow`l {op~ cmli yo {op~ n~oyc`~(

{op~ woo~ mli yc` i`w~kzì oj {op~ hmli,‘

Eobb`ly1 &JO^FKZ@L@UU& KL YC@ U@Z@LYC [@M^, &#=+ foz`~lklf yc` C`n~`v homl mli oyc`~

wòwh` " cov( mjy`~ u`z`l {`m~u( ikù I@NY,

Eobbmli vckec ~`}pk~` C`n~`v yo no~~ov oyc`~ lmykolu npy vophi loy ~`}pk~` yc` homl j~ob oyc`~

lmykolu " mu m eolikykol oj &yc` ~ph` oz`~ oyc`~ wòwhù& " loy mu m yooh yo IOBKLMY@ mli UPNAPFMY@

yc`b, Yo &~`kfl& kl yc` Nknhkemh u`lu` b`mlu yo i~kz` " FOOI BMLMF@B@LY,

=7

&JO^FKZ@L@UU& KL YC@ U@Z@LYC [@M^ #>+



JO^FKZ@L@UU KL YC@ U@Z@LYC [@M^, #>+

Ecmwy`~ =0 Wm~mf~mwc => #Emw,=0/=>+

.Ky vkhh u`hh yo {op mli {op~ n~oyc`~( A`v o~ C`n~`v( uks {`m~u yo n` m uhmz` yo {op( mli kl yc` u`z`lyc yo

fkz` ckb yc` ~omi j~ob {op( hoou`,.

Ecmwy`~ =0 Wm~mf~mwc =5 #Emw,=0/=5+

.Mli vc`l {op h`y yc`b yo n` hoou`( loy yo epy hoou` vkyc cku nm~` cmliu(.

Ecmwy`~ =0 Wm~mf~mwc =9 #Emw,=0/=9+.Npy `liov ky j~ob {op~ jhoedu( j~ob {op~ m~`m( j~ob {op~ w~ùuù( fkzklf ckb mli cku vkyc {op kl yc`

nhùuì Ho~i {op~ Foi, .

Ecmwy`~ =0 Wm~mf~mwc =3 #Emw,=0/=3+

.Io loy eoplyì m v`kfcy jo~ {op vc`l {op ucophi fkz` ckb aop~l`{ j~ob {op yo n` hoou`( nèmpu` kl

uks {`m~u mli cmu vo~dì yvke` mu m jo~`kfl wm{b`ly mli {op vkhh nhùu yc` Ho~i {op~ Foi kl mhh ycmy

{op Bmd`, .

Ecmwy`~ =: Wm~mf~mwc >7 #Emw,=:/>7+.U`m~ec mli apuyke` mli ~kfcyòpulùu( yo hkz` mli yo eol}p`~ yc` hmli vckec yc` HOÎ yc{ Foi fkz`yc

yo {op,.

Eobb`ly1 &JO^FKZ@L@UU& KL YC@ U@Z@LYC [@M^, &#>+ ~`fphmy`& umh` &#meypmhh{ ck~klf hmno~+ jo~

u`z`l {`m~u oj m A`v o~ C`n~`v vobml,

Klikemyù yc` uwèkmh uymypu oj yc` Eobbmliu oj yc` bml o~ vobml( vco u`~zì u`z`l {`m~u, Yc`

~`}pk~`b`ly ku yo loy h`y ckb fo vkycopy ckb `}pkw fooiu yo ~`bmkl m j~`` bml( vkyc kyu ovl ~ùop~eùyo hkz`,

ku kly`~ùyklf ~`bm~d kl Ec, =0/=3 " ycmy &vo~dì yvke` mu m jo~`kfl wm{b`ly&, C`~` v` jkli yc`

eole`wy ycmy A`vu ucophi n` mnh` yo pu` w~kbm~kh{ yc` vo~d oj yc` umb` lmykol, V` ~ùwèy yc`

Eobbmli hì ~`w`myìh{ cm~b A`vu #mli oyc`~ lmykolu `lfmfì kl vo~d oj jo~`kfl`~u / bkf~mlyu

&ec`mw`~& ycml yc` wowphmykol oj yc` umb` wòwh`+ kl y`~bu oj lpb`~kemh wowphmykol f~ovyc oj jo~`kfl /

bkf~mly, @smbwh` ku yc` pu` oj M~mn hmno~ vkyckl yc` A`vkuc jm~bu n`yv``l =337"=;=0, Ky hì yo

bmuukz` M~mn wowphmykol `b`~fklf j~ob @f{wy( M~mnkml Y`~kyo~{( U{~km mli H`nmlol eobwm~ì vkycA`vkuc @bkf~mykol yo Wmhùykl`( kl yc` umb` w`~koi,

==

Yck c h i n c j k h h h Dknn =>



Ycku wc`lob`lol vmu wm~yh{ eoply`~ì n{ yc` `b`~f`le` oj mf~kephyp~mh u`yyh`b`lyu y{w` Dknnpyq(

Boucmz( mjy`~ =;70, Npy c` ~`bmklì m holf ykb` " 57 {`m~u " m i`bof~mwcke mizmle` M~mn wowphmykol,

#U`` mhuo1 C`n~`v O~fmlkqmykol jo~ U`hj I`j`le` kl Wmhùykl` #[kucpz++

YO MKI C@N^@V NÔYC@^

Ecmwy`~ >> Wm~mf~mwc = #Emw,>> / =+

.Vc`l {op u`` {op~ n~oyc`~&u os o~ cku uc``w uy~m{ jk`hi( io loy f`y myymecì yo yc`b( npy nmed yo {op~n~oyc`~, .

Ecmwy`~ >> Wm~mf~mwc > #Emw,>> / >+

.Npy kj {op~ n~oyc`~ ku loy l`m~ {op o~ io loy dlov( yo fo yo {op~ copu` mli uky ol yc`b plykh {op jkli

{op~ n~oyc`~ mli yc`l yo fkz` yc`b, .

Ecmwy`~ >> Wm~mf~mwc 5 #Emw,>> / 5+

.Uo yo io vkyc cku muu( uo yo io vkyc cku ehoycù( uo yo io vkyc ml{ houy ycklf oj {op~ n~oyc`~ ycmy c` vkhh

hou` mli {op {op vkhh jkli( jo~ ycku {op eml loy ukiùy`w , &

Ecmwy`~ >> Wm~mf~mwc 9 #Emw,>> / 9+

.Vc`l {op u`` {op~ n~oyc`~&u muu o~ cku os jmhh`l ol yc` ~omi( loy yo h`mz`( npy yo uymli pw vkyc ckb, ‘

Eobb`lym~{1 Mki mloyc`~ C`n~`v jo~ w~ù`~z` w~ow`~y{,

Ml{ onaèy o~ mlkbmh jopli yo n` fkz`l yc` ~kfcy cohi`~, Ky ku uopfcy yo n` n`ckli yc` w~ow`~y{,

fkz`l jo~ yc` ik~èy mki kl ikjjkephy{ yo ~`yp~l cob`, Eobbmliu m~` jk~bh{ ~ooyì kl C`n~`v " mli lov mwwhkì kl bouy w~meykemh ukypmykolu upec mu

Boumke Eobbplkykù, Kl oyc`~ lmykolu mu v`hh( yc` cpbml eobbplkykù oj ubmhh mli bìkpb ukqì #pw

yo y`l ycopumli+ klcmnkymlyu, Npy kl hm~f` eobplkykù( yc`{ m~` klmwwhkemnh`,

=>

=5



PUP^[ MLI H@LIKLF

Ecmwy`~ >5 Wm~mf~mwc =; #Emw,>5/=;+

.Io loy fkz` {op~ n~oyc`~ o~ ukhz`~ my kly`~ùy( lo~ n~`mi( lo~ ml{ycklf ol` eml fkz` my kly`~ùy, .


.Ycmy oj mloyc`~ lmykol yo fkz` ckb my kly`~ùy( mli {op~ n~oyc`~ loy yo fkz` kl pup~{( ycmy yc` Ho~i

{op~ Foi nhùu {op mhh ycklfu m~` jphh oj cmliu kl yc` `m~yc m~` foklf yo ymd` ckb kl wouuùukol , .

Ecmwy`~ >9 Wm~mf~mwc : #Emw,>9 / :+

.Lonoi{ ymdù wmvl uyol` mnoz` o~ n`hov ycmy oj vc`my bkhh

( ycmy vophi b`ml ycmy yc` whìf` kyu`hj f`y m hkj`, .

Ecmwy`~ >9 Wm~mf~mwc =7 #Emw,>9/=7+

.Ky vkhh fkz` {op~ l`kfcno~ uob` e~ìky( io loy fo yo cku copu` yo f`y nmkh jo~ ckb,.

Ecmwy`~ >9 Wm~mf~mwc == #Emw,>9/==+

.Uym{ kl yc` hml`( mli ol` yo vcob {op fmz` {op~ homl yo nmkh opy klyo yc` ~omi, .Ecmwy`~ >9 Wm~mf~mwc => #Emw,>9/=>+

.Mli kj c` ucmhh n` woo~ bml ioù loy uh``w( cmzklf yo whìf` {op, .


.Npy yo wmvl nmed my uplu`y( yo uh``w kl ehoycù {op mli nhùu {op( mli ky vkhh n` u``l mu m fooi i`ì

n`jo~` yc` Ho~i {op~ Foi, .


.[op ucmhh cmz` kl {op~ nmf yvo dkliu oj v`kfcyu jo~ uemhù1 uob` ckfc`~ mli oyc`~u hov`~, .Ecmwy`~ >0 Wm~mf~mwc =9 #Emw,>0/=9+

.Kl {op~ copu` ioù loy cmz` yvo dkliu oj b`mup~`b`ly plkyu 1 ol` bo~` mli mloyc`~ hùu,.


.V`kfcyu jo~ {op~ yp~l yo n` y~p` mli uy~mkfcy mli {op~ {op~ b`mup~`b`ly plky ku y~p` mli ~kfcy yo

bphykwh{ {op~ im{u kl yc` hmli vckec yc` Ho~i {op~ Foi fkz` {op yo klc`~ky, .

Ecmwy`~ >0 Wm~mf~mwc =: #Emw,>0/=:+.Ycmy ku mnobklmykol n`jo~` yc` Ho~i {op~ Foi ku vco`z`~ klapuyke`, .

=5

=9



Eobb`ly1 Yc`~` m~` uo eh`m~h{ `swouì ycmy K io loy yckld K cmz` ml{ycklf yo mii,

Loy` yo Emw,>9 / :1 ycmy ~`hmyù ik~èyh{ yo yc` ~ùop~e` loy yo ymd` uobòl` yc`~` #ymd`

yc` whìf` kyu`hj vophi b`ml ycmy uobòl`&u hkj`+, Pl`bwho{b`ly( `seùukz` ymsmykol( nmld

kly`~ùy `seùukz`( woo~ j~`` c`mhyc em~`( m~` uob` `smbwhù oj ik~èy i`w~kzmykol oj yc` ~kfcy

yo hkj`,

WM[B@LY OJ VO^D@Û


.H`y lo ol` vco vo~du klapuyke` ol wm{( yc` woo~ mli yc` l`ì{ oj yc{ n~`yc~`l o~ oj yc{ uy~mlf`~u ycmy

m~` kl `m~yc mli kl {op~ ekykù, .

Ecmwy`~ >9 Wm~mf~mwc =0 #Emw,>9/=0+.Npy {op wm{ yc` umb` im{ mli loy yc` upl fo iovl n`jo~` ky( ycmy c` ku woo~ mli uoph oj yc` `swèyì

wm{b`ly( mu c` ioù loy e~{ oz`~ {op n{ Foi mli loy oj ukl, .

Eobb`ly1 Ky ~`fphmyù yc` wm{b`ly vckec fkzù m A`v yo n` eo~~èyh{ y`~bu,

=9

=0



UHMZ@U


.Io loy fkz` yc` w~kuol`~ kl yc` cmliu oj cku bmuy`~( vc`l c` ucmhh jh`` j~ob cku bmuy`~ yo {op, .

Ecmwy`~ >5 Wm~mf~mwc =: #Emw,>5/=:+

.H`y ckb hkz` kl {op( h`y ckb hkz` mbolf {op( kluy`mi oj vcmy c` vophi ecoou` ol` oj {op~ ekykù vc`~`

c` vophi hkd`( npy io loy uy~mkyu, .Ecmwy`~ >9 Wm~mf~mwc 6 #Emw,>9 / 6+

.Ky vkhh n` ycmy uobòl` cmu uyoh`l ml{ oj cku n~oyc`~u( yc` uolu oj Ku~m`h mli bmdklf ky m uhmz`( uohi yo

n` dkhhì mli ycmy yck`j yo `hkbklmy` `zkh j~ob mbolf {op,.

Eobb`ly1 Ycku hmv ku kl eoljhkey vkyc mwwhkemnh` hmvu u`~zmlyu mli ekykq`lu #upnaèyu oj uob`

yoymhkym~kml uymy` o~ yc` bkuuklf jplimb`lymh ~kfcyu upnaèy+, Npy yc` ùu`le` ku ycmy A`vu( uhmzù kl

@f{wy( v`~` j~`ì n{ yc` vkhh mli wov`~ oj Foi, Yc`~`jo~` ml{ uhmz`( vc`~`z`~ ky eobù( ku jo~ m A`v( mj~`` bml,

U`kqp~` oj C`n~`v bp~i`~`~ bpuy n` wplkucì vkyc i`myc ,,, ~`mhh{ cm~i jo~ op~ ykbù,

Wm~mioskemhh{ o~ loy ycku hmv yo mwwh{ kl uob` Kuhmbke eobbplkykù " yc` hmv oj ~`ymhkmykol, Npy kl

boi`~l i`boe~myke uoek`ykù( vc`~` &holf& y~kmh mli yc` jmeyu mu yc`{ ~m~`h{ eolzkeyì,

=0

F^@@I =:



F^@@I

Ecmwy`~ =6 Wm~mf~mwc =6 #Emw,>0/=:+

.[op io loy bphykwh{ vob`l( loy yo ~`n`h&u c`m~y( mli lo ukhz`~ o~ fohi mli ky&u loy f~ovklf opy oj

w~owo~ykol, .


.Ky vkhh eob` kl zkm {op~ l`kfcno~( {op eml `my plykh {op f`y yk~` ~`w( npy kl {op~ nmud`y yo loy ecked`l, .


.Mli vc`l {op ymd` {op~ l`kfcno~&u vc`my( n~od`l `m~u vkyc {op~ cmliu mli lo ecked`l kl cku jk`hi yo

bov {op~ l`kfcno~, .

Eobb`ly1 Pljo~yplmy`h{ op~ c`mi}pm~y`~u eoluki`~ì kl bml{ eobbplkykù( j~ob yc` cpbnh` yo yc`

uky` bmlmf`~u( n` yc`{ &n`hk`z`~u& o~ loy,

YMSMYKOL # “ YKYC@ &+

Ecmwy`~ >: Wm~mf~mwc == #Emw,>:/==+

.Mli {op `lao{ oj mhh yc` v`mhyc yc` Ho~i {op~ Foi fmz` {op mli {op~ cob`( npy yo ~àoke` mli yc`

H`zky` mli yc` mhk`l vkhh n` yo {op, .

Ecmwy`~ >: Wm~mf~mwc => #Emw,>:/=>+

.Mli vc`l {op fmyc`~ mhh {op~ ykycù oj yc` hmli kl yc` yck~i( vckec ku yc` {`m~ oj ykycklf( mli yc`{ vkhh

fkz` yc` H`zkyù( jo~`kfl`~u( o~wcmlu mli vkiovu( yo `my yc`b kl {op~ ulmwu mli yo n` jkhhì, .

Eobb`ly1 Ky mwwhkù kl bouy hoemh eobbplkykù mli uymyù, Yc` kuup` ku oj f~`my`~ o~ hùu ycml yc`

pljmk~lùu oj ycou` vco fkz` ky #yms `zmukol+ mli oj ycou` vco ymd` ky #`seùukz` ymsmykol+,

W~onh`b meypmhh{ ku ~ìkuy~knpykol oj kleob` ~ùphyklf j~ob yc` &ykyc`& " jo~ ycou` vkycopy ~ùop~eù

yo hkz` o~ iè`ly o~( bo~` j~`}p`lyh{ kl jmzo~ oj hoemh o~ e`ly~mh h`mi`~u mli yc`k~ muuoekmyì kly`~ùy

f~opw, ^`bm~d1 Qkolkuy A`vu cmz` bmi` m u{uy`bmyke mli w`~jèyknh` ~ìkuy~knpykol oj

kleob` ~ùphyklf j~ob yc` &ykyc`&( `bnoikì kl yc` o~fmlkqmykol mli jpleykolklf oj eoly`bwo~m~{ AOKLY,

=:

=6



=6

@uu`lykmhh{ K yckld yc` w~onh`b m~` loy ol &cov v` eohhèy& npy ol &cov ~ìkuy~knpy`&,

Ycou` vco `lz{ A`vu kl l`ì( vco ~è`kz` ~`fphm~ jooi mki( ehoycklf mli jooyv`m~ mli

yo cmz` m ~ooj oz`~ yc`k~ c`miu mli m iè`ly hkj` vophi l`ì yo &eow{& boi`h A`vkuc

bkhh`llkmh y~mikykol kl yc`k~ ovl eobbplkykù mli kl yc`k~ ovl eoply~kù , Kj loy( yo yp~l yo

C`n~`v " loy yo yc` ojjkekmhu ycmy `z`~{ ykb` yc`{ &i~mv n`l`jkyu& oj ml{ eohhmno~mykol( npy

yc` kly`~ cpbml ~`hmykoluckw, My yc` ep~~`ly h`z`h oj eobbplkemykol oj yoim{( m cpbml

eobbplky{ oj U`~nkml copu`cohiu( jo~ `smbwh`( eophi eobbplkemy` vkyc ojjkekmhu oj m

Dknnpyq o~ Boucmz kl Ku~m`h( apuy mu ml `smbwh`( kl yc` `sw`~k`le` oj ikuy~knpykol oj

&ykycklf&,

=3



Mpyco~ Loyù1Ycù` y~mikykolu v`~` kl w~meyke` kl Boumke @uu`lkmlu Eobbplkykù,

^mnnk Aolmycml Umedu #Eck`j ^mnnk oj yc` N~kykuc Eob`lv`mhy+ onu`~zì1 .Kl ykb` yc` w~ko~ky{ vmu

hkj` eobbplky{( yc` lmykol( yc` @bwk~`( A`vu v`~` wpy yo yc` jo~` ikflky{. ,,,

^`fm~iklf @yckeu( boumkub vmu yc` jk~uy ~`hkfkol ycmy uy~ùuù yc` ikflky{ mli umleyky{ oj cpbml hkj`,

Jo~ yc` jk~uy ykb`( yc` klikzkipmh eml loy n` ume~kjkeì jo~ up~zkzmh oj m eobbplky{ vkycopy kyzohplym~kh{ muupb` ycku boz`, Yo dkhh m w`~uol

ku loy olh{ m e~kb` mfmkluy m bml( npy m ukl mfmkluy Foi,

&Yo~mc& ~`j`~u yo yc` e~`mykol oj bml n{ um{klf .Foi e~`myì bml mu Cku ovl kbmf`( yo `bwcmukq`

ycmy `z`~{ cpbml ku ikzkl` f`~b, Kj `mec w`~uol cmu yc` uwm~d oj Foi kl ckb( ml{ol` ucophi n` y~`myì

vkyc ~ùwèy mli ikflky{,

&Ymhbpi& y`hhu pu ycmy Foi e~`myì yc` jk~uy bml yo y`mec pu ycmy1 vco umzù m bml umz` m vo~hi( vco

iùy~o{u m hkj` iùy~o{ m vo~hi- Meeo~iklf yo yc` Ymhbpi eole`wyu kl C`n~`v( yc` klikzkipmh ku m

bke~oeoub oj yc` vo~hi, Yc` klikzkipmh( kl C`n~`v hmv ku kbwo~ymly kl kyu`hj( bmlkjùyì kl m zm~k`y{ oj

ukypmykolu,

Jo~ `smbwh`( ml klloe`ly bml eml l`z`~ n` ume~kjkeì yo umz` uobòl` `hu` o~ m f~opw oj wòwh`, Kj

yc`~` m~` bo~` wòwh` kl yc` ukypmykol n`yv``l hkj` mli i`myc mli v` eml olh{ umz` ol`( jo~ smbwh` ml

`m~yc}pmd` o~ m uckwv~èd( vco umz` m w`~uol( mli oyc`~u bm{ ik`( c` cmz` loy ik~èyh{ empuì yc`k~

i`mycu npy c` jphjkhh yc` eobbmli1 c` umzì m bke~o plkz`~u`, Kj {op io uo( mli Foi fkzù pu bo~`wov`~ v` umz` w`~cmwu `z`l m cpbml n`klf,,, loy yc` lpbn`~ oj eoplyu kl ycmy ykb` npy {op~

klzohz`b`ly( pli`~ yc` eobbmliu oj Foi,

Mloyc`~ `smbwh` ku yc` mno~ykol kuup`( Cmhmdm mli Bkuclm mee`wyì ycmy olh{ kj yc` boyc`~ hkzù

yc`~` ik~èyh{ mb`lm j`ypu, V` u`` c`~` Eobbmli uymyì mnoz` kl ~ùwèy oj vo~iu }poyì ^mnnk

Aolmycml Umedu, @yckeu Foi u`ly pu( yc~opfc yc` w~owc`yu ku yc` Fooi Vo~du,

&Cpbml ^kfcyu& v`~` bo~` o~ hùu `swhkekyh{ uymyì kl yc` wouy"j`pimh uymy` eoluykypykolu, Yc` hmuy

ioepb`ly ycmy K b`lykol ku yc` .Ièhm~mykol oj Cpbml ^kfcyu kl Uml J~mlekueo. #Iè`bn`~ =7( =;93+,

=3

C@N^@V EC^KUYKMLU JKFCY N@FKLKLFU=;



C@N^@V EC^KUYKMLU JKFCY N@FKLKLFU

JO^ YC@ FOUW@H OJ A@UPU

Mnopy,,,

Ky ku m y`sy ycmy w~ù`lyu jmeyu cmww`lì yvo ycopumli {`m~u mfo, Kl {`m~ 0( nokhklf n`yv``l

Api`m ~`zohy mfmkluy ôbml oeepwmly( uwhky n`yv``l ~èkwk`lyu mli opyemuyu oj jo~ypl`( yc`

bo~mh i`f~mimykol mli bùkmlkub, Mbolf kluki`~u ~mkuù m C`n~`v w~owc`y1 Aùpu oj

Lmqm~`yc, C` y`mec( n{ ep~klf( bk~mehù oj Foi&u hoz` jo~ mhh wòwh`( kl yc` uwk~ky oj @uu`lù

eobbplkykù1 vo~d( hkj` mli jmkyc yof`yc`~, Ycklfu w~meykeì n{ yc` mlek`ly C`n~`v wòwh`(

npy pldlovl yo oyc`~ lmykolu, Ky vmu yc` C`n~`v mwouyhù yo h`mi op~ `zmlf`hkub mbolf

A`vu( yo y~mluf~ùukol Yc` Y`l Eobbmlib`lyu( Yo~mc mli yc` Hmvu oj Bouù kl mimwyì

jo~bu( meeùuknh` ephyp~mh h`z`h oj yc` l`v lol A`vu johhov`~u,

Kl m cpli~ì {`m~u( yc` C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu Eobbplkykù emb` mu bùukmlke ~oh`( yc` uymf`

oj ckuyo~{( npy yc` bkuukol jphjkhhì, Vc`l Bouù npkhy M W@OWH@ JO^ M JMKYC( Mwouyhùu

cmu f`l`~myì M JMKYC JO^ MHH YC@ W@OWH@U,

=;

>7



KLYÔIPEYKOL " CKUYO^[ MLI H@F@LI

M yc~`` " yc` Fouw`h( emhhì &Hpd`‟ vkyc &Meyu oj yc` Mwouyhù&( v`~` o~kfklmhh{ ol` nood(

~`j`~`le` ioepb`ly ol yc` o~kfklu oj Ec~kuykmlky{, Kl yc` {`m~u m~opli ==07( yc` yvo wm~ykù

v`~` u`wm~myì, Yc` jk~uy wm~y vmu klehpiì kl yc` o~fmlke oj yc` “L`v Y uymb`ly‟, Ky emln` muupbì ycmy yc` ~`muol ycmy io loy kly~oipe` yc` y`sy &Meyu oj yc` Mwouyhù& kl yc` “L`v

Yùymb`ly‟ oj yc` `h`z`lyc e`lyp~{ ycmy m ycòhofkemh boykzmykol oj yc` E~pumiù ycmy v`~`

yo n` c`hi vmu ycmy C`n~`v wòwh` m~` E~pekjkì Aùpu, O~ ycmy y`sy iùe~knù yc` C`n~`v

Ec~kuykml uy~pffh` jo~ Yc` Fouw`h oj Aùpu ,,, yc`~`jo~` vmu loy klehpiì- Ycku y`sy vkhh n`

kly`f~myì klyo yc` &L`v Yùymb`ly& kl yc` `kfcy``lyc e`lyp~{,

Ykyh`1 &Meyu oj yc` Mwouyhù& ku fkz`l mjy`~ yc` F~``d jmuckol( vckec fkz` ~`wo~yu mnopymlek`ly c`~où1 & Meyu oj ,,, &#upec mu yc` embwmkflu oj Mh`smli`~ oj Bmeìolkm o~ Cmlknmh+,

Yc` jmey ycmy yc` yvo vo~du cmz` yc` umb` mpyco~ upffùyì yc` uy{h` mli hmlfpmf` puì,

Hpd`( n`holfklfl yo C`n~`v Ec~kuykml mwouyohke f`l`~mykol( cmu m ~`mhkuyke zkukol yc`

~`hkfkopu eoljhkey n`yv``l Boumke A`vu mli C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu( f`l`~myì n{ uoekmh mli

~`hkfkopu boz`b`ly vcou` h`mi`~ vmu Aùpu oj Lmqm~`yc, O~kfklmyì j~ob m jmbkh{ oj

C`n~`v ~kecùy oj Mlykoec #kl U{~km yoim{+, Ky vmu klkykmyì kl ume~ì bìkekl`, Eolz`~yìyo Ec~kuykmlkub pli`~ eolipey oj Mwouyh` Wmph #^mnnk Umph( ckbu`hj yo [ ueckzm ^mnnkT=R

Fmbmhk`h yc` @hi`~( klkykmyì kl Boumke Hmv+, C` vkhh johhov yc` bkuukolm~{ Wmph ~opy` yo

F~`è` mli ôb`,

T=R &^mnnk& vmu klkykmyì kl yc` b{uy`~kù oj Boumke Hmv( mnh` yo y~mkl oyc`~u “yo onu`~z`‟

Boumke Hmv #Hmv y`sy kly`~w~`ymykol+,

>7

>=



Mboply d`{ Hpemlkml y`sy eolukuyu oj yc` mpyco~&u kbbìkmy` wm~ykekwmykol kl yc`

hmyy`~ wm~y oj yc` Bkuukolm~{ mwouyohke C`n~`v"Ec~kuykmlu, Yc` mwouyh` Hpd` kum jkl`

mlmh{uy( mnh` yo ki`lykj{ yc` ukflkjkemle` oj d`{ bob`lyu oj yc` w~kbm~{ `swmlukol oj

Ec~kuykmlky{,

Kl yc` &Meyu oj Mwoy~ù& yc`~` ku m ~kec em~fo kljo~bmykol ucovklf yc` imkh{ hkj` mli

w~onh`bu oj hm~f` eobbplkykù oj C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu kl yc` Bkiih` @muy mli kl yc`

Bìky`~~ml`ml ~`fkol, Mnopy C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu j~ob A`~pumh`b( m~` klik~èy ~`wo~yu ol

yc` meykzkykù Mwouyh` W`y`~ #w,;,5>, " ==,=3,+ Mli Jkhkw #w,3,9"97+, Mloyc`~ u`fb`ly oj yc`

ckuyo~{ oj C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu boz`b`ly ku mnopy C`hh`lkuyke A`vuT=R, Oz`~~ki` kl

A`~pumh`b mjy`~ hmwkim~{ i`meol Umkly Uy`wc`l( yc`{ vkhh n` wpy yo yc` F~``d eoholkù kl

yc` eolykl`ly mli yc` Kuhmliu( yc` y`~~kyo~{ oj Wmhùykl` mli U{~km, Nèob` bkuukolm~kù oj yc` Fouw`h oj Aùpu mli klkykmy` yc` jk~uy `swmlukol oj yc` Ec~kuykml Ecp~ec, Ycpu(

eobwmey i`meol Umkly Uy`wc`l n{ jmlmykeu oj Umlcì~klT>R,

Yc` ùymnhkucb`ly oj yc` Ec~kuykml Ecp~ec oj Mlykoec #U{~km+ #w,:,=,"3,4 ==,=;,"57(

=5,=,"5 + ow`lu yc` vm{ yo yc` C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu Mwouyhù yo npkhi eobbplkykù opyuki`

T=R Yc` C`hh`lkuyke A`vu #j~ob uy~olf A`vkuc eobbplky{ kl F~``d ekykù mli eoholkù( uob` oj

yc`b( upec mu ^mnnk Umph cmzklf ôbml ekykq`luckw+( ycmy c` hm{ i`meolu #ikmdol`kl "" Meyu:,=,( :,5,( :,:,+,

T>R 1 Yc` ^mnnk h`mi`~uckw F~opw oj yc` F~`my Y`bwh` kl A`~pumh`b, Upw`~ko~ eop~y ièkukol kl

Boumke Y`bwh` oj A`~pumh`b kl vcmy vmu ~`fphmykolu mli eop~y oj ekzkh mli ~`hkfkopu hkj` oj yc`

A`vkuc Eobbplkykù kl A`~pumh`b mli klik~èyh{ bo~` o~ hùu oj bouy eobbplkykù oj

Wmhùyklkml y`~~kyo~kù mli Ubmhh Mukm4 meykzky{ yoh`~myì n{ yc` ôbml oeepwmlyu,

>=

>>



A`vkuc Eobbplkykù oj Kpi``m, Kl ycku jk~uy w`~koi oj yv`ly{"jkz` {`m~u m~` ~è`kzklf mbolf

yc` C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu Eobbplkykù b`bn`~u oj oyc`~ lmykolu1 M UKFL OJ @SWMLUKOL

OJ BO^MH EOLE@WYU BOUMKE N[ ^@HKFKOPU @ZMLF@HKUB MEYKOL OJ

C@N^@V EC^KUYKMLU,

E`ly`~ oj f~mzky{ oj yc` uyo~{ y`sy ku mnopy Wmphkml Bkuukolm~{, Oz`~mhh yc` vo~d ku m

j~ùeo oj yc`bù mli m~fpb`lyu oj jk~uy Ec~kuykml mww~omec, Ky mhuo mii~ùu1 yo A`vu n{boumke eobb`lyu oj ume~ì y`syu( yo F~``du n{ wckhouowckemh ~`jhèykolu oj C`hh`lkuyke

lmyp~`, Jo~ mhh( mwouyohke mww~omec `zodù yc` ùu`le` oj yc` Ec~kuykml b{uy`~{1 m e~pekjkì

Bùukmc( vkylùu cku ~ùp~~èykol mli yc` emhh yo eolz`~ukol n{ Ec~kuykml Nmwykub mli yc`

@pecm~kuy b{uy`~{, Yc` y`sy vmu myymedì ycmy ml mwohof{ oj yc` Wmphkml Bkuukolm~{, Yc`

jmey ku ycmy Hpd` whm{u ik~èy yùykbol{ mnopy ~`hkfkopu eoljhkey n`yv``l Boumke A`vu mli

yc` C`n~`v Ec~kuykml ~kyù4 n~mlecù oj yc` umb` boloyc`kuy ~`hkfkolu,

Yc` mpyco~ ~`hmyù yc` mwouyh` Wmph bkhkymle{( bùumfù mii~ùuì yo kyu boumke eo"

~`hkfkolkuyu mli yo &wmfmlu&( ôbml dlkfcyu( ôbml apuyke` mli yo yc` ôbml @bw`~o~

#E`qm~+, Hpd` bmi` m yùykbol{( mu m vkylùu mli wm~ykekwmly kl yo u`ypw yc`b,

D`{ ki`mu kl yc` Hpemlkml y`sy eophi n`1

Yc` Jmkyc kl ^`zkzmh oj Aùpu mli cku }pmhky{ oj &Uol oj Foi&,

Yc` bmkl m~fpb`lyu oj yc` mwouyhù mfmkluy boumke ^mnnk( ycmy i`lkì Aùpu mu Bùukmc(

yc` cm~nklf`~ oj yc` w~owc`yu,

Yc` Bkuukolm~{ Meyu oj Mwouyhù n{ jmeyu( u`~bolu mli w`~uolmh `smbwh`( kl yc`

eolz`~ukolu yo Ec~kuykmlky{,

W~kbm~{ jo~bu oj Ec~kuykml ~kypmh w~meykeù,

Kuup` oj meeùu yo ikzkl` jo~fkz`lùu4 ùu`lykmhh{ eobbol w~onh`b kl mhh iofbmykemh oj ùoy`~ke ~`hkfkol,

>>

Hpd` bmi` m yùykbol{( v~kyklf uob` jmeyu j~ob yc` n`fkllklf oj Ec~kuykmlky{( mu m >5



Hpd` bmi` m yùykbol{( v~kyklf uob` jmeyu j~ob yc` n`fkllklf oj Ec~kuykmlky{( mu mvkylùu mli wm~ykekwmly kl yo u`ypw yc`b, Kl whme` oj eolehpukol yo ycku kly~oipeykol( eml

fkz` yc` `smbwh` oj ^mnnk Umph eolz`~ukol yo yc` Fouw`h oj Aùpu( nèmb` Mwouyh` Wmph, Kl

ycku uklfh` ièkukol oj m cpbml i~mbm v` jkli yc` A`vu eolz`~y yo oyc`~ ~`hkfkolu( hmuyklf

yvo ycopumli {`m~u, Yc` mwouyh` Ambù yc` {oplf vkhh eolyklp` yo ~ùwèy yc` Boumke Hmv(

npy yc`{ wokly yo Eoplekh oj A`~pumh`b ycmy “wmfmlu‟ vkhh upwwo~y yc` jklmh ~`}pùy oj m

bklkbpb oj ~ùy~keykolu ol eolz`~yu yo Ec~kuykmlkub, Bm~y{~iob oj Umkly Uy`wc`l i`meol

vkhh n~`md &pbnkhkemh eo~i& ycmy ku ykì yo yc` C`n~`v Ec~kuykml kyu Boumke A`vu j`hhovu, Yc`

Eoplekh oj A`~pumh`b #93 {`m~( j~ob oyc`~ uop~eù 07 E@+ vkhh `luc~kl` yc` w~klekwhù oj

&Ikzkl` Jo~fkz`lùu& fouw`h yc~opfc jmkyc kl Aùpu, Vkhh n~`md yc` cohi eolz`~yì yo

Ec~kuykmlky{ n{ &epy m~opli& ~kypmh mli ~ùwèy &mi kl& m u`z`~` Boumke Hmv, Npy ycku vmu

loy y~p` jo~ i`zoy`ù C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu #yc`{ jphh{ ~ùwèy yc` ohi Boumke hmvu+, Yc` yo n`

pli`~hklì jmey ku yc` bob`ly oj ~kw n`yv``l yc` yvo yvkfu oj C`n~`v Boloyc`kub1 yc`

Boumke mli Ec~kuykml, Mu m i~kz` mvm{ &n~oyc`~u yo n~oyc`~u&, Yc` Ec~kuykml C`n~`v

Mwouyhù vkhh eolz`~y Ec~kuykmlu mbolf &wòwhù kiohmy~{&( m wc`lob`lol vckec vkhh n`

eolyklpì mjy`~ jk~uy e`lyp~{ j~ob lol C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu mholf >(777 {`m~u1 kl yc` @p~o"

Mukml no~i`~u( yc`l yc` vcoh` vo~hi, Klkykmh ikz`~f`le` oj ycò~{ mli uoekmh kl lmyp~`(

n`yv``l C`n~`v( e~c~kuykmlu mli boumke( vkhh h`mi yo ~pwyp~` oj yc` C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu mliyc` Boumke Eobbplky{ kl ~ìpeklf yc` ucm~` oj C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu,

Kl mww~oskbmy`h{ u`z`l cpli~ì {`m~u vkhh mww`m~ Kuhmbke boloyc`kub, Mhycopfc Aùpu(

yc` w~owc`y Bpcmbbmi iki ~`fm~iì Bouù mu m w~ìèùuo~, Yc` “yc~p` johhov`~u‟ cmz`

npkhy CMY@ yo w~`z`ly HOZ@, Vc{ ,,, kl y~pyc olh{ Foi dlovu- Bm{n` ~`hkfkopu

@epb`lkub plky{ pli`~ yc` ukfl oj m bo~mh n`hk`j kl yc` `skuy`le` oj &PLK]P@ IKZKL@&

vkhh fkz` f~me` kl yc` uoph oj ycou` vco m~` op~ uc`wc`~iu( yo oz`~eob` yc` bk~mf` ycmyi`hkz`~ my m ykb` kl uèhpukol YO COHI YC@ U@EPHM^ WOV@^,

>5

>9



ECMWY@^ K ― W@LYMYC@PY

E,K,= YC@ N@FKLLKLF

Kl yc` W~ohofp` oj &Meyu oj yc` Mwouyhù& Mwouyh` Hpd` ku mii~ùuì yo m eob~mi`( Yòjkh #A`v

kl yc` Myyke( uvkyecì yo Ec~kuykmlky{ pli`~ Wmph&u eolipey+ upbbm~kqklf kl m j`v

wm~mf~mwcu #Meyu w,=,=">,:+ ol` oj yc` ùu`lykmh w~owcè{ oj Aùpu Ec~kuy( mjy`~

~ùp~~èykol( mli mllopleklf yc` eobklf oj yc` Coh{ Uwk~ky Nmwykub, Kl ukbwh` vo~iu vèobbplkemy` yc` ùu`le` oj yc` Fouw`h bùumf` oj Aùpu, Kl yc` jo~y{ im{u ycmy mjy`~ Aùpu

~ùp~~èykol, C` eobbplkemy` vkyc yc` mwouyhù ol yc` Boply Ohkz` y~`ù #vckec fpm~iu yc`

ohi eky{ oj A`~pumh`b+( vkyc yc` w~owcèkù oj vcmy vophi cmww`l( c` mudì cku eob~miù yo

h`mz` yc` eky{( yo ~è`kz` oz`~ j`v im{u &Nmwykub n{ Coh{ Uwk~ky&1

&Aocl yc` Nmwykuy nmwykub fkz`l vmy`~( npy {op vkhh n` nmwykqì kl yc` Coh{ Uwk~ky hkfcy oz`~

m j`v im{u& #Meyu w,=,0,+,

Mwouyhù uykhh iki loy yckld yo ~pwyp~` n`yv``l jmkyc johhovklf wòwh` vcou` eckhi~`l v`~`,

Yc`{ mudì1

&Yc` ykb` cmu eob` yo ~ùyo~` yc` Dklfiob oj Ku~m`h?‟

Yc` mluv`~ vmu1

& V` eml loy yo dlov vc`l mli vc`l, Npy {op vkhh ~è`kz` m Jo~e`1 ycmy yc` Coh{ Uwk~ky(

vckec vkhh iovl ol {op~ n`klfu, Yc`l {op&hh n` b{ vkylùu( kl A`~pumh`b( kl mhh Api`m mli

Umbm~km( apuy kl mhh yc` vo~hi& #Meyu w,=,6,+,

Yc`~` m~` bml{ w~`zkopu zk`vklf uymy`( `lzkumfì n{ yc` w~owc`yu mli bmfpu( `z`~{ wm~y

oj yc` `m~yc, Zk`vklf eolikykol( dlovl mu &yc` eh`m~ zkukol& ku ~`hmykz` kl Klikm zìmu noodu(

jkli y`sy `ly`~ì kl uyol` o~ wmw{~pu n{ kluki`~u j~ob B`bwcku #@f{wy+( kl cku ~`wo~yu ol

C`~oioy w~ìkey woh{yc`kuy ephy mli w~kùyu @h`pukml j~ob I`hwck, Yo b`lykol mli ycou` oj yc` jk~uy nknhkemh y`sy #&Ohi Yùymb`ly&+, Yc` `swhmlmykol jo~ yc` oeep~~`le` oj eh`m~"uymy`

>9

zkukol ku yo n~k`jh{ kl yc` kly`lukz` pu` oj n~mkl ~ùop~eù yc~opfc y~mklklf mli m f~`my vm{ >0



z u o u yo n ` { y ` y` u z` pu` o n m ùop eù y opf y m f m i m f `my vm{oj hkj`( vckec ymd` n`yv``l jop~ mli jop~y``l {`m~u #i`w`liklf ol yc` uymf` ~`mecì n{ yc`

uym~y+, C` vmu( d``wklf yc` w~owo~ykolu( uob`vcmy hkd` m f{blmuy y~mklklf jo~ w`~jo~bmle`

,,, n`vkhi`~b`ly ycmy {`m~ vmyecklf ôbmlkml Lmikm Eobmlèk kl wm~mhh`h o~ n`mb ku mhuo

yc` opyeob` mli `}pkwwklf lmykz` mli m hm~f` lpbn`~ oj cop~u oj y~mklklf iol` ol i`zkeù,

[ m~u oj i`w~kzmykol eobwm~ì yo yc` hkj` mli ao{u oj eckhi~`l c`~ mf`, ^ùphy m~` ukbkhm~1

yc` bmskbpb wouuknh` klikzkipmh w`~jo~bmle`, K klzky` ycou` vkhhklf yo eoluphy mbolf `mec

oyc`~ mli nknhkof~mwc{ oj ycku y`sy, Aùpu( hkd` Bouù( W{ycmfo~mu mli Bocmbbì( m~` yc`

W~owc`yu, Yc`{ cmz` ~`mecì yc` phykbmy` bmskbpb i`f~``( n{ f~me` mli y~mklklf( mli

v`~` b`mly yo pu` ycku wov`~( f`l`yke mli me}pk~ì( kl bo~mh mli ~`hkfkopu ~`zkzmh oj yc` `~m

kl vckec yc`{ hkzì y`bwo~mh iùykl{ vkyc m zkukol ycmy vkhh ~ùphy mli jo~`noiklf,

Uo Aùpu `swhmklì kl m j`v vo~iu ycmy A`~pumh`b mu yc` whme` oj i`wm~yp~` mli m~~kzmh( m

bpymykol ycmy vkhh y~kff`~ m &Fouw`h oj Aùpu&4 bmao~ uymfù oj ckuyo~{ mli yc` Ec~kuykml

mwouyhù, Npy `}pmhh{ y~p` ku ycmy vkycopy jmkyc mli y`lmeky{ oj `m~h{ C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu

bkuukolm~kù( ycou` vco cmz` johhovì yc` iìkemykol( yc` w~owc`yu vophi cmz` ~`bmklì kl

yc` vkhi`~lùu ,,,,

Mjy`~ jkjy{ im{u e~pekjkskol oj Aùpu( johhov`~u fmyc`~ì kl yc` w~èkleyu vc`~` yc`~` cmu

n``l &Yc` hmuy Upww`~‟, Yc`{ v`~` W`y`~( Aocl( Ameon( Mli~`v( Wckhkw( Ycobmu(Nm~yobhob`p #Lmymlm`h+( Bmyyc`v( Ameon #uol oj Mhj`k+( Yc` Q`mhoy Ukbol( Apimu #oyc`~

ycml Kuem~koy Apimu( vco cmliì Aùpu yo yc` ôbml y~oowu( yof`yc`~ vkyc u`~zmlyu eobklf

yo Y`bwh` ky emwyp~ù+, Yof`yc`~ vkyc yc`b vmu Bm~{( Aùpu boyc`~ mli m f~opw oj

johhov`~u, Johhovì ^ùp~~èykol jmeyu( v`hh dlovl( emb` l`vu oj Apimu&u upkeki` mli

~`whme`b`ly vkyc Bmyyc`v, Nm~lmn`( mhycopfc ky vmu loy `hèyì( vkhh eolyklp` yo

y`lmekopuh{ ikuekwh` oj Aùpu, Y{wkemh C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu oj yc` ykb` vmu yc` mnu`le` oj `lz{mli w~ki`, Lol` oj yc` yv`hz` m~` loy eoluki`~ì my nùy olh{ mbolf yc` yv`hz` YO N@,

0

My jkjy{ im{u mjy`~ @muy`~ mli Wmuukol oj Aùpu ^ùp~~èykol m uyo~b oj loku` ycmy >:



My jkjy{ im{u mjy`~ @muy`~ mli Wmuukol oj Aùpu ^ùp~~èykol( m uyo~b oj loku` ycmy

up~~opliì yc` npkhiklf vc`~` yc`{ v`~`, Uy~mlf` wc`lob`lm yood whme`1 &uy~`mbu oj jk~`&

vckec ku iovl j~ob yow oj `mec mwouyh`, Ikzkl` f~me` #kl jmey yc` Umkly Uwk~ky Nmwykub+

eob`, Yc` `jjèy vmu onu`~zì ol im{u ycmy johhovì n{ eky{ klcmnkymlyu, Loy ubmhh ky vmu

up~w~kuklf vc`l `mec oj yc`b c`m~i yc` vo~iu oj yc` mwouyhù1 &^ùp~~èykol l`vu oj Aùpu&

ol cku yolfp`, Ky ku dlovl mu yc` mwouyhù v`~` ukbwh` wòwh`( loy y~mklì my uecoohu l`m~ ycù{lmfofp`, Bo~`1 yc`{ ymhdì mnopy Aùpu kl @hmbky`( M~mnke( Wm~y, W~`mecì yc` eobklf oj

Bùowoymbkm( Api`m( Emwmioeckm( Woly` @pskl( Hkn{m( ôb`, Y`bwh` ckfc`~ ~ùwolu` ku

ycmy W`y`~ mli `h`z`l oyc`~ mwouyhù( vmu yc` ~ùphy oj ,,, i~kld, Kl yc` e~ovi fmyc`~ì kl yc`

eop~y{m~i oj yc` Y`bwh`( ~èmhhu ycmy lkl` eobklf yo w~`mec bo~lklf, @kyc`~ A`vu

w~meykeklf Boumke Hmv( m~` w~ocknkyì n`jo~` m w~m{ ycku bo~lklf n`z`~mfù oj ml{ dkliT=R,

Yc`{ `swhmkl yc` uy~mlf` wc`lob`lol vkyc yc` bùumf` y~mlubkyyì n{ Aùpu ol yc` BoplyOhkz` y~`ù1

&K vkhh io ycmy B`kumlkeu ykbù( B{ uwk~ky yo iùe`li ol yc` noikù, N` vkhh w~owcù{( {oplf

wòwh` vkhh cmz` zkukolu( ohi b`l vkhh cmz` ycopfcyu, K vkhh iovl ol yc` Coh{ Uwk~ky

eobbkyyì, K eolap~` b{uy`~kopu ukflu ol yc` ud{ mli iovl yo @m~yc, Yc` upl vkhh ecmlf`

yc` ucmiov mli yc` Bool kl yc` nhooi yo eob` n`jo~` yc` im{ oj Foi " yc` F~`my Im{, Mli

`z`~{ol` vkhh klzod` Foi&u lmb` vkhh n` umzì&, #Meyu >,=6,">=,+Mwouyh` W`y`~ um{1 “Yc`l {op ~`b`bn`~ cov ycou` w~ù`ly ycmy yc` U`ly oj Foi( vkyc f~me`

oj ~èoz`~ mli y~p` Boumke jmkyc vmu e~pekjkì n{ ycou` umb` `yclke f~opw( eckhi~`l oj

Ku~m`h&u, Npy [ coucpm #Aùpu+ oj Lmqm~`yc ^ùp~~èykol ku ukbkhm~h{ mu Dklf Imzki cmi cku

ovl zkukol oj ~ùp~~èykol, Kl ycku mww~omec vmu w~ù`lyì vkyc m ~`z`hmykol1

^@UP^^@EYKOL,‟

T=R Vcmy cmu n``l u`ly yo Ec~kuykmlu kl yc` ume~mb`ly ~kypmh,

Yc jk y y j Ec k yk ky yc yh j i y k y y k y>6



Yc` jk~uy uy`wu oj Ec~kuykmlky{( yc` mwouyhù v`~` ~`j`~~ì yo ml mlek`ly ùoy`~ke eole`wy1

^@UP^^@EYKOL UOPH mu m ~ùphy oj kyu wmuumf` yc~opfc m holf hkl` oj y`bwo~mh

`skuy`le`( plykh ol` oj yc` yvo wouuknkhkykù1 iùy~peykol kl Cmiù ― #C`hh+ o~ wmuumf` kl m

ckfc`~ whml #emhhì yc` Dklfiob oj Foi( Oh{bwpu( C`mz`l( Lk~zmlm( `ye,+, M eoly`bwo~m~{

cmu m zmfp` w`~e`wykol oj yc` `skuy`le` oj ycku mlek`ly b{yc, W~owcyu C`n~`v wòwh`( mbolf

yc`b Bouù( Imzki mli Kumkmc( K dl`v, Ckuyo~{ mli w~ù`le` oj ycku b{yc kl yc` ùoy`~key`syu lov lkl` ycopumli {`m~u1 yc` zkukol oj C`~bù Y~kub`fkuypu #mnopy vcou` `skuy`le`

v` ymhd Ucop~ë`+, Cku johhov`~u( w~kùyu oj y`bwhù oj B`bwcku #@f{wy+( mli hmy`~ Klikml

^mbm D~kuclm( ucm~ì yc` kluki` ol yc` hmuy uy`wu oj klkykmykol( b{uy`~{ ~ùp~~èykol uwk~ky

klyo mloyc`~ nkohofkemh noi{( yc~opfcopy yc` `skuy`le` oj m lpbn`~ oj vckec i`f~mi` CKFC

o~ yovm~iu hkj` vkycopy i`myc, W{ycmfo~m {op ikuehou` `h`pkuml b{yc mnopy foiiùu Wu{c`,

Cku ikuekwhù( yood ckb kl F~``d eoholkù, Ol` oj yc` ikuekwhù( Qmbohs` #yc` mlek`ly Ho~i oj Ime Wòwh`( kl yc` ZKK e`lyp~{ n`jo~` `,e,+ cmu f~ovl vkyc i`myc ubkh` ol yc` hkwu oj ycou`

dkhhì ol yc` nmyyh`jk`hi( eoljki`ly kl yc` l`sy hkj` vkhh n` ~`vm~iì jo~ yc` eop~mf` mli

ikflky{, Bouù( vco vmu yc` jk~uy “Upnbkyyì‟ #Bùmkmc+ oj yc` “wòwh` oj Foi‟ vmu m A`v

klkykmyì kl Y`nml y`bwhù #SKKK e`lyp~{ n`jo~` yc` Ec~kuykml `~m+, Bouù ~`z`mh

^ùp~~èykol B{uy`~{ yo yc` A`vkuc wòwh` ol yc` vm{ j~ob @f{wy yo yc` nmldu oj Ao~iml,

Yc` ~`muol vmu yo e~`my` m wòwh` jo~ m ~`hkfkol, Jo~ A`vkuc y~knù ycmy cmz` n``l eolipeyì

kl yc` vmuyù oj Uklmk jo~y{ {`m~u n`yv``l Lkh I`hym mli @~kcol #ikuymle` ycmy vophi n` fol`

kl m j`v bolycu+, Yc` mkb n`klf ycmy yc` l`v no~l ol ycku ~omi yo n` ìpemyì mli y~mklì

boloyc`kuy ~`hkfkol ― yo y~puy kl OL@ FOI " mli yc` l`v uwk~ky oj bo~mh mli uoekmh hmvu oj

Bouù( vckec kl yp~l pli`~hk` yc` o~fmlkqmykol oj cpbml ekzkhkqmykol jo~ l`m~h{ yc~``

ycopumli {`m~u, Kj yck~uy{ mli cplf~{ A`vu cmi e`~ymklh{ m hkj` mc`mi vophi n` uwèkjkemhh{

vmkzì kl whme` my yc` w~ù`ly ,,, Mjy`~ Bouù lo Mcmm~ol #Mm~ol+ o~ K`coucpm #Aoucpm+

cmz` loy ~`z`mhì yc` ùoy`~ke ~ùp~~èykol b{uy`~{ Npy c` vmu w`~e`kzì n{ uob` oj yc` >3



cmz` loy ~`z`mhì yc` ùoy`~ke ~ùp~~èykol b{uy`~{, Npy c` vmu w`~e`kzì n{ uob` oj yc`

~mnnk #Wcm~ku`` mli @uu`lù+ ip~klf yc` `skuy`le` oj Aùpu,

Fouw`h oj Aùpu vkhh n` yc` jk~uy yo ikuehou` yc` b{uy`~{ oj yc` oeephy mu ^ùp~~èykol

boumke wkhhm~ oj jmkyc, Yc` w~owc`y vmu e~pekjkì nèmpu` ycmy b`mlu jklmh i`myc oj uoph jo~

kluki`~u boumke, ^`mww`m~mle` n`jo~` cku ikuekwhù vmu ml medlovhìfb`ly oj yc` b{uy`~{1

&Yc` i`myc oj i`myc yo uy`w ol&, Mli `swhmklu upec y`lmeky{ mli zk~yp` vkyc vckec yc` jk~uyC`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu ^ùp~~èykol jkhì yùykbol{ oj Aùpu( bouy ojy`l my yc` eouy oj hkj`,

Mwouyh` W`y`~ kl cku jk~uy hèyp~ù #mli hmy`~ Wmph d`wy w~`mecklf kl u{lmfofpù mli kl cku

h`yy`~u+ ehmkbì n`yv``l yc` plky{ mli yc` Fouw`h oj Aùpu mli yc` Ohi Yùymb`ly, Ky vmu ml

myy`bwy yo w`~upmi` w~kùyu yo mee`wy yùykbol{ ~ùp~~èykol mu w~ooj oj }pmhky{ jo~ Aùpu yo

n` Bùukmc, Ycku vmu f~``yì vkyc klyoh`~mle` ikufpkuì yo pu yoim{, Npy &Hoz` Ikzkl`& mli

cow` kl &Hkj` Mjy`~& vkhh jo~e` yc`b yo `swmli n{ johhov`~u oj &wmfml vo~hi& yc~opfcopy yc`coh` bmldkli,

Kl ycou` ikjjkephy bob`lyu mli ycmy vmu loy yo n` m wouuknh` eolu`lupu, Api`ml Dklfiob(

oeepwkì n{ yc` ôbmlu( ikzkiì cku kluki`( vmu loy ml `lzk~olb`ly jo~ ycòhofkemh &eohi&

i`nmy`( vkyc yc` onaèykz` oj jkliklf hklù `b`~fklf n`yv``l C`n~`v1 Boumke kluki`~u mli

Ec~kuykmlu( nèmpu` oj yc~`` bmao~ eoljhkeyu1

LMYKOLMH EOLJHKEY " A`v wòwh` owwouì yo m &upkekimh y`lmeky{& #@bw`~o~ Mi~kmluymy`b`ly+ ôbml iobklmykol n{ j~`}p`ly ~koyu hì n{ q`mhoyu, Mloyc`~ wm~y oj yc` C`n~`v

uoek`y{( yc` ~kecùy( jkli m boipu zkz`lik vkyc yc` ôbml oeepwmykol jo~e`, Ycmy e~`my` ml

kly`~lmh uwhky n`yv``l johhov`~u oj yc` yvo wmycvm{u, Ml `smbwh` ku yc` c`mi oj couykh`( A`v

Aou`wc N`l Bmykymcp( vco ympfcy yc` ôbmlu yc` lmb` n`klf ~`bozì j~ob wòwh`&u

ckuyo~{ #yc` k~ol{ ku ycmy ky nèobù ol` oj yc` ckuyo~kmlu ekyì jo~ yc` A`vkuc hkj` mli

ôbml ― A`v vm~u oj ycmy mf`( yc`l pli`~ ôbml Acou`jpu Jhmzkpu+, Yc` =50 {`m~ n~klf yo

ckb yc` oeepwmykol oj A`~pumh`b A`vu i~kzklf mvm{ j~ob yc` eky{4 ôbmlu iùy~o{klf>;



ckb yc` oeepwmykol oj A`~pumh`b( A`vu i~kzklf mvm{ j~ob yc` eky{4 ôbmlu iùy~o{klf

npkhiklfu( ~m~`h{ hmli vkyc os`l mli npkhi m ôbml eky{ emhhì M`hkm Emwkyohklm #e`lyp~{ KK

e,`,+,

KLY@^LMH EOLJHKEY " Ky eolukuyu kl yc` i`f~mimykol oj ekzkh uoek`y{ mli myobkumykol

C`n~`v ekzkh uohkim~ky{ nmuì ol v`mhyc, Yc` ~ùphy vmu m u`~kù oj ~koyu mfmkluy upnbkyyklf

ml mibklkuy~mykz` lmyp~` ycmy oz`~hmw y~knpy` yc` ôbml mpyco~ky{, Jo~ ukbwh` bml eobklfoj yc` Bùukmc( yc` klem~lmy` Aùpu( vmu loy olh{ èco yc` w~owc`yu Bouù( Imzki( o~ Kumkmc(

npy m b`mlu yo `sw~ùu ~`n`hhkol oj yc` wòwh` mfmkluy emuyù mli y~knmh mibklkuy~mykz` Api`m

mli ôbml mpyco~kykù mli n`m~ bol`{, Ky ku mhbouy upw`~jhpopu yo b`lykol ycmy yc`l( mu

lov( ycù` eoljhkeyu cmz` hì yo kly`~lmh jmkhp~ù mli m hmed oj plky{( eml n` puì n{ yc`

ôbmlu yo bmklymkl wouuùukol mli jklmhh{ iùy~o{ Api`ml uymy`,

^@HKFKOPU EOLJHKEY owklkolmyì my ycmy ykb` v`~` yc~`` f~opwu vkyc ikjj`~`lykly`~w~`ymykolu oj yc` ycòhofkemh mli w~meykemh muwèyu oj yc` ioey~kl` oj ~`hkfkopu boumke,

Umipe`ù #Yqmiodkb+ " up~zkzklf eolu`~zmykz` n~mlec oj H`zkykepu( Yo~` ~`}pk~klf

eobwhkmle` vkyc yc` h`yy`~( vkycopy ml{ i`zkmykol, Yc`{ ehmkbì Iofbm `skuy`le` oj m uklfh`

#uklfh` hkj`+, Hkj` A`v vmu i~kz`l n{ j`m~ oj n~`mdklf {op~ bkyqzoy #eobbmlib`lyu ume~ì+(

yc` wplkucb`ly oj Foi, Yc`{ cmi my ycmy ykb` eoly~oh Umlcì~kl #~`hkfkopu ièkukol"bmdklf

jo~pb oj yc` F~`my Y bwh`+, Mbolf yc`b m~` yc` Emkwcmu " Ckfc W~kùy kl yc` ykb` oj Umkly

Aocl yc` nmwyku`~ mli yc`l Aùpu,

Wcm~ku`ù #W`~pueckb+ v`~` ycou` vco( kl mww~omecklf yc` w~onh`bu oj &A`v kl yc`

uy~``y&( Yo~` w~meyke` y`mecklf kl m uwk~ky oj jh`sknkhky{ mli mimwy yc`b yo w~meykemh ~`mhky{ #

&O~mh pu` Yo~mc&+, Yc`{ io loy i`l{ yc` ^ùp~~èykol, Uob` oj yc`b upec mu ^mnnk

Lkeoi`bpu( Fmbmhk`h yc` [oplf( cmz` `sw~ùuì kl Umlcì~kl yo jkli m eobw~obku` vkyc

yc` Ec~kuykml uèy oj A`vu( noyc n`jo~` mli kbbìkmy`h{ mjy`~ yc` dkhhklf oj Aùpu,

@uu`lù #Cmukikb+ v`~` yc` eo~` oj yc` ùoy`~ke noi{ oj ^mnnklmy` Eo~wpu, Yc`k~ e`ly`~u57



@uu`lù #Cmukikb+ v`~` yc` eo~` oj yc` ùoy`~ke noi{ oj ^mnnklmy` Eo~wpu, Yc`k~ e`ly`~u

v`~` ow`l kl @kl Fcìik #@kl Fìk+ mli ]pb~mb l`m~ I`myc U`m mli Lkh I`hym, Yc`k~

`fmhkym~kml o~fmlkqmykol #hkj` mli w~ow`~y{ kl eobbol( bpypmh n~oyc`~u oj jmkyc vc`~`z`~

yc`{ m~`( nmllklf yc` w~meyke` oj uwèphmykz` meykzkykù( y~mi`( bkhkym~{+ vkhh n` ymd`l oz`~ n{

yc` jk~uy Ec~kuykml eobbplkykù mli Ec~kuykml hmy`~ bolmuyke o~i`~u( ~`fm~ihùu oj ~ky`,

Mbolf yc`b vophi n` ycou` vco cmz` upwwo~yì yc` bmy`~kmh mli hofkuyke upwwo~y bkuukoluw~`mecì oj Aùpu #yc` muupbwykol ku nmuì ol yc` onu`~zmykol ycmy yc` Fouw`hu m~` loy

b`lykolì bml{ oj ycou` vco cmz` n``l couyu oj yc` Mwouyhù( vckec jkyu vkyc yc` y~mikykol

oj w~oyèyklf hkldu n`yv``l b`bn`~u oj yc` @uu`lù eolf~`fmykol+, Ehmkbì ycmy yc`k~

ioey~kl` ^ùp~~èykol b{yc mli `skuy`le` kl ykb` oj u`z`~mh u`ly #Bùukmc+, Yc`{( kl zm~kopu

bob`lyu oj yc` &Vm~ ol yc` eckhi~`l oj hkfcy uolu oj im~dlùu& eob` yo yc` & ikzkl` vkhh &,

@uu`lù( Umipe`ù( Wcm~ku`ù ku eoluykypyì kl yc` wmuy eoplekho~ oj Api``m Dklfu,Kly`~lmh eoljhkeyu v`~` loy vkwì opy n{ lov ,,,

Kly`~lmh jkfcyklf upw`~wou` yo yc` jklmh Ku~m`h Uymy` ikukly`f~mykol oj yc` {`m~ =50,

Bmdklf &Uwk~kypmh Uymy` oj Ku~m`h&( n{ uy~peyp~klf kyu ioey~klmh mli w~mfbmyke( ku klkykmyì n{

Kocmlml ^mnnk N`l Qmdmk( yo KMUBKLM #67+, Ycku o~fmlkqmykolmh uy~peyp~` cmu `lmnhì yc`

up~zkzmh oj Uwk~kypmh ikuwm~my` eobbplkykù mn~omi @~`yq Ku~m`h #Fmhpy+, Eolf~ùu kl Nmu`h

kl =3;6 vmu yc` n`fkllklf oj Eobklf Nmed, @liì kl =;93 vkyc yc` jopliklf oj @~`yq Ku~m`hUymy`, Kl lol` oj ycù` bob`lyu cmu loy n``l mee`wyì mu m A`v yo yc` C`n~`v mic`~`ly oj

Ec~kuykmlky{, Mli yo n` jmk~ ,,, jo~ ml{ oyc`~ ~`hkfkol ycml Boumke,

Mjy`~ yc` jk~uy hèyp~` oj W`y`~ n`fklu yo eolz`~y yc` A`vu n{ Ec~kuykml &nmwykub vkyc

vmy`~& mli @pecm~kuyT=R,T=R Mnopy EC^KUY@LKLF O^ MIPHY NMWYKUB " &^`w`ly( mli `mec oj {op vkhh n` nmwykqì kl yc`

lmb` oj Aùpu Ec~kuy jo~ yc` jo~fkz`lùu oj uklu& #Meyu >,53,+, @PECM^KUY " C`n~`v( yc` jk~uyEc~kuykmlu &cob` n~`md n~`mi &#Meyu >,9:+,

Yc`{ v`~` mhbouy &yc~`` ycopumli uophu. Yc` jk~uy Ec~kuykml eobbplky{ kl A`~pumh`b5=



Yc`{ v`~` mhbouy yc~`` ycopumli uophu , Yc` jk~uy Ec~kuykml eobbplky{ kl A`~pumh`b

m~kuù, Johhov`~u yo ~ùwèy yc` ~kypmh @pecm~kuyke4 fooiu v`~` bmi` kl eobbol( bmuu mli

w~m{`~u v`~` ucm~ì( mli y~mklklf yo Mwouyohke Uecooh,

Yc`{ onu`~z` yc` y~mikykol oj o~fmlkqklf m y{w` oj C`n~`v @uu`lù eobbplky{, Hoz` Foi

mli j`m~ loy( fooi l`kfcno~ mli bmi` lo b`~e{( ao{ yo h`m~l mholfuki` oyc`~u kl jmkyc mli

loy ~`z`h yc` &`hèyì& mli bmi` yc` jk~uy Ec~kuykmlu yo u`hh yc`k~ muu`yu( n~klfklf kl l`vbmy`~kmh fooiu n{ yc` C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu eobbplky{, Yc`{ eolyklpì yo onu`~z` y~mikykolu(

cohkim{u mli ~kypmh eobb`bo~myklf Boumke #oj yc`{ loy j``hklf mwm~y+ mli yo fo yo yc`

F~`my Y`bwh`,

Yc` bk~mephopu c`mhklf( ~`mhkqì n{ yc` Mwouyhù( yc`{ ~`kljo~eì yc` eoljki`le` kl yc` vm{

ecou`l, Jo~ `smbwh` c` ~èoz`~{ kl m hmb` vm{ yo bo~lklf w~m{`~u kl yc` Y`bwh`, Kl ol`

im{( vc`l W`y`~ mli Aocl fo yo yc` Y`bwh` bo~lklf w~m{`~( m e~kwwh` j~ob nk~yc yc`{uy~`yecì cmli yo ~è`kz` yc` ioh`, W`y`~ mli yc` jksì kly`luky{ oj cku `{ù vckh` c` yohi

Aocl1 &Hood Ky&u PU-, N`klf plcmww{ mli c` ~mkuù cku c`mi ol( mhvm{u cmli uy~`yecì,

W`y`~ eolyklpù yo zk`v vkyc kly`luky{ vc`l c` um{u1

&Ukhz`~ mli Fohi K cmz` loy( NPY VCMY MB K fkz` {op1 Kl yc` lmb` oj Aùpu Ec~kuy oj

Lmqm~`yc F@Y PW MLI FO- .#Meyu w,5,:,+

W`y`~ c`hwì e~kwwh` uymli pw mli j``h ycmy yc`{ m~` zkfo~opu, Fo yc~opfc yc` Y`bwhèop~y{m~i ycmld Foi, K u`` yc` jmkycjph w~ù`ly e~kwwhì n`ffklf foklf ol,

Ycmy empuì n`vkhi`~b`ly mbolf yc`{ m~` yc`~`, W`y`~ mli Aocl foklf yo yc` j~oly fmy`

@uwhmlmim Uohobol mli mii~ùuù e~ovi yc`~`, Yc` ~è`ly ~èmhhu cov bml{ oj ycou` ehou`

yo i`myc yc`{ mudì Aùpu, Cku ^ùp~~èykol yùykbol{ ku ycmy hmb` ycmy ~èoz`~{ yc~opfc

jmkyc kl Aùpu mli yc` Mwouyhù klzodklf cku lmb` Yc` vo~iu oj W`y`~ mli Aocl1

&Wòwh` oj Ku~m`h( vc{ m~` mbmqì, Vc{ v` hood hkd` v` cmz` eobbkyyì ycku bk~meh` vkyc

op~ ovl jo~eù o~ n{ yc` wov`~ oj op~ w~m{`~, Foi oj Mn~mcmb( oj Kumme mli Ameon( yc` Foi5>



oj op~ jmyc`~u mli yc` coh{ f~me` iùe`liì( fho~kj{klf ckb cku u`~zmly( Aùpu Ec~kuy( vckec

hkldì {op mli ~`l`fmi` n`jo~` Wkhmy`4 ckb vc`l c` vmlyì yo hkn`~my` ckb, Mli {op cmz`

meepuì yc` coh{ u`~zmly oj Foi mudklf jo~ hkj` kl `secmlf` jo~ ml muumuukl TNm~mnmuR, Vckh`

yo dkhh yc` W~kle` oj Hkj`, Foi ~ùp~~èyì j~ob yc` i`mi, Mli yc~opfc jmkyc kl Cku lmb`(

ycku bml vco {op dlov( yc` klzoemykol oj yc` lmb` olh{ cmu whm{ì ol` {op u`` ol jphh

c`mhyc, “ #Meyu w,5,=>,"=:,+, C` p~fù eolz`~ukol mbolf &yc` Wòwh` oj Foi& }poyklf j~ob

Bouù mli Mn~mcmmb, @leop~mfklf yo eolz`~y vmu meeobwmlkì n{ mwouyh` vkyc m

}poymykol j~ob Bouù1

&Foi vkhh u`li mbolf {op m w~owc`y hkd` b`, Ycou` c` vkhh loy hkuy`l yo ycku w~owc`y vkhh n`

`sehpiì j~ob mbolf yc` wòwh` oj Foi &, #Meyu w,5,>>,+, C` ~èmhhu Mn~mcmb w~owc`yu oj

fhonmhkqmykol ol wòwh`&u jmkyc kl C`n~`v Fouw`h oj Aùpu1

&Kl yc` lmb` oj ycku w~owc`y( Uol oj Foi vkhh n` nhùuì mhh yc` jmbkhkù oj yc` @m~yc&, #Meyu

w,5,>0,+,

B`mlvckh` yc` e~ovi ehou`h{ mww~omecklf ^mnnk mli yc` Y bwh` fpm~i, Mwouyhù m~`

m~~ùyì mli n~opfcy n`jo~` yc` B``yklf Umlcì~kl, Yc`{ v`~` mudì vckec y~{ boed yc`k~

jmkyc, W`y`~&u ~ùwolu` vmu( kl miikykol yo yc` m~fpb`lyu w~ù`lyì e~ovi( yc` boykzmykol oj

jmkyc kl Aùpu mu yc` eo~l`~uyol` oj cpbml umhzmykol oj yc` A`v wòwh`, Mhuo yc`~` vmu yc`hmb` c`mhì( zkzki yùykbol{ yo yc` vo~iu oj W`y`~, Opyuki` yc` vo~hi i`bmliì yc`k~

~`h`mu`, Mwouyhù m~` ~`h`muì ,,, B`mup~ù kleolukuy`ly ip` ol ol` cmli n{ j`m~ oj ~koyu( ol

yc` oyc`~ uw`md`~u `lio~uì yc` Umlcì~kl vc`~` ^mnnk Fmbmhk`h yo p~f` empykol, Kl yc`

l`sy w`~koi kle~`mu` bmuukz`h{ yc` lpbn`~ oj `ly`~klf yc` C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu eobbplky{,

Kle~`mu` kyu v`hjm~`, Wòwh` n~opfcy yc` uked ol yc` vm{ mwouyhù yo c`mh, Eolzkleì oj yc`

~`mhky{ oj c`mhklf( vkyc C`n~`v mu Nm~lmnm jo~ypl` u`hhklf yc`k~ w~ow`~y{( w~ozkiklf yc`bol`{ mholf vkyc yc`k~ ~èolz`~ukol, Jo~ yc` imkh{ ikuy~knpykol oj fooiu vkyckl yc`

eobbplky{ yc` yv`hz` mwouyhù mwwoklyì u`z`l i`meolu oj yc` A`vu j~ob yc` C`hh`lkuyke 55



eobbplky{ yc` yv`hz` mwouyhù mwwoklyì u`z`l i`meolu oj yc` A`vu j~ob yc` C`hh`lkuyke

uwme` #ikmdol`kl " Meyu :,=,( :,5,( :,:,+, O~fmlkqmykolmh upeeùu bmi` ~mnnku o~ woy`lymy`( yo

wmlke, F~mli ^mnnk Emkwcmu mudu yo Mwouyhù loy yo w~`mec um{klf1

&Nhooi oj Aùpu vkhh mz`lf` mhh Ku~m`h&,

Yc` mwouyh` Wmph ~`whkù1

&Vco bpuy on`{( Foi o~ wòwh`? .^mnnk ~ùwolu` vmu1

&Ol Foi&

Yc`l mwouyh` mluv`~ì1

&Foi oj op~ jmyc`~u ~mkuì Aùpu kl o~i`~ yo fkz` yc` wòwh` oj Ku~m`h yc` jo~fkz`lùu oj uklu,

V` m~` vkylùuù& #Meyu w,0,>3, " 5>,+,

N`jo~` m b``yklf kl vckec yc` ~om~ mli yc~`my`l kl m eoljpuì uymy`( ^mnnk Fmbmhk`h~`}pk~ù ycmy yc` w~kuol`~u n` ~`bozì j~ob yc` eop~y~oob um{klf1

&VC@L YC@ JMEYU EOB@ JÔB WOV@^ OJ W@OWH@( UCMHH I@UY^PEYKOL

KYU@HJ4 KJ KLI@@I KLUWK^@I N[ FOI KU LOY VKHH [OP I@UY^PEYKOL, M^@

PLHKD@H[ YO N@ KL EOLJHKEY VKYC FOI &, #Meyu w,0,59,+, Mwouyhù v`~` n`my`l mli

v`~` jo~nkii`l yo w~`mec kl yc` lmb` oj Aùpu,

E K > UMKLY UY@WC@L I@MEOL59



E,K,>, UMKLY UY@WC@L I@MEOL

Yc` A`vu j~ob yc` C`hh`lkuyke uwme` v`~` C`n~`v j~ob A`vkuc uy~olf eobbplkykù kl

F~``d ekykù, Uob` oj yc`b( upec mu ^mnnk Umph cmi ôbml ekykq`luckw, Kl yc`k~ u{lmfofpù

v` ~`mi mli onu`~z` Yo~mc Eobbmlimb`lyu kl F~``d, Yc`{ i`bmliì ycmy yc` Ec~kuykml

Fouw`h yo n` w~`mecì kl F~``d, Vc`l yc` mwouyhù ecou` u`z`l i`meolu jo~ yc` w~meyke` oj

~kypmh kl yc` C`n~`v hmlfpmf` ukbkhm~ yo oyc`~ y`~~kyo~kù, Loy olh{ kl m~mbmke mu w~meyke` klyc` u{lmfofpù, V`~`1 Uy`wc`l( Wckhkw( W~oco~( Lkemlo~( Ykbol( Wm~b`lmu mli Lkecohmu oj

Mlykoec, Umkly Uy`wc`l yc` i`meol w~oz` yc` bouy kluwk~ì wòwh` mli uw~`mi ~èoz`~klf

i`ìu, Yc`~`jo~` `sy~`b` w`~uèpykol boumke joepuì ol ckb, Jk~uy yc`{ y~kì yo yo eobnmy

ckb my b``yklfu mli ycòhofkemh i`nmyù ycmy yood whme` kl yc` Y`bwh`( yc` UmnnmycT=R, Yc`

bouy mff~ùukz` v`~` yc` uo emhhì &~`h`mu`& 1 yc` up~zkzklf A`vu j~ob Ek~`l`( Mh`smli~km(

Ekhkekm( mli bmi` uhmzù oj Wobw`k mjy`~ oeepwmykol oj Wmhùykl` #:7 ne`+ mli upnu`}p`lyh{~`h`muì n{ Emùm~,

Kl ol` oj yc` i`nmyù n`fml n{ eobb`lyklf yc` Yo~mc y`sy( vckec mww`m~ì yo n` eoly~m~{

y`mecklfu oj Aùpu, Plmnh` yo w~oz` yc` ycòhofkemh whml`( yc`{ kleky` yc` wòwh` oj yc`

b``yklf uyol` my ky( nèmpu` Uy`wc`l ehmkbì w~owc`yu Y`bwh` iùy~peykol mli

ikumww`m~mle` Api`ml uymy`( ycpu m nkf klap~{ yo Bouù mli Foi, Ku n~opfcy n`jo~`

Umlcì~kl, ^mnnk Emkwcmu i`bmli ky yo n` apuykjkì, N`jo~` b``yklf ^mnnk Uy`wc`lw~olople` ml klikeyb`ly oj nkfoy~{ mli c{woe~kykemh jmkyc kl ycou` #mli ml{+ ykb`1

&N~oyc`~u mli wm~`lyu( hkuy`l pw1 fho~{ oj Foi op~ jmyc`~ mww`m~ì Mn~mcmb j~ob

Bùowoymbkm( n`jo~` n`klf u`y kl Emlmml( mli umki1 h`mz` {op~ eoply~{ mli fo nmed yo yc`

eoply~{ ycmy {op vkhh ucov, Yc`l c` h`jy Emhi``m yo Cm~ml4 yc`~` mjy`~ yc` i`myc oj cku

T=R Im{ oj ~ùy mli fho~kjkì Foi( vckec n`fklu J~kim{ my uplu`y mli `liu Umyp~im{ my

uplu`y,

50



jmyc`~T=R, Foi emhhì yo yc` eoply~{ {op hkz` lov, Loy fkz`l ml{ w~ow`~y{ ol ycku whme`( `z`l

uo jm~ mu yo wpy {op~ jooy, Npy w~obkuì yo ymd` ckb `liov mjy`~ i`myc( `z`l kj ky ioù loy

cmz` eckhi~`l, Foi yohi cku wòwh` ycmy vkhh hkz` kl uhmz`~{ ol `m~yc mli vkhh n` oww~ùuì

jo~ jop~ cpli~ì {`m~u, Kkume y~mlubkyyì yc` Eolz`lmly mli “epy m~opli‟T>R cku uol Ameon(

mli ycmy ol yc` yv`hz` Wmy~km~ecu( cku uolu, Yc` yv`hz` Wmy~km~ecu yc`{ cmz` uohi yc`k~

n~oyc`~ Aou`wc kl @f{wy( a`mhopu ol cku f~me`, Npy Foi vmu vkyc ckb( fmz` ~`w~k`z` mli

vkuiob vkyc vckec Wcm~moc bmi` ky pw yo yc` ~mld oj foz`~lo~ oj @f{wy, Cplf`~ klehpiì

C`n~`v cob`, Aou`wc cmi u`ly mki mli ~èoflkqì kyu o~kfkl n`jo~` yc` wcm~moc( n~opfcy

cku jmyc`~ Ameon mli cku jmbkh{ bmi` pw oj u`z`ly{"jkz` w`~uolu, Mjy`~ i`myc yc` noi{ vmu

n~opfcy yo Ukc`b whoy, Wòwh` cmu bphykwhkì kl @f{wy, Yc` Wcm~molu ymd`l ky kl emwykzky{,

Vc`l c` vmu no~l Bouù( yc` n`hozì oj Foi, C` vmu y~mklì kl mhh oj @f{wy vkuiobT5R, Kyvmu wov`~jph kl vo~iu mli i`ìu, Vc`l c` ~`mecì yc` mf` oj jo~y{ {`m~u( c` v`ly vc`~`

yc` wòwh` vmu cku uhmz` kl Lkh I`hym,

T=R Y`~mc1 Mn~mcmb jmyc`~( kl yc` eky{ oj P~ upwwo~y yc`k~ jmbkh{ bmdklf kioh vo~uckw oj Nmmh,

T>R Yc` Eolz`lmly n{ vckec Foi mudì Mn~mcmb mu m ukfl oj yc` jk~uy Jmbkh{ oj Foi( mhh b`l(

klehpiklf jmbkh{ uhmzù yo &epy m~opli& #~kypmh w~meykeì kl noyc C`n~`v mli oyc`~ U`bkyke

wòwhù upec mu M~mnu T5R Mu v~kyy`l n{ Uecop~ë`( Bouù( mu yc` miowyì uol oj yc` ukuy`~ oj ^mbuù KK( vmu u`ly yo yc`

klkykmykol oj jop~y``l {`m~u yo Yc`nml klkykmykol Uecooh yo( mu yc` @f{wykml Co~umukw mholfuki`

yc` wcm~moc&u uol( B`~l`wymc, Ky w~ozì yc` nùy, J`m~ oj loy n`klf ecou`l n{ yc` F~`my yc`nml

w~kùyu mu c`k~ yo yc` yc~ol` oj yc` wcm~moc #@f{wykml ycòe~me{ Wcm~moc mhhovì yc` ecoke` oj

mloyc`~ jmbkh{( kj uo ièkiì w~kùyu+ c` vmu mwwoklyì F~mli Ue~kn` mli u`ly yo kluwèy yc`

y`~~kyo~{ oj yc` Dklfiob,

5:



C`~`( u``klf cov ol` ku bkuy~`myìT=R, Bouù vmu m ~`jpf`` j~ob BmikmlT>R, C`~`&u cov

yc`{ mwouymy` Bouù( vco vkhh umz` n{ puklf yc` Jo~e` mli yc` b{uy`~kù oj Foi( yc` eoply~{

oj @f{wy( ol yc` I`mi U`m mli yc` iù`~y jo~ jo~y{ {`m~u, VCO VMU MY YCMY WM^@LYU

~`jpuì op~ Cob` H`y&u hkuy`l, Bo~òz`~( v`~` yc` c`m~y oj uhmz`~{ kl @f{wy vc`l yc`{

e`h`n~myì yc` ephy kiohu( ikuumykujkì vkyc yc` w~owc`y oj Foi fmz` cku wòwh`, C` cmi yohiMm~ol( cku n~oyc`~( yc` ol` vco mwwoklyì Bouù yo h`mi yc` embw vckh` c` vmu ol Boply

Uklmk yo ~è`kz` &Ymnhù oj Hmv& # Y`l Eobbmlib`lyu + j~ob ikzklky{,

&Bmd` pu uob` fooiu yo h`mi pu1 jo~ ycmy Bouù( vco vmu ~`bozì j~ob yc` eoply~{ oj

@f{wy io loy dlov vcmy yo io&, Yc`{ bmi` m fohi`l emhj mli cmz` ojj`~ì ume~kjkeù oj

mlkbmhu,#,,,+ Imzki mudì jo~ ikzkl` wm~iol yo npkhi m ~ùki`le` jo~ yc` Foi oj Ameon,

T=R Uecop~ë` ~`wo~yì ycmy ky vmu mnopy dkhhklf m A`v n{ m umy~mw #@f{wykml ojjke`~+, Bouù yood

umy~mw{ uvo~i mli dkhhì ckb, J~ob ycmy bob`ly c` vmu hkmnh` yo yc` i`myc w`lmhy{( kluki`~u mu

cmzklf ol` oj yc` ume~ì eobbmlib`lyu " loy dkhh -( dkhhklf yc` @f{wykml umy~mw, C` vmu u`ly n{

Foi( NPY KYU NÔY@Û io loy pli`~uyooi, Uyow m yvo"im{ m }pm~~`h n`yv``l yvo oj op~( ycù`

umki1 &Vco bmi` {op apif`? [op vmly yo dkhh b`( mu {op dkhhì {ùy`~im{ yc` @f{wykml?, #,,,+

T>R Eoleo~imly yc` Uecop~ë`( Bouù #lmbì Co~umukw {`y+( dkhhklf yc` @f{wykml umy~mw cmi yo

pli`~fo y~kmh jo~ bp~i`~ ikzkl`, C` ku c`miklf jo~ m y`bwh` oj Ouk~ku( my yc` jooy oj yc` boplymkl

Uklmk1 Bmikml( hì n{ m ckfc w~kùy oj @yckowkml o~kfkl1 A`y~o #yo vcou` impfcy`~ vophi hmy`~

bm~~{+, Ycku vkhh yo meeobwhkuc yc` ~kypmh oj w`lky`le`, Yc`l( nmed yo hkj`( vkhh ecmlf` kyu lmb` yo

Bouù 2 ^ùep`, Yc`~`( ol Boply Uklmk Foi vkhh ~`z`mh ycmy ky vkhh h`mi yo yo eob` nmed kl @f{wy

yo j~`` cku wòwh`, Foi vmu ~`z`mhì1 &K umv Upjj`~klf yc` uhmz`~{ oj B[ W@OWH@ YCMY KU KL

@F[WY, K c`m~i cku e~m{u MLI K MB YO iùe`li jo~ cku ^ì`bwykol, Lov fo( K U@LI [OP KL

@F[WY,

Uohobol npkhy ky npy Foi hkzù kl m copuklf bmi` bml mu yc` w~owc`y um{u1 &C`mz`l ku b{56



Uohobol npkhy ky( npy Foi hkzù kl m copuklf bmi` bml mu yc` w~owc`y um{u1 C`mz`l ku b{

noi{ mli yc` `m~yc ku my b{ j``y( vcmy copu` {op npkhi( vckec vkhh n` yc` whme` oj b{ ~ùy?

Ku loy b{ cmli K iki mhh ycku? Uophu( c`m~yu “loy epy m~opli‟ m~u( {`y {op m~` eoly~m~{ yo yc`

Coh{ Uwk~ky, Uo v`~` yc` {op~ wm~`lyu( mli uo m~` {op, Vcmy&u {op~ w~owc`y vmu loy

w`~uèpyì n{ {op~ wm~`lyu? Yc`{ dkhhì ycou` vco w~ìkey yc` eobklf oj yc` hmv( ycmy {op

cmz` n`y~m{ì mli bp~i`~ì, [OP( YC@ W@OWH@ YCMY ^@E@KZ@I YC@ HMV( N[BKUY@^[ OJ MLF@HU( MLI [OP LOY PLI@ÛYOOI KY, #,,,+ C`~` K u`` yc` c`mz`lu

ow`lì mli yc` Uol oj Bml uymliklf my Foi&u ~kfcy &, #Meyu w,6,7=, " 6,0:,+

Muu`bnh{ oj yc` y`bwh`( mlf~{( hì ckb opy oj yc` y`bwh` mli dkhh ckb vkyc uyolù, ^mnnk

Umph #yc` jpyp~` mwouyh` Wmph+ fpm~iklf dkhh`~u ehoycù,,, Ky&u cm~i yo whm{ oyc`~ ycml Hpd`

ioù( yc` mybouwc`~` kl ycou` im{u ycmy uym~yu w`~uèpykol n{ n~oyc`~u yo n~oyc`~u, ^èop~u`

yo yc` pli`~uymliklf oj bo~mhky{ mli Ikzkl` mww~omec ku ~`whkemyì n{ klyoh`~mle` mlicmy~ì oj ycou` bob`lyu1 uw`èc i`meol Umkly Uy`wc`l u``b yo m lo~bmh A`v yoim{(

eoc`~`ly( `z`l kj lo ol` mf~`ù ec~kuykmlkub vkyc kyu boumke jkn`~ ìpemykol, Ml{ nolm jki`

yckld`~ vkhh mww~èkmy` Ikmhèykeu jo~b uwèkjke m~y kl uwèphmykz` ikueop~u` ~mnnk kl f`l`~mh,

I`meol Uy, Uy`wc`l kl yc` i`wyc oj yc` ikuwpy` m~opli yc` w~owcèkù oj Aùpu eole`~lklf

yc` ikumww`m~mle` oj yc` F~`my Boumke Y`bwh` mli Api`ml uymy`,

Ky eophi n` umki uob` oj yc` bùumfù1

Uy, Uy`wc`l jkliu wmuy f`lùku mli jpyp~` Mzmym~u oj yc` wòwh` kl C`n~`v kyu`hj, Yc`

kly`~lmh ikzkukolu mli ikuonìk`le` oj yc`k~ ovl w~owc`yu,

^kypmh meyu m~` vo~ychùu mu holf mu yc` n`hk`z`~ ku loy yc` y~p` jmkyc, Vc`yc`~ {op m~`

Ec~kuykml o~ Boumke( o~ j`m~ oj Ikzkl` wplkucb`ly( `kyc`~ kl yc` n`hk`j ycmy Foi hozù

eobklf nmed yo Ckb yc~opfc hoz` oj oyc`~u mli eoly~kykol, Y~p` i`zoy`` ku w`~zmiì n{ m

uwk~ky oj jmkyc, Oyc`~vku`( kl zmkl {op w~m{( onu`~z` yc` ~kypmh( ecm~ky{ meyu ioklf(

53



cov {op cood {op~ jmkycjph( c`m~y mli uoph ~`bmkl kl pln`hk`j,

^mnnk Umph vmu yc` ol` vco hì yc` w`~uèpykol mfmkluy Ec~kuykmlu johhov`~u, Ky vkhh eolz`~y

yo yc` Fouw`h oj Aùpu nèmb` yc` ol` vco vkhh y`mec mli y~mkl l`v johhov`~u jmkyc kl yc`

Bkiih` @muy mli Bìky`~~ml`ml eomuy,

Yc` jmey ycmy yc` e~pekjkskol oj Aùpu mli eobwmey i`meol Umkly Uy`wc`l v`~` yvo co~~knh`

e~kb` emb` yo ôb`, Ykn`~kpu @bw`~o~ #=9 " 56+ o~i`~ì ckb yo Zky`hhkpu( oj U{~km( yo

~`boz` yc` ~`w~ù`lymykz` oj ôbml A`~pumh`b #Wkhmy`+ mli yc` Ckfc W~kùy Emkwcmu,

Ykn`~kpu loy u`` ml{ myy`bwy yo uymy` uèp~ky{ kl yc` boz`b`ly f`l`~myì n{ &m A`v w~owc`y

Ec~kuypu&( vckec eophi loy n` bo~` ycml m uwèkjke w~oipey `lzk~olb`ly Apimke mli

yoh`~myì mu upec, My 50 c` `z`l w~owouù m U`lmy` nkhh ycmy Ec~kuykml vo~uckw ucophi n`

ièhm~ì &h`fmh& #mhhovì+( vkucklf yo w~`z`ly mbnkfpky{ ycmy mhhovì yc` A`vu mu ~`z`lf`mfmkluy yc` Ec~kuykmlu boumke yo n` wpy pli`~ yc` w~oyèykol oj ôbml Hmv, Npy U`lmy`

fkzù z`~ikey1 &lol h`fmh ùu` Ec~kuykmlou& ,,,

ECMWY@^ KK W@Û@EPYKOL N@YV@@L NÔYC@Û5;



ECMWY@^ KK W@Û@EPYKOL N@YV@@L NÔYC@Û

E,KK,=, YCÔPFC C@N^@V @ZMLF@HKUB

Ec~kuykml eobbplky{ myy~mey yc` myy`lykol mli oj kluki`~u, Ukbol Yc` Bmfkekml ojj`~u m

hm~f` upb oj bol`{ jo~ yc` mwouyhù W`y`~ mli Aocl yo ~`z`mh yc` uè~`yu oj mwouyh`

~èoz`~klf meyu, W`y`~ mlmyc`bm yo yc~`my`l ckb nèmpu` c` vmlyu yo np{ vcmy eml n`meck`zì olh{ yc~opfc jmkyc, Ukbol ku loy nhmb`jph #mli c` cmu mudì jo~fkz`lùu jo~ ycku

ojj`~+, Mu yc`l mli lov hkj`( y~mklì o~ loy( ku o~k`lyì yovm~iu ymlfknh` ycklfu4 `muk`~ o~

bo~` ikjjkephy yo onymkl, Eobbol u`lu`( ycmy oj Ukbol ku ycmy ml{ycklf eml n` meck`zì vkyc

bol`{, Uèoli u`lu`( ycmy oj W`y`~ mli Aocl( ku ycmy Ikzkl` F~me` ku onymklì n{ Jmkyc, Yc`

yc~``"e`lyp~{ u`lu`( yc` eole`wy ku ycmy Foi ioù loy ~`}pk~` yc` ojj`~klf bmy`~kmhu npy

eobwhkmle` Ikzkl` Uwk~ky( yc` Y`l Eobbmlib`lyu( yc~opfc jmkyc mli ~`w`lymle`, Ume~kjke`kl yc` Ec~kuykml zkukol ku yo ~`boz` `zkh j~ob yc` uoph oj `z`~{ n`hk`z`~, Aùpu #johhovì n{

u`z`l cpli~ì {`m~u mjy`~ Bpcmbbmi+( mud Foi l`m~ n{( mli YC@ UOPH, Ukbol Yc`

Bmfkekml ucovu ycmy( n`klf klkykmyì kl zm~kopu B{uy`~{ uwk~ky( vkyc kyu ovl wov`~u( y~mklklf

mli kly`hhkf`le` m~` loy {`y ikue`~lklf `lopfc yo pli`~uymli yc` Ec~kuykml ùoy`~{m( ycmy yo

n` muukbkhmyì n{ ckb ovl uoph,

Oz`~~ki` kl A`~pumh`b( C`h`lkuy Ec~kuykml A`vu( vm{ yo yc` F~``d eoholkù ol ycèolykl`ly mli yc` Kuhmliu( yc` y`~~kyo~{ oj Wmhùykl` mli U{~km, Nèob` bkuukolm~kù oj yc`

Fouw`h oj Aùpu mli klkykmy` yc` jk~uy `swmlukol oj Ec~kuykml Ecp~ec, Vc`~` ku yc` mwouyh`

Wckhkw nmwyku` m ckfc ojjkekmh oj ]p``l Emlime`1 @yckowkml `plpec, Uy, Wckhkw v`ly kl ol`

bo~lklf ol yc` ~omi ycmy eollèy Fmqm yo A`~pumh`b, My lool( c` emb` mholfuki` m em~mzml

fhkyy`~klf, Ky vmu hì n{ yc` f~`my d``w`~ oj yc` @yckowkml ]p``l Emlime`, Bozklf yovm~iu

A`~pumh`b, Ikzkl` kbwphu` h`miu ckb yo mud ojjkekmhu yo ymd` vkyc ckb, Ol yc` vm{( c` um{u

c @ ck k i c k j K k c i c d c h k ck n c

97



ycmy @yckowkml ~`mi w~owcèkù oj Kumkmc mli c` mudu yc`b yo `swhmkl uob`ycklf mnopy yc`

Fouw`h oj Aùpu( vco c`m~i ycmy ky vophi n` m &u`ly&( mllopleì n{ yc` w~owc`y Kumkmc,

Wckhkw ky ~`hmyù yo yc` Bk~mehù oj Aùpu ep~klf bmi` mnopy ky ^ùp~~èykol mjy`~ n`klf

e~pekjkì mli jo~eù vkyc vckec c` mli `h`z`l oyc`~ mwouyhù v`~` fkzklf mjy`~ yc` Coh{

Uwk~ky yo iùe`li ol yc`k~ ip~klf jkjy{ im{u mjy`~ ^ùp~~èykol( oj W`lyèouy, Kbw~ùuì

@f{wykml ikflkym~{ vmlyu yo nèob` m i`zoy`` oj Aùpu, Wckhkw c` ~`mhkqù ycmy yc` b``yklf ku

loy c`hi pw, Ol e~ouuklf yc` Ao~iml( c` nmwyku` vkyc vmy`~( mhycopfc c` dl`v ycmy yc` l`v

`bph` n`holfì yo m wòwh` &yo kioh vo~uckw`~‟, Kbbìkmy`h{ mjy`~ yc` e`~`bol{( @yckowkml

jkliu ycmy b{uy`~kopu wmuu`lf`~ vmu lo holf`~ nùki` ckb, Kl vcmy eole`~lu Wckhkw( u``l ky

ol yc` ~omi h`miklf yo Mqoy, Wckhkw vkhh eolyklp` cku Bkuukolm~{ vo~d kl Umbm~km, Ky ku

johhovì n{ W`y`~ mli Aocl( vco vkhh hm{ ol pu A`vu nmwykqì n{ Wckhkw, Bkuukolm~{

i`z`howu Eùm~``m( Hkiim( Fkmjjm( Mlykoec, Emkwcmu u`li bouy cm~uc ^mnnku wc{ukemhh{

iùy~o{ ycù` w~ohkjke Ec~kuykml eobbplkykù, Mbolf kyu ^mnnk Umph( vco eolz`~yì yo

Ec~kuykmlky{( mli mjy`~ m ioq`l {`m~u mjy`~ yc` `wkuoi` ol yc` Imbmuepu ~omi( Nm~lmnm vkyc(

ymd` yc` ~omi oj eolz`~yklf F~``du oj yc` eoubowohkyml b`y~owohku oj Mlykoec, C`~` ku yc`

jk~uy b`lykol oj lmb` &Ec~kuykmlpu& #φύίυωίνζοί+T=R, Yc`{ ow`lì lpb`~opu ièkukz`

eolz`~ukolu jo~ yc` “lo epy m~opli‟ nmwykub, Yc` &zkuknkhky{& oj yc` eoly~mey n`yv``lMn~mcmb jmbkh{ mli Foi( kl vckec yc` bmh` wm~y ku &epy m~opli&, Eoluki`~ì m bkyqzoy

#nmuke eobbmlib`ly+( yc`{ eoluykypyì ml klj~klf`b`ly jo~ bml{ oj yc` mwouyhù l`v

T=R E~kuykmlok " F~``d y`~b mww`m~u kl yc`& Meyu& ==,>:, ( ==,>3, E~kuykmlpu " ôbml w`~koi(

mww`m~u kl Meyu ==,>:, νείοί 2 mfkok #Umklyu+ " m w`~koi ycmy i`jklì Ec~kuykmlu( mww`m~u kl Meyu

;,5>, D~mykuyou1 mww`hhmykz` fkz`l Yòjkh Hpd`&u( vckec vmu wm~y oj yc` ôbml dlkfcy ehmuu #kl

Hmykl `f~`fkpu+, Kl yc` `m~h{ {`m~u mholf yc` ôbml dlkfcy ehmuu miowyì Ec~kuykmlky{ kl fooiwm~y,

Ec~kuykml Ecp~ec` oj A`~pumh`b Mwouyh` W`y`~ emhhu yc` bùumf` " jmkyc kl yc` Fouw`h oj9=



Ec~kuykml Ecp~ec` oj A`~pumh`b, Mwouyh` W`y`~ emhhu yc` bùumf` " jmkyc kl yc` Fouw`h oj

Aùpu ku mii~ùuì yo mhh lmykolu #Meyu =,6, " =,=9,+,

C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu eobbplky{ kl A`~pumh`b ku foklf yc~opfc m }pk`y w`~koi, Bk~mephopu

~èoz`~{ bmi` n{ W`y`~ my Hkim #m wm~mh{yke ~èoz`~+ mli Kow` #N~klfklf hkj` yo m bo~knpli+

~`kljo~eì jmkyc johhov`~u, Uym~y eolz`~yklf mbolf ôbml m~b{( ole` yc` y~mlukykol yo

Ec~kuykmlky{ ôbml e`lyp~kol Eo~l`hkpu Jmbkh{( H`fkol oj &Kymh{&( kl Eùm~``m, E`lyp~kolEo~l`hkpu vmu vkyc cku jmbkh{ m j`~z`ly w~owol`ly oj yc` Fouw`h oj Aùpu, Npy ky vmu loy

nmwykqì kl boumke ~ky #epy m~opli+, Uo cov yo n` nmwykqì mu Ec~kuykml?-, Kl ol` bo~lklf(

vckh` c` vmu w~m{klf ml kll`~ zoke` y`hhu ckb1 &U`li uob` y~puy b`l lov yo yc` Kow`( mli

emhhu Ukbol( umki W`y`~,& #Meyu =7,=0+, W`y`~ kl yp~l yvo"im{ my lool ku w~m{`~ jo~ yc` zkukol1

&m hm~f` ehoyc( myymecì yo yc` jop~ eo~l`~u( mli iùe`li yc` z`ly ku iovl yo `m~yc, Kl ky v`~`

mhh dkliu oj mlkbmhu mli jop~"jooyì ~`wykh` ol `m~yc mli nk~iu oj c`mz`l, Ymd` m zoke` umkiyo W`y`~ f`y pw mli `my ,,, Loy Foi( ~`whkì W`y`~, Ml{ ykb` v` my` uob`ycklf ik~y{ o~

pleh`ml, Zoke` cmu umki1 Vcmy Foi cmu wp~fì loy emhh joph, Ycku vmu ~`w`myì yc~`` ykbù,

&#Meyu =7,=0(=:+,

W`y`~ bìkymy` ol yc` bùumf` oj yc` Upw~`b` Jo~e`( vc`l yc` fmy` copu` uob` ôbml

uohik`~u mudì ckb, Yc`{ um{ ycmy e`lyp~kol Eo~l`hkpu klzkyì yo cku cob` vkyc cku

myy`limlyu, M l`v owwo~yplky{ jo~ bìkymykol mli w~m{`~ yo hkfcyklf vcmy vmu iol`1 m A`v

vmu loy mhhovì yo uy`w yc~ùcohi yo m &fo{& #pln`hk`z`~+, Ckb ièkukolu ku yo fo mli yc~``"

im{ uym~y yo Eùm~``m, Eo~l`hkpu `swèyì ckb vkyc cku jmbkh{( m f~opw oj klykbmy` mli kyu

uhmzù, N`jo~` `ly`~klf W`y`~ um{u1

&[op dlov ycmy ky ku mnuohpy`h{ jo~nkii`l yo n` m Api`ml mli yo jo~b m ehou` j~k`liuckw vkyc

b`bn`~ oj mloyc`~ y~kn` o~ yo fo yo cku copu`, Npy Foi emhhì b` yo loy yckld mnopy n`klf

eml n` ik~y{ o~ kbwp~` Uo K vmu cm~i yo mluv`~ {op~ emhh Lov y`hh b` vc{ {op emhhì?9>



eml n` ik~y{ o~ kbwp~`, Uo K vmu cm~i yo mluv`~ {op~ emhh, Lov y`hh b` vc{ {op emhhì?

.#Meyu =7,>3(>;+, Eo~l`hkpu y`hhu yc`b mnopy yc` zkukol v`~` yo emhh ckb, Uy~`lfyc`l yc`

~`hmyì n`hk`j ycmy yc`

mwouyh` W`y`~ yo n` nmwykqì w~ù`ly, Muu`bnh{ n`fklu w~m{`~ mholf vkyc ckb, My ol` wokly(

hkd` yc` W`lyèouy kl A`~pumh`b( m z`kh oj hkfcy ku hov`~ ol yc` vcoh` Muu`bnh{, W`y`~ mli cku

myy`limlyu( mhh C`n~`v( loyù ycmy Foi( n`jo~` c` nmwykq` yc`b vkyc vmy`~( iùe`li nmwykubn{ yc` Coh{ Uwk~ky #mu iol` n{ yc` mwouyhù oj W`lyèouy+ OL MHH KL `lehoup~ù1 bmuy`~u o~

uhmzù4 epy m~opli o~ loy, Yc`l um{1

&V` eml ~`jpu` nmwykub n{ vmy`~ ol ycou` vco cmz` ~è`kzì nmwykub n{ yc` Coh{ Uwk~ky?

.#Meyu w,=7,96,+,

Mhh ycou` m~` yc`~`( ~`fm~ihùu oj `yclkeky{ o~ uoekmh uymypu cmz` n``l nmwykqì vkyc Vmy`~ n{

mwouyh` W`y`~,

Eobklf nmed yo A`~pumh`b( W`y`~ cmu jmeì owwoukykol j~ob C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu Mwouyhù( yo

eolz`~y wmfml wòwh`, Yc`{ ecm~fì ycmy ky jmkhì yo eobwh{ uy~keyh{ onu`~zì yc` Boumke

Hmv, Yc` l`v eolz`~y( bpuy n` “epy m~opli‟ kl mizmle`, Mhvm{u ~`w`my yc` umb` uhofml1

&V` l`ì yc`b yo n` epy m~opli mli yo kbwou` yc` hmv oj Bouù,& V`~` aoklì n{ A`vu mli

Ec~kuykmlu oj Mlykoec vco ehmkbì loy yo ~èoflkq` yc` ~kfcy yo jo~fkz`lùu oj uklu yo ycou`

vco v`~` loy epy m~opli, Yc`~` Nm~lmn` mli Wmph eolz`~yì yo Ec~kuykmlky{ ol yc` wmfmlu

vco vmlyì yo cpf PLKE JMKYC kl Foi, Ky vmu yc` jk~uy eoljhkey kluki` yc` C`n~`v

Ec~kuykmlu Ecp~ec, N~`v ykb` yo `hkbklmy` ycku mbnkfpky{ mli yo y~mluj`~ opyuki` A`vu

uy~keyh{ ~ùwèy oj ~kypmhu eolz`~ukol yo Ec~kuy1 Yc` C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu Eoplekh oj A`~pumh`b

#07+,

E,KK,>, VCO KU &FOI&U W@OWH@&95



E,KK,>, VCO KU FOI U W@OWH@

Eo~l`hkpu( ôbml e`lyp~kol( vkyc jmbkh{( j~k`liu mli klykbmy` uhmzù v`~` nmwykqì kl

yc` Eùm~``m n{ W`y`~( mu K ~`wo~yì mnoz`, Nmwykub kl yc` lmb` oj Foi( jo~ uob` loy

eobwh{ Boumke ~kypmhu( u``bì m ukfl oj ikzkl` C`n~`v( oyc`~u uob`ycklf uemlimhopu mli

plyckldmnh`4 opyuki` Hmv, Vcmy vkhh cmww`l mli1 yvo ycopumli {`m~u yc` n`hk`j ycmy yc`{

m~`, Yc` nki vmu meypmhh{ mloyc`~1 Vco ku Foi&u wòwh`?, Yopfc }pùykol( vckec eml loyolh{ i`hkz`~ m vo~dklf c{woycùku( yo n` ymd`l klyo meeoply o~ loy, Yo boykzmy` pu nmed yo

mnopy 5777 {`m~u mfo, Bouù( yc` jk~uy f~`my w~owc`y oj yc` jmkyc kl yc` uwk~ky oj Plkz`~umh

Uklfh` whm{ kl &F`lùku& #&U`wc`~ N`~ùcky&+ yc` yvo eole`wyu ycmy i`jkl` yc` “wòwh` ecou`l‟,

Vco m~` yc`{?

&Foi yohi Mn~mcmb1 H`y b{ w~obku` d``wklf {op mli {op~ u`ì mjy`~ {op mhh ycmy ku bmh`

n`yv``l wm~y K #,,,+ vkhh n` “epy m~opli & NOYC YC@ UHMZ@ NO^L KL [OP^ COPU@MLI YC@ UHMZ@ YCMY KU WPÊCMU@I &,

Vc`~` ky jk~uy jo~bì?

&Wòwh` {op~ jmbkh{ eoply~{ fkz` ky yc` ~kz`~ oj @f{wy yo yc` ~kz`~ @pj~my‟,

Uo &Foi&u Wòwh`& n`fml vkyc m jmbkh{ yc~opfc w~obku` eolehpiì Mn~mcmb vkyc Foi, Yc`

jk~uy jmbkh{ oj Foi IO LOY CMZ@ M WP^@ @YCLKE EOBWOUKYKOL C@N^@V(

klehpiklf yc` uhmzù, Yc`{ v`~` mhuo nmwykqì n{ ek~epbekukol, Bouù vkhh n~klf ymnhù Hmv

#yc` Y l Eobbmlib`lyu+, Bouù vkhh i`z`how yc` &H`zkykepu& hmvu oj uoekmh o~fmlkqmykol oj

ycku wòwh`, Kl =577 {`m~u mjy`~ Bouù( yc` mwouyhù( vkhh ùymnhkuc m l`v eole`wy oj

n`holfklf yo &yc` Wòwh` oj Foi&( jo~ ycku yo klehpi` lmykolu & yo yc` ìf` oj yc` `m~yc &( mu c`

mudì Aùpu klyo eobbplkol ol yc` Boplymkl oj yc` ohkz` y~`ù kl A`~pumh`b, Wmph vkhh

i`z`how kl yc` {`m~u oj cku bkuukolu( ~phù mli ck`~m~ec{ oj yc` Ec~kuykml eobbplkykù, Oz`~

677 {`m~u oj( Bocmbbì vkhh n~klf jmkyc kl Foi Uklfh` jo~ U`bky` n~oyc`~u #uy`wjmyc`~+ oj

yc` A`vu1 M~mnu,

&U c ck kj n Mn c y h ckhi # + Yc U c ck kj y d Mn c

99



&Um~mc( cku vkj` no~l Mn~mcmb loy whme` eckhi~`l #,,,+, Yc`l Um~mc( cku vkj` yood Mn~mcmb

m vobml uhmz`1 Mfm~,#…+ Mfm~ vmu no~l Mn~mcmb cku uol( mli uol Mn~mcmb wpy ol yc`

Mfm~ my nk~yc( lmb` Kucbm`h, #,,,+ Um~mc nèmb` w~`flmly kl ohi mf` #,,,+ mli umki ky i~kz`

mzm{ Mfm~ mli c`~ uol, #,,,+ Foi yohi Mn~mcmb #,,,+ io `z`~{ycklf {op mud Um~m, #,,,+ Npy yc`

uol Kucbm`h K vkhh bmd` m Wòwh` nèmpu` u`ì ku {op~u, Foi vmu vkyc yc` eckhi vco f~`v pw

#,,,+ hkzì kl yc` Wm~ml mli yc` dki ymd` cku boyc`~ yood m vkj` j~ob yc` @f{wykmlu& #F`lùku

w,=:, =(5(0( w >=, >(=7(=>(>7(>= +, Um~m nmn{ ku lmbì Kuc~p`h #Ku~m`h+, Kucbm`h vkhh n`

Wmy~km~ec M~mn wòwh`, F`l` ku eobbol yo noyc wòwhù ― U`bkyke f`l`, Kly`~ùyklf ku yc`

jmey( ~`wo~yì n{ yc` mwouyh` Hpd`( mnopy uyowwklf Wmph&u #yc` lkfcy zkukol+ yo w~`mec

Ec~kuykmlky{ kl Ubmhh Mukm m~`m #vc`~` yc` M~mnu hkzì+( mnopy vckec v` uw`md kl m

johhovklf ecmwy`~, Vckec eoljk~b yc` muupbwykol ycmy yc` wòwh` oj Foi nèobù plkz`~umhole` vkyc yc` w~owc`y Bocmbbì, Mn~mcmb( Bouù( Aùpu m~` A`vu( Ykboyc{ ku yc` F~``d(

Eo~l`hkpu ku yc` ôbml( ,,, Bpcmbbmi ku yc` M~mn, Wòwhù m~` olh{ YC@ UOPÊ@

oeep~~klf OJ &YC@ EMLIKIMY@&1 j~ob yc` ukbwh` jmkycjph bml o~ vobml yo yc` klkykmy`,

@Z@^[OL@ mli yc`k~ hkzù wpy pli`~ yc` ukfl oj jmkyc kl Foi olh{, Vc`yc`~ cku lmb` ku

uwod`l1 &Kmcz`& &Foi& o~ &Mhhmc&4 kl jmey `z`~{ ~ùwèy yc`k~ ovl w~obku` eolehpiì FOI,

Ole` m {`m~ yc` F~mli ^mnnk oj A`~pumh`b w~olople` ycku & K@"CO"ZMP"C@ &"& K mb vco Kmb Uklfh` “,

Vco puù ycku c{woycùku? Jk~uy ky ucovu ycmy wòwh` Api`ml yv`hz` y~knù ku jk~uy jo~bì

kl yc` y~p` jmkyc, Yc` C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu bkuukolm~{ ow`lu pw yo oyc`~ lmykolu boloyc`kuy

jmkyc, I``w jmkyc mli loy `yclkeky{( hoz` oj oyc`~u( loy upjj`~klf mli ~keclùu( fkzklf uwk~kypmh

mli loy ume~kjke` yc` onaèyu( n`klfu mli bol`{1 Yc`{ m~` yc` uolu oj yc` &wòwh` oj Foi&,

Nmwykub oj yc` Mwouyhù klzmhkimyì u`ly`le` boumke ioey~kl` mu yc` olh{ ovl`~ oj yc`

b{uy`~{ oj jmkyc kl m uklfh` Foi npy cmu loy ~phì ky kl ml{ vm{- Kl m uw`èc yo yc` Mwouyhù90



b{uy`~{ oj jmkyc kl m uklfh` Foi( npy cmu loy ~phì ky kl ml{ vm{- Kl m uw`èc yo yc` Mwouyhù(

kl ml{ y`sy oj yc` Ec~kuykml Fouw`h, L`kyc`~ yc` &Do~ml& Bpcmbbmi loy nhmb` yc` C`n~`v

&kl eo~wo~`& npy olh{ ycou` vckec cmz` dkhhì cku ovl w~owc`yu ,,, Ky ku y~p` ycmy( oz`~ yvo

ycopumli {`m~u( v`~` u`~zmlyu oj yc` yc~`` i`lobklmykolu cmz` p~fì yo klyoh`~mle` mli

cmy~ì yovm~iu ycou` mbolf yc`b vco cmz` i`zkmyì klhmli o~ yo oyc`~ boloyc`kuy jmkycu,

Bkhhkolu oj bm~y{~u oj yc` yc~`` ~`hkfkolu m~` yùykbol{, Npy ycku ku loy &yc` Wòwh` oj Foi&npyolh{… yc` wòwh`, Obm~ Dm{mb wo`y( wckhouowc`~ mli klkykmyì( ml M~mn( um{klf 1 &Foi

ku ol`( wòwh` bmi` u`z`~mh‟, Vc{? Kli`ì1 Foi olh{ dlovu ,,, Bm{n` yc` bme~oeoub oj yc`

bkhhkolu oj {`m~u( yc` ukq` oj y`l ycopumli {`m~u #kl vckec wòwh` vkhh i~kz` n{ yc`bu`hzù kl

Foi jmkyc+ ku m ubmhh w`~koi,

E,KK,5, YC@ C@N^@V EC^KUYKMLU EOPLEKH OJ A@^PUMH@B

[`m~ 07 #j~ob oyc`~ uop~eù 93+ ~`w~ù`lyì m w`md bob`ly kl vckec yc` ikuwpy` ymd` whme`

uob` ykb` kl yc` nouob oj yc` Ecp~ec oj A`~pumh`b, Uob` ehmkbì ycmy yc` l`v C`n~`v

johhov`~u v` bpuy eobwh{ uy~keyh{ vkyc yc` Boumke ~kypmh( oyc`~u ecoou` jo~ m bklkbpb

lpbn`~ oj ~ùy~keykolu( fkz`l ycmy yc` wowphmykol oj l`v johhov`~u vco emb` cmi lo

w~`wm~mykol o~ y~mklklf oj {opyc kl ycku ~ùwèy,

Y~mklklf uym~y ml{ A`v j~ob yc` mf` oj yc~`` {`m~u kl zm~kopu jo~bu( i`w`liklf ol yc` eobbplky{ ycmy n`holfu yo mli loy h`muy yc`

~`hkfkopu ~`}pk~`b`lyu oj yc`k~ jmbkhkù oj o~kfkl mli yc` wouuknkhkykù oj bmy`~kmhu jo~

wm~`lyu, Wm~ykekwmykol kl zm~kopu jo~bu oj w`~koike Apimke ìpemykol klehpiù yc` uypi{ oj

Yo~mc wmuumfù ymkho~ì yo yc` mf`( eolyùyu jo~ eckhi~`l vkyc kuupù ~`hmyì yo yc`

muukbkhmykol oj A`vkuc y~mikykol, Umnnmyc b`mh ku meeobwmlkì n{ uolfu mli Nknh` uyo~kù(

mlek`ly imleù( wm~ykekwmykol kl aon Umnnmyc( cohkim{u mli yc` e`h`n~mykol oj yc` Y`bwh`(

yc` ecok~u oj ikjj`~`ly mf`( bpuke nmliu( `ye,, Miohùe`lyu wm~ykekwmyklf kl yc` aon mli m~`9:



f ( ( w w f a

lobklmyì mholfuki` yc` miphyu( yo ~`mi mli eobb`ly y`sy kl &Yo~m&, My =5 {`m~u " Nm~

Bkyqzmc yc` {oplf A`v m~` eoljk~bì( johhovklf ml `smbklmykol oj h`m~lklf kl yc` w~ù`le`

oj eobbplky{ b`bn`~u( kl yc` u{lmfofp`( kl y`mecklf &Yo~`& uypi{ mli eobwhkmle`

n`cmzko~ oj vo~uckw kl yc` Boumke eobbplky{, Mhh ycku uwk~kypmh mli eobbplky{ y~mklklf

e~`my` m cmnky oj ~ùwèy &jo~ yc`bu`hzù& Boumke ~kypmh ~ùy~keykolu, Jo~ ycou` j~ob oyc`~lmykolu( onzkopuh{ ycmy vmu loy ol cmli yo onu`~z` uy~keyh{ yc` ~kypmh ycmy cmu loy n``l

kluy~peyì yo wm~ykekwmy`, Yc` ~kud ku yo hou` i`zopy johhov`~u,

Yc`{ ièkiì yo muu`bnh` m eoplekh yo A`~pumh`b jo~ epyyklf ikuwpy`, F~opw &y~mikykolmh&

jo~bì oj yc` ~mnnk vco eolz`~yì yo Ec~kuykmlky{( ~`}pk~klf uy~key eobwhkmle` yo boumke

~kypmh n{ lòwc{y`( vmu c`miì n{ Ambù yc` [oplf, Yc` oyc`~ f~opw v`~` wm~y oj W`y`~(

Aocl( Nm~lmn`( Wmph, W`y`~ m~fpì upec m bklkbpb oj ~ùy~keykolu1 &N~oyc`~u( {op dlovycmy yc` im{u oj Ho~i ecou` b` yc~opfc {op yo f`y yo wmfmlu yc` Vo~i mli yc` Fooi L`vu

#^ùp~~èykol oj Aùpu,+ Uo ycmy yc`{ cpf jmkyc, Foi( {op dlov i``w iovl( yùykjkì kl yc`k~

jmzo~ nèmpu` yc`{ cmz` c`m~y wp~kjkì n{ jmkyc, Vc{ y~{ yo wpy mfmkluy Foi( ~`}pk~klf

ikuekwhù m {od` ycmy op~ wm~`lyu mli v` io loy K eophi fo? Kl jmey yc` wm~iol oj op~ Ho~i

Aùpu( v` n`hk`z` @SMEYH[ MU UMZ@ C@^, #Meyu w,=0,=7,+

Yc`{ eolyklpì yo mizoemy` mli Wmph( Nm~lmn`, Lm~~myklf eolz`~y wòwh` oj ikjj`~`lylmykolu mli uoekmh eolikykolu( oj yc` y~p` jmkyc jo~ vckec yc`{ fmz` `zki`le`( ~`fm~ihùu oj

~mld o~ ~`hkfkol eoluki`~ì ohi, Jklmhh{ foy yc` vo~i my Ameon yc` [oplf( mu yc` h`mi`~ oj

yc` C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu Ecp~ec kl A`~pumh`b1

&N~oyc`~u( hkuy`l yo b`, Ukbol #yc` emu` oj Ukbol W`y`~( mwouyh`+ uw`mdu mu oj yc` n`fkllklf

Foi cmu bmdklf wòwh` FMZ@ PU CKU LMB@, Yc` w~owc`yu umki1 &Vc`l vkhh yc`{ ~`yp~l( K

vkhh ~`npkhi Imzki&u vo~d vkhh n` iùy~o{ì( K vkhh ~`npkhi yc` ~pklu mli npkhi( kl o~i`~

96



ycmy mhh bmldkli yo u``d Foi( uo ycmy mhh lmykolu ucophi n` `luc~klì B{ Lmb` ku vc{ K ycmy

ucophi loy n` ~`}pk~ì oj ycou` vco eolz`~yì wmfmlu, N` ~`}pk~ì olh{ yo ~`j~mkl j~ob

b`my jo~ ume~kjkeù kioh hkldu khh`fkykbmy`( loy yo eolupb` b`my j~ob mlkbmhu mli upww~ùu

yc` nhooi, Jo~ kl mlek`ly ykbù Bouù cmu cmi kl `mec yovl w~`mec`~ yc`{ ~`mi kl

U{lmfofpù Umnnmyc &#Meyu w,=0,=7,+, Vmu w~`wm~ì “@wâuyh` oj C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu Ecp~ecj~ob A`~pumh`b‟ mli v`~` i`h`fmyù vco v`~` yo n~klf yc` dlovhìf` ùymnhkucì Ec~kuykml

Ecp~ecù, Nèmpu` ycku ioepb`ly ku e~pekmh yo jp~yc`~ i`z`howb`ly oj Ec~kuykmlu ol yc` ol`

cmli mli yc` ~`hmykoluckw n`yv``l C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu mli boumke A`vu( ol yc` oyc`~ cmli(

v` fkz` ky jphh1

&Mwouyhù( w~ùn{y`~ mli n~oyc`~u yo n~oyc`~u oj wòwh` vco m~` kl Mlykoec( U{~km mli

Ekhkekm( um{ Ck- Nèmpu` K c`m~i ycmy uob` oj pu fo vkycopy m eobbkuukol j~ob pu( {op cmz`y~opnhì uophu yc~opfc yc`k~ uw`èc( mli {op cmz` ucmd`l uophu um{klf yo epy m~opli mli

d`wy yc` Hmv( pu( mjy`~ v` cmz` fmyc`~ì mhh yof`yc`~ vkyc m whml( V` jopli yc` vm{ yo

ecoou` uob` wòwh` mli u`li yc`b yo {op yoo vkyc op~ uv``yc`m~yu mli Wmph Nm~lmn`( ycù`

wòwh` vco wpy hkzù my uymd`( jo~ op~ Ho~i Aùpu Ec~kuy , Jo~ ky u``bì yo ckb yc` Coh{

Uwk~ky mli yo pu( loy yo wpy {op oz`~ ml{ oyc`~ v`kfcy ycml yo n`( k`1 ycmy {op uwm~ì

kbbohmykol kioh ycklfu( nhooi( mlkbmh upww~ùu( miphy`~{( ycklfu ycmy kj {op vkhh {op~ fpm~ivkhh n` fooi yo {op, N` c`mhyc{- “ #Meyu w,=0,>5,">;,+,

M~` mwwoklyì yo h`mi mli `swhmkl @wâuyh`1 Ukhmu( Nm~umnmu( Nm~lmn`( Wmph,

Kl yc` mnoz` K vophi mii ycmy @wâuyh` bm~dì yc` n`fkllklf oj yc` `li oj A`vkuc"

Ec~kuykml Ecp~ec oj A`~pumh`b,

Mh~`mi{ y`y~m~ec C`~oi Mf~kwm T=R ièmwkymyì c`miu oj C`n~mke Ec~kuykml ecp~ec oj

9;



Mh~`mi{ y`y~m~ec C`~oi Mf~kwm T=R ièmwkymyì c`miu oj C`n~mke Ec~kuykml ecp~ec oj

A`~pumh`b bozklf yc~opfc yc` m~~ùy oj Ameon yc` F~`my mli W`y`~ kl yc` {`m~ 9>, W`y`~

bk~mephopuh{ ùemwì mli jhì yo A`~pumh`b #Meyu =>,=6,+, Ambù yc` F~`my vmu n`c`miì,

Ambù yc` [oplf yood oz`~ mu yc` eobbplky{, Kuohmyì mli bm~fklmhkqì n{ boumke ^mnnk

C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu m~` uw~`mi kl yc` A`vkuc eobbplkykù yc~opfcopy yc` ôbml `bwk~` kl

yc` l`sy cpli~ì {`m~u, Yc`{ vkhh yc`l n`m~ bkuy~puy mli klyoh`~mle` oj Ec~kuykmlu( mu yc`

C`n~`v( n`klf oj yc` wòwh` vco dkhhì Aùpu, C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu( mli yc`k~ eobbplkykù

vkhh ikumww`m~ oj yc` Bùukmlke Ec~kuykml vm{, Ikmhèykeu oj Foi v` iki loy ole`

medlovhìf` ycmy ml{ ikuymle` kl yc` `ff eolymklu m ~`zkzmh, COV? KL VCMY EOLY@SY?

VCO? ― K IOL‟Y DLOV,

T=R Mf~kwm K nèobù Dklf Wckhkwkm y`y~m~ec oj yc` ~`fkol mli Hkumlkm kl 56( 5; oj yc` Fmhkh`` mli

W`~``m( kl 9= oj Kpi``m mli Umbm~km, My cku i`myc #99+ yc` y`~~kyo~{ vkhh wmuu #kl miikykol yo m

ubmhh y`~~kyo~{ m~opli Eùm~``m myy~knpyì yo Mf~kwm KK + pli`~ yc` mibklkuy~mykol oj m ôbml

w~oep~myo~, Mjy`~ yc` i`j`my oj yc` A`vu n{ yc` ôbml h`fkolu kl yc` ôbml" Kpimke vm~ ukle` 6=(

Wmhùykl` nèmb` ôbml w~ozkle`,

ECMWY@^ KKK EOLZ@^YKLF &WMFMLU& N[ C@N^@V EC^KUYKMLU07



ECMWY@^ KKK EOLZ@^YKLF WMFMLU N[ C@N^@V EC^KUYKMLU

E,KKK,=, ^MNNK UMPH EOLZ@^YKLF

^mnnk Umph vmu no~l kl Ym~upu, Imy` oj nk~yc ku hoemyì( mjy`~ ikjj`~`ly uop~eù( n`yv``l

0"=7, Yc` jmbkh{ vmu oj lonh` ~mld( yc` y~kn` oj Umph, Cku jmyc`~ vmu yc` b`~ecmly vco cmi

~è`kzì ôbml ekykq`luckw mu m ukfl oj eoow`~mykol vkyc yc` kbw`~kmh mibklkuy~mykol,[oplf Umph johhovì klkykmykol uecooh uecohm~uckw pli`~ yc` fpkimle` oj ^mnnk Fmbmhk`h,

Nèob` m b`bn`~ oj yc` jk~uy ~mld oj yc` F~mli Y`bwh` Boumke Umlcì~kl, Ymd` wm~y muki`

j~ob yc` ~`wo~yì w`~uèpykol oj &uèy Fouw`h oj Aùpu&, Mjy ~ cku yùykbol{( vc`l c` c`hi

eobwmey i`meol Umkly Uy`wc`l( vco vmu fpm~iklf yc` ehoycù oj yc` dkhh`~, ^`}pùy mli

~è`kz` mww~ozmh oj yc` F~mli ^mnnk Emkwcmu yo w`~uèpy` yc` Ec~kuykml eobbplky{ oj

Imbmuepu( vc`~` yc` h`mzù vkyc m f~opw oj {oplf ~mnnku1 ikuekwhù mli j~k`liu, Ol yc` vm{yo Imbmuepu eobw~kuù m n~kfcy hkfcy f~opw( joepu ol ^mnnk Umph, C` jmhhu jme` iovl kl yc`

~omi ipuy, M zoke`( ycmy olh{ c` c`m~u um{1

&Umph( Umph ,,, Vc{ w`~uèpy` b`? Vco m~` {op Ho~i? Mud yc` {oplf ~mnnk y`~~kjkì, K mb

Aùpu yc` oj Lmqm~`yc( vcob {op w`~uèpy` ckb, F`y pw( eob` klyo yovl mli y`hh {op vcmy

yo io &, #Meyu w,;,:,+, Umph fo hood ud{vm~i( npy io loy u`` ml{ycklf, Cku j`hhovu kyu ~`hmyì yo

yc` j`m~ ycmy yc`k~ b`lyo~ ku hkd` m nhkli, Yc`{ ~mkuì ckb j~ob ipuy j~ob yc` ~omi mli yood

ckb n{ yc` m~bu yo Imbmuepu, ^mnnk uym{ì yc~`` im{u kl jmuy nhmed mli w~m{`~, C` vmu

klkykmyì klyo yc` uè~`yu ycmy Hmv dl`v oj zkukol houu ku m ukfl oj yc` Upw~`b` Jo~e`, C`

dl`v ycmy c` bpuy w~m{( yo ~p`( yo jkli opy vc{ mli vcmy yc` wplkucb`ly vophi n`, Kl yc`

jop~yc im{ kl( m A`v c` ku ~ùwèyì kl yc` eobbplky{ oj Imbmuepu mli j`~z`ly w~owol`ly

oj Ec~kuykml uèyu kl yc` eky{1 Mlmlkmu, F`y w`lky`ly ucophi`~u mli voli`~klf kj ycku bml

iù`~zù wplkucb`ly umzì, &Foi( K c`m~i bml{ wòwh` ymhdklf mnopy yc` `zkh iol` n{ ycku

bml( {op~ umklyu kl A`~pumh`b, Mli lov c` emb` c`~`( klzùyì vkyc mhh wov`~u yo yc`jmkycjph ol {op~ ecmkl &#Meyu w,;,=7,+, Zkukol cmu m zoke` kluki` ycmy um{u1

0=



jmkycjph ol {op~ ecmkl #Meyu w,;,=7,+, Zkukol cmu m zoke` kluki` ycmy um{u1

&Io ky- Jo~ yc~opfc ky {op uw~`mi yc` jmkyc mbolf wmfml wòwhù( vkhh eolz`~y yc` dklfu mli

yc` eckhi~`l oj Ku~m`h, K b{u`hj vkhh y`hh ckb ycmy cku upjj`~klf ku yc` vm{ kl b{ lmb` &, #Meyu

w,;,==,+,

Mlmlkmu ~è`kzì yc` f~me` yo fkz` yc` `{ùkfcy yo Umph, Mjy`~ ~è`kzklf kyu nmwykub vkyc

vmy`~, C` uym{ì vkyc ckb plykh c` ~èoz`~, Ky ku muupbì ycmy kl ycou` im{u yc`~` v`~`n`yv``l yvo holf ikmhofpù h`m~l C`n~`v Fouw`h oj Aùpu, Mjy`~ c` vmu mnh` yo vmhd( yc`

jk~uy Umnnmyc( Umph `ly`~u kl yc` Boumke Y bwh` oj Imbmuepu, N`jo~` yc` muukuymle` n`fkl n{

w~`mecklf yc` Fouw`h oj Aùpu mli yo upnbky yùykbol{ yo yc` }pmhky{ oj yc` Bùukmc mli

e~pekjkì yc` w~owc`y ~ùp~~èykol ky, Wòwh` mud1 cov? ky ku yc` w`~uèpyo~ oj johhov`~u oj

Aùpu- @z`~{ol` dl`v ycmy yc` ~mnnk vmu ymhdklf yo yc`b lov vmu yc` ckfc w~kùy u`ly yo

A`~pumh`b yo dkhh yc` johhov`~u oj Aùpu kl Imbmuepu, Uool ,,, yc` boumke nkfoyuT=R whml yo

dkhhklf ckb, Umph ku umzì n{ yc` ikuekwhù( ~`bmklklf jmkycjph, Yc`{ wmuu oz`~ yc` bkiih` oj

yc` lkfcy kl yc` jo~y~ùu vmhh oj Imbmuepu, Mjy`~ yc` ~`yp~l kl A`~pumh`b Umph y~{klf yo f`y

kl yopec vkyc b`lyo~u Ec~kuykml Eobbplky{, Npy `z`~{vc`~` ku f~``yì vkyc upuwkekol mli

cmy~ì( cmzklf lo~bmh ~`meykolu yo cku ~oh` vkyc loy bpec ykb` n`jo~`, Ky vmu cku Nm~lmn`

yo bmd` nmkh jo~ Umph( um{klf yo Ec~kuykmlu vcmy cmww`lì kl Imbmuepu, Cov`z`~( yc`

oz`~~ki`( ùwèkmhh{ &Ec~kuykml c`hh`lkuyu& whmllì yo dkhh ckb, Yc` w~ùn{y`~u oj A`~pumh`b

Ec~kuykml Eobbplky{ ièki` yo u`li jo~ m ykb` kl {op~ cob`yovl " Ym~u,

Mwouyohke ~oh` oj yc` w`~uol vkhh ecmlf` ole` yc` o~k`lymykol mli yc` lmb` oj Ec~kuykmlky{

#^mnnk Umph nèobklf yc` Mwouyh` Wmph+( vkhh n` ~`wo~yì kl vcmy johhovu,

T=R Y`~b iùkflmyklf johhov`~u klyoh`~mle` yo zm~kopu kly`~w~`ymykolu oj ioey~kl` ikjj`~`ly

j~ob yc`k~u( vckec yc`{ n`hk`z` yc` olh{ onzkopu mli nùy, Yc` `}pkzmh`ly y`~b ku&jplimb`lymhkuy&,

Cku bkuukolm~{ aop~l`{ ymdù whme` kl A`~pumh`b( Mlykoec( F~`è`( yo ôb` mliplz`~kjkì ol e`~ymkl imym kl Uwmkl, Vcmy cmww`lì kl Imbmuepu mli cmz` mloyc`~

0>



plz`~kjkì ol e`~ymkl imym kl Uwmkl, Vcmy cmww`lì kl Imbmuepu mli cmz` mloyc`~

b`mlklf, Vcmy`z`~ yc` lmyp~` o~ `swhmklmnh` uw`ly yc` lol `swhmklmnh` Imbmuepu bob`ly

oj Wmph hkj`( v` eml loy kflo~` ycmy yc`~` cmu n``l m i``w ecmlf` kl w`~uolmhky{ oj m ~mnnk(

holf y~mklì kl yc` uè~`yu oj Boumke Ue~kwyp~ù( Hmvu oj yc` Yo~mc, Umph&u owykol yo nèob`

m bkuukolm~{ oj yc` Fouw`h oj Aùpu( vkhh cmz` m e~pekmh ~oh` kl `zmlfc`hkumykol oj yc` “wmfml

wòwhù& oj yc` Bìky`~~ml`ml m~`m kl yc` l`sy yck~y{ {`m~u, Uy~`lfyc oj ecm~mey`~ oj yc`cpbml y~kn` kl Umph muuoekmyì vkyc ùoy`~ke `l`~fkù klzùyì( vkyc yc` Coh{ Uwk~ky yc~opfc

Nmwykub yo ep~` wòwh`4 f~me` kyu uw`md`~ mli o~fmlkq`~ oj Ec~kuykml jo~bu oj vo~uckw mli

~kypmh oj yc` Ec~kuykml eobbplkykù yo n` u`y pw( vkhh mhh nèob` ~`mh v`mwolu, Vkyc yc`b

vkhh jme` ol yc` ikuwm~mf`~u oj kyu ovl y~kn`( yc` mibklkuy~myo~u oj yc` ôbml @bwk~`(

fkzklf COW@ yo ycou` u``dklf m u`my kl j~oly iopnyu oj yc`k~ uwk~kypmh hkj`, Yc`~`jo~`( yc` ukq`

oj kyu uklfphm~ iùykl{( yc` vm{ kl vckec yc` &nm~` cmliu& yo jme` yc` nùy e`ly`~u oj ~`hkfkopu

wov`~ #kl A`~pumh`b( Mykoec( Myc`lu( ôb`+ mli yc`l ekzkh iù`~z` wp~upì loy olh{ kl yc`

mwouyohke( npy mu m `smbwh` oj jo~eì YO YC@ F@L@^MY@ M CPBML N@KLF

OJJ@^KLF,

E,KKK,>, EC^KUYKML @ZMLFC@HKUB KL ÔB@

Yc` kbwmey oj Ec~kuykmlky{ kl( ôb`( ku ~`wo~yì n{ Api`ml Aou`jpu Jhmzkpu #Aou`jpu

Jhmzkpu kl &A`vkuc Mlyk}pù& " wm~mf~mwcu =3( 3;( ;0+, Ykn`~kpu Kbw`~myo~ #=9 " 56+ fmz` yc`

Zky`hkpu hkldì U{~km yo ~`boz` yc` Eck`j ^mnnk oj Umlcì~kl( Emkwcmu( yc` bp~i`~ oj Aùpu

mli Uy`wc`l( mli Wkhmy`&u ikubkuumh #mu K umki+, Yc` hmyy`~ vkhh n` ~`whmeì n{ ol` U`lmyo~Bm~e`hT=R,

T=R U`lmyo~ Bm~e`h ku b`lykolì kl m w~oz`lmle` mwoe~{wcmh Mukml ioepb`ly e`lyp~{ KK1 &Yc`

jmeyu oj Z`~ke`hhk& ycmy ky vophi n` couyì ol yc` Mwouyh` W`y`~ kl ôb`,

W`~e`wykol vmu yc` ~ùphy oj vcmy cmww`lì kl A`~pumh`b1 yc` hmed oj h`fmhky{ pli`~

ôbml hmv yc` w~oeùu oj &Ec~ùypu& mli yc` meykolu yo w`~uèpy` yc` johhov`~u klehpiklf

05



ôbml hmv( yc` w~oeùu oj Ec~ùypu mli yc` meykolu yo w`~uèpy` yc` johhov`~u( klehpiklf

eobwmey i`meol Umkly Uy`wc`l, Y`~yphkml #ôbml wckhouowc`~ mli ckuyo~kml( w~ù`lyu kl

&Mwohof`ykeo& wm~mf~mwc 0,>,+ ^`wo~yì ycmy @bw`~o~ Ykn`~kp w~owouì kl yc` ôbml

U`lmy`( m hmv vckec w~`z`ly ml{ meykol mfmkluy &Ec~kuykmlu&, C` myy~knpyì ycku klkykmykz`

jk~uy `bw`~o~ oj yc` ~èoflkykol oj yc` Ec~kuykml ephy, U`lmyo~u v`~` owwouì nèmpu` ky ku m

~`hkfkopu boz`b`ly &mpyolobopu& #vkycopy cmzklf m uklfh` `yclke+ eophi h`mi yo eoljhkey mli

uoekmh pl~ùyT>R, Iè~`` oj yc` U`lmy` #U`lmy` " eoluphy+ eolymklu yc` vo~iu &Lol hkeky ùu`

Ec~kuykmlou‟,

@bw`~o~ Ykn`~kp l`py~mhkq` yc` eolu`}p`leù oj yc` zoy` kl yc` U`lmy` m~fpklf ycmy ky

bmdù lo ikuykleykol n`yv``l `yclke &A`vu& mli &Ec~kuykmlu&( mhh m~` C`n~`v, Ymeky( u`lmyo~

mli ckuyo~kml ~`hmyù ycmy kl yc` {`m~ 9>( my yc` n`fkllklf oj yc` ~`kfl oj Ehmpikpu #9= " 09+yc` vkj` oj F`l`~mh Mpho Whmpqqkp #H`mi`~ oj yc` h`fkolu vco cmz` pli`~fol` N~kyyml{+

Wobwolkm F~èklm yo eolz`~y yo Ec~kuykmlky{ #Ymeky m~fpù ycmy yc` pli`~ mwouyh` W`y`~

eolipey+, Yc` ~ùphy ku ycmy yc` F`l`~mh vmlyu yo vkyci~mv j~ob yc` jmbkh{ oj eo~~pwy

Kbw`~kmh ôb`T5R, Eh`b`ly yc` Mh`smli~kl m~fpù ycmy bml{ lonhù mli ôbmlu dlkfcyu

v`~` eolz`~yì yo bùukmlke vo~d oj W`y`~ mli mudì Bm~d yo v~ky` cku y`mecklfu oj Mwouyh`

w~ìkemy`, Cmz` loy bkuuì yc` eolz`~ukol j~ob mbolf yc` A`vu oj ôb`, Ycku empuù T>R ky ku eh`m~ ycmy yc` &i``w& jo~bphmykol eml olh{ n` yc` j~pky oj ml ìkyo~ vkyc ml kluy~peykol oj

yc` F~``d uowckuy o~ m Ymhbpike klkykmyì, Klehkl` yo yc` owklkol mpyco~ oj m yvo"zm~kmly,

T5R M Ec~kuykml klue~kwykol( kl yc` mlek`ly emymeobnu oj Uy, EMHKUY lmb` Wobwolkou F~`d`klou4

yùykbol{ oj eolz`~ukol yo Ec~kuykmlky{ oj ml khhpuy~kopu m~kuyoe~myke jmbkhkù oj ôb`, Yc` m~~kzmh

oj W`y`~ kl ôb` ku imyì yo {`m~ 9> n{ yc` @pu`nkp &Ec~olkeh`& 1 &My yc` n`fkllklf oj Yc`

W~klekwmhky{( W~ozki`le` yood yc` cmli hì W`y`~ yo ôb`,& #Mjy`~ yc` Hmykl y~mluhmykol oj K`~olkb

k~~kymykol oj boumke A`vu, Yc`{ onymklì yc` `swphukol oj C`n~`v eolz`~yklf yo Ec~kuykmlky{09



j~ob yc` @bw`~o~ Ehmpikpu #9= " 09+( m~opli 07, M}pkhm mli W~kuekhm ( C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu

ycmy Hpd` um{u yc`{ v`~` `sw`hhì j~ob ôb` #Meyu w,=3,>,+, Vkhh n` ycou` vco vkhh b``y

Wmph kl Eo~klyc kl yc` {`m~ 0=,

E,KKK,5, YC@ JKÛY @ZMLFC@HKUMYKOL OJ WMPH MWOUYH@ KL E[W^PU Mlykoec( emwkymh oj yc` w~ozkle` oj U{~km( vmu yc` hm~fùy oj yc` yc~`` f~`my ôbml eky{ oj

yc` `bwk~`, Ml `seùu oj ycmy lpbn`~ oj klcmnkymlyu( olh{ ôb` mli Mh`smli~km, C`~`( yc`

jk~uy uy`w oj Wmph&u mwouyohke bkuukol m~` yo eolz`~y mli h`mi l`v johhov`~u, C` vmu u`ly yo

yv`hz` {`m~u mjy`~ cku eolz`~ukol( n{ yc` Ecp~ec oj yc` mwouyhù kl A`~pumh`b, Nm~lmn`

meeobwml{klf ckb kl ycku ikjjkephy bkuukol mbolf F~``du( eolzkleì ycmy yc` bk~meh` oj

eolz`~yklf jo~b`~ ^mnnk Umph vkhh n`m~ j~pky, Kl Mlykoec `zmlfc`hkuì v`~` yc` A`vu mliyc` F~``du, Wmph mli Nm~lmn` uvkyecì yo op~ `zmlf`hkub oj lol A`vu( vkyc mhh owwoukykol

oj yc` C`n~`v Ec~kuykml w~ùn{y`~u vco eophi loy ~èolekh` vkyc `s`bwykolu j~ob yc` Hmv

oj Bouù, C`~` ku jo~ yc` jk~uy ykb` kl pu` yc` &Uèy oj E~ùypu& mu m n~mli, C`~` Wmph vkhh

npkhi m uy~olf eobbplky{ oj Ec~kuykml, Umhmbklm ku yo uym~y n{ w~`mecklf kl yc` u{lmfofp`

vc`~` yc` vkylùu yo y`hh yc` }pmhky{ oj yc` Bùukmc mli ^ùp~~èyì Aùpu, C` puì

m~fpb`lyu }poyklf y`sy oj Yo~mc, Ycku mww~omec vkhh n` puì n{ yc` mwouyh`( mbolf boumkeuplykh yc` `li oj cku im{u, Kl Wmwcou m bmfkekml A`v #Nm~ Aùpu+ y~{klf yo ikue~ìky yc`

f~opw&u Wmph n`jo~` U`~fkpu Wmphpu w~oeoluph, Nhklih{ yo klzoemykol oj Wmph1 &Bml jphh oj mhh

fpkh` mli mhh bmhke`( uol oj yc` i`zkh( `l`b{ oj ~kfcyòpulùu ml{ uymklhùu4 loy uyow {op yo yo

i`j{ vm{u oj Foi?- Lov c`~`&u yc` cmli ycmy Foi ku mfmkluy {op1 {op vkhh n` nhkli mli loy

u`` {op plykh yc` upl jo~ m vckh`& #Meyu w,=5,=7,+, Mbmqklf wov`~ oj ùoy`~ke uy~`mb oj vcmy

mwouyh` oj jmkyc( bml{ oj yc` ôbml ojjkekmhu `lyop~mf` mudklf yo n` nmwykqì,

Wmph eolyklpù yo w~`mec kl yc` yovlu ol E~`yml eomuy, Kl ol` bo~lklf `ly`~ì yc` u{lmfofp` oj Mlykoec oj Wkukim, Vmu whmeì mholfuki` yc`00



f { f f w f

oyc`~u( wm~ykekwmyklf kl w~m{`~, My yc` `li oj yc` ikzkl` u`~zke`( vc`l yc` ~mnnk umki yc`

wc~mu` &N~oyc`~u( kj {op cmz` uob`ycklf yo um{ yo `leop~mf` wòwh`( io ky-& C` uymliu vkyc

jkuy ~mkuì mli hkyyh` jklf`~ pwT=R,~`j`~u yo ml kbwo~ymly mli e`ly~mh w~m{`~ kl yc` A`vkuc

w~m{`~ u`~zke`, Yc` e`ly~mh yc`b` oj yc` Dmiikuc ku yc` bmflkjkemykol mli umleykjkemykol oj

Foi&u lmb`+ uw`mdklf1&Wòwh` oj Ku~m`h mli oj ycou` ycmy {op j`m~ Foi hkuy`l- Foi oj ycku wòwh`( yc` Foi oj Ku~m`h

ecou` op~ jmyc`~u mli bmi` yo f~ov ip~klf cku `skh` kl @f{wy, Yc`l( puklf yc` Jo~e` vmu

bmi` yo ùemw` j~ob uhmz`~{ mli jo~y{ {`m~u( c` fpkiì yc~opfc yc` iù`~y, Yc`l nhmuyklf

u`z`l lmykolu oj Emlmml ol `m~yc( c` wpy kl wouuùukol oj yc`k~ eoply~{( jo~ jop~ cpli~ì

{`m~u, Mjy`~ ycù` ycklfu c` fmz` yo apifù Umbp`h w~owc`y, Yc`l c` ~`}pùyì m dklf, V`

fmz` yo Umph( yc` uol oj Eku( oj yc` N`lkmbkl y~kn`, Mjy ~ c` vmu ~`bozì( Foi fmz` Imzki

#,,,+, Oj yc` w~of`l{ ycmy Aùpu vmu no~l mu yc` Bùukmc, Aocl #Aocl yc` Nmwykuy+ vmu

w~`wm~ì n{ yc` eobklf l`v mibklkuy~mykol Nmwykub, My yc` `li oj kyu bkuukol( c` umki(

VCO YCKLD K MB( K MB LOY( NPY C@^@ EOBKLF MJY@^ BKL@ OL YC@ LOY

VO^YC[ YO YOPEC UCO@U, N~oyc`~u( {op~ eckhi~`l oj Mn~mcmb ~me` mli {op yc`

w~ù`ly( ku u`ly yo {op ycku bùumf`, Bo~òz`~( ~ùki`lyu oj A`~pumh`b mli yc` c`miu cmz`

~`mecì yc`k~ boumke vo~iu w~owc`yu vckec v`~` ~`mi `z`~{ Umnnmyc, Lo ~`muol yo jkli #,,,+(

eoli`blì ckb #Aùpu+ mli mudì ckb yo Wkhmy` yo dkhh ckb, Mli `z`~{ycklf mu v~kyy`l n{

yc` w~owc`yu( yc`{ cmz` iùe`liì j~ob yc` e~ouu mli wpy ckb klyo yc` f~mz`, Npy Foi cmu

^ùp~~èyì ckb, W~ke` u`z`~mh im{u c` mww`m~ì yo ycou` vco emb` vkyc ckb j~ob Fmhkh``,

Yc`{ m~` cku vkylùuù n`jo~` yc` wòwh`, Mli v` dlov yo mllople`1 yc` w~obku` T=R

Bm~d`~ oj n`holfklf mizoemyù uw`mdklf my Boumke jmkyc, Ukfl ycmy ku iol`( jo~ `smbwh`(vc`l w~m{`~ umki &Dmiikuc&"

bmi` yo op~ wm~`lyu #eobklf yo Bùumkmc+ yo upwwo~y eckhi~`l oj Foi cmu ~`mecì m1 yc`~ùp~~èykol oj Aùpu, Mu ku v~kyy`l kl Wumhbu1 [op m~` b{ uol( b{u`hj yoim{ K vmu no~l mli

0:



A { ( { {

K vkhh i`j`li, Mli Foi fmz` pu yc~opfc ^ùp~~èykol mli eml loy n` }pùykolì m~` ycou`

vo~iu1 &V` vkhh fkz` {op yc` coh{ ycklfu oj Imzki( ycou` vco m~` y~puyvo~yc{, Uo m~`

n~oyc`~u( ycmy yc~opfc Ckb jo~fkz`lùu oj uklu ku mllopleì, Mhh yc` jo~fkz`lùu ycmy {op

eml loy f`y yc~opfc yc` Hmv oj Bouù( yc~opfc Ckb {op eml cmz`, Wh`mu` loy` {op io loy

cmww`l vcmy ku v~kyy`l kl yc` w~owc`yu1 &Hood wòwh` jphh oj yc`bu`hzù, N` up~w~kuì loypli`~uymli vc{ mli ikì jo~ ukle` yc` ykb` ycmy {op vkhh io vo~d ycmy {op io loy n`hk`z`

{op ml{ ykb`( vc`yc`~ {op vophi ~èky` m uob`noi{, .#Meyu w,=5,=:,"9=,+

Kbw~ùuì n{ yc` jo~e` oj m~fpb`ly mli cov yo upwwo~y bml{ oj yc` b``yklf ~`}pùyì yo

b``y mfmkl, Ol yc` l`sy Umnnmyc( ycou` vco j`hy zkohmyì Boumke jmkyc( yc`{ cmz` yc~`my`lì

mli i`~kukol vc`l mfmkl mudì yo uw`md,

Wmph um{u1

&K vmlyì yo h`y {op dlov {op jk~uy vo~i oj Foi, Nèmpu` v` ~àèy mli io loy eoluki`~

vo~yc{ oj `y`~lmh hkj`( v` vkhh ~`j`~ yo wmfmlu, Jo~ ycpu Foi umki1 &K cmz` bmi` hkfcy oj

wòwhù( jo~ {op yo fo ojj bùumf` yo yc` `m~yc&, #Meyu w,=5,9:,"96,+

Wmph eolyklp` `zmlf`hkub wmfml wowphmykol opy oj yc` w~oyùyu C`n~`v &jplimb`lymhkuyu&,

Yc`{ ièki` yo dkhh ckb, Yc`l ol` im{ {op emyec( {op fo yo yc` ìf` oj yovl mli n`my ckb

nhooi{, N`hk`z` ckb i`mi yc`{ h`mz` yc` noi{ yc`~`, Yc` l`vu cmu uw~`mi mli cku myy`limlyu(

vco loy uem~ì v`ly yo u`` yc` noi{( npy w~m{ì jo~ yc` i`mi ycopfcy, Ikzkl` jo~e` c` d`wy

mhkz`, Wmph ~èoz`~klf mli ol` oj kyu kly`~ ~`yp~l ip~klf w~m{`~ jo~ cku uoph, Myy`limlyu umv

yc` ukfl kl cmli w~oyèykol oj Aùpu, Hmuy zkukyì eky{ kl yc` kuhmli vmu I`~n`, C`~` m hm~f`

lpbn`~ oj wòwh`( C`n~`v o~ loy( v`~` eolz`~yì yo Ec~kuykmlky{( jo~bklf m l`v Ec~kuykml

eobbplkykù,

Bkuukolm~{ f~opw ~`yp~lu yo Mlykoec( vc`~` Wmph mli Nm~lmn` vkhh o~fmlkq` mli h`mi06



Bkuukolm~{ f~opw ~`yp~lu yo Mlykoec( vc`~` Wmph mli Nm~lmn` vkhh o~fmlkq` mli h`mi

Ec~kuykml Ecp~ec plykh cku i`wm~yp~` jo~ A`~pumh`b, Eolekhkmykol Apiò"Ec~kuykml Ecp~ec

oj A`~pumh`b yood whme`( mu ikjj`~`ly uop~eù eoluphyì( kl 93 o~ 07, C`~` yc` yvo h`mi`~u oj

C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu @zmlfc`hkub vkhh ùymnhkuc m u`~kù oj hmvu mli w~oeìp~ù jplimb`lymh

jo~ Ec~kuykmlky{, Yc` Ec~kuykmlu oj Mlykoec1 &Ol yc` jk~uy im{ oj yc` v``d v`~` plkyì yo

n~`md yc` n~`mi& #Meyu w,>7,6,+, Mu {op vkhh jkli Hpd` yo Y~omu kl 06, Uo Uplim{( yc` im{ oj yc` ^ùp~~èykol oj Aùpu( um{u ycmy yc` Ec~kuykml cohkim{ vckh` my Boumke A`vu j`muy im{ ku

Umyp~im{, Ky jk~uy ùymnhkucì èehùkmuykemh ck`~m~ec{, I`jklì yc` eole`wy oj m Ec~kuykml

w~owc`y kl yc` jk~uy ~mld mu ml mwouyh`( vkyc yc` bkuukol yo kly`~w~`y kyu uwk~ky n{ hkfcyklf yc`

ohi ue~kwyu mli ckii`l b`mlklfu oj vo~iu kl yc` jpyp~`( mli `smbwh` jmeyu oj yc` Fouw`h oj

Aùpu, &^`z`hmykol n{ Aocl& ku ol` upec `smbwh`, Yc` johhov`~ m~` w~ùn{y`~{ vco cmi

kly`liì yo uw~`mi Ec~kuykml e~ìo( yo `zmlfc`hkq` mli yo `lup~` yc` eobbplky{ oj

n`hk`z`~u,

E,KKK,9, MWOUYOHKE BKUUKOLU KL BME@IOLKM MLI F^@@E@

Mjy`~ C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu Eoplekh oj A`~pumh`b mli m uco~y uym{ kl Mlykoec( Wmph mli

Nm~lmn` ~ùpb` cku bkuukolm~{ aop~l`{ u`wm~my`h{, Nm~lmn` mli Aocl Bm~d eob` nmed kl

E{w~pu, Wmph( meeobwmlkì n{ Ukhmu( vkhh uym~y uèoli bkuukolm~{ ~opy` #07 " 0>+ vco vkhh n`

u`yyklf pw eobbplky{ Jkhkwkpb( Eo~klyc( Myc`lu, Yc` jk~uy ~opy` vkhh wmuu yc~opfc U{~km mli

Ekhkekm, C`~` yc`{ yo Ec~kuykmlkq`( y~mkl mli uy~`lfyc`l jmkyc kl ycou` mh~`mi{ Ec~kuykmlu,

Wmph cmi kly`liì yo uym~y m ~opy` bkuukolm~{ kl Mukm Bklo~, Npy kl Bkukm yovl( m zkukol

ycmy ku yc` vm{ ky uyowu, Uyowwklf Mukm my yc` no~i`~u( oz`~ u`z`l cpli~ì {`m~u vkhh n` yc`

e~mih` oj m l`v n~mlec oj y~pld Jmkyc kl Foi Olh{( n{ yc` w~owc`y Bocmbbì, Ky vkhh

~èoflkq` kl &]p~&ml& #Yc` Kuhmbke Coh{ Nood+ mu m jo~`~pll`~ oj kyu Mn~mcmb Bouù

03



~èoflkq`( kl ]p~ ml #Yc` Kuhmbke Coh{ Nood+ mu m jo~`~pll`~ oj kyu Mn~mcmb( Bouù(

@hkamc( Aùpu, M~mnu vkhh emhh Foi &Mhhmc&, Yc`~` w~`bku` `b`~fklf ikz`~uky{ oj yc` yc~``

n~mlecù oj yc` umb` uwk~kypmh “Wòwh` oj Foi&( vkwì yc` uc`wc`~iu &jplimb`lymhkuyu& oj

yc` yc~`` ~`hkfkolu( muuoekmyklf yc`b vkyc yc` eolep~~`le` oj kly`~ùyu WOV@^ vo~hih{,

Vkycopy ymdklf klyo meeoply yc` eobbol ùoy`~ke z`kl1 &Ohi Yùymb`ly&( &L`v Yùymb`ly&

mli &]p~&ml &,

C` eob` nmed my Y~omu, M l`v zkukol ku ~`z`mhì yo n` m Bmeìolkml vcmy&u cku lmb` ol

ky, @bnm~dklf( vkyc cku myy`limlyu yo Jkhkwkpb( yc`l yc` emwkymh oj Bmeìolkm, Ip~klf ycku

aop~l`{( kl Hkuy~ou cmu `hèyì m l`v ikuekwh` yo n` y~mklì1 Ykboyc{, Kl o~i`~ loy yo e~`my`

ikuu`lukol mbolf kyu johhov`~u( yc` l`v `bph` cmu nmwykqì jk~uy boumke ~ky` n{

ek~epbekukol( yc`l ky ùymnhkucù vkyc Ec~kuykml nmwykub, Ky vmu m i`~ofmykol j~ob yc` Hmvoj Bouù ycmy Wmph( mjy`~ m i``w bìkymykol( c` iki, Mloyc`~ kleki`ly vmu yc` m~~ùy mli

ehoup~` kl amkh nèmpu` yc`{ cmi ~`h`muì m {oplf vobml wouuùuì oj Ucmbml&u y~mle`, Yc`

m~~ùy vmu bmi` kl yc` eobwhmkly ycmy `swhoky yc` jmk~( f`y bol`{ j~ob c`~ èuymyke uymyù,

W~m{`~u n`yv``l yvo vmhhu oj yc` amkh v`~` meeobwmlkì n{ ml `m~yc}pmd`( vckec ucì

w~`bkuù kl yc` i`mi oj lkfcy, Ioo~u v`~` ow`lì mli yc` ecmklu v`~` n~od`l, Uem~ì ycmy

yc` klbmyù vkhh ~pl( w~kuol fpm~i c` vmlyì yo dkhh loy yo n` c`hi ~ùwoluknh` n{ yc`mpyco~kykù, Wmph cmu umki1 &Io loy dkhh( v` m~` mhh c`~`‟, Mbmqì( yc` bml ku yo yc~ov pw(

{op ymd` ckb cob` mli em~` oj klap~kù empuì ckb yo eohhmwu` yc` vmhhu, Mud yo n` nmwykqì

yof`yc`~ vkyc cku jmbkh{ ,,, M yvo"im{ uy~my`fkuy emuyh` #Eobbmli`~ oj yc` ôbml eky{+(

kbw~ùuì n{ yc` w~kuol`~u u`li m eop~k`~ yo mllople` ycmy yc`{ m~` j~``, Npy Wmph mli Ukhmu

umki ycmy ôbml ekykq`lu bm{ loy n` ~`h`muì ycml m ôbml, Yc`l uy~my`fkuy eobù w`~uolmh

yo bmd` ycku ièkukol,,, Mhuo ol ycku ~omi my Y~omu( aoklu m bkuukolm~{ f~opw mli Hpd`, Ycmy

mww`m~u kl yc` y`sy( ikue~``yh{( n{ e~ouuklf yc` yc~``"w`~uol my m yvo"w`~uol whp~mh oj, Ky ku{`y mloyc`~ w~ooj oj yc` wm~`ly Ec~kuykml boiùy{ #Meyu w =7 =: + Mjy ~ m n~k`j uyowoz`~ kl

0;



{`y mloyc`~ w~ooj oj yc` wm~`ly Ec~kuykml boiùy{, #Meyu w,=7,=:,+, Mjy ~ m n~k`j uyowoz`~ kl

Hkim( m~~kzklf kl Ycùumholkdk, Yc` jk~uy vm{ vmu yc` mwouyh`( mu mh~`mi{ dlovl( yc`

u{lmfofp` kl yc` eky{, C`~` mfmkl yc` A`vu w~`mec mnopy yc` Fooi L`vu oj Aùpu

^ùp~~èykol( emhhklf yo n` ec~kuy`lì, Ky ~è`kzì yc` Ec~kuykml nmwy`b` oj A`v Kmuol

#W`~uolmhky{ oj yc` A`vu kl yovl+, Npy yc` l`sy im{ m f~opw oj A`vu( kl c{uy`~km ùymy`( ckb

e~mvh ol Kmuol yo ôbml mpyco~ky{, Yc` ~`muol vmu ycmy uob` wòwh` vco couyu&,,, cmz`

~`zohpykolkqì ml `lyk~` vo~hi #,,,+ eoly~m~{ oj Emùm~ ìkeyu( um{klf ycmy yc`~` ku mloyc`~

dklf( Aùpu,‟ #Meyu w,=6,:,+, Ycku “m~fpb`ly& vkhh n` ~`w`myì w`~bml`lyh{( yc` e~pekjkskol oj

Ec~kuy mli plykh yc` C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu mu m ikuykley f~opw kl yc` Ec~kuykml Ecp~ec( n`jo~`

n`klf f~opli yo ml{ bkhkym~{ o~ ekzkhkml ôbmlu, YCKU I@JMBMYKOL( KY U@@BU(

BOUMKE JPLIMB@LYMHKUYU( MNOZ@ YC@ Y@L EOBBMLIB@LYU ,,, Kl ~`mhky{ ycÀ`vu( `m~h{ Ec~kuykmlu( LOY A@UPU M^FP@I YCMY YC@ CPBML MPYCO^KY[, C@

VMU YC@K^ UWK^KYPMH DKLF O^ BO^@ UKBWH[( UOL OJ FOI- Yc` h`mi`~u oj

A`vkuc Eobbplky{ù `swhokyì yc` eoljpukol oj y`~bu1 dklf oj yc` wòwhù #emùm~+ z`~upu

dklf oj uwk~ky #Aùpu+( yc` w~ki` oj yc` ôbml ,,, ml{( yo oww~ùu yc`b o~ `z`l bmd` yc`b fo

oj yc`b mu }pkedh{ mu ycou` vco upbbol yc` A`vu mli oyc`~u yo m l`v jo~b oj uwk~kypmh

`skuy`le` mli eobbplky{ o~fmlkqmykol1 Bouyh{ YCÔPFC BO^MH EOLE@WY OJBMY@^KMH VO^HI,

Kl o~i`~ loy yo empu` bo~` w`~uèpykol mfmkluy Ec~kuykmlu( Wmph i`y`~bkl` i`wm~yp~`

j~ob Ycùumholkdk yo Myc`lu( ymdklf vkyc ckb m l`v johhov`~1 M~kuym~c, Yc` l`sy uyow vmu

yc` N`~`, C` uypikì c`~` kl yc` u{lmfofp`( yc` Coh{ Noodu yof`yc`~ C`n~`v ^mnnku, Yc`{

eoljk~bì yc` meep~me{ oj yc` y`syu ekyì n{ yc` mwouyh` oj Yo~mc( oj vckec eoljk~bì yc`

e~pekjkskol mli yc` eobklf oj &Uol oj Bml&, Mhycopfc ycou` oj Ycùumholkdk v`~` u`ly yo

C`n~`v hkd` A`vu `lbky{ yovm~iu yc` Ec~kuykml bkuukolm~{ Wmph m~opli yc` eobbplky{ oj

:7



C`n~`v hkd` A`vu `lbky{ yovm~iu yc` Ec~kuykml bkuukolm~{ Wmph m~opli( yc` eobbplky{ oj

N`~` ~`bmklì kl iè`ly hkbkyu, M lpbn`~ oj C`n~`v cmz` mudì yo n` nmwykqì, Wmph( Ukhmu

h`mzù ol yc`b yo eolyklp` yc`k~ w~`mecklf, C`( mholf vkyc Ykboyc{ nopli jo~ Myc`lu,

Uwk~kypmh e`ly`~ oj F~``d ephyp~`( Myc`lu vmu ùymnhkucì wckhouowckemh uecoohu ~`bmklklf

mjy`~ yc` &fohi`l jop~ e`lyp~kù& oj @hhmim1 m @wkep~kmlu mli Uyokeu, Myc`lu vmu lov m

ôbml w~ozkle`1 kl yc` F~``d uwk~ky vckec w~oboyì Wkycmfo~m o~ Whmyo vmu olh{ m ucmiov,

Npy w~ki` ùoy`~ke zùykf` I`hwck bmdù ephykzmyì F~``du &`lopfc &( pljmycobmnh` oeephy

~`hkfkopu mww~omec yo yc` oyc`~ uop~e`( klehpiklf Ec~kuykml, Yc`~`jo~`( mjy`~ uob` i`nmy`(

yc` F~``d wckhouowc`~u mli v`~` i~mffì m~opli yc` A`vu oj Wmph n`jo~` Myyke M~òwmf

#Yc` ièkukol oj yc` upw~`b` Myc`lkml i`boe~me{+, Wmph yood yc` jhoo~ yo i`j`li cku f~opw(

yc` ~kfcy yo bmlkjùy j~``h{ yc~opfc jmkyc kl Myc`lu1 &Myc`lkml mhh eolikykolu( v` u`` mu yc` bouy jmkycjph oj b`l, Foklf yc~opfc {op~ yovl(

u``klf {op~ ume~ì bolpb`lyu( K jopli ol` vckec vmu yc` klue~kwykol1 &Pldlovl Foi&,

V`hh( ycmy K hoz` {op vkycopy {op dlov( K emb` yo cmz` ckb loyke`, Foi vco bmi` yc` vo~hi

vkyc vcmy ku kl ky( Foi oj C`mz`l mli @m~yc io loy hkz` kl y`bwhù bmi` n{ cpbml cmliu(

vckec c` fmz` hkj` yo mhh n`klfu #,,,+, Kj m PLK]P@ W^KLEKWH@( C` e~`myì uwèkù cpbml

hkzklf ol yc` `m~yc, Kj yc` jksì w`~koi mli yc` m~`m oj cpbml hkj`( bmi` ky yo bmdù wòwhù``d ikzklky{4 [OP JOPLI N[ U@MÊCKLF, Ky ku ehou` yo mhh oj pu, Jo~ pu V@ CMZ@

HKJ@( BOZ@B@LY MLI N@KLFU, Kl jmey uob` oj {op umki1 &nèmpu` v` m~` oj Cku ~me`‟,

Kj v` m~` dkli oj Foi v` bpuy loy yckld ikzklky{ hkd` fohi( ukhz`~ o~ uyol` w~oeùuì yc~opfc

m~y o~ yc~opfc yc` cpbml f`lkpu, C`~` ku ycmy Foi vkucù yo bmd` dlovl yc` wòwh` ycmy

emb` yc` bob`ly yo `swkmy` uklu( jo~ c` cmu jksì m im{ jo~ y~kmh( fkzklf yc` BML v` yp~l yo

jo~ ycku mli ycmy fmz` `z`~{noi{ m w~ooj oj yc` pli`lkmnh` jmey ycmy c`

^ùp~~èyì j~ob yc` i`mi &#Meyu w,=6,>>,">5,+T=R, Ycku vmu yc` KLKYKMY@I B@UUMF@(vckec yc` mwouyh` Wmph u`ly yo Myc`lkmlu, Npy ycmy vmu loy yoo ,,, vcou`, M~òwmf Muu`bnh{

:=



loy eoluki`~ì ckb fpkhy{ jo~ cku n`hk`ju mli h`y yc`b fo, Olh{ m j`v vkhh johhov yc`

bkuukolm~{, Mbolf yc`b mli Ikolkuk` yc` M~òwmfky( m jpyp~` bkuukolm~{,

Bkukolm~{ f~opw fo yo N`~`( ymd` ky mli Ukhmu foklf yo Eo~klyc( yc` emwkymh oj yc` ôbml

w~ozkle` Mcmkm, Wòwh` oj zm~kopu `yclke o~kfklu( miowyì kl bouy ôbml ekykq`luckw,

Npuklùu ycmy nkli wo~y Eo~klyc vkyc mhh yc` Bìky`~~ml`ml( ~`mecklf Mj~kem mli Mukm(myy~meyklf y~mi`~u j~ob mhh lmykolu( fkzklf yc` eky{ m eoubowohkyml ecm~mey`~, C`n~`v

eobbplky{ kl Eo~klyc vmu z`~{ ~kecùy, Mli c`~`( `z`~{ Umnnmyc yc` C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu

m~opli Wmph v`ly yo cku u{lmfofp`, Yc`{ eobb`ly yofc`y`~ oj Yo~mc y`syu( y~{klf yo

w`~upmi` yc`b yc~opfc yc`k~ ikueop~u` ku ycmy Aùpu &Bùumkmc& w~owcù{ mli `swèyì

cm~nklf`~ oj Kumkmc, Kl vcmy eole`~lu yc`b yc` F~``du mli ycou` oj oyc`~ ~meù( Wmph yèc

yc`b me}pmklyì vkyc yc` Hmv oj Bouù( fkzklf yc`b hkfcy mli dlovhìf` eolymklì kl yc`Fouw`h oj Aùpu, Eck`j ^mnnk oj u{lmfofp`( E~kuwpu( vmu nmwykqì, Bouy A`vu v`~`

bkuy~puyjphT>R Yc` F~``du v`~` upec q`mhopu jo~`kfl `zmlf`hkq`, Yc`l ol` im{( kl ~ùwolu`

T=R C`~` Wmph puù yc` umb` m~fpb`ly oj &Ohi Yùymb`ly& cov Uy, Uy`wc`l i`meol kl yc` hmuy

uw`èc n`jo~` cku i`myc1 &C`mz`l ku b{ noi{ mli yc` `m~yc ku my b{ j``y( vcmy copu` {op

npkhi( vckec vkhh whme` B{ ~ùy? Ku loy b{ cmli K iki mhh ycku? #Meyu w,6,07,+

T>R Vkycopy n`klf b`lykolì n{ Hpd`( m bmao~ bmyy`~ oj A`vkuc bkuy~puyjph ky vmu e~ouuklf

yc` umb` ~`hkfkol vkyc ‘fokbk‒ #“wmfmlu‟+, Vcmy yc` o~iklm~{ A`v( vc`yc`~ ~kec o~ woo~( ky

b`mly yo vmkz` yc` myy~knpy` &uol oj yc` Ecou`l Wòwh`&( vckec vmu uo w~opi, Yc` lmyp~mh

eolz`~ukol oj yc` A`vu mli lol A`vu kl m whme` oj Ec~kuykml eolz`~yklf bm~fkl lm~~ovu

mbolf C`n~`v, Npy ,,, c` vmu mc`mi( `z`l kj wmkljph jo~ C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu, Yc`{ v`~`

mvm~` oj yc` uy~`lfyc oj yc` A`vu ~`wpikmykol oj yc` &mwouymy`&, Uo bpec mibk~ì jo~ yc`k~ume~kjke` oj w`~uolmh mli uoekmh bmao~ iol` yo yc`k~ jmkyc yo yc` Ho~i Aùpu+,

yo mnpu` kl pyy`~ b``yklf u{lmfofp`( Wmph y`m~ yc` ehoycù yo~l ojj ckb mli umki1

&Vc yc nh i y j hh c i - K i h khh y &#M y

:>



&Vc`yc`~ {op~ nhooi yo jmhh ol {op~ c`miu- Kl b` m~` wp~`( mli mhuo vkhh fo yo wmfmlu &#Meyu

w,=3,:,+,

Fùyp~` iku~pwykol ehoycù m~` kl yc` y~mikykol oj C`n~`v ùoy`~ke ~oh`( BM^DKLF M

N^@MD, Ol` oj yc` i``w ikueoly`ly ycmy ioù, Yc` `sw~ùukol &[OP^ NHOOI YO JMHH

OL [OP^ C@MIU-& Ku loy m b`~` yc~`my o~ ml klzoemykol oj ~`z`lf`, B`ymwco~ ku ikzkl`wplkucb`ly1 YO WPLKUC [OPÛ@HJ,

Bo~òz`~( n{ yc` `li oj cku im{u( Wmph vkhh eolyklp` yo `zmlf`hkq` yc` C`n~`v mfmkluy

wu{ecouku e~`myì n{ ephy jmlmykeu boumke( vc`~` `z`~{vc`~` c` m~~kz`, Yc` kleki`ly

~`wo~yì mnoz` whm{u yc` y~mfke uki` oj Bkuukolm~{ A`vu mli Ec~kuykmlu kl f`l`~mh oj mhh yc`

Wmphkml ikb`lukol oj cpbml imypb ~`fm~ihùu oj ~me` o~ ~`hkfkol oj yc` A`vkuc y~kn` vckec

o~kfklmyì, Yc`~`jo~` yc` uy~pffh` n`yv``l ojjkekmhu mli eobbplky{ mli ~`hkfkopu boumke oj A`vu mli yc` Ec~kuykmlu( ehou`h{ m~opli yc` mwouyhù vmu k~~èolekhmnh`, Ole` opy oj yc`

&uolu oj Ku~m`h&( Ec~kuykmlky{ lo holf`~ eoluykypyì m imlf`~ yo boumke A`vu, Iovl yc~opfc

yc` e`lyp~kù ycmy johhovì( uecohm~u( ioeyo~u( y~`mup~`~( `ye… v`~` kl ml klj~muy~peyp~` jo~

eoow`~mykol vkyc yc` ecp~ec mli Ec~kuykml kluykypykolu, Npy loy vkyc yc` C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu,

Mli lov ycmy eole`~l yc`b( vkycopy cmy~ì oj mlek`ly A`v, Npy lov( yc` }pùykol wou` n{

ol` A`v hkd`1 &vcmy ioù ycmy b`ml?&, M dkli oj ,,, uy~{ym"emb`h( mli loy nhmb`jph mu wòwh`(mli jmkyc, Kj mli vc`l Foi vmlyu {op( op~ bkliu( oj op~ up~zkzo~u vkhh yo ehm~kj{ oyc`~vku`,

YC@ B@^KY OJ C@N^@V EC^KUYKMLU YC@L VMU YO CMZ@ C@N^@V Y@LMEKY[

MLI N@HK@JU KL A@UPU YO N@FKL ÔMI OJ EC^KUYKMLKY[, Ky ku m jmey( `z`l kj ky ku

i`lkì o~ upnhkbmy`,

Kl yc` uw~klf oj 0> A`vu couykh` yo Wmph ku foklf yo jme` y~kmh w~oeoluph oj Mcmkm( Fmhkol(

m~fpklf ycmy ky vophi n` w~`mecì kl yc` u{lmfofp` mfmkluy yc` Boumke Hmv, Wmph cmu foy yo

:5

i`j`li, ôbml ojjkekmh kuup` um{klf1



&Kj ky ku m j`hol{ o~ m v~olfioklf( K cmz` ~è`kzì( Api`m( mu ~`muolmnh` eobwhmkly, Npy

nèmpu` ky ku ecmhh`lfklf vo~iu mli lmb` kl {op~ ovl hmv( v` uykhh u`` {op- H`y b` n` yc`

apif` kl ycku emu` ~`jpu`- &#Meyu w,=3,=9,+,

Mhh yc`{ eophi bmd` yc`b mlf~{ vmu yo ckb m i`zoy`` oj Wmph( Uouy`l` #m ~mnnk yp~lì yo

Ec~kuykmlky{+ mli n`my ckb n`jo~` yc` eop~y npkhiklf, Ol eobwh`ykol oj yc` bkuukol oj Eo~klyc( Wmph&u f~opw bozì yovm~i yc` whme` oj i`wm~yp~`1 Mlykoec, Ol yc` vm{ yc`{ uyow

my @wcùpu, Ycku ku up~~opliì n{ yc` hoz` oj C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu( vckec c` w~m{u yo ~`bmkl,

Wmph w~obkuù ycmy ky vkhh ~`yp~l,

Ycpu yc` `li oj cku yvo bkuukol mbolf yc` &wmfmlu&, Ky loyì ycmy yc` `hèykol

`lzk~olb`ly vmu n`l`jkekmh F~``d mu m jk~uy uy`w yovm~iu uwme` opyuki` A`vkuc, Ukflkjkemly ku

yc` jmey ycmy ycku &y`~~kyo~kmh eol}pùy & vmu iol` kl mnopy yvo {`m~u( vkycopy m~bu( vkycopy

yc` jo~e` oj m ~`hkfkopu ohkfm~eckù ukq` oj yc` boumke kl yc` nmed( o~ cov yc` bkhkym~{ vmu yc`

ôbml @bwk~`, Ycmy&u UOB@YCKLF ycmy Wmph bonkhkq`1 n`hk`j uy~`lfyc( uwk~kypmh uy~`lfyc(

yc` jmeyu oj kyu n`l`jkyu, Lpb`~kemh ukq` mli }pmhky{ oj eolz`~ukol( `z`l mbolf yc` A`vu( hì

ycou` vco vmlyì yc` dkhhklf bkuukolm~{ yo n` bo~` em~`jph kl yc` w~meyke` oj h{lecklf kl

wpnhke, Ky vmu m w`~koi oj jhop~kucklf eobbplkykù C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu opyuki` Api``m, Cmi

fmklì( jo~ `smbwh`( mhh A`vkuc eobbplkykù ~è`kzù mki u`ly Nm~lmn` mli Wmph kl ykb` oj

jmbkl` kl Api`m #9: " 93( vc`~` oyc`~ uop~eù 93"07+, Meypmhh{ yc` ~`mh `l`bkù oj yc` jmkyc

v` io loy c{uy`~kemh A`vu vco v`~` dkhh ol yc`k~ C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu opyuki` yc` emuyh` yo

uyol` ckb( NPY VCO( YC@L MU LOV( CMLIHKLF M U@Y Oj @BOYKOLMH

UYMLIKLF N@YV@@L YC@ W@OWH@( JO^ YC@ BOB@LYU OJ OÎ@MH,

:9 K vkhh khhpuy~my` vkyc yc` wc~mu` &N`hk`z` mli io loy hood&, Yc` upwwo~y`~u oj yc`

hk cy y y y i k k Yc Ec k yk j i y hk y yk yk



`lhkfcy`lb`ly y~`myì mu ml `lfkl` kflo~mle`, Yc` Ec~kuykml jplimb`lymhkuyu mu boykzmykol

vkycopy upnaèyklf eolikykolu, Jo~ b` ycmy b`mlu yc` uwk~ky mli cpbml iùykl{ kl yc` cmliu

oj Foi1 Jmkyc kl ckb ~`h`muì j~ob yc` uy~ùu {op yoo bml{ }pùykolu mli ple`~ymklykù

~`hmyì yo {op~ iùykl{, Yc~`` zk`vu1 yvo f`l`~myo~u mli `boykolmh eoly~mikeykolu

k~~`y~k`zmnh{, M yc~``"yo m &ukbwh`& vckec ml{vm{ ku loy lo cm~b lo @lhkfcy`lb`lyjplimb`lymhkuyu, Kl ycku u`lu` y`hh {op yc` vo~iu oj m bold j~ob Boply Mycou( yc` e~mih` oj

Ec~kuykml ùoy`~ke, C` cmi yc` i~`mb( yc` zkukol oj ~pllklf cku hkj` hkd` m bozk` ol yc`

nmedf~opli oj yc` mqp~` Bìky`~~ml`ml U`m, Hoodklf iovl yc` n`mec yo u`` y~meù oj uy`wu1

yvo wmk~u kl yc` fooi ykbù ~kfcy( m eopwh` oj uy`wu kl yc` ikjjkephy bob`lyu, C` dl`v ycmy m

wmk~ oj yvo"uy`wu oj Aùpu vmu, Bold ku mii~ùuì1

&Foi( kl ikjjkephy bob`lyu ycmy h`mz` b`? .Yc` mluv`~ eobù kbbìkmy`h{1 &Kl yopfc ykbù K v`ly kl b{ m~bu-,

E,KKK,0, EC^KUYKML KLKYKMYKOL KL @J@U UECOOH

Mjy`~ m uco~y uym{ kl Mlykoec( Wmph ku ~`yp~lì my @wcùpu, C`~` c` vkhh klkykmy` mi`wyu kl yc`

Ec~kuykml ùoy`~ke b{uy`~kù jo~ yc~`` {`m~u, Yc`~` vkhh n` klkykmyì( mbolf oyc`~u Mwohho oj

Mh`smli~km mli @wmj~mu, Yc`{ vkhh n` u`ly yo `zmlf`hkq` mli w~`mec yc` Eohou``lu klHmoikekpb mli Ck`~owohku,

Y~mklklf vmu kly`lukz`, Ky ymdù n`yv``l `h`z`l uksy``l cop~u m im{, V`~` klehpiì kl

noyc yc` klkykmykol boumke ume~ì y`syu( mli yc` Fouw`h oj Aùpu, Ikuekwhù v`~` ~`mi{ yo jme`

m ikuepuukol oj yc` Yo~mc y`sy( o~ yo ~ùwoli yo }pùykolu oj w~kùyu o~ wckhouowc`~u myc`kuy

o~ woh{yc`kuy, My yc` `li oj yc` y~mklklf f~mly Wmph `hèyì n{ f~me` yc~opfc jmkyc mli

w~ozì nmwykub n{ yc` Coh{ Uwk~ky( vckec klzùyì ol yc` ol` vkyc yc` fkjy yo ~èoz`~,

:0Oyc`~u cmz` y~kì yo io yc` umb`, Meypmhh{ w~meyke` `so~ekub( yc` ohi y~mikykolu cmz` wòwh`

A Yc c y k i j ^ nnk U N y yc k Bk h y i



A`v, Ycou` vco y~kì v`~` u`z`l uolu oj ^mnnk Ue`zm, Npy yc`k~ Bk~mehù v`~` loy iol`(

mhycopfc yc`{ cmz` ~`hkì ol Aùpu, Yc`{ v`~` n`my`l mli opuyì ycou` vco cmz` emhhì

yc`b, Uy~`lfyc mwouyhù bmi` bml{ w~kùyu oj ephy foi Mwohho yo fo mholf vkyc yc` ekykq`lu

vcob yc`{ uc`wc`~i( yo Ec~kuykmlky{,

Wmph v~kyù kl ycku w`~koi @wkuyhù yo Eo~`ly``lu( yo Fmhmy``lu #yvo oj+ yo Jkhkw``lu,I`wm~yp~` j~ob Eo~klyc vmu bm~dì n{ ml kleki`ly, A`v I`b`y~kpu( m ~kec A`v`h`~ mli

npkhi`~ wmfml y`bwh`( kleky` yc` vo~d`~u mfmkluy C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu nèmpu` yc`{ ymd` yc`

n~`mi j~ob yc`k~ bopycu, N{ eolz`~yklf wmfmlu jmhh`l i~muykemhh{ ~`}pùy jo~ uymypù oj foiu

mli y`bwhù oj m~~mlfklf jo~ yc`k~ ~`z`~`le`, Kbbìkmy` empu` vmu e`muklf eoluy~peykol oj

m y`bwh` jo~ yc` foiiùu M~y`bku, Yc` imff`~u v`~` empfcy Fmkpu mli M~kuym~c mli

i~mffì ckb klyo yc` eky{ n`jo~` ôbml eoply{ eck`j, C` mudì I`b`y~kpu yo upnbky meobwhmkly yo n` nmuì ol e~kbklmh( meeo~iklf yo ôbml hmvu, ôbml mibklkuy~mykol fmz`

ukflu oj l`py~mhky{ kl yc` kly`~lmh A`vkuc eoljhkey, Wmph eolyklpù kyu vm{ yo jk~uy kl

Bmeìolkm Jkhkwkpb mli yc`l nmed yo @wcùpu yo Y~omu, J~ob ycmy w`~koi imyù oj yc` yvo"

h`yy`~ yo Eo~kly``lu, Mbolf cku myy`limlyu v`~` Uowmy~ou oj N`~`( M~kuym~c oj Umbou(

Uèplipu oj Ycùumholkdk( ion`~ oj Fmkpu( Ykboyc{( Ykeklkpu mli Y~ojkl, C` vmlyì yo

~`zk`v yc` ehouùy cku c`m~y n`jo~` ymdklf yc` ~omi yo A`~pumh`b, J`hy ycmy yc`~` vkhh `z`~ u``mli c` vmlyì yo uy~`lfyc`l yc` jmkyc mli ycou` vco v`~` ikuekwhù, M~~kzì kl yc`k~ bkiih`

mli um{1

&[op dlov {op~u`hj mli kl vcmy bmll`~( yc` jk~uy im{ K vmhdì kl c`~` K io loy cmz` e`muì

yo u`~z` yc` Ho~i vkyc cpbkhky{( vkyc y`m~u kl yc` bkiih` mli `zki`le` oj cmy~ì oj A`vu,

[op dlov cov vkycopy ~ùy v` y~mklì yc` wpnhke ol `mec uki`( eolzkleklf yc` C`n~`v mli

F~``d yo w~oe`ì YO FOI MLI n`hk`z` kl Aùpu op~ Ho~i, Lov c`~` ku fpkiì n{ yc` Coh{

::Uwk~ky( K&hh ~`j`~ yo A`~pumh`b( npy K dlov vcmy vkhh cmww`l( mhycopfc c` vm~lì b` ycmy K

y i ECMKLU i CMY@ N y K i y y k hkj k j y j h y



`swèyì ECMKLU mli CMY@, Npy K io loy wpy m w~ke` ol b{ hkj` kl j~oly oj fomh yo em~~{

opy b{ ymud vckec K ~è`kzì j~ob yc` Ho~i Aùpu1 yo bmd` dlovl b{ yùykbol{ kl yc`

Fouw`h mli Ikzkl` F~me`, K lov dlov ycmy b{ jme` bm{ {op u`` ml{ ykb` kl yc` bkiih` oj

mhh oj {op vco cmz` n``l mli v` mllopleì yc` Dklfiob #ky&u mnopy &Dklfiob oj Foi&

vc`~` yc` &Wòwh` oj Foi&+, Yc`~`jo~` yùykj{ n`jo~` {op yoim{1 yc` nhooi ku wp~kjkì nèmpu`{op iki loy cùkymy` vc`l K wmuuì mhh yc` ikzkl` vkhh, N` em~`jph vkyc {op~u`hj mli mhh yc`

jhoed vckec yc` Coh{ Uwk~ky vkhh bmklh{ fpm~iu yo fpm~i yc` Ecp~ec ycmy Foi klem~lmy` kl

cku ovl nhooi uol, K dlov ycmy mjy`~ b{ i`wm~yp~` ucmhh eob` mbolf {op mj~mki oj vohzù(

vckec vkhh loy uwm~` yc` jhoed mli j~ob mbolf {op vkhh ~ku` `z`l wòwh` ymdklf w`~z`~u`

ikueop~uù kl o~i`~ yo bmd` ikuekwhù yo johhov, Yc`~`jo~` n` zkfkhmly ~`bkliklf {op ycmy jo~

yc~`` {`m~u( im{ mli lkfcy iki loy cùkymy` yo `lfmf` `mec oj {op ,, Lov {op h`mz` epuyoi{ yoyc` Vo~i oj Foi mli cku f~me` vckec cmu yc` wov`~ yo npkhi mli d``w npkhiklf c`~kymf`

mbolf mhh ycou` umleykjkì, Bol`{ o~ ycklfu v` yood j~ob lonoi{( {op dlov ycmy jo~ b{

l`ìu mli b{ bmyù v`~` upjjkek`ly ycù` cmliu, My mhh ykbù v` ucovì ycmy v` bpuy

kly`~z`l` yo c`hw yc` v`md mli yo ~`b`bn`~ yc` vo~iu yc` Ho~i Aùpu vco umki1 &KY KU

BO^@ HPED[ YO FKZ@ YCML ^@E@KZ@I& #Meyu w,>7,=3 ," 50,+,

C` myy`liì hmuy w~m{`~ kl eobbol( yc`l wòwh` vkhh loy `z`~ u`` ckb vkyc y`m~u kl `{ù youckw, K ~`w~oipeì ycku y~p` yùymb`ly nèmpu` ky klehpiù u`z`~mh bmao~ b`mlklfu,

Yc` mwouyh` Wmph vmu m ^mnnk klkykmyì yc` y`mecklfu #mu K b`lykolì my yc` n`fkllklf oj

ecmwy`~+, C` vmu y~mklì my m h`z`h ikjjkephy yo meck`z`( n{ ^mnnk Fmbmhk`h( nèmpu` cku

lmykz` fkjyu( wmzì yc` Coh{ Uwk~ky yc~opfc Ec~kuykml nmwykub, Ycku ucovu yc` uy~`lfyc yo u``

yc~opfc ykb` mli yc~opfc wòwh`, C` vmu w~owc`y oj zkukol oj vcmy vkhh cmww`l yo yc`

C`n~`v Ec~kuykml Ecp~ec( lmb`h{ kyu ikuuohpykol, Yc` pyy`~ì vc`l yc`{ v`~` loy ukbwh`

mizke`, C` dl`v ycmy wov`~ yc` Fouw`h oj Aùpu vmu lo holf`~ kl C`n~`v `yclkeky{( vckec n`fml

yo w~`mec npy kl ycku ukbwh` wc~mu`1 &KY KU BO^@ HPED[ YO FKZ@ YCML ^@E@KZ@I&

:6



yo w~`mec( npy kl ycku ukbwh` wc~mu`1 KY KU BO^@ HPED[ YO FKZ@ YCML ^@E@KZ@I ,

Uèoli muwèy ku yc` w`~koi oj 07 " 031 ykb` yo @wcùpu vc`~` Wmph meypmhh{ bmi` jk~uy uecooh oj

Ec~kuykml Klkykmykol kl yc` ùoy`~ke, Kyu ~`wpymykol cmu bmi` bml{ uecohm~u yo fo yo C`n~`v

Ec~kuykmlky{ mli eob` yo y~mkl Ky ucmhh d``w yc` nmhmle` n`yv``l &jmkyc oj wm~`ly& mli yc`

`zmlfc`hkumykol mhh ycou` vco n{ jmkyc m~` cmz` ucovl ycmy yc`{ m~` yc` johhov`~u oj l`v ~`hkfkol(

oj ml{ w`~upmukol vophi cmz` n``l, Wmph vmu loy my mhh up~` ycmy ycku eolu`lupu vkhh n` d`wy mjy`~

cku i`wm~yp~`, Yc`{ um{ ycku nhplyh{( mli fkzklf d`{1 ZKFKHMLE@ KL JMKYC( KL VOÎ MLI

IKZKL@ KLUWK^MYKOL OJ @MEC KLKYKMY@I EC^KUYKML,

C` dl`v cov imlf`~opu vmu yc` vm{ yo A`~pumh`b( NPY MU M UKBWH@ UOHIK@^ OJ YC@

EC^KUYKML JMKYC VKHH FO H@MZKLF MHH YCMY VMU NPKHY ( MU M “UOHIK@^ OJ YC@

HOÎ &, Ky vmu yc` }pmhky{ oj yc` jk~uy Ec~kuykml bkuukolm~kù( yc` mwouyhù j~ob mlol{bopu

wòwh`( n` yc`{ C`n~`v o~ loy-

Yc` jop~ mww`m~mle`( u``bklfh{ plnopli n{ yc` vo~iu oj Wmph( ku mloyc`~ zmfm~{ oj cpbml

yckldklf, Kl yc` lkl`y``lyc e`lyp~{( Dm~h Bm~s i`jklù m ioey~kl` emhhì “eobbplkuy‟, J~ob ml

o~fmlkqmykolmh wokly oj zk`v( yc` eobbplkuy cmu m uy~peyp~` ukbkhm~ yo ycmy @uu`lù o~ C`n~`v

Ec~kuykml eobbplkykù, Yc`{ johhovì yc` bolmuyke eobbplkykù mli lov A`vkuc dknpyq oj @~`yq

Ku~m`h Uymy`, Pyy`~ì n{ yc` mwouyh` Wmph( vmu yohi mhbouy `lyk~`h{( mu ki`mu oj Bm~s( @lfc`hu yo

eobbplkuy ikuekwhù, Hkzklf( vo~dklf mli w~ow`~y{ ucm~klf( ikuy~knpykol mu l`ìì #loy u``l cov{op eml f`y( npy {op fkz` meeo~iklf yo yc` l`ìu oj lo~bmh hkj`1 copuklf( jooi( y~mklklf /

ìpemykol( c`mhycem~`( eckhiem~` mli `hi`~h{+ mli yc` eoly~knpykol `mec mjy`~ n`klf mu bml{

owwo~yplkykù n`lecbm~d o~fmlkqmykolmh y{wù kl yc` jop~ eobbplkykù b`lykolì, Vc{ Bm~s

mli @lfc`hu ecoke` yo ~`wpikmy` Ec~kuykmlky{? M &eobw`ykyo~& eobw`yì cm~i,,, o~ yckldklf cov m

Boumke A`v mfmkluy yc` mleùy~mh ioey~kl` oj Aùpu( vkyc mhh kyu ~ooyu kl boumke vo~hi … npy loy

boumke?-

:3

ECMWY@^ KZ YC@ N^@MD KLL@^ YC@ C@N^@V EC^KUYKMLU EOBBPLKY[ KL



ECMWY@^ KZ YC@ N^@MD KLL@^ YC@ C@N^@V EC^KUYKMLU EOBBPLKY[ KL

A@^PUMH@B

E,KZ,=, ÔMI YO A@^PUMH@B

Yc` f~opw ycmy meeobwmlkì yc` mwouyh` wmuuù Eùm~``m( ^coiù mli Y{~ yo fo yoA`~pumh`b( yo e`h`n~my` @muy`~ kl yc` Y`bwh` #{`m~ 06( mjy`~ oyc`~ uop~eù 03 è+, Yc` ukflmhu

~è`kzì v`~` loy `leop~mfklf jo~, My Wckhkw&u copu` #ol` oj yc` u`z`l F~``du+( m h`m~lì

C`n~`v Ec~kuykml( lmbì Mfmnpu ymd` u`my kl Wmph&u( kyu hkld vkyc c`~ cmliu mli j``y mli

umki1

&C`~`&u vcmy c` ~`z`mhì yc` Coh{ Uwk~ky1 yc` bml em~~{klf yc` n`hy vkhh n` ecmklì n{ A`vu(

vc`l c` m~~kzù kl A`~pumh`b mli vkhh fkz` wmfml cmliu #bpuy n` yc` ôbmlu+,Wmph ku mudì yo loy eolyklp` yc`k~ y~kw, Cku mluv`~ cmu1

&Vc{ e~{ yo b` N~`md b{ c`m~y, K&b ~`mi{ yo ik` jo~ yc` lmb` oj Aùpu ,,, BMD@ YCMY

YC@ FOI VMLY-& #Meyu w,>=,=9+,

Kl A`~pumh`b ku couyì n{ Ambù yc` [oplf, Mjy ~ yc` jk~uy bmlkjùymykolu oj ao{ yo u`` mfmkl(

yc` b`bn`~u oj Ec~kuykml eobbplky{ oj yovl cmz` m f~pif` ycmy mhh A`vu bpuy yo on`{ yo

eobwh{ uy~keyh{ onu`~zì boumke, Yc`{ v`~` mizkuì ckb yo pli`~fo ~kypmh wp~kjkemykol(mholf vkyc jop~ oyc`~ C`n~`v ycmy i`zkmykolu j~ob yc` Hmv oj Bouù, ^kypmh d`wy n{

Ec~kuykmlu eoljùu kl n`jo~` @muy`~( npy yc` C`n~`v b`mlklf ku yc` ~èoflkykol oj ukl n`jo~`

yc` b``yklf kl Y`bwh`, Yo ucov ycmy ku m y~p` n`hk`z`~ kl Boumke Hmv( Wmph johhov yc` u`z`l

im{u wp~kjkemykol,

Kl yc` `kfcy"im{( ol @muy`~ bo~lklf( yc` ioo~ yo m f~opw oj Y`bwh`( o~kfklmhh{ j~ob Mukm

Bklo~T=R mepuì Wmph, Yc`{ e~{1 &Wòwh` oj Ku~m`h&u c`hw- C`~`&u yc` klikzkipmh vco w~`mec`z`~{vc`~` mli mfmkluy mhh op~ wòwh`( mfmkluy yc` Hmv mli ycku whme`- Mli yc`~` vmu mhuo

n c F d k c h j c “C h Wh & #M >= >3+ K n

:;



n~opfcy F~``du klyo yc` y`bwh` yo w~ojml` yc` “Coh{ Whme`& #Meyu w,>=,>3+, Ky vmu mnopy

Ykboyc{, Wmph( dlovklf yc` hmv( my jk~uy eoljk~bì ckb kl yc` Boumke ~ky`( vkyc yc` hmy`~

Ec~kuykml nmwykub mli nmwykub n{ yc` Coh{ Uwk~ky, Uo ky vmu m jmhu` ~`muol( npy jo~ ycou`

vco vmlyì wpnhke eoli`blmykol mli bp~i`~ oj Wmph ioù loy eoply ,,, Fmyù oj Y`bwh`

m~` ehouì, Ku w~`wm~klf yo uyol` Wmph mwouyh`( vc`l m ôbml bkhkym~{ plky hì n{ yc` HkukmuEhmpikpu j~ob ôbml Mlyolkm jo~y~ùu( ukypmyì kl ehou` w~oskbky{ yo yc` Y`bwh`( uyow yc`

`sèpykol, Mudklf vcmy cmww`lì mli f`yyklf eoljpuklf mluv`~u( yc` ôbml ièkiì yo

m~~ùy Wmph, Jo~y ol yc` vm{ yo hoyu oj dkhh`~u vco j``h ycmy yc`k~ w~`{ ùemw`( c`mz`l vkyc

~mf` &i`myc-&, Ole` kluki` yc` jo~y~ùu( Wmph ku mii~ùuì kl F~``d yo Ehmpikpu1 &Eml K um{ m

vo~i?‟, &[op dlov F~``d? ,,, uo {op m~` loy yc` `f{wykml vco uym~yì ~koy vkyc jop~

ycopumli nmlikyu kl yc` iù`~y& vmu cku ~`wh{ Hkukmu( eoljpuì vkyc vcmy b{ n`` yc` h`mi`~oj m A`vkuc mlyk ôbmlu boz`b`ly " Ukddkb,

Wmph mudì yo uw`md wòwh` fmyc`~ì kl j~oly n`jo~` yc` ôbml uy~olfcohi, Wmph ~mkuì

cku cmli mli c` uw`mdu kl M~mbmke, Mjy`~ ~`hmyù vcmy cmww`lì mholf yc` Imbmuepu vm{(

cku eolz`~y yo Ec~kuykmlky{( #E,KKK,=+ c` um{u1

&Kl m im{ vc`l K w~m{ kl yc` y`bwh`( K j`hh klyo nhkuu, K umv ycmy yc` Ho~i umki1 F`y pw( f`y opy

oj A`~pumh`b( mli {op~ yùykbol{ oj B`, K ~`whkì1 Oc( yc`{ dlov v`hh cov v` v`ly j~ob

u{lmfofp` yo u{lmfofp`( yc~ovklf mli wpyyklf kl w~kuol yo n` n`my`l n{ ycou` vco n`hk`zì

kl {op, Mli vc`l vmu uwkhhì nhooi oj Uy`wc`l( {op~ vkylùu( K vmu nùki` b{u`hj jo~ yc`b

T=R Yc`{ v`~` uo emhhì &j~``&1 yc` up~zkzklf A`vu j~ob Ek~`l`( Mh`smli~km( Ekhkekm( bmi`

uhmzù oj Wobw`k mjy`~ oeepwmykol oj Wmhùykl` #:7 n,e,`,+ mli upnu`}p`lyh{ ~`h`muì n{

Emùm~, Oj ycku f~opw v`~` mli vcmy yc`{ cmz` ol yc` uyol` Uy, Uy`wc`l i`meol, Lov v`~`

puì mu &bp~i`~opu cmli& oj h`miklfu oj Umlcì~kl yo dkhh yc` Mwouyh` Wmph,

mli fpm~iklf yc`k~ ehoycù, C` yc`l mluv`~ì1 FO( KU JM^ YC@ VM[ YO WMFMLU YO

U@LI [OP& #Meyu w >> =6 +

67



U@LI [OP #Meyu w,>>,=6,+,

Uw`èc ku kly`~~pwyì my ycku ykb` oj wm~ykuml emhh nmed yo yc` dkhhklf oj y`m~klf yc`k~ ehoycù

olT>R, Yc` Y~knpl`( yo }pk`y yc` e~ovi( o~i`~ì ycmy Wmph yo n` n`my`l n{ yc` z`~f`, Wmph ku

mii~ùuì yo Hkukmu( ycku ykb`( kl Hmykl, C` um{u ycmy c` ku m ôbml ekykq`l, Mbmqì( yc`

eobbmli`~ ~`zodì yc` o~i`~ mli ~`whmeì vkyc c`mz{ ecmklu yo w~`z`ly w~kuol`~ ùemwòlh{ ,,,

V` io loy vmly yo eolyklp` vkycopy w~ozkiklf yc` eoly`sy mli mybouwc`~` oj ycou` im{u1

yc` eoljhkey kl yc` nouob oj yc` C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu kl A`~pumh`b,

Yc` mwouyh` Wmph( kl yc` `kfcy {`m~u c` vmu mvm{ ol cku bkuukolu( yo n` mvm~` ycmy mhh

b`bn`~u oj yc` Ec~kuykml Ecp~ec kl yc` eky{ v`~` ho{mh yo boumke Hmv( w~ù`~zklf ~kypmh

wmy~km~ec kl cku h`yy`~, @z`l kj mee`wyì n{ @wkuyoh` {`m~ 07 kl A`~pumh`b ycou` `se`wykolu yoyc` A`vkuc Hmv( ioù loy mhhov yc`b yo `swmli yo C`n~`v Ec~kuykml, Yc` mwouyh` Wmph

eoluki`~ì ycmy yc` Fouw`h oj Aùpu ku yc` olh{ mizoemyù oj Ec~kuykmlky{( oj ml{ w`~upmukol

vophi n` uo Ec~kuykml nmwykub ku upjjkek`ly ycmy ol` oj yc` w~kbm~{ w~klekwh` oj yc`

eolz`lmly vkyc Foi, Bo~` uwèkjkemhh{( Wmph Bkuukolm~{ eolz`~yì A`v f~mly j~`ìob yo

eobwh{ o~ io loy u`` boumke ~phù, Uo Wmph cmu bmi` w`lky`le` mhycopfc ky vmu opyuki` yc`

Ec~kuykml Iofbm, C` iki ky yo d``w yc` plky kll`~ C`n~`v Ec~kuykml eobbplky{ù( ycou` klA`~pumh`b mli yc` &opyuki`&, Wmph nmwykq` Ykboyc{ ckb jk~uy kl boumke ~ky`( n`jo~` yc`

mibklkuy~mykol oj Ec~kuykml nmwykub, Jo~ ycou` A`vu jplimb`lymhkuyu ycku &i`ymkh& vmu loy

dlovl, Kflo~mle` yo ycou` vco ymd` wm~y kl m bmuu wu{ecouku oj cmy` mli ky i`y`~bklù cmz`

T>R Fùyp~` iku~pwykol ehoycù m~` kl yc` y~mikykol oj C`n~`v ùoy`~ke ~oh`( bm~dklf m n~`md

n`yv``l m A`v mli vcmy ku cmww`lklf ku mfmkluy cku jmkyc, Ol` oj yc` i``w ikueoly`ly ycmy

ioù,

6=lo eollèykol vkyc yc` m~fpb`lyu oj eobbol u`lu`, Jo~ yc` ukbwh` ~`muol ycmy kj ky v`~` uo(

ycù` uymyù oj eohhèykz` uypwkiky{ vophi loy `skuy- Umzklf hkz` mwouyh` i`w`liì loy olh{



ycù` uymyù oj eohhèykz` uypwkiky{ vophi loy `skuy- Umzklf hkz` mwouyh` i`w`liì loy olh{

ycmy yc` ôbml fm~~kuol vmu kl ehou` w~oskbky{ yo yc` Y`bwh`, ôbml mpskhkm~{ eoco~y vmu

eobwouì oj hoemhu b`~e`lm~kù( mu mhh y~oowu v`~` o~fmlkqì mpskhkm~{ `bwk~`, Hkukmu( mu

bouy oj kyu uohik`~u vmu no~l kl Api`m, C` nèmb` y~knpl` wm{klf c`mz{ bol`{ yo nèob` m

ôbml ekykq`l #uy~mlf` epuyob oj yc` wmuy mli op~ ykb`+, C`le` muyolkucb`ly vc`l c`h`m~lì ycmy Wmph vmu ôbml ekykq`l n{ nk~yc( vckec jo~ ckb w~kuol`~ bm~d lonhùu` oj cku

jmbkh{( loy ~`n`h ukem~, C` ièkiì yo w~oyèy ky( yo w~oyèy cku ~kfcyu mu m ôbml ekykq`l " yo

n` apifì olh{ n{ m ôbml y~knplmh,

A`vu( Ec~kuykmlu o~ loy( ky vmu kbwhmlyì b`lymhky{ &Wòwh` oj Foi&, Klkykmhh{ ycku

ioey~kl`( y~mklklf oj Bouù vco johhovì ckb jop~y``l {`m~u kl Uklmk( mli yc`k~ eckhi~`l( hì

yc`b yo ~ùkuy( up~~opliì n{ woh{yc`kuy wòwh`( {op eh`mlu` mli ~`zkz` bo~mh ~`hkfkol, Yckunmuke eole`wy cmu ~`bmklì myymecì yo yc` C`n~`v wòwh` pleoluekopu, Ycku u`lykb`ly cmu

n``l puì kl uob` ckuyo~kemh bob`lyu yo apuykj{ ~`hkfkopu klyoh`~mle` n{ ycou` vco c`hi

wov`~ kl yc` A`vkuc Eobbplkykù ,,, Loycklf l`v pli`~ yc` upl1 yc` “b`~e`lm~{& oj wp~ky{

oj “jmkyc‟( oj &~mekmh& o~ “ioey~klmh‟ m~` jopli yc~opfcopy ckuyo~{ yo mhh wòwhù, J~ob yc`

Ec~kuykml kl}pkukykol yo jmuekub( uo emhhì “eobbplkub‟( mli Kuhmbke `sy~`bkub kl op~

ykbù( apuy mu `smbwhù, Yc`{ v`~` ycou` vco jopfcy wkykhùuh{ mfmkluy ycou` vco( hkd`Mwouyh` Wmph( umki1

&K VMU U@LY YO N^KLF YC@ VOÎ OJ HOÎ YO @Z@^[OL@&,

Ycou` loy mee`wy yc` &eobw`ykykol& jo~ J^@@ eolz`~yì, Yc`k~ ~`meykol( uo yo `swhmkl( ucìu

hkfcy ol yc` umi jmy` oj op~ jmyc`~u( mli op~u-

Y~mfke eoly`sy oj yc` `m~h{ n~`md kl emwykzky{ oj Wmph ku mbolf yc` C`n~`v Ec~kuykml

6>

eobbplkykù yvo ycopumli {`m~u,



{

Ikzkukol vkyckl yc` f~opw oj &Ec~kuykml Wmy~km~ecu&( vkhh h`mi yo houu oj bmao~ ~oh` oj

C`n~`v kl Ec~kuykml Bkuukolm~{,

Ec~kuykml jplimb`lymhkub( mjy`~ lkl` cpli~ì {`m~u( yc` e~pekmh w`~koi( vkhh pu` yc`

m~fpb`ly ycmy ykb` ~`wo~yì yo mee~ìky yc` ki`m oj &A`vkuc wòwh`&u `l`b{ oj Ec~kuykmlky{& Y~pyc eml n` zkuknh` ole` yc` wòwh` my yc` ykb` ièkiì n{ Foi( npy vkhh n` pu`hùu jo~

bkhhkol i`mi zkeykbu oj ~`hkfkopu o~ ~mekmh klyoh`~mle`( &yc` ol` cmli o~ me~ouu yc`

nm~~kemi`‟,

E,KZ,>, YC@ UMKLY WMPH Y^KMHU

M yvo"im{( kl o~i`~ yo `hpekimy` vcmy Wmph ku meepuì( ~ùwèyklf ôbml epuyob( EhmpikpuHkukmu Y~knpl` ~`}pk~ù eohhèyklf Umlcì~kl ,, Mwouyh` ku n~opfcy( pli`~ fpm~i v`m~{

ôbmlu kl Y`bwh`, Y~{ yo uw`md yo ^mnnk w~ù`lyu( ^mnnk Mlmlkmu yc` F~`my uhmw Wmph kl

yc` jme`, Vo~yc{( Wmph loyù ycmy yc` fùyp~` ioù loy eoluè~my` yc` c`mi oj ycku wòwh`,

Yc`l i`z`howu cku ycùku n`holfklf yo ~`hkfkopu Wcm~ku`ù( vckec yc` bmao~ky{ oj ycou`

w~ù`ly dl`v ol`, Kbbìkmy`h{ uym~y m ikuwpy` n`yv``l b`bn`~u oj yvo ~`hkfkopu wm~ykù1

Wcm~ku`ù mli Umipe`ù, Yc` jk~uy umki1&V` iki loy jkli ml{ycklf v~olf vkyc ycku bml, Vcmy ioù ycmy ymd` m uwod`l o~ ml Mlf`h

Uwk~ky &#Meyu w,>5,3,+,

Cov yc` ikuwpy` iki loy cmz` hoyu yo jklkuc uool( y~knpl` ~`yp~l kl yc` jo~y~ùu, Yc` lkfcy

ycmy johhovì yc` ~`z`hmykol Wmph ku Coh{ Uwk~ky1 &Eop~mf`( mu {op yood b{ vkylùu kl

A`~pumh`b( {op fo yo ôb`& #Meyu w,>5,==,+, Mhh vckh` jo~y{ eoluwk~myo~ eoz`lmly io loy `my(

loy i~kld plykh dkhh yc` Mwouyh`, Yc` whml ku ukbwh`, Yo w`~upmi` yc` y~knpl` yo ~ùyo~` ckb

n`jo~` Umlcì~kl mli yo dkhh kl yc` bkiih` oj yc` b``yklf, Vm~lì n{ m l`wc`v( Wmph u`liu

65



n`jo~` Umlcì~kl mli yo dkhh kl yc` bkiih` oj yc` b``yklf, Vm~lì n{ m l`wc`v( Wmph u`liu

ky yo Hkukmu yo um{ vcmy c` cmu h`m~lì, Hkukmu ièkiù yo boz` Wmph pli`~ uy~olf ùeo~y kl

yc` emwkymh oj yc` w~ozkle`( Eùm~``m yo n` wpy pli`~ yc` w~oyèykol oj ôbml H`fmypu oj

Api``m( J`hks, Jkz` im{u hmy`~( yc` f~`my ^mnnk Mlmlkmu( yof`yc`~ vkyc m i`h`fmykol oj

Umlcì~kl( vckec vmu wm~y mli hmv{`~ Y ~yphkpu( fo yo J`hks, Y`~yphkpu ~`}pk~ù eol n` fkz`lyo yc` eop~y ol yc` f~opliu nèmpu` Wmph empuì ikum~~m{ mbolf yc`b( upnaèy yo yc`

ôbml `bwk~`, M~ykjke` yo u``d wplkucb`ly oj C`n~`v n{ yc` uky` ovl`~u K&z` b`y ycou`

~`wo~yìT=R,

Wmph ku i`j`liklf kl j~oly oj J`hks mli yc` i`h`fmykol oj Umlcì~kl, Ky ucovu ycmy uy~keyh{

eobwhkì vkyc yc` vo~iu oj yc` w~owc`yu kl yc` Coh{ Noodu

Ycù` w~owc`yu oj Kumkmc1 m u`~kù oj zkukolm~{ w~`bolkykolu, Kl ky m~` yc` }pklyùu`le` oj mjpyp~` ckuyo~{ oj yc` wòwh` oj Ku~m`h, C`~` m~` m j`v wm~mf~mwcu( vckec vophi n` bmi` yc`

nmuku jo~ m wouuknh` i`nmy` kl Y`bwh`1

Ikumww`m~mle` Api`ml uymy` u``l mu m &wplkucb`ly oj w~ki` mli zmkl o~lmb`lyu& ku

iùe~knì mu johhovu1

&Yc` klcmnkymlyu oj Qkol vkhh jmhh cku uvo~i mli Zmho~ kl vm~, Fmyù impfcy`~ Qkol vkhh

e~`md mli f~oml vkhh mli ~onnì( c` umy lmdì ol @m~yc &, #Kumkmc E,5,>0,( >:,+ &Yc` H`mi`~u oj ycku lmykol ku foklf yo bkuymd` mli h`mi yc`b vkhh ik`&, #Kumkmc w,;,=0+ ,&Vkycopy b` vkhh fo vkyc yc` uhmzù h`jy jo~`c`mi mli jmhh mbolf ycou` dkhhì ,,,& #Kumkmc w,=7,9,+

T=R Kl ykb`( mloyc`~ bob`ly vkhh n` e`h`n~myì kl yc` lkl`y``lyc e`lyp~{( vc`l ^mnnk oj Hkycpmlkm(

Fmhkekm( F`~bml{ mli ^puukm vkhh mud cku johhov`~u m~~ùy Nmh Uc`b Yoz #yc` klkykmyo~ oj yc` boz`b`ly

yo ~`zkz` jmkyc boumke( yc` boz`b`ly emhhì &Cmukike&+ n{ ^puukml @bwk~` ,,, Mli kl ycmy emu` yc`

mww~omec cmu loy ~`mecì jklmhky{( yc` kbw`~kmh zk`v ycmy v` boz` mu pli`~bklklf yc` eqm~ npy mu mkly`~lmh w~onh`b oj A`vkuc eobbplkykù,

Mli upjj`~klf oj yc` eobklf Bùukmc1

&K vkhh ucooy opy oj cku Kù`h uy~mkl mli m uw~kf j~ob yc` ~ooy oj cku vkhh& #Kumkmc w == = +

69



K vkhh ucooy opy oj cku Kù`h uy~mkl mli m uw~kf j~ob yc` ~ooy oj cku vkhh , #Kumkmc w,==,=,+

&Io loy ucopy( lo~ vkhh uw`md hopih{ mli yc` bm~d`y vkhh loy c`m~ cku zoke`, #Kumkmc w,9>,>+ ,

&Npy c` yood ol op~ wmkl mli upjj`~klf mli op~ np~i`l, Mli v` ~èdol wplkucì( n`my`l

mli yo~b`lyì n{ Foi #,,,+ vmu oz`~iol`( npy kyu upnaèy mli cmu loy ow`lì cku bopyc vmu(

hkd` m hmbn yo n` dkhh #,,,+ ycmy c` vo~` vkyc yc` bml{ hmvu mli yc` ukll`~u fmz` hkj`, #Kumkmcw,05,9,"=>,+

Umhzmykol oj yc` wòwh` oj Ku~m`h1

&C`~` {op vkhh emhh wòwh` {op io loy dlov mli wòwh` ycmy {op iki loy cmz` yo ~pl yo {op(

yc` Ho~i {op~ Foi mli yc` Coh{ oj Ku~m`h, #,,,+ Mli nèmpu` jo~`kfl`~u wmuy` yc` Ho~i yo

hoz` mli lmb` yo u`~z` yc` Ho~i mli n` Cku u`~zmlyu( mhh im{ vmyecklf yc` ~ùy loy yo n`

kbwp~` mli iv`hhklf kl B{ W~obku` &, #Kumkmc w,00,0,":+, ^`mh H`ly1

&Io loy {op dlov ycmy K hoz` yc` H`ly " um{u yc` Ho~i, N~`md ecmklu klapuyke`( plyk` apfphmy`

hkldu( wh`mu` fo ol mli n~`md yc` apfphmy` yc`b, Ucm~` vkyc {op~ n~`mi yc` cplf~{( uc`hy`~u

yo copu` yc` klikf`ly( yc` `bwy{ ymd` ky mli loy cki` j~ob ycmy oj m y~kn` vkyc {op, &#Kumkmc

w,03,:,"3,+

W~owcè{ kl Mfo~m ukh`le` vmu zkohmyì vc`l yc` Aùpu oz`~yp~lklf uymhhu oj b`~ecmlyuy`bwh`, Kleki`lymhh{ o~ loy( ycku ik~èy yc~`my yo yc` &bkiih` ehmuu& oj Api`m vkhh n` johhovì m

v``d oj cku m~~ùy mli u`ly`leklf yo i`myc,

Bpec bo~` ycml m j`v `smbwhù vophi cmz` n``l i`nmyì n`yv``l i`zoy`ù y~mikykolmh

w~ki` mli `boykol ycmy klyoh`~mle` ucophi loy n` klehpiì ol owwol`lyu vc`l`z`~ {op b`y

,,, o~ vkhh b``y,

Wmphh meepu` ycou` vco i`l{ ^ùp~~èykol oj Aùpu( &u`ly& cm~nklf`~ oj Kumkmc( yo n` i`mj

i nhk i y yc i j yc c y Ky hh yc n c k i k H j

60



mli nhkli yo yc` vo~iu oj yc` w~owc`yu, Ky ~èmhhu yc` n`cmzko~ pli`~ boumke Hmv oj

eobbplkykù C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu( yo fkz` bmy`~kmh upwwo~y yo A`vkuc Eobbplkykù kl yc`

{`m~u oj c`mz{ i~opfcy kl Api`m,

Mu yc` ôbml ekykq`l Wmph ku umzì ky ycku ykb`, J`hks meyklf mu m i`y`lykol w~kuol`~ kl

Eùm~``m, Mjy`~ yvo {`m~u( yc` w~ozkle`&u l`v H`fmypu1 Wo~ekpu Jùypu( ièki` m l`v y~kmh,Wmph( kl yp~l( mud yo n` u`ly yo yc` kbw`~kmh eop~y, B``yklf myy`liì( mholf vkyc yc`

ôbmlu( cku ohi `l`bkù mli y`y~m~ec Mf~kwwm KK vkyc kyu ukuy`~ N`~`lke`, Jùypu n~klfu ckb

w~kuol`~ um{klf yo u`li ckb yo y~kmh Emùm~ ky bpuy apuykj{ ycku fùyp~` mli ioù loy dlov

cov yo jky yc` e~kb` eobbkyyì n{ Mwouyh`( cov yc` ôbml hmv v` zkohmykol, Uo c` wpy cku

y~kmh Mf~kwwm, Mf~kwwm KK ku mii~ùuì yo Wmph1 &[op m~` j~`` yo i`j`li {op~ empu`‟,

Mwouyh` Wmph mii~ùuù yc` muu`bnh{ eolukuyklf oj ôbml ojjkekmhu mli A`vu1&Mhycopfc K mb meepuì oj A`vu( K j``h cmww{ dklf Mf~kwwm( yo `sephwmy` b` yoim{ kl j~oly

oj {op, Yc` bo~` uo mu {op&~` mvm~` oj mhh A`vkuc epuyobu mli eoly~oz`~u{, Mhuo wh`mu`

hkuy`l yo b` wmyk`lyh{, Mhh b{ hkj` K uw`ly kl yc` nouob oj yc` wòwh` my A`~pumh`b4 A`vu

dlov, Yc`{ dlov b` v`hh mli kj yc`{ m~` yo yùykj{ ycmy K cmz` johhovì yc` wm~y{ oj ~`hkfkol

bo~` uy~keyh{ op~ Wcm~ku`` ol, Lov yc`{ m~` upì nèmpu` oj b{ cow` kl yc` w~obku` bmi`

n{ Foi mli op~ wm~`lyu ycmy yc` yv`hz` y~knù oj op~ w`~u`z`~mle` yc~opfc jmkyc kl Foi(

im{ mli lkfcy( K `swèy jphjkhhb`ly‟,

Wmph ~`wo~yì yc` `z`ly ol yc` Imbmuepu ~omi #E,KKK,=+ mli eolz`~ukol yo yc` Fouw`h oj

Aùpu( yc`l eolyklpù1

&Ycmy ku uo( Dklf Mf~kwwm( K mb loy ~`n`hhkopu kl yc` ikzkl` zkukol, K ol yc` eoly~m~{( wòwh`

jk~uy oj Imbmuepu( A`~pumh`b mli mhh Api`m( yc`l wmfmlu( eml yùykj{, V` f~mqklf yc`k~ uophu

yo n` jo~fkz`l oj uklu( n~klfklf yc` vm{ oj yc` Ho~i( K ~`mhkqì ycmy bk~mehù v`~` eolzkleì,

6:



Ycmy ku vc{ yc` A`vu y~kì yo dkhh b` kl yc` Y`bwh`, Upwwo~yì yc` w~oyèykol oj Foi( mli K

eolyklpì yo ycku im{ yo upnbky b{ yùykbol{ #ol yc` Ho~i Aùpu ^ùp~~èykol+, K eoljùuì

kl j~oly oj yc` eckw mli yc` wov`~jph( vkycopy um{klf ml{ycklf n`{oli vcmy yc` w~owc`yu

mli Bouù umki vophi cmww`l, Ycmy Ec~kuy vkhh upjj`~ mli ycmy oj i`mi ^ùp~~èyì vkhh

mllople` HKFCY yo wmfml wòwhù& #Meyu w,>:,>3,"5>,+,

Foz`~lo~ Jùypu( i``wh{ kbw~ùuì n{ yc` eoly`ly mli yc` eop~mf` vkyc vckec Wmph

upuymklì cku wh`m( um{ ckb ycmy myykypi` oj ikflky{ eml h`mi yo cku eoli`blmykol n{ yc` dklf

Mf~kwwm, Wmph kyu ~`whkù1

&K mb loy e~mq{ npy YMHD kl yc` hmlfpmf` oj y~pyc mli eobbol u`lu`, Dklf mud b`

nèmpu` c` ku mhuo y~mklì kl Boumke Bkuy`~{, K mud ckb yo umj`y{ loycklf ycmy ku jo~`kfl, Jo~

ycou` ~`hmyklf LOYCKLF KL LOY hk`- Dklf Mf~kwwm( n`hk`z` kl w~owc`yu? K dlov {op

n`hkz`, &#Meyu w,>:,>0,">6,+,

Yc` ~`yo~y oj yc` Dklf eobklf kbbìkmy`h{1

&Ol` bklpy` {op~ ~`muolklf mli K&hh eolz`~y&

Wmph kyu ~`whkù1

&Vcmy eml n` iol`( bpec o~ hkyyh`( bm{ Foi( loy olh{ {op npy mhh vco c`m~ b` c`~`( vcmyvkhh n` b{u`hj( `se`wy jo~ ycù` ecmklu, “

Mf~kwwm uymliu mli mii~ùuklf yc` Muu`bnh{ fkzù yc` z`~ikey1

&Ycku bml kl j~oly oj pu iki loycklf ycmy vophi b`~ky yc` i`myc o~ ecmklu& #Meyu w,>:,>3,"

5>,+,

Yc` y~kmh `liu vkyc yc` ièkukol ycmy yc` w~kuol`~ n` u`ly yo ôb` yo mww`m~ n`jo~` yc`

eop~y oj ôbml @bw`~o~,

M j`v vo~iu mnopy Mf~kwwm KK " yc( yc` hmuy dklf oj yc` A`vu, Mwwoklyì n{ yc` `bw`~o~

Ehmpikpu, C` y~kì yo bmklymkl m w~èm~kopu nmhmle` iè~`muklf `sy~`bkuy boz`b`lyu mli

66



Ehmpikpu, C` y~kì yo bmklymkl m w~èm~kopu nmhmle` iè~`muklf `sy~`bkuy boz`b`lyu mli

yc` lmykolmh pl~ùy empuì n{ bmao~ w`~uèpykol mfmkluy Ec~kuykmlu, C` upuw`li C`n~`v

Ec~kuykmlu `ljo~e`b`ly( w~meykeì n{ cku jmyc`~, Kl Wmph y~kmh c` i`boluy~myì ycmy ky ku loy

olh{ m dklf npy m Api`ml klkykmyì vkycopy n`klf Ec~kuykml, C` dl`v ycmy ecoouklf yc` wmyc

yo y~p` jmkyc( yo n` upuymklmnh`( bm{ loy n` kbwouì n{ jo~e`, Vkhh n` ~`bozì j~ob ycÀ`vkuc ~`zohy kl A`~pumh`b #::+, Yc` bo~` hkfcy K&b yc` `smbwh` oj yc` vku` mli yoh`~mly

h`mi`~( vco y~kì yo kly~oipe` @JJ@EYU KL W@ME@ UOEKMH EOLIKYKOLU( @YCLKE

MLI ^@HKFKOPU, @z`l kj {op io loy upee`ì-

Wmph dl`v vco uw`mdu, C` dl`v ycmy yc`k~ aokly y~mklklf [ùckzm yo `lmnh` yc`b yo

pli`~uymli iùwky` yc` miz`~um~kù w~ù`ly, Jk~uy vo~iu mii~ùuì yo yc` dklf v`~` loy

eop~yù{ npy m ~èoflkykol oj yc` h`z`h oj uecohm~uckw mli y`mecklf kl b{uy`~kù oj Yo~mc oj Mf~kwwm, Mli uo yc` hmuy wc~mu` oj yc` uw`èc1 &K dlov {op yckld&, Ky vmu ml klkykmykz` oj yc`

Ec~kuykml mww~omec yo m b``yklf oj &i`mj& nèmpu` yc`~` vmu my h`muy ml &`m~ yo c`m~&, Yc`

jklmh ièkukol oj Dklf #yc` kuup` oj ecmklu oj mwouyh` Wmph+ vmu loy kbwh`b`lyì ip` yo

Umlcì~kl owwoukykol, Wmph ckbu`hj mudì yo n` y~kì kl ôb`( yc` kbw`~kmh eop~y, V` ymd`

yc` ~omi oj ôb` mli oj yc` bouy w~ohkjke w`~koi oj `zmlfc`hkumykol oj lol A`v wòwh`( yc`

hmuy oj cku hkj`, Api`m ~`hkfkopu h`mi`~u eophi n` umykujkì, Yc` bmkl imlf`~ yo yc`k~ wov`~oz`~ yc` wòwh` vmu ~`bozì j~ob yc` A`vkuc, Vkyc yc` umb` y`lmeky{ uwèkjke n~`ì vkhh

jkfcy yo ~`boz` j~ob yc` eobbplky{ mhh ycou` &c`~`ykemh&( vcmy`z`~ yc` jpyp~` oj wòwh` A`v

mzmym~u, Od o~ nmi? Ycmy vmu ky-

E,KZ,5, ÔMI YO ÔB@

Wmph ku uckwwì mholf vkyc oyc`~ w~kuol`~u ol m uckw( yc` ôbml e`lyp~kol Kpuypu oj

63



ww f w w(

bkhkym~{ eoco~y Mpfpuym fpm~iklf ckb, Ycmy( kbw~ùuì n{ yc` ~`wpymykol mli yc` vkuiob

ycmy vkhh mhhov jmkycjph A`v ycmy vmu uckwwì yo uky l`sy yo ckb ol m u`m vkyc m uckw oj

Mh`smli~km kl yc` ikjjkephy vkly`~ w`~koi, Vkyc mhh yc` ykwu mwouyh` yo johhov ehou`h{ yc` hkl`

oj eomuy( yc` emwymkl ku c`miklf jo~ E~`y`, N`jo~` {op ehou` yc` wo~y uy~olf wphh m uyo~b ojj yc` uckw, Mjy`~ jop~y``l im{u vkycopy n`klf mnh` yo o~k`ly n{ yc` upl( bolyc( o~ uym~u( e~`v

mli wòwh` ol yc` uckw v`~` j~kfcy`lì mli cplf~{, Yc`{ yc~`v yc` jk~uy homi( yc`l

`z`~{ycklf ol yc` nomy m~` loy lèùum~{, Wmph `leop~mfì, Yc`{ umki ycmy Foi u`ly m ukfl

ycmy lol` oj ycou` m~` ol yc` nomy vkhh loy cmww`l ml{ycklf v~olf, Kl yc` jop~y``lyc im{ c`

bmi` n~`mi bk~meh` oj Ec~kuy, C` Ucm~ù N~`mi y`hhklf yc`b yo `my, Yc`~` v`~` yvo

cpli~ì u`z`l y`lu mli uks wòwh`( vkylùuù mli ~è`kzklf ,,,, Yc` johhovklf im{ umv mhmliì, Bmuy`~ lozke` mfmkl( jmkhì yo uckw m cood( n`jo~` ky ioed, Eo~d v`~` loy n`klf houy

ip~klf ml myy`bwyì ùemw` oj u`mb`l, Uohik`~u cmz` w~owouì ycmy w~kuol`~u ucophi n`

dkhhì( loy yo ùemw` ole` yc`{ m~~kzì ol uco~`, E`lyp~kol cmu owwouì, Yc`{ mhh emb`

uvkbbklf yo uco~`, Ky vmu yc` kuhmli oj Bmhym, Hoemhu v`heobì ckb vkyc dklilùu, N`fml

yo fmyc`~ vooi jo~ m jk~` yo vm~b kl yc` vkly`~ im{u, Wmph mii n~km~ mli ue~mw vooi kl m

~ov vkyc yc`b, M ulmd` nky ckb, Yc` lmykzù vco dl`v cov wokuolopu ycù` ~`wykhù v`~èoluki`~ì foiu u`ly( mli umv ckb i`mi, Wmph yc~ov yc` ulmd` kl yc` jk~` mli loycklf ku

cmww`l yo ckb, Vc`l yc`{ n`hk`zì yo n` m foi ,,, Jo~ yc~`` bolycu cmz` n``l couyì n{

Wpnhkpu( ôbml foz`~lo~ oj yc` kuhmli, Yc` jmyc`~ vmu upjj`~klf j~ob j`z`~ mli i{u`ly`~{(

vmu i{klf, Mudì yc` uol( Wmph ku mww~omecklf c`mi i{klf( w~m{ holf mjy`~ ycmy wpy {op~

cmliu ol kyu jme`, Bml ~`yp~lu yo cku hkj` mli uool ky bmi` c`mhyck`~, Yc` l`vu cmu uw~`mi yo

yc` kuhmli, Mhh ycou` upjj`~klf j~ob ml{ iku`mu` emb` mli v`~` ~`ùymnhkucb`ly oj ml

mwouyh`, ^ùwèy jo~ Wmph ioù loy cmz` no~i`~u, Mu umki ol yc` uckw ip~klf yc` uyo~b1 w~kuol`~u(uohik`~u( umkho~u( cmz` fol` bkuuklf ml{ycklf, Kl yc` eobklf uw~klf yc`{ v`ly yo Kymh{ vkyc m zùu`h

yc y k y k B hy i k i y W hk #W y hk+ C W h y i k

6;



ycmy vkly`~u kl Bmhym mli m~~kzì my Wopqqohk #Wpyòhk+, C`~` Wmph vmu f~``yì kl bml{

Ec~kuykmluT=R, Couyì noyc yc` fpm~iu mli w~kuol`~u jo~ u`z`l im{u, Ole` kl ôb`( Wmph vmu

~è`kzì vkyc f~`my ao{ mli vm~b eobbplky{ oj Ec~kuykmlu Y~mluymz`~` #l`kfcno~cooi

jo~`kfl`~u j~ob yc` emwkymh ôbml @bwk~`+, W`liklf yc` kbw`~kmh eop~y( vmu h`jy j~`` yo hkz` c`~`(

cmzklf yo n` fpm~iì n{ m ôbml uohik`~,Yc` mwouyh`( mu kl oyc`~ emuù( jk~uy v`ly yo yc` u{lmfofp`( cmzklf eolymey vkyc ~`w~ù`lymykzù oj

A`vkuc Eobbplkykù j~ob yc` eky{, Yc~`` im{u mjy`~vm~iu yc`{ eob` yo kyu cob`, C` y`hhu vcmy

cmww`lì kl A`~pumh`b mli kl Eùm~``m eop~y, ^mnnku yc`b um{ yc`{ cmz` ~è`kzì lo l`vu( vcmy

{op vmyecì( kl Api`m, Yc`{ vophi hkd` yo c`m~ kl yc` u{lmfofp` cmu yo um{ mnopy Aùpu mli cku

Fouw`h, Ol yc` l`sy Umnnmyc( yc` y`bwh` boumke v`~` ehou` m lpbn`~ oj uecohm~u cmz` Yo~` ,, Kl

j~oly oj yc`b( Wmph upnbkyyì yùykbol{ yo yc` }pmhky{ oj yc` Bùukmc oj Aùpu( yc` Wmuukol v`~èolehpiì n{ e~pekjkskol mli ^ùp~~èykol l`vu, C` uwod` oj yc` ymudu ~`mhkqì vcmy yc` mwouyhù

~è`kzì j~ob Foi Cohh{ Uwk~ky yo em~~{ yc` Fouw`h oj Aùpu mbolf A`vu mli lol A`vu, Uob`

cmz` mf~`ì vkyc yc` muu`ly oj ycou` ~`wo~yì kl Yo~` hkfcy( oyc`~u io loy- Uym~y m i`nmy` vkyc

uy~olf mee`lyu mli `boykolmh ckuy`~{m, Yc`l Wmph um{u1

&V`hh Coh{ Uwk~ky umki yc~opfc yc` w~owc`y Kumkmc yo {op~ wm~`lyu1 U`m~ec ol ycku wòwh` mli y`hh

yc`b1 [OP VKHH C@M^ VKYC [OP^ @MÛ MLI [OP VKH LOY PLI@ÛYMLI, [OPHOOD VKYC [OP^ @[@U MLI [OP VKHH LOY U@@, Jo~ wòwh` b{ c`m~y cmu n``l ~oed{,

Yc`{ cm~ih{ ehou` yc`k~ `m~u mli ehouì yc`k~ `{ù loy yo u``( mu lo pli`~uymli yc`k~ uwk~ky yo

eolz`~y, K vkhh c`mh b`-, WMFML H@M^L@I YCMY C@ VMU U@LY VOÎ OJ YC@ HOÎ,

C@^( MY H@MUY V@ VKHH HKUY@L YO B@-& #Meyu w,>3,>:,">3,+,

T=R ôbml Ec~kuykml eobbplkykù mww`m~ì kl m yvo"cmhj {`m~u oj &57( bml{ oj yc` `hky` bkhkym~{

dlkfcyu #u`` E,KKK,> @zmlf`hkumykol kl ôb`

E,KZ,9, YC@ MUC OJ WCO@LKS NKÎ

Wmph ~`bmkl kl ôb`, ^`h`muì j~ob Kbw`~kmh Eop~y #c`miì n{ yc` w~`jèy oj ôb`(

37



Wmph ~`bmkl kl ôb`, ^`h`muì j~ob Kbw`~kmh Eop~y #c`miì n{ yc` w~`jèy oj ôb`(

Np~~o+ vkhh eolyklp` kyu bkuukol kl ycmy eky{ vkhh nèob` &jo~y~ùu `y`~lmh& wm~y oj

Ec~kuykmlky{, C` vkhh eolyklp`( ik~èyh{ o~ yc~opfc H`yy`~u me~ouu yc` m~`m vc`~` yc`{ v`~`

n`klf o~ Ec~kuykml eobbplkykù kl yc` Hkfcy oj Aùpu Fouw`h,

Kl yp~l yc` mpyco~kykù mli Boumke A`vu vkhh pu` ml{ b`mlu yo `syklfpkuc ycku Hkfcy, L`~o(yc` Ec~kuykml mlyk wu{ecouku e~`myì uy`w n{ uy`w( vckec vkhh ephbklmy` ip~klf yc` jk~` kl

ôb` empuù Ec~kuykmlu Cohoempuy oj ôb` #C`n~`v mli lol C`n~`v+, Oeep~~ì mfmkluy

yc` nmedi~ow oj m uymy` oj bkli jo~ Ec~kuykmlu kl ôb`( ukle` :>( kluwk~ì n{ Wobwolkm(

L`~o&u vkj` mli vcmy onu`}pkopu `lyop~mf` kbw`~kmh i`kjkemykol ehmbw Kbw`~myo~( uw~`mi

klyo yc` wòwh` vco io loy pli`~uymli ycou` vco io loy ~pl vkyc yc`b yo yc` umb` uop~e`

oj ~mld, Vc`l yc`{ ymd` jo~ y~p` ycmy yc` u`y oj jk~` kl ôb` #:9+ ku bmi` yo yc` Ec~kuykmlu(loy n{ L`~o,

W`y`~ mli Wmph m~` `sèpyì n{ o~i`~ oj @bw`~o~ #:6+, Yc` whme` vc`~` ku n`hk`zì yo

cmz` n``l `sèpyì ku yoim{ W`y`~ mli Wmph Nmukhkem j~ob ôb` ― Zmykeml Uymy`, Ukbòl(

nkucow oj yc` Ec~kuykml Ecp~ec kl A`~pumh`b vkhh n` dkhhì kl yc` {`m~ =76, Kflmykpu( nkucow

oj Mlykoec vkhh n` yc` bm~y{~ì kl ôb`, Yc` hmuy C`n~`v Ec~kuykml mwouyh`( Aocl( vkh ik`

kl yc` {`m~ ==6, Wohkem~w vkhh eolyklp` yo fmyc`~ m~opli cku Ec~kuykml( C`n~`v o~ loy plykhyc` {`m~ =0:,

N`yv``l =57 " =50 C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu m~` w`~uèpyì n{ A`vu nèmpu` oj eolj~`~` loy aokl

yc` ~`n`hhkol mli yc` hmuy vm~ mfmkluy yc` ôbmlu,

I`j`myì mjy`~ h`f`lim~{ ~ùkuymle` kl Bmuumim #65+( N`y`~ #=50+ A`vu vophi bkf~my` kl

ikuykley eobbplkykù( yc` vcoh` vo~hi vkycopy m lmykolmh cob`hmli, Ikumuy`~ vkhh fmyc`~

m~opli yc` boumke jmkyc1 Yo~mc, [ocmlml N`l Qmddmk #6=+ ùymnhkucì [ùckzm j~ob

Amubklm mli Yc` Eoplekh oj Amubklm, Vkhh i`z`how m ioey~kl` oj &UWK^KYPMH UYMY@ OJ

KU^M@H‟, Ol` ycopumli `kfcy cpli~ì y`l {`m~u ky vkhh ymd` plykh yc` kuup` oj kbwouklf

3=



f { w f

yc`k~ vkhh n{ jkfcyklf1 yc` @~`yq Ku~m`h,

Ec~kuykmlky{ vkhh up~zkz` yc` jmhh oj ôb` mli vkhh f~ov mu ueow` mli o~fmlkqmykol(

bozklf j~ob mhy`~lmykz` w`~koiu oj yoh`~mle` mli ~`w~ùukol oj yc` `bwk~`( plykh pli`~

Eoluymlykl` yc` F~`my #5=>+, Eoluymlykl` yc` F~`my( kl nmyyh` vkyc Bms`lyqkp#`bw`~o~ oj yc` Vùy`~l ôbml @bwk~`+ kl 5=> my Woly` Bkhzko( nki yo wpy ol yc`

uck`hiu oj cku uohik`~u `lf~mzì bolof~mb oj Aùpu #yc` e~ouu kl uks wm~yu+, Vkl

yc` zkeyo~{ mhycopfc ky vmu klj`~ko~ kl yc` lpbn`~ oj uohik`~u, Vkhh ièhm~` Ec~kuykmlky{ yc`

ojjkekmh ~`hkfkol( ùymnhkucì yc` ôbml " Ec~kuykml @bwk~` #5=> " :79+, Kl ycou` im{u kl yc`

Vùy vmu wow` Ukhzùy~p K #57:"5=>+, Ec~kuykmlky{ nèmb` yc` uymy` ~`hkfkol( kl ~èoflkykol oj

kyu w`l`y~my` kl mhh wòwhù oj yc` i{klf `bwk~` mli cku o~fmlkqmykolmh plky,Ec~kuykml Ecp~ec vkhh upjj`~ jk~uy Nkf ueckub1 yc` u`wm~mykol oj yc` Ecp~ec oj

Eoluymlyklowh` yo yc` ôb`, @seùuù oj wov`~ me}pk~ì n{ eh`~f{ vkhh loy e`mu` yo oeep~,

Kl}pkukykol h`mi yo `seùuù oj klyoh`~mle` Ec~kuykml jplimb`lymhkub ol pu Ec~kuykmlu

cpli~ì {`m~u, A`v wòwh`( &yc` dkhh`~ oj Aùpu‟( cmzklf yc` jk~uy whme` kl yc` hkuy, Johhovì

l`v uwhkyu oj Ec~kuykmlky{( mu ml `sw~ùukol oj `bwov`~b`ly oj l`v lmykolmh o~ Ec~kuykml

Ioey~klù, Klyoh`~mle` vkhh cmz` johhovì n{ i`myc mli co~~o~ kl jplimb`lymhkub1 jmuekuy(eobbplkuy mli Kuhmbke, @]PMHH[ BOB@LYU OJ M CPBML MLI UOEKMH WPHH

U@Z@^MLE@ MLI UWK^KYPMH( ycopfc kl ml o~ecùy~myì boed`~{ oj vcmy Foi cmu

fkz`l yc~opfc cku w~owc`yu wòwh`,

Umkly Hpe hì b` ojy`l yckld oj w~owc`yu vo~iu1

&Uol oj Bml( {op hkz` kl yc` bkiih` oj m emu` oj vkhhjph( vckec `{ù yo u`` mli loy u``( `m~u yo

c`m~ mli loy c`m~( nèmpu` yc`{ m~` m ~`n`hhkopu copu`, #@qèck`h w,=>,>+,

Mhh {op p~fì b` yo `ly`~ mli u`m~ec( fooi mli `zkh kl yc` i`z`howb`ly oj yc` jmeyu oj

mlek`ly ykbù( ~`mecklf mhbouy yo hkz` vkyc yc` `{ù oj bkli( vmu cow` mli n`hk`j ycmy( ole`

3>



( f { ( w (

mli ole` uob`ycklf ku y~p` oj yc` w~ìkeykol1

&Coh{ ku yc` Ho~i Foi mnoz` b`( nèmpu` Foi mloklyì b` yo n~klf fooi l`vu yo ycou`

nmuym~iu, C` u`ly b` yo c`mh yc` n~od`l"c`m~yì yo c`m~ hkn`~mykol oj uhmz`~{ mli yo empfcy

vm~ w~kuol`~u jo~fkz`lùu, #,,,+ Yc` ubmhhùy vkhh n` m ycopumli mli yc` klukflkjkemly mwov`~jph y~kn`, K yc` Ho~i vkhh cmuy`l yc` ykb` jo~ ycklfu& #Kumkmc w,:7,>>+,

Eml y`hh ml{ bml( ml{ ykb` oj hkj` o~ n`jo~` yc`{ ik`, K cmz` boiùy ao{ oj n`klf yc`~` kl ycmy

cpbmlky{( fooi vo~i oj Foi( `z`l kj yc` wòwh` yc`bu`hzù, C` `swèyì ycmy n{ yc` w~m{`~u

mii~ùuì yo Foi yo ecmlf` yc` vo~hi kyu`hj ku pu`hùu, Ky ymdù `jjo~y `z`~{ol` vco y~ph{

n`hk`zù kl yc` bk~meh` oj kyu `skuy`le` pli`~ yc` ukfl oj jmkyc kl Foi( yo jkfcy yo y~mlubky

m~opli kyu `}pkhkn~kpb n{ vo~iu mli fooi i`ìu mu fooi, YC@L ,,, MLI WÔWC@YUEOBKLF-

C@N^@VU EC^KUYKMLU BPUHKBU KL

35



C@N^@VU( EC^KUYKMLU( BPUHKBU KL

A@^PUMH@B

CKUYO^KEMH JMEYU

E,Z,= [@MÛ OJ ÔBMLU OEEPWMYKOL

":5 Wobw`k eoluph( kl ml myy`bwy yo owwou` Emùm~ ùymnhkuc kyu c`mi}pm~y`~u kl Imbmuepu,Yo `lup~` kyu jooi ~ùop~eù oeepw{ A`~pumh`b mli yc` `lyk~` dklfiob K`cpim, @leop~mfì

n{ ycmy( Wcm~ku`ù wm~y{ emhh jo~ yc` ~`bozmh oj yc` bolm~ec{ mli ~ùyo~` yc` A`vuc uymy` n{

^mnnk Muu`bnh{ #Umlcì~kl oj F~mli Boumke Y`bwh` j~ob A`~pumh`b+, Kl mf~``b`ly vkyc

ycù` Wobw`k myymedì A`~pumh`b mli mjy`~ yc~`` bolycu oj ~ùkuymle` n`yv``l yc` vmhhu oj

yc` Y`bwh`( M~kuyonph KK ku ymd`l w~kuol`~, Ck~dml KK #Co~dolou+ ku emhhì yc` mpyolobopu

w~kle` pli`~ upq`~mkly{ oj ôb`, Yc` lmb` ku ecmlfì j~ob yc` dklfiob K`cpim kl Api`m,

"09 " 9; Eoluph E~mupu h`miu jk~uy ôbml embwmkfl mfmkluy yc` Wm~yù, Yc~opfc A`~pumh`b

39



Y bwh` ~on ckb, A`vu ~`zohy, Ku jkfcyklf jo~ kyu holf vkyc mubo~``l klup~f`lyu( hì n{ yc`

uol oj M~kuyonph KK( Mh`smli`~, C` vmu dkhhì mli 57(777 C`n~`vu oj Fmhkh`` m~` uohi mu

uhmzù,

"0= "57 Eoluph Emùm~ eol}p`~u @f{wy mli ièhm~ì yc` }p``l Ehòwmy~m,

"93 Uy~pffh` n`yv``l Emùm~ mli Wobw`k kl ièkiklf nmyyh` oj Wcm~umhou, Wobw`k vmu dkhhì,

Lonhù oj yc` A`vu ycmy ky upwwo~yu yc` Emùm~ ku ~`bm~dmnh` Ck~dml Mlykwmy`~ #Mlykwmy~ou

Co~dolou+, Emùm~ emhhì ckb @ylm~c oj Api`m, Ck~dml vkyc ôbml h`fkolu bmi` mzmkhmnh`

i`j`my oj yc` A`vu ehou` m~opli @qèckmu mli jmhhu vkyc kyu h`fkolu kl A`~pumh`b, Mwwokly cku

uol C`~oi #Co~oiou+ mu foz`~lo~ oj Fmhkh``, C` }p`hh mlyk ôbml A`vkuc ~`zohyu,

"99 N~pypu dkhh Emùm~ ku kl yc` U`lmy`, Mlyolkpu ku Kbw`~myo~, Kl Api`m( cku owwol`lyuCk~dml ~`zohyklf ku wokuolì #"95+,

"97 Wm~yK oeepwkù Api`m, Dklf emhhì ol Mlykfolopu, Uy~pffh` ymdklf whme` n`yv``l ojjkekmhu

Api`m1 ky upwwo~yu uob` oj yc` ôbmlu( ol yc` oyc`~ wm~ykù plykh yc` {`m~ #"53+ vc`l yc`

Wm~yK ku i`j`myì n{ yc` ôbmlu,

"56 C`~oi hì Uoukpu =: h`fkolu kl A`~pumh`b mli Api`m plkjkù, C` ku mwwoklyì n{ yc`

ôbml U`lmy` &mbkepu `y Uoekpu Wowphk& #j~k`li mli mhh{ ôbml wòwh`+,"5= Kbw`~myo~ Mlyolkpu ku i`j`myì n{ Oeymzkmlpu Mpfpuypu kl yc` nmyyh` oj Meykpb,

"5= " =9 Oeymzkmlpu Mpfpuypu @bw`~o~ kl ôb`, Mhh{ vkyc vkll`~u ku C`~oi, C` ku lmbì

l`v dklf oj Api`m, Dklfiob ku miiì( mzmkhmnh` yo Oeymzkml1 Fmqm mli K`~kcol wo~y Amjm

#Kmjjo+, C`~oi ymd` mli yc` ~mld oj Ckfc W~kùy oj yc` Y`bwh`, Johhovu m w`~koi oj bmao~

eoluy~peykol oj p~nml klj~muy~peyp~` mli wo~yu1 Mlykwmy~ou yovlu m~` ~`npkhy( U`nmuyou(

Eùm~``m #uo lmbì kl colo~ oj Mpfpuypu Emùm~+, Wo~yu m~` npkhy kl Eùm~``m mli Mlyìol,

Ky o~fmlkqì m l`yvo~d oj k~~kfmykol kl mf~kephyp~`, F~`my Y bwh` oj A`~pumh`b ku

30



~`npkhy #">7( "=;+, C`~oi ~`z`lf` vkycopy b`~e{ mfmkluy ycou` vco owwou` yc`b, Ky vkhh dkhh

yvo oj yc`k~ uolu1 ol` oj yc`b mjy`~ m ~`zohy mlyk ôbml #"=>+( yc` oyc`~ uco~yh{ n`jo~` i`myc

#9+, Yc` ~`hkfkopu ~kzmh~{ ymdklf whme` kl Umlcì~kl n`yv``l yc` yc~`` bmkl ~`hkfkopu f~opwu

Umipe``ù ( Wcm~ku`ù( @uu`lù,">6 U{~km nèobù kbw`~kmh w~ozkle` c`miì n{ m H`fmypu, Api`m pli`~ zm~kopu ikflkym~kù

ôbmlu1 ]pk~klpu #"=> ";( "9 9+( Zm~pu #": "9+, E`lupuù eolipeyì n{ yc` ôbmlu( yo dlov

vcmy v` emhh lov yc` yms nmu`( cmz` m uy~olf ~ùkuymle` yo &bkiih` ehmuu& oj Api`m( mli yc`

woo~, :777 Wcm~ku`` ^mnnku ~`jpuklf yc` omyc oj mhh`fkmle` ~`}pk~ì n{ yc` ôbml mpyco~ky{

#upwwo~yì n{ Umipe`ù+, Yc` eoply~{ ku jmeklf m ~`zohy ycmy vkhh `swhoi` mjy`~ yc` i`myc oj

C`~oi,"6 Aocl yc` Nmwyku`~ ku no~l( uol oj mnnk Qmcm~km mli @hkqmn`yc, N`jo~` Aùpu( c` vkhh

mwwh{klf yo A`vu m nmwykub kl vmy`~ wp~kjkemykol Ao~iml,

": Nk~yc oj Aùpu ip~klf m e`lupu kl N`ych``b, Yc` Eckhi ku ~èoflkqì mu yc` Bùukmc yo yc`

uc`wc`~iu Bku~m`h( Uy`wc`l( Eck~kme4 mli 5 Bmfpu1 Fmuwm~( B`hecko~( mli Nmhymqm~ #hìu n{

m &uym~& yo uymhh yc` no~l yo Bm~km+, My jo~y{ im{u ky ku eoljk~bì #meeo~iklf yo yc` Boumke

Hmv+ kl yc` F~`my Y`bwh` kl A`~pumh`b n{ m w~kùy #kl yc` w~ù`le` oj yc` O~ycoios jmkycjphboumke Ukbòl mli Mlm zk`vklf( noyc eob` yo Y`bwh` &my yc` emhh oj yc` Coh{ Uwk~ky&+,

Ukbòl bmi` w~ìkeykol mnopy jpyp~` bkuukol oj yc` eckhi mli Nmn{ wmkl c`~ boyc`~ mu ky

vkhh kl yc` jpyp~` j~ob ky, Yc`l mii~ùuì oumlm Foi cmu jphjkhhì ycmy w~obku` yo d``w mhkz`

plykh yc` eobklf oj yc` Bùukmc( c` lov ik` cmww{ yo u`` ycmy,

C`~oi mudì yo n` dkhhì kljmlyu n{ yvo {`m~u( jo~ j`m~ ycmy ycku eckhi ioù loy nèob` m

l`v Apimu yc` Bmeemn``T=R #ky u``bu ycmy yvo im{u mjy`~ yc` i`wm~yp~` oj Aou`wc( Bm~{ mli

Aùpu oj N`ych``b+, Jmbkh{ oj Aùpu ~`jpf` kl @f{wy( kl yc` Lkh I`hym,

9 Dk C i ik i M c h ck k k y i n C i k ^ U y i ki i

3:



9 Dklf C`~oi ikì, M~c`hmpu cku uol ku mwwoklyì n{ C`~oi mu m up~zkzo~, ôbml U`lmy` ièkiì

ikzkiklf yc` Api``m dklfiob klyo yc~`` w~ozkleù1 C`~oi Mlykwmu ~è`kzì Fmhkh`` ~`fkol mli

W`~`m4 M~c`hmpu Api`m mli Umbm~km( Wckhkw #uol oj Ehòwmy~m mli Mlyolkpu+ ~è`kzù N`ycml{(

Y~meolkykim( Mp~mlkykim mli Kyp~km #Wml`mu+, Wckhkw `swmli N`yumkim mli Eùm~``m ekykù,

Ku u`ly yo A`~pumh`b Umnklpu( mu w~oep~myo~ oj yc` kbw`~kmh fooiu yo bmd` ml klz`lyo~{ oj ~ùop~eù dklfiob, E`lupu iol` n{ yc` ôbmlu mli A`vu u`~zmlyu i`y`~bklì ~`zohy oj

wowphmykol( upwwo~yì n{ wm~y oj m ~mnnku,

Yo eoljkfp~` m mlyk ôbml ~ùkuymle`( yo kuup`( pli`~ yc` h`mi`~uckw oj K`cpim fmhkh`ml ^mnnk mli

Wcm~ku`` Umioe, Umnklpu emhhì h`fkolu yo ~ùyo~` &wms ôbmlm&, Ycopumliu oj A`vu m~` e~pekjkì

kl yc` {`m~ :,

T=R Ip~klf yc` ~`kfl oj Mlykocpu @wkjmlù #≃ ">77+ F~``du emb` yo A`~pumh`b yo vo~uckw yc`foiu ~`}pk~`, ^ùkuymle` boz`b`ly vmu klkykmyì mli hì n{ Bmycmykmu uol Aocl mli cku jkz`

uolu( Aocl umki Fmiiku( Ukbol umki Ycmuou4 Apimu umki Bmemn``( @h`mqm~ umki Mnm~ol4

Kolmycml um{i Mwwcpu, Yc`{ j~`ì yc` hmliu oj A`~pumh`b mli yc` A`vu i~kzklf opy oj

Api``m F~``d mli C`n~`v ycmy ycou` vkyc oeepwmly iùy~o{klf mhym~u mli foiu yc~opfcopy

cku dklfiob uy~`yecì K`cpim, Johhovu {`m~u oj c`mz{ jkfcyklf mfmkluy A`vu n`klf bonkhkqì

y~oowu cmz` ~`mecì cpli~ìu oj ycopumliu oj uohik`~u, Ymdù whme` mli m uk`f` oj A`~pumh`b, Nèmpu` oj ~kuklf ~`wo~y F~``du kl Mlykoec ~`yk~`, Mloyc`~ f`l`~mh Lkemlo~ ku

i`j`myì kl nmyyh` my N`yco~ol, Plykh yc` hmyy`~ Bmeemn`ù vkhh klkykmy` ml mhhkmle` vkyc yc`

{oplf ôbml ^`wpnhke, Kl "=9:( yc` ôbmlu oeepw{klf F~`è`, Yc` uymy` vkhh n`l`jky

Api`ml kli`w`li`le` n`yv``l "=9> mli ":5, C`~oi&u j`m~ vmu ycmy yc` mlyk"ôbml

boz`b`ly loy jkli m h`mi`~ hkd` Bmeemn`ù, & bmdmnkb & kl C`n~`v b`mlu& ol` vco

uy~kdù&( kl F~``d &ol` vco jkfcyu‟,

0"57

0 Nk~yc oj Umph oj Ym~upu #hoemyì n`yv``l yc` zm~kopu uop~eù 0 "=7+, J~ob m lonh` Api`ml

36



jmbkh{( vckec ku f~mlyì ôbml ekykq`luckw( c` vkhh n` y~mklì yo nèob` ~mnnk my [ uckzm oj

Fmbmhk`h yc` @hi`~ oj yc` Ym~upu, Mu yc` {oplfùy b`bn`~ Umlcì~kl vkhh loyke` kl yc`

w`~uèpykol mfmkluy C`n~`v Ec~kuykml eobbplkykù, Vkhh wm~ykekwmy` ik~èyh{ kl yc` bp~i`~

i`meol Umkly Uy`wc`l, Eolz`~yì yo Ec~kuykmlky{( pli`~ Wmph lmb`( vkhh i`z`how Bkuukolm~{Fouw`h oj Aùpu( n`yv``l C`n~`v mli lol C`n~`v kl m~`m oj Bkiih` @muy mli

Bìky`~~ml`ml qol`,

: Api`m ièhm~ì yc` w~ozkle` ku c`miì n{ m ôbml w~oep~myo~, M~c`hmpu ku kl `skh` kl

Fmhkm, ]pk~~klpu mwwoklyì w~oep~myo~ uym~y klz`lyo~{ M~c`hmpu dklfiob fooiu,

Eolyklpopu pw~kuklfu hì K`cpim mli Umioe, Yc`{ m~` mwwoklyì n{ yc` ôbmlu &q`mhoyu&,

Jmbkh{ oj Aùpu ~`yp~l j~ob @f{wy yo Lmqm~`yc, Upwwo~y n{ Aou`wc n`klf m em~w`ly`~

cmlike~mjy( vckec v` vkhh h`m~l mli Aùpu, Kl yc` @muy`~ cohkim{u( yc` {oplf Aùpu vkhh

imqqh` Y`bwh` ^mnnku oj i``w w`l`y~mykol n{ yc` y`mecklfu Yo~`,

: Mll #Cmlml+( ku emhhì F~`my W~kùy oj yc` Y`bwh`,

=9 ôbmlu dkhhì `bw`~o~ Mpfpuypu, Vmu `hèyì `bw`~o~ Ykn`~kpu #=9 " 56+, Vkhh n`

eoly`bwo~m~{ vkyc yc` nk~yc oj &Uèy oj E~ùypu& mli ~`w~ùukol oj C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu n{

Boumke A`vu, C` y~`my yc` ikuwpyù mu ml kly`~lmh Boumke Hmv w~onh`b, C` olh{ wplkuc jmeymfmkluy ôbml Hmv,

=6 Ip` yo yc` ucm~w owwoukykol yo yc` ôbmlu kl Umlcì~kl( Zmh`~kpu F~mypu ~`whmeù Mll

Kou`j vkyc N`l Emkwcmu #=6 " 56+,

>: Wolykpu Wkhmy` ku mwwoklyì w~oep~myo~ oj Api`m, C` vkhh i`j`li ôb` wohkykeu `swhokyklf

~kzmh~kù kluki` yc` ohkfm~eckù oj A`vu kl A`~pumh`b4 n`yv``l Emkwcmu( C`~oi Mlykwm(

Wckhkw, C` vkhh jkfcy jo~ mllkckhmykol oj ~`zohy boz`b`lyu hì n{ q`mhoyu, C` fkzù z`~ikey

e~pekjkskol oj Aùpu( my yc` ~`}pùy Umlcì~kl #57+,

>6 Aocl yc` Nmwykuy ku m~~ùyì #mjy`~ c` nmwykqì Aùpu kl Ao~iml ^kz`~ vmy`~+, Vkhh n`

33



n`c`miì my yc` klukuy`le` vkj` oj C`~oi Mlykwm, Kl i`y`lykol c` eolyklp` yo eoli`bl mu

kbbo~mh vmlyol bo~mhu oj yc` ~o{mh ek~eh`, Upnu`}p`lyh{( mhh johhov`~ oj Aùpu vkhh ymd` yc`

nmwykub vkyc vmy`~ MU JKÛY JO^B OJ ^@EOFLKYKOL mu m w~owol`ly oj m eobbplky{

oj Ec~kuykmlu, Aocl vkhh n` umleykjkì n{ yc` Ec~kuykml Ecp~ec oj A`~pumh`b mu yc` lmb`&Jo~`~pll`~&,

>3 W~owc`y Aùpu bkuukol uym~yu( jk~uy kl Api`m mli Fmhkh``, @zmlf`hkub ku `}pmhh{ mii~ùu

yc` l`ìu oj wòwh` yc~opfc yc` bk~meh` oj ep~klf yc` noi{( yc` uwk~ky mli bo~mh wm~mnhù, Ky

plhoedu m C`n~`v jmkycjph Foi vco hozù bml mu bml ucophi hoz` uov, Mhuo i`jklì meeùu

yo &hkj` yc`l& mli &Ioobuim{& mu e~ky`~km jo~ `zmhpmyklf yc` n`cmzko~ oj `mec hkld vkyc Foi ku

`liklf m hkj` ykb`, Mu m ~ò~fmlkqmykol oj ekzkh hkj` c` `swèyì m eobbplky{ oj @uu`lùbmll`~ #fooiu kl eobbol( kl c`hwklf eobbplky{ b`bn`~u( `hkbklmyklf mlkbmhu ume~kjkeù4

olh{ &fkjy& ku imkh{ ~`w`lymle` jo~ bkuymdù mli fkzklf uwk~ky yo n` apifì n{ ikzkl` dklilùu

+, Kyu Bùkmlke vo~du vkhh f`l`~my` m wohm~kqmykol oj yc` woo~ mli ycou` ikuumykujkì vkyc yc`

ôbml " A`vkuc mibklkuy~mykol me}pk~klf( kl >;"57( yc` boz`b`ly n~klf mee`lyu oj wmuukz`

~`zohy,

57 Aùpu ku e~pekjkì ol =9 Lkuuml( ip~klf yc` @muy`~ cohkim{u #mu oyc`~ uw~klfu kl yc` 55+n`klf ecm~fì n{ yc` ôbml A`vkuc ohkfm~ecu mu m uoekmh ~`jo~b`~ mli ~`hkfkopu imlf`~opu,

57 " 07

57 " 50 Jo~bmykol oj yc` jk~uy hm~f` eobbplky{ oj C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu kl A`~pumh`b mli

Api`m, Eolj~olymykol vkyc yc` A`vu kl yc` F~mli Y`bwh`,

5> Eobwmey i`meol Umkly Uy`wc`l, I`wm~yp~` &C`n~`v C`hh`lkuyke Ec~kuykmlu& kl

eobbplkykù opyuki` Api`m #Mlykoec( N`~`( Ym~upu( `ye,+,

5> Eolz`~yklf ^mnnk Umph ol yc` Imbmuepu ~omi, Vkhh n` vkyci~mvl kl Ym~u

#mww~oskbmy`h{ => {`m~u+ yo loy n` dkhhì n{ jplimb`lymhkuy A`vu mli yc` C`n~`v F~``d

3;



Ec~kuykmlu #jo~ wm~ykekwmykol yo eobwmey oj Uy`wc`l+,

55 @bw`~o~ Ykn`~kpu ~`hmyì U{~km Zky`hkpu yo ~`boz` yc` F~`my ^mnnk Emkwcmu mli cku

~`w~ù`lymykz` oj ôb` Wkhmy`( n`klf ~`whmeì n{ U`lmyo~ Bm~e`h, Mnopy U`lmyo~ Bm~e`h ku

umki yo cmz` nèob` m Ec~kuykml johhv`~( mjy`~ uob` ioepb`lym~{ uop~eù ky vophi n` couyìMwouyh` W`y`~ kl ôb`, Yc` kljo~bmykol ku w~ozkiì n{ J~mleùeo Wmoho ^kqqko( mu

eolymklì kl &Jmeyu oj W`y`~&( yc` `li oj yc` e`lyp~{ KK( y~mluhmyì klyo Hmykl pli`~ yc` ykyh`

&Jmeyu oj Z`~ke`hk&,

55 " 95 Eolz`~ukol oj ôbml ekykq`lu #ùwèkmhh{ mbolf uohik`~u mli ôbml dlkfcy+ yo

Ec~kuykmlky{( johhovklf Mwouyh` W`y`~,

50 ôbml @bw`~o~ Ykn`~kpu mudì yc` U`lmy` yo kuup` m hmv ycmy vophi ièhm~` ycmy yo nÈc~kuykml ku h`fmh, U`lmy` ièki` n{ &ku lo h`fmh yo n` Ec~kuykml‟,

56 " 9= Kbw`~myo~ Emhkfphm kl ôb`, Mf~kwwm K nèobù Dklf oj Api``m Wckhkwkm mli Hkumlm

~`fkolu, Kl 5; oj yc` ôb` ~è`kzù Fmhkh`` mli W`~`m( kl 9= Api`m mli Umbm~km, Vkhh onymkl

j~ob yc` `bw`~o~ Emhkfphm yo n` ~`w`myì ~kypmhu boumke mli v`m~klf yc` ume`~ioymh yofu oj

~mnnk kl yc` F~mli Y`bwh`, Ky vkhh bmd` yc` noi{ vkyc yc` Umlcì~kl yo n`c`mi yc`

Ec~kuykml Ecp~ec oj A`~pumh`b, C` vkhh iùy~o{ yc` kli`w`li`le` boz`b`lyu oj yc` A`vumfmkluy ôbml iobklmykol,

9= " 09 Ehmpikpu Kbw`~myo~ yo ôb`, V` eoljk~b Mf~kwm K yo n` yc` dklf oj Api``m, Ky vkhh

n` couykh` yo Ec~kuykmlky{( mbolf noyc yc` A`vu mli ùwèkmhh{ yc` Ec~kuykml `swmlukol oj kyu

bkhkym~{ mli wohkykemh `hky` kl ôb`,

9> Ehmpikpu nhmb` yc` y~mlukykol yo Ec~kuykmlky{ oj m~kuyoe~myke jmbkh{ Mpho Whmpqko mli cku

vkj` Wobwolkm F~mèklm,

9> Mf~kwm K m~~ùy yc` h`mi`~uckw oj yc` Ecp~ec kl A`~pumh`b jo~ @muy`~, W`y`~ bmlmfù yo

bk~mephopuh{ eob` opy oj w~kuol, Ambù yc` F~`my ku n`c`miì, Ameon yc` [oplf h`mi`~uckw

j yc Ec k yk ky k A h

;7



oj yc` Ec~kuykml eobbplky{ kl A`~pumh`b,

W`y`~ vkhh eolyklp` yo h`mz` A`~pumh`b mwouyohke bkuukol, Yc` w~ù`le` oj W`y`~ kl ôb` ku

hoemyì kl 9>( vc`~` @pu`nkpu um{1

&My yc` n`fkllklf oj Yc` W~klekwmhky{( W~ozki`le` yood yc` cmli mli hì W`y`~ yo ôb`‟,

#Ec~olkeh` >(=9(:+, Mjy`~ oyc`~ ioepb`lym~{ uop~eù kl 93"9;,

99 Mf~kwwm K i`mi,

99 " 0> Api`m hì n{ ôbml w~oep~myo~u1 Epuwpu Jmipu #99"9:+( Mh`smli~pu Ykn`~kpu #9:"

93+( Z`lykipu Epbmlpu #93"0>+,

93 " 07 Mwouyohke jk~uy bkuukol oj Umph #Mwouyh` Wmph+ mli Nm~lmn` kl U{~km #Mlykoec+ mli

E{w~pu #Wkukim oj Mlykoec( Hkuy~ou mli I`~n` " vc`~` Umph vkhh ymd` yc` lmb` mwouyh` Wmph+,9; Uy~``y ikuo~i`~u empuì n{ eoljhkeyu n`yv``l C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu mli Boumke A`vu kl

ôb`, Yc` `bw`~o~ fkzù ml ìkey ycmy yc` A`vu m~` Ec~kuykmlu yp~l opy kl ôb`,

9; " 07 Uym~yu i`z`howklf Bm~d&u Fouw`h( #vkyc W`y`~ w~`mecklf kl ôb`( my yc` ~`}pùy oj

ôbml Ec~kuykml dlkfcyu+,

07 " 37

07 Yc` B``yklf Ec~kuykml Ecp~ec oj A`~pumh`b, Ecp~ec h`mi`~u ikuepuu cov yo b``y op~l`v johhov`~u C`n~`v Ec~kuykml Hmv, @wkuyh` kuupì j~ob A`~pumh`b ycmy yc` wòwhù oj

oyc`~ ~kyù ycml boumke bm{ eolz`~y yo Ec~kuykmlky{ n`klf `s`bwyì j~ob yc` uy~key

onu`~zmle` oj Boumke Hmv, Mbolf oyc`~u yc`{ v`~` loy onhkfì yo epy m~opli yo n`

ec~kuykml nmwykuì o~ onu`~z` uy~key jooi ~phù #w~ocknkykol yo jooi &ik~y{&( i`jklì kl Apimke

Hmvu+, Ky ku loy jo~nkii`l yo `ly`~ yc` cobù oj mloyc`~ ~`hkfkol o~ yo ~è`kz` yc`b mu

fpùyu, Yc` olh{ ~`}pk~`b`lyu v`~` yo ~è`kz` nmwykub oj vmy`~( loy yo ume~kjke` o~ ume~kjkeù

yo foiu( yo ~ùwèy yc` Y`l Eobbmlib`lyu( yo ~`j~mkl j~ob eolupbwykol oj mlkbmh nhooi o~uy~mlfh`, Ycù` `se`wykolu v`~` loy mwwhkemnh` yo C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu, Yc`{ bpuy mhuo

eobwh{ Boumke Hmv

;=



eobwh{ Boumke Hmv,

07 " 05 M uèoli mwouyohke bkuukol oj Wmph kl Bmeìolkm #Jkhkwkpb+ mli F~`è`

#Ycùumholkdk( Eo~klyc( Myc`lu( @wcùpu+, C`~`( yc` f~opw ~è`kzù m bkuukolm~{ mbolf

kluki`~u jk~uy ikuekwh` &kbwp~`& `yclke, Ycku ku Ykboyc{( j~ob Hkuy~ou, Jo~ loy zkohmy` yc`

woukykol oj kluki`~u C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu( c` ku nmwykqì kl yc` Boumke ~ky`, Mjy`~ ycmy

Ec~kuykml vmy`~ nmwykub mli n{ yc` Coh{ Uwk~ky, Meykzky{ kly`lu` oj bkuukolm~{ f~opw io loy

`sw`~k`le` u`~kopu ikjjkephykù j~ob yc` ôbmlu, Yc` owwoukykol oj boumke A`vu ku ik~èyh{

o~ klik~èyh{ n{ klekyklf yc` hoemh wowphmykol, 0>":7 J`hks Mlyolkpu nèobù w~oep~myo~ oj

U{~km #mli Kpi`kk+, C` n~klf I~pukhm ol yc` vkj`( ukuy`~ oj Mf~kwwm KK, V` }p`hh yc` ~`zohy oj

q`mhoyu, C` vkhh eoli`bl yo i`myc kl 03( yc` F~mli W~kùy Kolmycml #meykz` wm~ykekwmly kl yc`

boz`b`ly jo~ kli`w`li`le` oj yc` A`vu+,

05"06 Yc` yck~i bkuukol oj Wmph kl F~`è` #Eo~klyc mli @wcùpu+, @uymnhkucb`ly oj Uecooh

oj Ec~kuykml Klkykmykol oj @wcùpu, Kl 06( yo yc` Ym~upu( Hpd` b`lykolu jk~uy ykb` `pecm~kuyke

Uplim{ ~kypmh kl yc` Ec~kuykml eobbplky{,

09":3 Kbw`~myo~ L`~o kl ôb`, C` emhhì ol Mf~kwwm KK Dklf kl Fmhkh``( W`~`m mli

Kluwèyo~ oj yc` F~`my Y`bwh`,06 @muy`~ my A`~pumh`b( Wmph y~kù yo `hkbklmy` ikuwpyù kl yc` eobbplky{ oj C`n~`v

Ec~kuykmlu, Myymedì kl Y`bwh` oj m f~opw oj A`vu yo n` uyol`, Ku umzì n{ yc` ôbml

fm~~kuol, E`lyp~kol Hkukmu u`li ckb kl Eùm~``m yo w~oep~myo~` J`hks( yo w~oyèy Wmph oj yc`

kly`lykol oj Umlcì~kl yo dkhh ckb, C` ~`bmkl kl i`y lykol yvo {`m~u,

0; Y~kmh oj Wmph n`jo~` Dklf Mf~kwwm KK ymdù whme` kl Eùm~``m, Mu ku ôbml w~oep~myo~`

Jùypu mli yc` i`h`fmykol oj Umlcì~kl, Ièkukol jmzo~mnh` yo Wmph bmi` n{ yc` Dklf ku loy

mf~`ì n{ yc` F~mli ^mnnk Mll, Wmph mud yo f`y u`ly yo yc` y~kmh eop~y oj Kbw`~kmh ôb`(

vckec ~`mecù :7,

;>



:> W~`jèy oj ôb`( Np~~o ièhm~` lo fpkhy{ yc` mwouyh` Wmph, @zmlf`hkemh bkukol oj Wmph kl

ôb` #:7 " :6+,

:> L`~o um{u i`kjkemykol eobwphuo~{ yc~opfcopy yc` `bwk~`, Y~med ycou` vco m~` loy

eobwh{klf #F~``du Uyokeu mli Ec~kuykmlu+, Boumke A`vu kl ôb` pu` mhh b`mlu #klehpiklffooivkhh oj A`vu L`~o&u vkj`( Wobwolkm+ yo f`l`~my` ml mybouwc`~` oj upuwkekol mli cmy~ì

mfmkluy Ec~kuykmlu kl ôb`,

:9 Yo iùe~kn` m jk~` ycmy ku ~èo~iì kl cku wo`yke( L`~o o~fmlkq` m~uol ôb`, Mjy`~

ièhm~klf fpkhy{ ol Ec~kuykmlu, W~oep~myo~` ôb`( Ykf`hhklpu o~fmlkq` yc` bmuu m~~ùy oj

Ec~kuykmlu( dkhhklf yc`b kl yc` Mbwckyc`my~` oj ôb`, L`~o w~ozkiù jo~ bmuume~ù kyu ovl

fm~i`lu,::"65 Api`ml mfmkluy ôbml iobklmykol u`z`l {`m~u ~`zohyu, A`vu ~`zohy ku yc` ehkbms oj

~`n`hhkolu v`~` eolipeyì ukle` yc` n`fkllklf oj yc` e`lyp~{( mjy`~ C`~oi&u i`myc #9+,

A`~pumh`b ku ~`h`muì n{ yc` eobbol wòwh` mli m ~mnnku, Eùykpu Fmhhpu bonkhkq` H`fkol

SKK mli oyc`~ eoco~yu yo myymed A`~pumh`b, A`vu i`j`myì ôbmlu kl yc` Upeoy im{ #yc`

j`muy oj y`lyu+, Api`m ku ièhm~ì kli`w`li`ly, Ky jo~bu m &Klup~~èykolmh Foz`~lb`ly&

eobwouì oj 67 b`bn`~u, Yc` A`vu jo~bì yc~`` m~bkù1 yc` A`~pumh`b ku hì n{ Kou`j Fp~kol mli yc` F~mli ^mnnk Cmlmml4 oj @iobkyu ~`fkol hì n{ K`coupmc N`l Yq`jmjm mli

@h`mqm~ N`l Clmlk4 oj Fmhkh`` hì n{ Aou`j N`l Bmykymcp, Yc`~` v`~` m yoymh oj =77(777

vm~~ko~u, L`~o iùkflmy` ol Ykypu mli Zùwmukml( yc` c`mi oj :77(777 y~oowu yo myymed

Api``ml y~oowu, Yc` ôbmlu hmliì my Mee~m #Meeo+ ycmy {op eol}p`~, Fmhkh`` y~oowu m~`

i`j`myì mli F`l, Aou`wc N`l Bmykymcp ku fkz`l #yo n` eoluki`~ì C`n~`v y~mkyo~ mli cku

lmb` vkhh n` ~`bozì j~ob yc` ckuyo~{ oj yc` A`vu( npy vkhh ~`bmkl kl ckuyo~{ mu Aou`jpu

Jhmzkpu ol cku &Vm~ oj yc` A`vu&+, Kl 67 Ykypu ymdù A`~pumh`b, F~mli Y`bwh` ku yo~ecì, Ky

vkhh ~`bmkl olh{ &Eobwhmklyu Vmhh& plykh yoim{ A`vu ~ùkuy yc` zm~kopu ikzkukolu Uy~pffh`

;5



vkhh ~`bmkl olh{ Eobwhmklyu Vmhh plykh yoim{, A`vu ~ùkuy yc` zm~kopu ikzkukolu, Uy~pffh`

ymdklf whme` kluki` yc` embw johhov`~u oj yc` A`vu kl w`me` vkyc yc` ôbmlu mli q`mhoyu oj

Aocl Fkucmhm, Ukbol Nm~ Fko~m bmlmfù yo jo~b ml m~b{ mli myymedì A`~pumh`b npy

kly`~lmh ikzkukolu bmi` yc` A`vu yo n` mfmkl i`j`myì, Hmuy jmhh ~`y~`lecb`ly vkhh n`

Bmuumim( i`j`liì n{ @h`mqm~ ukdm~u, Kl {`m~ 65( oj @muy`~( mhh i`j`li`~u vkyc yc`k~ jmbkhkù

vkhh n` upkeki`, A`vu m~` uohi mu uhmzù o~ dkhhì kl yc` nmyyhù oj fhmikmyo~u kl U{~km, Uob` oj

yc` {oplfuy`~u m~` `l~ohhì kl yc` ôbml H`fkol &Bmeìolkem& #vckec vkhh fo ol hmli

Ohy`lkm " ôbmlkm+, Boumke Y`bwhù m~` lov ôbml y`bwh`, Nm~ Fko~m vmu dkhhì ip~klf

e`h`n~my` y~kpbwc oj Zùwmukml mli Ykypu kl ôb`,

Yc` w`~koi ku bm~dì n{ yc` `b`~f`le` oj bùukmlke y`syu kl C`n~`v, &^`z`hmykol n{ Aocl&jo~ Ec~kuykmlu #Yo Wmy~ou( kl F~`è`+4 &Bkuclm& mli &Qocm~& A`vu jo~ Boumkeu, Boumke

^mnnku pli`~ yc` h`mi`~uckw oj ^mnnk N`l Qmdmk mli Fmbmhk`h oj Kmzl` #67+ jo~bì ol

Kmzl` #Kmubklm+ m {ùckzm vco m~` y~mklì jo~ ~ùkuymle` n{ yc` eole`wy oj &Uwk~kypmh

C`n~`v Uymy`‟, Wòwh` m~` loy plkyì n{ yc` plky{ oj y`~~kyo~{ npy YCÔPFC KL YC@

PLKY, C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu ~`jpu` yo aokl yc` A`v klup~f`lyu,

:6 Mwouyhù W`y`~ mli Wmph bm~y{~ì my ôb`,:3 L`~o yo eobbky upkeki`( Fmhnm Kbw`~myo~,

:; " 6; Zùwmukml Kbw`~myo~, Zùwmukml mli Ykypu vkhh e`mu` w`~uèpykol mfmkluy Ec~kuykmlu(

mli kl zk`v oj yc`k~ ~`jpumh yo aokl klup~f`lyu A`vu, E~ouuklfu ymd` whme` yo Ec~kuykmlky{ kl

kbw`~kmh jmbkh{ #Jhmzkpu Umnklpu( Zùwmukml&u n~oyc`~+, Jmey b`lykolì kl Jhmzkpu Aou`jpu

“A`vu vm~u‟, W~owkykopu ykb` jo~ yc` i`z`howb`ly oj yc` Ec~kuykml Ecp~ec kl ôb`,

3= " >39

3= " ;: Iobkykml Kbw`~myo~, ^`w~ùukol oj yc` Ec~kuykml ecp~ec kl ôb`, Iobkykml vophi

d y i y yc k y j Ec k yk ky ^ d k cy i ^ k y

;9



u``d yo iùy~o{ yc` `skuy`le` oj Ec~kuykmlky{ mbolf ôbml dlkfcyu mli ôbml m~kuyoe~me{

jo~ ~`zkzmh oj yc` jmkyc kl ôbmlu fooiu,

;6 " =70 Wmwm @zm~kuy kl ôb`,

;: " ;3 L`~zm Kbw`~myo~4;3 " ==6 Y~mkml Kbw`~myo~, Vkhh eobwh`y` yc` `swmlukol oj `bwk~` kl Uopyc"@muy`~l @p~ow`

mli Mukm Bklo~, Eol}p`~ M~b`lkm( Muuk~km( Bùowoymbkm( Imekm, Ec~kuykmlu obml wohke{

ku bo~` ~`hmsì, A`~pumh`b ku wm~yh{ ~`wowphmyì vkyc C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu( ho{mh yo yc`

`bwk~`, Whme` kly`~lmh uy~pffh` mli ~`n`hhkol kl Api`m, Johhovklf m ~`n`hhkol oj yc` A`vu(

Ukbòl #vco ~`whmeì Ambù yc` [oplf my yc` c`mi oj yc` Ecp~ec oj A`~pumh`b+ vmu dkhhì

kl =76, Cku whme` ku ymd`l n{ Aocl oj @wcùpu #=76"==6+, Kflmykpu oj Mlykoec #w~ùn{y`~ oj Mlykoec Ecp~ec+ ku ymd`l yo n` yo~l n{ mlkbmhu kl Mbwckyc`my~` oj ôb` #==7+, Wohkem~w

vkhh h`mi Ec~kuykml Eobbplkykù( yo =0:( mu nkucow oj Ubk~lm,

=70 "==0 Wow` Mh`smli`~ kl ôb`,

==6 " =53 Wpnhkpu M`hkpu Cmi~kmlpu Kbw`~myo~, @pj~my ol noplim~{ u`yu( bmd` w`me` vkyc

yc` Wm~yk, M ~`n`hhkol oj yc` A`vu oj ==6 ku i`j`myì n{ ôbml y~oowu hì n{ Hpekpu ]pk`ypu,

Mu ky nèobù yc` H`fmypu oj Api`m, Cmi~kmlpu vmu m f~`my mibk~`~ oj F~``d ephyp~`,@swèyì yo plkj{ yc` `bwk~` n{ ephyp~mh u{lycùku vkyc yc` F~``d, Vmlyì yo npkhi m

ephyp~mh eobb`~ekmh mli ekzke eolu`lupu yc~opfc yc` ôbml @bwk~`, N`yv``l =>3"=53 vkhh

ùymnhkuc ~ùki`le` kl Myc`lu,

==0 " =>0 Wow` Uksy K kl ôb`(

=>0 " =5: Wow` Y`hu`jo~ kl ôb`,

=>6 Yc` wm~ykekwmykol oj A`vu kl m ~`zohy kl @f{wy( Cmi~kmlpu ièkiù hk}pkimykol oj

A i k k k c c B k n k n I k =57 k k A h i i ki

;0



Apimkub( uym~yklf vkyc yc` Boumke nmwykub nml Ip~klf =57 {`m~ zkuky A`~pumh`b mli ièki`

yo ~`npkhi yc` eky{ meyì mu m ôbml eky{( emhhì M`hkm Emwkyohklm, Yc` Boumke Y`bwh` yo n`

~`npkhy mli iìkemyì yo Apwky`~,

=5> Mjy`~ yvo {`m~u oj w~`wm~mykol( yc` A`vu n`fkl yc`k~ hmuy vm~ mfmkluy ôb`, ^mnnkMdkzm ku emhhì N`l Ukbol Doucknm &Bùukmc& vkyc lmb` Nm~ Docnm #Uol oj Uym~+( mli

bkhkym~{ h`mi`~ oj Api`m, Fm~~kuol hì n{ Yklpu ^pjpu mli ~`kljo~e`b`lyu j~ob U{~km m~`

i`j`myì4 A`~pumh`b ku hkn`~myì, Yc` A`vu wplkuc yc` C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu vco io loy aokl

yc` boz`b`ly mfmkluy ôbmlu, Kbw`~myo~ emhhì h`fkolu oj N~kyyml{( hì n{ Kphkpu U`z`~pu

mli h`mi`~uckw embwmkfl, Ky jk~uy eol}p`~ì Fmhkh``, Kl yc` {`m~ =59 ku eol}p`~ì

A`~pumh`b, Mjy`~ m holf ~ùkuymle` mli iùy~o{ jkjy{ oj jo~ykjkì yovlu, Yc` hmuy ekymi`h kuN`y`~ #=50+( vc`~` c` ikù mli Nm~ Docnm, Yc` A`vu vkhh cohi ml kl emzù my yc` I`mi U`m

#@kl Fcìk+, Yklkpu ^pjpu vkhh ~`npkhi A`~pumh`b mu m ôbml eky{ emhhì M`hkm Emwkyohklm,

Yc` y`bwhù oj Apwky`~( Aplolm( Bkl`~zm vkhh n` npkhy ol yc` ~pklu oj yc` F~`my Y bwh`, Yc`

Mwc~oikym Y`bwh` ku ukypmyì ol Fohfoycm( mli yc`Y`bwh` oj Q`pu kl Fm~kqkb( Y`bwh` oj

Miolku kl N`ych``b,

=50 " =00 Yc` hmuy C`n~`v Ec~kuykml Eobbplky{ ku ikuw`~uì kl Ekuko~imlkm mli U{~km, Vkhhmwwokly @nkolkyù #Yc` woo~u+ mli vkhh miowy yc` &Fouw`h oj A`vu&, Loy ~èoflkqì Aùpu mu

Bùukmc mli y`syu eolymklì kl Wmph `wkuyhù,

=5: "=97 Wow` Kflkp4 =97 "=00 Wow` Wkpu K =00 " =:: Wow` Mlek`ly kl ôb`,

=07 K`cpim Nm~ [hmk oj Pucm jo~b m lkl` [ùckzm kl Yz`~,

=00 Wohkem~w oj Ubk~lm bm~y{~ì,

=:>"=37 Bm~e Mp~`hkp Kbw`~myo~, Fkz` ‘Dmkbm Iofbm‒ #L`v Iè~`ù+ mfmkluy Ec~kuykmlu

;:



=:> =37 Bm~e Mp~`hkp Kbw`~myo~, Fkz` Dmkbm Iofbm #L`v Iè~`ù+ mfmkluy Ec~kuykmlu

nèmpu` oj yc` c`~`ykemh Ec~kuykml boz`b`ly oj Bolymlkub, ky vmu ml `m~h{ Ec~kuykml

boz`b`ly oj yc` `m~h{ >li e`lyp~{ lmbì mjy`~ kyu jopli`~ Bolymlpu, Boz`b`ly mww`m~u

kl J~kfkm #=:7+, Emhhì &L`v Boz`b`ly W~owcèkù& #Y ~yphkml vmu ckbu`hj bolymlkuy+( cmu m

uwk~ky oj i`zoykol( mueùku ~èobb`liu( klyoh`~mle` mfmkluy wmfml w~meykeù mli cmz` muy~olf uwk~ky mfmkluy yc` ôbml uymy`, Yc`{ owwouì( Ec~kuykmlu1 B`hkyol`( My`lmfo~m(

Mwohhkllm~`4 vco i`bmli yc` ho{mhy{ oj Ec~kuykmlu yo yc` ôbml, Bm~e Mp~`hkp vkhh

~ùwoli n{ kuupklf “Dmkbm Iofbm‟1 yc` wp~upky mli w`~uèpykol oj Ec~kuykmlu vco io loy

eobwh{ vkyc uymy` hmvu, W`md ku ~`mecì my H{ol( vc`~` ycopumliu oj Ec~kuykmlu m~` dkhhì,

Yc` Ec~kuykml Ecp~ec( ku ip` uool ~`zkz` cku K~kl`p w~kùy,

=;5">== U`wykbkp U`z`~ Kbw`~myo~, ^`hms mlyk"A`vkuc wohke{4 mhuo emle`hu w`~uèpykol

mfmkluy Ec~kuykmlu, Ky mizoemyù ~`hkfkopu u{le~`ykub #yc` eo`skuy`le` oj ~`hkfkolu+, Mwwokly m

ecmk~bml #Lmuck+ yo yc` A`vu oj Yz`~, Lmuck vkhh n` K`cpim Nm~ [hmk, Kl >=> yc` A`vu vkhh n`

fkz`l ôbml ekykq`luckw #mholf vkyc mhh wòwhù pli`~ yc` `bwk~`,+, Kl A`~pumh`b yc` A`vu

~`yp~lì j~ob oyc`~ y`~~kyo~kù, Yc` bouy ukflkjkemly kl lpbn`~( ku yc` nmed oj Nmn{hol

j~ob W`~ukml w`~uèpykol #>=>">9=+, Ku mhuo i``bì yo boumkub yc` Ymibo~``lu( mjy`~ kyu

i`j`my n{ yc` ôbmlu #>65+,

E,Z,>, [@MÛ KL N[QMLYKL@ OEEPWMYKOL

>39 " :53 ôbml @bwk~` ku ikzkiì n`yv``l Ikoeh`yqkml #yc` Vùy+ mli Bms`lyqkp #yc`

@ y+

;6



@muy+,

5== My yc` `li oj hkj`( Fmh`~kp Kbw`~myo~ ùymnhkuc ~`hkfkopu yoh`~mle` jo~ Ec~kuykmlu,

57: " 556 Eoluymlykl Bmskbpu Kbw`~myo~,

5=> Eoluymlykl Bmskbpu n`my Bms`lyqkp kl yc` Woly` Bkhzko #ol Ykn~p+ pli`~ yc` ukfl oj Aùpu #yc` e~ouu kl uks wm~yu+,

5=9 " 550 Ukhzùy~p Wow` kl ôb`,

5>9 Eoluymlykl Bmskbpu N`my Hkeklkp kl yc` O~k`ly, H`fkolu oj Ec~kuykml uohik`~u

wm~ykekwmyklf kl yc` ~`h`mu` oj Mlmyohkm, Eoluymlykl` ièhm~ù Ec~kuykmlky{ yc` uymy` ~`hkfkol,

Uym~y"Ec~kuykml ôbml `bwk~`, @bwk~` emwkymh ku u`y yo Eoluymlyklowh`, Wmhùykl` mli

A`~pumh`b pli`~ C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu, Yc`{ miowyì F~``d yowol{bkù, Emhzm~{ Coh{Ecp~ec ku npkhy ol yobn oj Aùpu, C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu ~`wowphmyù A`~pumh`b, Vmhh

Eobwhmklyu ~`bmkl pli`~ yc` ap~kuikeykol oj yc` boumke eobbplky{,

5>0 Jk~uy @epb`lkemh Eoplekh kl Lke``m, I`jkl` e~ky`~km jo~ b`bn`~uckw oj &Emycohkem

@ehùkm&1

Mee`wymle` oj jplimb`lymh ycùku1

&Aùpu ku yc` Uol oj Foi( Hkfcy j~ob Hkfcy( y~p` Foi j~ob y~p` Foi( e~`myì loy f`l`~myì(plkym~{ vkyc yc` Jmyc`~ &,

O~i`~ @wkueowmh u`my1 ob`( Mh`smli~km( Mlykoec

M~`m oj ap~kuikeykol oj yc` yc~`` nkucowu vo~hivki`( klehpiklf wmy~km~ecmyù,

@muy`~ imy` i`y`~bklì n{ bpypmh mf~``b`ly #loy onu`~zì ip` yo emh`lim~ ikjj`~`leù

n`yv``l @muy mli Vùy+,

E`hknmy` eh`~ke #vckec vkhh loy olh{ hkz` boyc`~u mli ukuy`~u+,

50= " 505 Pw~kuklf oj yc` Boumke A`vu j~ob A`~pumh`b, Hoemhkykù Yz`~( Yqkwo~k mlik N`y

Fmhhpu m~` i`bohkucì, A`~pumh`b eky{ ~`bmklu ow`l yo noyc ~`hkfkolu4 n` zkukyklf coh{

;3



whmeù, Ec~kuykmlu bkuukolm~{ù Khm~kol mli Cm~kyol p~fù npkhiklf ecp~ecù mli

bolmuy`~kù yc~opfcopy Wmhùykl`,

5:5 Uym~yu yc` eolj~olymykol n`yv``l ôbmlu mli W`~ukm, Pwup~f` oj Eoluymlyq KK i`j`myì,

5:5 " 560 Zmh`lyqkml Ec~kuykml Kbw`~myo~, I`z`howu Ec~kuykml Nkucow~ke oj Bkhml pli`~ yc`h`mi`~uckw oj Nkucow Mbn~oqkp #596"5;6+, ^ìpeù yc` kljhp`le` oj yc` wmwme{ kl ôb`, Pw

yo 5;> m y~opnhì w`~koi kl yc` Vùy( mjy`~ vckec nèmb` Yòioukp Kbw`~myo~, Cku kly`lykol

ku yo d``w cku `bwk~` yc~opfc Ec~kuykml jmkyc mli kyu kluykypykolu, Ml kleki`ly khhpuy~myù yc`

i`f~`` oj klyoh`~mle` vckec cmi Ec~kuykml eh`~f{ yo yc` wòwh` oj jk~uy Ec~kuykmlu, Kl yc`

{`m~ 536( my Emhhklkeo yovl ol yc` nmld oj @pj~my( Ec~kuykmlu m~` jmlmyke yo~ecì m

u{lmfofp`, @bw`~o~ Y oioukp K( mhycopfc m Ec~kuykml( mudì yc` nkucow oj Bkhml(Mbn~oukp( yo ~`npkhi yc` u{lmfofp` vkyc yc` bol`{ oj `wkueowmy`, Nkucow oj Bkhml(

Mbn~oukp( c` v~kyù1

&Ky vkhh yc`~`jo~` n` m y`bwh` oj yc` vkyopyc hov A`vu npkhy my yc` `sw`lu` oj yc` Ecp~ec&,

#Mbn~oukm H`yy`~ 69+

90= F~`my Ec~kuykml ueckub, U`wm~mykol ecp~ec1 Ecp~ec oj ôb` #Emycohke+(

Ecp~ec oj Eoluymlyklowh` #O~ycoios+, Nkucow Apz`lmh #kl A`~pumh`b+ aoklu yc` Ecp~ec oj Eoluymlyklowh`( npy bouy C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu aokl boumke eobbplkykù oj Umbm~km, ^`bmkl

m bklo~ky{ Ec~kuykmlu kl A`~pumh`b,

96: Jmhh oj Vùy ôbml @bwk~`,

0>6 " 0:0 @bw`~o~ Apuyklkml, Vkhh ~ùyo~` iobklmle` O~ycoios Ec~kuykmlu kl A`~pumh`b,

Yc` ~`yp~l oj Boumke A`vu vkhh n` hkbkyì,

:=9 Boumke A`vu oj Fmhkh`` mli Lmqm~`yc aoklu W`~ukm c`hw yc`b oeepw{ A`~pumh`b, Boumke

eh`~f{ vkhh y~kff`~ m vkiùw~`mi w`~uèpykol mfmkluy yc` Ec~kuykml wowphmykol, Vkhh n`

i hk c i c c Q c k k i Ec k k jh i j

;;



i`bohkucì bml{ ecp~ecù, Qmcm~km w~kùyu mli Ec~kuykmlu m~` jhì j~ob yovl,

:>6 W`me` n`yv``l W`~umlu mli N{qmlyklù, ^`yp~l O~ycoios eh`~f{ ku bmi` n{ m

w~oeùukol hì n{ @bw`~o~ C`~mehkpu, O~ycoios eh`~f{ jh`ì yc` boumkeu,

:53 M~mn Emhkwcmy`( ymdù A`~pumh`b mli Wmhùykl`,

E,Z,5, [@MÛ KL M^MN EMHKWCMY@ OEEPWMYKOL

:53 " =7;;

:>0 M~mn @swmlukol mww~omecklf Wmhùykl`, M~b{( o~fmlkqì W~owc`y Bocmbbì( ku

~`fm~iì vkyc j`m~ n{ yc` wowphmykol, C`n~`v( Ec~kuykml mli Wmfmlu( mhuo u`li yc`k~

i`h`fmykolu vkyc fkjyu jo~ yc` .W~oyèykol Mey. #jk~bml+, Uym~y jkfcyklf mbolf M~mn m~bkùmli h`fkolu N{qmlykl` #:5>":53+, Yc` hmyy`~ m~` jo~eì yo h`mz` U{~km mli Wmhùykl` mjy`~ yc`

nmyyh` yo N`y Uc`l #:50+ Mli Km~bpd Zmhh`{ #:5:+, Kl :53 A`~pumh`b ku oeepwkì n{ Bpuhkb

y~oowu, N{qmlykl` eobbmli`~ oj y~oowu h`mzklf yc` eky{ mwm~y j~ob kyu h`mi`~uckw Ec~kuykml

nkucow Uoj~olk`, Ky y`mecù eky{ }pmhkj{klf Obm~, W~ozki` eobwhkmle` vkyc yc` Y~`my{

eolehpiì ~`hkfkopu yoh`~mle` mli m e`~ymkl w~meyke` kl yc~`` i`lobklmykolu1 Boumke(

Ec~kuykml mli Bpuhkb, Y`~~kyo~{ vophi n` eol}p`~ì n{ yc` M~mnu emhhì ckb &Jmhmuykl&,Ip` yo yc` hmed oj eoluolmly &W& kl M~mnke zoemnphm~{,

::= Yc` Emhkwc Bpmvmkm ky ymdù A`vu mhhkù kl eky{, Vkhh upwwo~y yc`k~ eoholkqmykol kl

H`nmlol mli fkzù yc` eky{ h`mi`~uckw, Ky npkhy yc` F~`my Bou}p` oj Obm~ Y`bwh` ol yc`

~pklu oj F~`my Boumke Y`bwh`, Bou}p`ù m~` npkhy yc~opfcopy Wmhùykl`,

6=6 Yc` Emhkwc Obm~ KK ùymnhkucì m ~`fkb` oj ~`hkfkopu y`~~o~, C` n`fklu vkyc jkuemh

b`mup~ù upec mu yms “w`~ emwkym‟ #oj yc` Bpuhkb kljki`h+, Eolyklp` vkyc oyc`~ ~ùy~keykolu,

V`~` loy Bpuhkbu v`~` loy mhhovì yo npkhi o~ ~`wmk~ ecp~ec o~ u{lmfofp`, Loy mhhovklf kyu

j h k ky h y c k j ck #E Uy j I ki jh k y +

=77



jo~bmh w~oeùukol o~ ~kypmh yo ucov ukflu oj vo~uckw #E~ouu( Uym~ oj Imzki( jhmfu( keolu( `ye,+

kl wpnhke whmeù, V`~` loy mhhovì yo w~`z`ly ~`hmykzù yo eolz`~y yo Bocmbbìmlkub,

V`~` loy mhhovì yo miowy cmnkyu Bpuhkb( yo myy`li yc` Bpuhkb cohkim{u, V`~` loy mhhovì

yo npkhi copuù ckfc`~ ycml yc` Bpuhkbu, Uy~mlf`h{ ukbkhm~ yo ycou` mwwhkì kl yc` ckuyo~{ oj oyc`~ ~`fkbù klyoh`~mly o~ s`lowconke( ~`hkfkopu nmuì o~ loy " kl}pkukykol( jmuekub(

eobbplkub( `ye, Yc` emhkwcu oj Mnmu i{lmuy{ bmi` ikuykleykz` ehoycù jo~ lol Bpuhkbu,

A`vu ~`}pk~ì yo v`m~ {`hhov cmyu( yc` Ec~kuykmlu nhp` cmyu( mli oyc`~ foihùu ~ì cmyu,

Whme` embwmkflu jo~eì yo wmuu Bocmbbìmlkub, Ip` i`y`~bklì owwoukykol( noyc yc`

Boumke mli Ec~kuykmlu #vckec uym~y m bmuu `soipu j~ob A`~pumh`b( jo~ loy yo ~`lople` my

{op~ jmkyc+ yc` Bpuhkb uyow jo~eì eolz`~ukol, Ycou` vco mee`wy vkhh n` yc` jk~uy wpnhkeojjke`, Ky vkhh bmd` uob` v`mhyc{ A`vkuc jmbkh{ b`bn`~u #mli bpec hùu Ec~kuykmlu+, Yc`{

vkhh eoluykypy` m jmeyo~ kl yc` upwwo~y klj~muy~peyp~` oj yc` Bpuhkb, Yc`{ w~meyke` yc`{

boumke ~`hkfkol kl f~`my uè~è{, Coh{ U`wphec`~ Ecp~ec ku i`bohkucì, Ec~kuykml

eobbplkykù kl Wmhùykl` m~` f~opwì kl A`~pumh`b( Yz`~( N`ych```b( Lmqm~`yc mli bm~kl`

hoemhkykù, Eobbplkykù A`vu m~` ikzkiì klyo Fmhkh``( L`fc`z mli A`~pumh`b,

;;3 Nìopklu y~kn` oj Ym{ m~` mwwoklyì yo foz`~l Wmhùykl` ol n`cmhj Emhkwcu, Yc`{ m~ìèhm~ì kli`w`li`ly, Johhovu m w`~koi oj ekzkh vm~u( yc` emb` oj e~pumi`~u, Wc`lob`lol

ycmy vkhh ikbklkuc yc` èolobke( hoemh eobbplkykù mli h`miklf yo m iè~`mu` kl yc` lpbn`~

oj wòwh` opuyì Wmhùyklm, Yc`{ vkh n` jh`ì n{ E~pumi`~u,

E,Z,9, [@MÛ KL E^PUMI@Û OEEPWMYKOL

=7;; " =>;=

=7;: Yc Ec k yk Dk i j hhk # ck c khh h i y yc j yk j yc

=7=



=7;: Yc` Ec~kuykml Dklfiobu( jo~b ml mhhkmle` #vckec vkhh h`mi yo yc` jo~bmykol oj yc`

ôbml"F`~bml @bwk~`+( pli`~ yc` uwk~kypmh h`mi`~uckw oj yc` wmwme{( kyu `swmlukz` jo~e`

ecmll`hu pli`~ yc` nmll`~ oj Coh{ F~mz` kuup`, Uym~yklf jk~uy E~pumi`, Nmliu oj

b`~e`lm~kù hì n{ lonhù J~mleu bozklf yo A`~pumh`b, Kl yc`k~ w~meykemh `sy`~bklmykol oj lol Ec~kuykmlu, Kl yc` emu` oj A`vkuc eobbplkykù `leoply`~ì,

^`hkfkopu m~fpb`ly #C`n~`v wòwh` eob` yo ckb n` dkhhì Aùpu+ vmu jmeklf, Aùpu vmu

dkhhì( mu v` dlov( umv yc` ohkfm~ecu oj Boumke Umlcì~kl mli ycou` A`vu kl A`~pumh`b(

`sekyklf yc` f~`my boumke oj eh`~f{ yc`l, Bmud yc` jmey ycmy vkycopy yc` mwouyhù C`n~`v

Ec~kuykmlu( Ec~kuykml wòwhù vophi loy cmz` n``l m Ec~kuykml ,,,, Ky vmu yc` w`~koi kl

vckec( jo~ `smbwh` Hpemlkml y`sy &Meyu& vkhh n` &ckii`l& n{ yc` Ec~kuykml eh`~f{ , Ky vmulmyp~mhh{ yc` m~fpb`ly mu &eobù& C`n~`v wòwh` vophi loy cmz` cmi m~fpb`lyu,,,, ^`mh

~`muol vmu bo~` w~oumke1 ~onn`~{ A`vu vco v`~` ~kecù, B`ycoi vkhh mwwh{ yo mhbouy lkl`

cpli~ì {`m~u,

Ku yc` uy~pffh` jo~ A`~pumh`b, Api`m 57(777 jkfcy`~u m~` i`j`liklf iùw`~my`h{ mli vkyc

c`~okub, Bouy m~` yc` uk`f`, Ol Aph{ =0 yc` eky{ ku eol}p`~ì, Ycou` empfcy m~` uohi mu

uhmzù yo lonhù Ec~kuykmlu, Oyc`~u vkyci~mv j~ob Api`m yo Muecd`hol vc`~` ~ùkuymle` vkhheolyklp` plykh ==05, Eobbplkykù Ec~kuykmlu cmu ympfcy yc`k~ m~`m vkycopy m jkfcy,

E~pumi`~ w`~koi h`jy bml{ vkyckl yc` Wmhùyklkml Ec~kuykml ecp~ecù( bolmuy`~kù mli

jo~yu( vcou` y~meù m~` jopli yoim{, Bml{ oj yc`b v`~` yp~lì klyo yc` bou}p`,

Eobbplkykù kl Api`m v`~` f~opwì kl ~p~mh m~`m nèmpu` e~pumi`~u c`~` cmz` loy dkhhì

wòwh` vkyc l`ìì mf~kephyp~mh w~oipeyu jo~ yc`k~ y~oowu, A`vu v`~` y~`myì hkd` Ec~kuykmlu,

Vkyc j`v `se`wykolu yc`{ jo~nmi` yc` ùymnhkucb`ly kl A`~pumh`b, Ycpu m f~opw

oj 577 w~meykeklf ~mnnk j`~z`ly oj boumke ephy( kl J~mle` mli @lfhmli( m~` `lykyhì yo hkz` kl

A`~pumh`b #=>=7"=>==+, Eobbplkykù ycml m~` C`n~`v m~` Muecd`hol( Mee~m mli kl Fmhkh``,

Hoemhu n` yc`{ Ec~kuykmlu o~ A`vu w~meyke` mf~kephyp~` ubmhh y~miù Foi`j~o{ i` Nopkhhol

=7>



Hoemhu( n` yc`{ Ec~kuykmlu o~ A`vu( w~meyke` mf~kephyp~`( ubmhh y~miù, Foi`j~o{ i` Nopkhhol

ku w~oehmkbì Dklf oj A`~pumh`b, J~mle lonh` Ymle~ì nèob` W~kle` oj Fmhkh``, Ec~kuykml

dklfiob ùymnhkucì ku emhhì &Imzki ^`flpb& mli uob` meyu &Ku~m`h&, C` uy~`yecì j~ob

Boply C`~bol mli Imbmuepu kl yc` Lo~yc yo yc` Uopyc wo~y @hkmy,

==66 Mhhkmle` n`yv``l @f{wykmlu( U{~kml( K~m}k #hì n{ Umhmikl " ṮmhčḠ mi"IĤl [Ťupj knl

M{{Ťn+( mu owwouì yo yvo oj yc` e~pumi`( upee`ìì yo oeepw{ Fmqm, Yc` yvo e~pumi` uyow

jme` yo Imbmuepu,

==;= M yc~` e~pumi`( hì n{ ^kecm~i yc` Whmlymf`l`y # &yc` Hkolc`m~y&+ mli Wckhkw Mpfpuy(

upee`ìu yo yc` Mhhkmle` yo ~èol}`~ M~mn wo~y mli jo~y~ùu Mee~m, Ikumf~``b`lyu cmz`

m~ku`l n`yv``l h`mi`~u oj yc` m~b{ ycmy yc`{ m~` Ec~kuykml ioù loy muu`~y m jokh ùemw` yc`M~mn y~oowu, W`me` ku eolehpiì vkyc Umhmikl ycmy mhhovì j~`` meeùu yo e`ly`~u oj vo~uckw

kl yc` M~mn m~`m,

=>>; M uks ku m e~pumi` hì n{ Dklf J~ki`~kec KK, ^èol}p`~ A`~pumh`b ku loy uy~pffhklf( mu

ekykù Hpi( ^mbmhm( Yqkwo~k( Lmqm~`yc, Johhovklf yc` Y~`my{ oj Kmjjm Y`bwh` Boply ~`bmklu

kl wouuùukol Um~me`lu #c` vmu yc` Bou}p` oj Obm~+, E~pumi`~u vkhh ~ùkuy plykh yc` m~~kzmh

oj Bmb`hpd` #=>;=+,

E,Z,0, [@MÛ OJ BMB@HPD@ OEEPWMYKOL

=>;= " =0=:

=0=: Bmb`hpdù vkl e~pumi`~u my yc` nmyyh` oj Mee~m, ^ùyo~` yc` Bpuhkb o~fmlkqmykol ol

mpym~eckemhh{, Wmhùykl` ku ycpu kuohmyì j~ob yc` Ec~kuykml dklfiobu, Ky ku jo~nkii`l yo

`ly`~ Ec~kuykml boldu( jo~ j`m~ ycmy vkhh eob` mholf vkyc yc`k~ Ec~kuykml jmkyc, Bmb`hpdù

mhhov yc` ~`yp~l oj yc` A`vu, Ycku wc`lob`lol vkhh kle~`mu` n{ Umhz Eolipey oj yc` Zmykeml #=933+ycmy yc` A`vu w`~uèpyì n{ yc` kl}pkukykol jo~ jmkyc eml fo yo Wmhùykl`, Ycpu n`fklu m boz`b`ly oj

cpbml ~`yp~l oj A`vu kl Wmhùykl`, Ky vkhh ymd`( vkyc zm~kmykolu kl kly`luky{( plykh yc` yv`lyk`yc e`lyp~{,

=75



Kluy`mi Ec~kuykml eobbplkykù vkhh ikbklkuc( vckh` bo~` ol yc` ep~~`ly H`nmlol #Bm~olkyù ^ky`+,

Bmb`hpd` iobklmykol `liu ole` yc` Oyyobml klzmukol,

E,Z,:, [@M^ OJ OYYOBML OEEPWMYKOL ― QKOLKUB " EOBKLF NMED F@L@UKUOJ A@VU YO @^@YQ KU^M@H

=0=: " =;=6

=0=: Oyyobml @bwk~` y~oowu oeepw{ Wmhùykl` mli @f{wy( johhovklf yc` Nmyyh` oj I`n`d,

=93= " =0=> Nmkmqki Khi`~kb Uphyml, ^`yp~l hm~f` f~opwu oj C`n~`v ^ky` U`jm~i #mjy`~ =9;>(

vc`l yc`{ v`~` emuy opy n{ iè~`` oj Dklf Wckhkw oj Uwmkl mli Kumn`hm( w~ùup~` oj

Ec~kuykml Aùpkyu hì n{ Umzolm~ohm+,=677 " =666 Nèobù m vmz` oj C`n~`v mud`lmqk eob` j~ob Wohmli( johhovklf mlyku`bkyke

oww~ùukolu, Oyyobml Wov`~ u``du yo upwwo~y Ec~kuykml `bkf~mykol mli kbwhmlymykol oj

eobbplkykù eobwouì oj U`~nu( Nphfm~kmlu mli F~``du, Yc` b`ycoi vmu yo wm{ yoYp~dkuc

y~`mup~{ kbwo~ymly mboplyu oj bol`{ jo~ ycmy vckec cmu d`wy yc` Ec~kuykml jmkyc yo nèob`

m &onìk`ly& oj Mpuy~km( @lfhmli o~ J~mle`, Ycpu cmi yc` owwo~yplky{ yo w~meyke` yc` ephy oj

Ec~kuykml #Emycohke( O~ycoios o~ W~oyùymly+ mli yo `s`~eku` m w~ojùukol yo `lup~``skuy`le`, Ec~kuykmlu hkzklf kl u`yyh`b`lyu m~opli yc` ~`hkfkopu( vco v`~`,

=63; J~`lec ^`zohpykol fkzù `}pmh ~kfcyu yo mhh ekykq`lu( klehpiklf A`vu j~ob eobbplkykù

pli`~ J~`lec ap~kuikeykol, Jk~uy Umlcì~kl oj yc` A`vu kl Boi`~l Ykbù #=370+ ku c`hi kl

Wm~ku,

=357 ― =307 Yo uym~y MH[M " Yow ^`yp~l boz`b`ly kl yc` ~`mhb oj A`vkuc wòwh`( johhovklf

yc` emhh ^mnnk [ cpim Uohobol Mhdmhm{ #~mnnk oj m ubmhh boumke eobbplky{

U`jm~i`T=R l`m~ N`hf~mi`+ mli ^mnnk Qzk Ck~uec Dmhkuec`~ #Mud`lmq{T>R ~mnnk j~ob

F`~bml{+ yo meykz` o~fmlkqmykolmh( hofkuyke #jklmlekmh+ mli ìpemykolmh meykolu jo~ yc` ~`yp~l

yo yc` &w~obkuì Hmli&T5R Plhkd` yc` w~meyke` ~mnnk yo w~m{ ycmy Kmcz` #Foi+ yo fkz` ckb

=79



yo yc` w~obkuì Hmli T5R, Plhkd` yc` w~meyke` ~mnnk yo w~m{ ycmy Kmcz` #Foi+ yo fkz` ckb

nmed yo yc` “Cohh{ Hmli‟( yc`{ mizoemy` jo~ yc` ^`yp~l oj yc` A`vu kl Wmhùykl`( vkyc yc`

upwwo~y oj mhh A`vkuc Eobbplkykù oj Fmhpy #C`n~`v Ikmuwo~m+, Yc` johhov`~u lpbn`~

kle~`muì, Yc`{ h`mi ycù` ki`mu kl yc` eobbplkykù oj o~kfkl, Mbolf yc`b ku yc`f~mlijmyc`~ oj Ycòio~ C`~qh( yc` Npimwùy Eobbplky{ C`n~`v nmld`~, Ycku f~mliuol T=R

U`wcm~ike A`vu m~` A`vu ~ky` Uwmlkuc, Yc`{ v`~` kluymhhì kl Uwmkl mjy`~ cmzklf n``l

i~kz`l opy oj Api`m1 jk~uy i`wo~ymykol yood whme` kl 67 mli mjy`~ emle`hhmykol Uymy` A`v n{

ôbml m~b{ #=59"=50+, Ikuw`~umh m~`m vmu mholf yc` y`~~kyo~kù no~i`~klf yc`

Bìky`~~ml`ml U`m, Yc`{ v`~` kluymhhì kl Uwmkl mholf vkyc kluymhhmykol M~mn emhkwcmy`

#`kfcyc e`lyp~{+, V`~` `sw`hhì j~ob Uwmkl kl =9;> #Iè~`` oj yc` Mhcmbn~m( fkz`l n{]p``l Kumn`hhm mli Dklf J`~iklmli( my yc` p~fklf oj Aùpky Nkucow oj J~mleùeo i` Ho{ohm +

mli hmy`~ j~ob Wo~ypfmh, Yc`{ `bkf~myì yo Lo~yc Mj~kem( Kymh{( yc` Bkiih` @muy( yc` Nmhdml

W`lkluphm mli kl uopyc`~l ôbmlkm( yc`l kl @lfhmli( Cohhmli mli Mb`~kem #yc` jk~uy

eobbplky{ ùymnhkucì m~opli “Dmcmh Qp~ Ku~m`h U{lmfofp`‟ yc` uymy` oj W`~lmbnpeo "

N~mqkh+, Yc`{ ymhdì Hmiklo o~ Apiò"Uwmlkuc hmlfpmf` #ikmhèy nmuì emuykhkml+,

T>R Mucd`lmqk A`vu cmzklf n``l i~kz`l opy oj Api`m1 jk~uy i`wo~ymykol yood whme` kl 67 mlimjy`~ Ku~m`h&u iùy~peykol n{ ôbml m~b{ #=59"=50+( cmz` `bkf~myì yo vùy`~l mli e`ly~mh

@p~ow`( ùwèkmhh{ kl F`~bmlke eoply~kù, Ukle` yc` jk~uy e`lyp~kù oj jk~uy bkhh`llkpb MI,

Kl yc` Bkiih` Mfù( yc`{ bkf~myì yo @muy`~l @p~ow`, Mucd`lmqk A`vu puklf [kiikuc

#F`~bmlke kikobmyke+ mli yc` C`n~`v / M~mbmke1 yc` w~meyke` oj ~`hkfkol( uw`èc mli

~mnnklkemh @z`~k`şyk bo~` ikuymly ~`hmykoluckw vkyc eobbplkykù,

T5R yo u`` zkiò ol yc` Mi~ùu 1 cyyw1//vvv,{opypn`,eob/vmyec?z2QÀ5PUe;Beu

vkhh iìkemy` cku hkj` mli jmbkh{ jo~ypl` w~meykemh ~`mhkqmykol oj ycku fomh( meck`zklf ehoyyklf

Boz`b`ly oj yc` A`vkuc ^`yp~l m~opli yc` Vo~hi Qkolkuy Eolf~ùu kl Nmu`h #=3;6+,

=307 " =;=9 Meykolu oj klikzkipmh C`n~`v m~kuyoe~myu jo~ ^`yp~l, I`z`howb`ly Qkolkuy

=70

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZeJ3USc9Mcs

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZeJ3USc9Mcs



=307 =;=9 Meykolu oj klikzkipmh C`n~`v m~kuyoe~myu jo~ ^`yp~l, I`z`howb`ly Qkolkuy

boz`b`lyu kl @p~ow`ml eoply~kù mli yc` P,U, nèobù yc` `lfkl` mli bmkl uwoluo~ #yc`

o~fmlkqmykol oj Aokly+ oj zm~kopu uymfù oj ^`yp~l, Lmykolmh eoluekopulùu i`z`howu A`vkuc

eobbplkykù kl @p~ow` nmuì ol yvo uoekmh zèyo~u1

=, U`}p`le` oj yvo uymyù oj bkli kl yc` eobbplkykù kl @p~ow`1 kly`f~myklf yc` bmao~ky{ oj

A`vu( mli yo o~fmlkq` ~ùkuymle` yo yc` bmlkjùymykolu oj klyoh`~mle` mli mlyk"U`bkykub

j~ob yc` Ec~kuykml wowphmykol, Cov ycku u`}p`le` cmz` ikjj`~`ly ykbù kl ikjj`~`ly

@p~ow`ml eoply~kù( klehpiklf yc` ^puukml @bwk~`( A`vkuc eobbplkykù v`~` kl m

eolyklpopu u`m~ec jo~ uohpykolu,

>, Jo~bmykol oj lmykolmh eoluekopulùu, A`vu ~mhh{ m~opli yc` Boumke Jmkyc mli vkhhklflùuyo ^`yp~l kl &Yc` Cohh{ Hmli‟ yo ~`npkhi cku eoply~{1 @~`yq Ku~m`h,

M hm~f` lpbn`~ oj kbbkf~mlyu cmz` ymd`l yc` ~omi yo Mb`~kem #vc`~`( lo bo~` ycml 67

{`m~u mli vkhh eob` n`jo~` yc` bmkl jklmlekmh upwwo~y oj yc` Aokly+, Mloyc`~ klkykmykz` vmu

bmflk A`v Bo~kyq i` Ck~uc #jklmle`( mbolf oyc`~u yc` eoluy~peykol oj ~mkhvm{u kl yc`

Nmhdmlu mli @muy+ yo u`li 6(777 ^puukml C`n~`v woz`~y{ kl M~f`lyklm, Nmld`~ ôyecueckhi

jpliu ik~èyh{ #=367 "=;=7+ yc` e~`mykol oj eobwmey u`yyh`b`lyu kl Wmhùykl`,=3;6 Nmu`h #Uvkyq`~hmli+1 yc` jk~uy Vo~hi Qkolkuy Eolf~ùu( klkykmyì n{ Ycòio~ C`~qh,

J~ob m jmbkh{ oj nmld`~u kl Npimwùy( f~mipmyì yc` jmephy{ oj hmv kl Zk`llm( vkhh `ly`~

klyo aop~lmhkub, Mu w~ùu eo~~ùwoli`ly kl Wm~ku( wm~ykekwmyklf kl yc` ikuwpymykolu empuì n{

“I~`{jpuu Mjjmk~`‟( ip~klf y`l {`m~u kl J~mle`, Ycku bmdù ckb u`` ycmy yc` olh{ uohpykol ku

yc` meykz` ^`yp~l oj A`vu kl Ku~m`h, V~ky` m ioepb`ly ycmy vkhh nèob` jk~uy bmlkjùy oj

Qkolkub1 &I`~ Api`luymmy& #C`n~`v Uymy`+ mizoemyklf yc` ùymnhkucb`ly oj m boi`~l

C`n~`v Uymy`( vkyc `}pmhh{ ~kfyu jo~ mhh yc` wòwh` mli ~`hkfkopuh{ yoh`~mly, Eolymey C`n~`v nmld`~u

#Ck~uc( ôyecueckhi+ vkycopy upeeùu ip` yo cku mli yc`k~ w~kiù #ôyecueckhi umki kl i`~kukol( loy u``

cov Ku~m`h vophi ~èoz`~ vkyc =77(777 &Ueclo~~`~&"nkyy`~+, Vkhh eolymey yc` Nkubm~d mli yc` F`~bml

=7:



@bw`~o~ Vkhc`hb KK( yc` Yp~dkuc Uphyml #kl yvo y~kwu( zkukyklf A`vkuc u`yyh`b`lyu kl Wmhùykl`+, Yc`

Uphyml w~owou` plhkbkyì ^`yp~l oj A`vu j~ob yc`k~ hmliu kl `secmlf` yo eoz`~ yc` cpf` i`jkeky oj

Oyyobml `bwk~` y~`mup~{, F~`my C`n~`v nmld`~u kl @p~ow` io loy upwwo~y ckb, Vkhh n` wpy yo {opyc

boz`b`lyu #Ecoz`z`k Qkol+ yo lmykolmhkuy kly`hhèypmhu C`n~`v yo A`vu oj bkiih` ehmuu kl mhh @p~ow`mleoply~kù,

@jjo~yu m~` wmzì n{ yc` A`vkuc Qkolkuy Eolf~ùu kl Nmu`h " Uvkyq`~hmli #=3;6+, I`jklì ik~èykol oj

meykol #o~fmlkqmykolmh( jklmlekmh( ~`hkfkopu( ephyp~mh+ jo~ Yc` ^`yp~l, Vckh` yc` o~fmlkqmykol vkhh ymd`

yc` lmb` &Vo~hi Eolf~ùu C`n~`v‟,

Yc` ^`yp~l vkhh eolyklp` noyc kl C`n~`v {opyc zohply``~klf kl @p~ow` mli yc` `bkf~mykol oj jmbkhkù

j~ob m~`mu upnaèy yo mlyk u`bkyke boz`b`lyu #^puukm( Fmhkekm( Hkycpmlkm( Wohmli( N`hm~pu+( o~ yc`

~`zohpykolm~{ boz`b`lyu kl ^puukm #=;70+,=;=6 " =;=3 Ol `ly`~klf @lfhkuc y~oowu #hì n{ f`l`~mh Mhh`ln{+ kl Wmhùykl` wòwh`( eobw~kuklf

0:7(777 oj M~mnke( C`n~`v 00(777 hkzì kl ml m~`m oj m~ki mli kbwoz`~kucì Yp~dkuc mibklkuy~mykol(

yc` vm~ mli nhoedmi`,

C`n~`v mli {oplf jmbkhkù eob` yo ephykzmy` hmli kl Ku~m`h, Mh{m oj A`vu `sy`liu j~ob p~nml yo ~p~mh

m~`mu, L`v ~`yp~lì A`vu ~ùpbì mf~kephyp~mh oeepwmykolu kl z`~{ c`mz{ eolikykolu i~mklklf uvmbwu(

yo bmdklf jme` yo jooi hmed mli iku`muù #bmhm~km kl wm~ykephm~+, Loy` ycmy yc` jk~uy C`n~`v kbbkf~mlyuvco cmz` ùymnhkucì mf~kephyp~mh u`yyh`b`lyu kl m~ki m~`mu v`~` ycou` oj ôbmlkm #hì n{ Imzki

Bouc` Kmleozkek+, Johhovì ycou` kl [ b`l #=33>+( ^puukm #nkhpbkhkk( ukle` =;75+( Pd~mkl` mli

Nùum~mnkm #yc` “Cm~ Cmhpyq‟ " wkol``~u( =;70"=;>0+, Yc` hmyy`~ vkhh jo~b yc` jk~uy eobbplky{ zkhhmf`(

ukbkhm~ yo yc` jk~uy Ec~kuykml eobbplkykù( jo~bu oj o~fmlkqmykol vkyc ml onzkopu ~ù`bnhmle` yo yc`

@uu`lù boi`h oj Aùpu, Yc` jk~uy vmu Ifmlkm dknpyq #ùymnhkucì my yc` klkykmykz` oj Aou`wc mli Bk~kmb

Nm~myq+,

E,Z,6, [@MÛ KL N^KYKUC OEEPWMYKOL

=;=6 " =;93

=;=3 Kl Amlpm~{ mjy`~ yc` Nmhjop~ Ièhm~mykol my yc` ykb` yc` H`mfp` oj Lmykolu kl F`l`zm

=73



=;=3 Kl Amlpm~{( mjy`~ yc` Nmhjop~ Ièhm~mykol my yc` ykb` yc` H`mfp` oj Lmykolu kl F`l`zm(

yc` eolymeyu n`yv``l yc` ~`w~ù`lymykzù mli h`mi`~u oj yc` Qkolkuy Boz`b`ly #C`n~`v

Lmykolmhkuy Boz`b`ly( yc` Eolf~ùu johhovklf yc` Nmu`h "=33:, Yc` fomh vmu c`~ ol yc`

A`vkuc ^`yp~l mlek`ly Ku~m`h( yo ~ùyo~` yc`k~ lmykolmh cob`( wpyyklf ml `li vmli`~klfumli w`~uèpykolu " yc` bklo~ky{ " kl jo~`kfl eoply~kù+ mli Wml M~mn #Boykol y~mklklf

lmykolmhkuy F~`my M~mn Uymy` " vckec vophi cmz` klehpiì yc` ep~~`ly y`~~kyo~{ oj K~ml(

K~m}( Umpik M~mnkm ( K`b`l( Wmhùykl`( U{~km( Uklmk( klkykmyì n{ yc` @bk~ Cpuu`kl( `m~h{

yv`lyk`yc e`lyp~{( vkyc yc` b`lyo~ ol Ho~i Hmv~mle` bkhkym~{ mizku`~u mli @lfhkuc+,

=;=3 " =;=; l`foykmykolu n`yv``l W~ùki`ly C`n~`v Vo~hi Eolf~ùu( Ecmkb V`kyqbmll

#h`mi`~ Qkolkuy Vo~hi Eolf~ùu( ol` oj yc` jk~uy b`bn`~u oj yc` {opyc o~fmlkqmykol klN`~hkl Ecoz`z`k Qkol #Ycou` vco hoz` Qkol&u " {`m~u

=367 " =337 " vckec bkhkymy` jo~ yc` w~meykemh ^`yp~l kl Ku~m`h+( bmklh{

l`foykmyo~ n`yv``l =;=3 "=;934 jk~uy W~ùki`ly oj Ku~m`h mjy`~ Bm{ =;93+

mli @bk~ J`kumh " h`mi`~ oj yc` jpyp~` oj Umpik M~mnkm( y`liì n{ ml &Mhhkmle`

U`bkyke& kly`~ùyu,

npy @lfhmli mli J~mle` cmz` nhoedì ycku plk}p` bob`ly oj wouuknh` eoow`~mykol(~ùphyklf kl m vm~ &n`yv``l yc` eopuklu& vckec hmuyu plykh lov,

Kl yc` upbb`~ oj =;=3( Ecmkb V`kqbmll ku m b``yklf my Mdmnm( yc` ^ì U`m wo~y kl yc`

Uklmk w`lkluphm( vkyc J`kumh #`bk~&u uol Cpuu`kl mli m h`mi`~ oj yc` M~mn ~`zohpykol kl yc`

jk~uy Vo~hi Vm~+, C` m~fpù ycmy ml mhhkmle` oj w`me` l`foykmykolu kl yc` Wm~ku,

J`kumh cowù yo upwwo~y yc` Qkolkuy nmeduymf` jkfcy ycmy v`ly yo J~`lec ikwhobme{ vkyc

eoly~oh oj U{~km y`~~kyo~{, Ehkbms #woukykz`+ mww`m~u kl Iè`bn`~ =;=3(

my m hplecòl fkz`l n{ Ho~i ôyecueckhi, J`kumh um{u c`~` #mu

loyù oj Y, @, Hmv~`le`( cku mizkuo~+ &Lo M~mn eml n` upuwkekopu oj lmykolmhkub oj A`vu, K

um{ V`heob` Cob` mli v` vkhh eoow`~my` vkyc yc`b kl yc` M~mn eoply~kù& #M~mn uymy`

=7;



um{ V`heob` Cob` mli v` vkhh eoow`~my` vkyc yc`b kl yc` M~mn eoply~kù #M~mn uymy`(

meeo~iklf yo J`kumh&u klehpiklf Wmhùykl`( kl vcoh`( yo ùymnhkuc m jo~b oj mpyolob{ f~mlyì

yo yc` A`vu kl ycku uymy`+,

Ukflì m Aokly Ièhm~mykol vckec u`yu opy yc` w~klekwh` ik~èykolu oj yc` ~`hmykoluckwn`yv``l M~mn mli Qkolkuy boz`b`ly, @bk~myk eolikykol vmu ycmy ky ~`bmkl uè~`y plykh yc`

M~mn uymy` kli`w`li`le`( mli kl eobwhkmle` vkyc m~ykehù mli eolz`lykolu oj noyc wm~ykù,

Kly`~ùyklf ku yc` w~ù`lymykol j~ob n`fkllklf w~oyoeoh1

&ô{mh Bmaùy{ yo @bk~ J`kumh( ~`w~ù`lyklf mli meyklf ol yc` M~mn Dklfiob oj Càmq( mli

I~, Ecmkb V`kqbmll( ~`w~ù`lyklf mli meyklf ol yc` Qkolkuy O~fmlkqmykol( ol n`cmhj oj

eobbol ~mekmh o~kfkl mli mlek`ly ykù n`yv``l wòwh` oj M~mn mli A`v( mli ycmy meck`zklfyc` nùy vm{ yo meck`z` lmykolmh muwk~mykolu ku yc~opfc ehou` eohhmno~mykol kl yc`

i`z`howb`ly oj M~mn eoply~kù mli Wmhùykl`( v` vmly yo eoljk~b pli`~uymliklf n`yv``l

yc` yvo wm~ykù( yc` johhovklf ky`bu ,,, &

Ol vcmy cmww`lu lov o~ loy yo n`hk`z` ycmy yc`~` vmu upec m uymy`b`ly ,,,

@lup~` j~`` A`vkuc `bkf~mykol mli u`yyh`b`ly kl yc` y`~~kyo~{ oj Wmhùykl`,

Bpypmh fpm~mly`ù oj umj`y{ kl yc` M~mn mli wouuùukolu( mli jklmlekmh upwwo~y(yèclohofkemh muukuymle`( yo yc` C`n~`v jo~ yc` èolobke i`z`howb`ly oj yc` M~mn

wowphmykol kl Wmhùykl`,

M v``d hmy`~ yc` Qkolkuy M~mn mf~`ù vkyc yc` u`z`~mh ùu`lykmh ~`}pk~`b`lyu1 Cmkjm Wo~y

m~`m vkhh n` j~`` jo~ noyc wm~ykù4 Mdmnm wo~y nèobù j~``,

Ol : J`n~pm~{ =;=; @bk~ J`kumh( mizoemyì kl cku uw`èc n`jo~` yc` W`me` Eolj`~`le` kl

Wm~ku( u``dklf kli`w`li`le` M~mnkm( uymyù yc` mf~``b`ly mli m fpm~mly`` jo~ Wmhùykl`1

`lehmz` oj &Qkolkuy C`n~`v,‟ J`kumh vmu cku cow` ycmy upwwo~y V`kyqbmll yoymh M~mnu klyc`k~ ikuwpy` vkyc J~mle` jo~ yc` U{~kml eomuy( jo~bklf m U`bkyke Mhhkmle`,

Ecmkb V`kyqbmll vmu i`w`li`ly ol @lfhkuc wohkykeu( vckec cmi yc` olh{ Bkiih` @muy

==7



ikzkukol n`yv``l @lfhmli mli J~mle`( mu uo"emhhì &U`myu& vckec w~ozki` yc` wov`~ mli okh

~ùop~eù, Noyc bmao~ wov`~u iki loy vmly m uy~olf M~mn Uymy`( yc` bmao~ky{ ovl`~ oj yc`

okh jk`hiu, Kl uco~y yc` ôbml &Ikzki` `y kbw`~m& cmu loy n``l `se`ìì n{ op~ Qkolkuy

Boz`b`ly, V`kyqbmll mizkuù yc` M~mn ioù loy kly`~j`~` vkyc yc` J~`lec eomuy kl ycÙ{~kml kuup`,

Kl yc` upbb`~ oj =;=; J`kumh kly`~~pwy b``yklfu vkyc yc` Qkolkuy h`mi`~u, C` um{ yo

C`n~`v `bkuum~{ n`m~ ik~èy l`foykmykolu vkyc yc` Wmhùyklkmlu mli M~mnu kl yc` jmhh oj =;=;

epy ojj mhh l`foykmykolu vkyc yc` Qkolkuy A`vu, Y~`my{ ~`bmklu uè~`y( v` m~` bml{ {`m~u ycmy

ml{ oj yc` M~mn h`mi`~uckw( loy yc` C`n~`v,

Ukle` mpypbl =;=;( eokleki`lymhh{ o~ loy( uym~y yc` M~mn ~`zohy kl Wmhùykl`, [kupz#C`n~`v u`yyh`b`lyu+ m~` myymedì( uhmpfcy`~ì cpli~ìu oj C`n~`v, @lfhkuc ~`meyu woo~h{(

cmzklf ~`fm~i yo yc` jpyp~` kly`~ùyu oj yc` N~kykuc Bmlimy` kl Wmhùykl`,

Kl ycù` ek~epbuymleù yc` Eobbkuukol yo i~mv pw kl Uml ^`bo #=;>7+ Bmw N~kykuc

bmlimy` kl Wmhùykl`T=R, U`yu m lmyp~mh noplim~{ n`yv``l C`n~`v mli M~mnu1 Ao~iml,

N`yv``l Ao~iml mli yc` Bìky`~~ml`ml A`vu( j~ob Ao~iml yo yc` M~mnkml W`lkluphm

Wmhùyklkmlu, Uo yc` w~onh`b oj u`wm~mykol oj yc` yvo eobbplkykù vmu uohzì jo~ noyc

wm~ykù( ol` uki` mli oyc`~ uki` oj yc` Ao~iml ~kz`~,

=;>7 " =;93 Wmhùykl` pli`~ N~kykuc bmlimy`, A`vu jme` M~mn ~koyu mli N~kykuc kly`~ùyu kl

yc` m~`m, Yc` N~kykuc vmlyì yo bmklymkl yc`k~ uwc`~` oj kljhp`le` yc` l`v Umpik M~mnkm( mu

v`hh mu w~kzkh`fì meeùu yo okh ~ùop~eù kl K~m}( Umpik M~mnkm( K~ml( Dpvmky( yc` W`~ukml

T=R yo u`` zkiò ol yc` Mi~ùu 1 cyyw1//vvv,{opypn`,eob/vmyec?z2zb3akÎEN@9 Fphj,

Yc`~`jo~` oj M~mn ~koyu kl Wmhùykl` vmu m ukfl ycmy yc` &uwèkmh ~`hmykoluckw& n`yv``lN~kykuc mli yc` Qkolkuy Boz`b`ly cmi yo n` y`bw`~my`,

Mu m ~ùphy( ukle` =;>>( ~è`kzklf C`n~`v kl Wmhùykl` ku hkbkyì yo 07,777"60,777 jo~ {`m~,

Bo~`1 yc` iùk~` yo ùymnhkuc m npjj`~ uymy` vkyc Umpik M~mnkm yo yc` Plkyì Dklfiob

===

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vm8jiRDCBE4

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vm8jiRDCBE4



Bo~`1 yc` iùk~` yo ùymnhkuc m npjj`~ uymy` vkyc Umpik M~mnkm yo yc` Plkyì Dklfiob

jo~bì yc` Vùy Ao~iml1 Ao~imlkml Uymy` #hì n{ yc` E~ovl Cmec`bkyù jmbkh{ jmk~( vckec

vkhh upwwo~y èolobke( boi`~l mli y~mkl pli`~ yc` h`mi`~uckw oj yc` @lfhkuc F`l`~mh

Fhpnn+, Uo yc` Wmhùyklkmlu wm~y jo~ lo holf`~ `skuyu, Yc` upnu`}p`ly vm~u n`yv``l yc`M~mnu mli yc` C`n~`v m~` jo~ yc` A`vkuc wm~y oj hmli,

=;5; " =;90 A`vkuc Cohoempuy kl @p~ow`, Yc` nml n{ yc` N~kykuc kbbkf~mykol vkhh kle~`mu`

`lo~bopuh{ yc` lpbn`~ oj zkeykbu, Yc`~` m~` o~fmlkqmykolu ycmy n~klf khh`fmh f~opwu oj

C`n~`v kl Ku~m`h mli kl A`~pumh`b o~fmlkqì myymedu mfmkluy yc` N~kykuc m~b{T>R,

E,Z,3, [@MÛ KL @^@YQ KU^M@H UYMY@ =;93 " >770 Ol =0 Bm{ =;93( vkyc yc` N~kykuc vkyci~mvmh( N`l Fp~kol ièhm~ì yc`

kli`w`li`le` oj yc` Uymy` oj @~`yq Ku~m`h, Kl yc` umb` lkfcy uym~yklf eolj~olymykolu4 jk~uy

M~mn"Ku~m`hk Vm~( `liì n{ m~bkuyke` ol >7 Aph{ =;9;,

Johhovklf yc` eolj~olymykol vkhh eolyklp` plykh yoim{,

Kl y`~bu oj yc` ~`hkfkopu A`vkuc Uymy` ku yoh`~mly npy ~`hpeymly yo ~`b`bn`~ yc` A`vkuc

o~kfklu oj Ec~kuykmlky{, J~ob yc` kljo~bmykol K cmz` #=;;9+( kl A`~pumh`b yc`~` ku meobbplky{ oj C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu m~opli 5(777 wòwh` j~ob bksì bm~~kmfù, Ku loy fooi

u``l n{ yc` boumke ^mnklmy`, Yc`~` ku mhuo yc` cob` oj Wmhùyklkml Ec~kuykmlu #Bm~olky`

Ecp~ec( hkd` yc` Ec~kuykmlu oj H`nmlol+( ùwèkmhh{ kl N`ych``b( ^mbmhm kl Ekuko~imlkm,

My w~ù`ly yc`~` m~` j`v ep~~`ly w~o A`vkuc o~kfkl oj Ec~kuykmlky{, B`lykol oj yc`

Bùukmlke A`vu, Bùukmlke Apimkub ku m ~`hkfkopu boz`b`ly vcou` mic`~`lyu ehmkb ycmy

Aùpu oj Lmqm~`yc #yc` C`n~`v lmb` &[ ucpm&+ ku( ol yc` ol` cmli( yc` A`vkuc Bùukmc

^`zkzì( ol yc` oyc`~ cmli( cmzklf m ikzkl` o~kfkl, Kl =;;5 yc`~` v`~` =:7(777 mic`~`lyu kl

yc` Plkyì Uymyù mli 507(777 vo~hivki`, Kl >775 yc`~` v`~` mnopy =07 bùukmlke

==>



yc` Plkyì Uymyù mli 507(777 vo~hivki`, Kl >775 yc`~` v`~` mnopy =07 bùukmlke

u{lmfofpù kl yc` Plkyì Uymyù mli mnopy 977 kl yc` vo~hi, Bùukmlke A`vu m~` eoluki`~ì

w~meykeklf mpyc`lyke loyke` oj Yo~` mli Ephyp~` nmli Apimu, Bùukmlke Apimkub ku

eoluki`~ì n{ A`vu oj Boumke ^ky`( mu mhh Ec~kuykml ~kyù( mu m jo~b oj Ec~kuykmlky{,Bùukmlke Apimkub vmu jo~bì kl Uè, SKS, C`n~`v eolf~`fmykol oj Ec~kuykmlu v`~`

jo~bì jk~uy kl @lfhmli, Ky vmu jopliì n{ 9= Ec~kuykml C`n~`v mu& N`lk Mn~mcmb, Ky vmu m

jo~b oj Ec~kuykmlky{ vkyc &nmedf~opli& Apimke, Kl =3:: ymd` n`klf &A`vkuc Mhhkmle` ―

Ec~kuykmlu‟ kl N~kymkl( vcou` n~mlecù m~` jopli yoim{ kl @p~ow` mli yc` Plkyì Uymyù,

Ymd`l kl =;=0 n`klf yc` Kly`~lmykolmh Mhhkmle` oj A`vkuc " Ec~kuykml kl Mb`~kem # &Yc`

C`n~`v"Ec~kuykml Mhhkmle` oj Mb`~kem& " CEMM+, Kl =;>0 yo jo~b yc` Kly`~lmykolmh Mhhkmleòj A`vkuc " Ec~kuykml #&Yc` Kly`~lmykolmh C`n~`v"Ec~kuykml Mhhkmle`& " KCEM+, Bùukmlke

Apimkub ku ~`zkzklf n{ Bm~ykl Ec`~lojj #Ecmk~bml CEMM+, Kl =;60 CEMM nèobù

Bùukmlke Mhhkmle` oj Mb`~kem # &Bùukmlke A`vkuc Mhhkmle` oj Mb`~kem& " BAMM+( vckec

ikuuoekmyù eolf~`fmykol ku hov`~ #upec mu yc` Bùukmlke Ku~m`h Mhhkmle`( Jk~uy J~pkyu oj Qkol(

mli yc` Eomhkykol oj Yo~mc Bùukmlke Eolf~`fmykolu onu`~zì+,

Bùukmlke Apimkub ku yc` ycòhofkemh uypi{ oj Foi mli Ue~kwyp~` j~ob yc` w`~uwèykz` oj ky, M~` emlolkemh Ohi Yùymb`ly( L`v Yùymb`ly mu m y`sy kluwk~ì n{ Foi( Uy, Wmph

@wkuyoh`h` eoluki`~ì jphh{ eolf~p`ly vkyc Bùukmlke Apimkub #~àèyì n{ uob`

eolf~`fmykol mu emlolkemh+, Emlolkemh y`syu m~`1 Yo~mc( L`zk&kb( D`ypzkb( yc` Fouw`hu

Bmyyc`v( Bm~d( Hpd` mli Aocl( Meyu #Hpd`+( @wkuyoh`h` Aocl( W`y`~ mli Wmph mii~ùuì yc`

A`vu( ^`z`hmykol #nood oj yc` L`v Yùymb`ly+,

Jplimb`lymh Ioey~kl`1 Foi " N`hk`j kl Foi #@hoc+ Nknh` oblkwoy`ly( oblkw~ù`ly( `y`~lmh( e~`mykz`( mli

kljklky`h{ n`l`zoh`ly,

[ c c #A + B k c A i “B k c & [CZC &#[@ C Z C + k y & yc

==5



[`cucpm #Aùpu+ Bùukmc ― Api`ml ― “Bùukmc mu& [CZC &#[@ Co Zmp C`+ klem~lmy`& yc`

b`my &mli uwk~kypmh umzko~,

V~kyy`l Yo~mc " Yo~mc #W`lymy`pyc+( Yc` Jkz` Noodu oj Bouù m~` eoluki`~ì "jo~ jphh

eolz`lmlyh vkyc ikzklky{, Ky ku n`hk`zì ycmy Aùpu w~`mecì mli ~`mjjk~bì jmkyc kl yc`Yo~mc,

&N` oj Ku~m`h& cmz` n``l( m~` mli vkhh ~`bmkl m wòwh` oj Foi( wm~y oj cku Ikzkl` Whml

w~`bmyp~` ~`whme`b`ly oj ml{ dkli n{ yc` Ecp~ec oj Ikzkl` Whml,

Nknh` "Ymlmdc mli mwouyohke V~kyklfu #N&~ky Ecmimum &+ m~` oj ikzkl` kluwk~mykol yo

Bùukmlke A`vu,

@uecmyohofkm " Bùukmlke A`vu m~` johhov`~u oj yc` johhovklf n`hk`ju ùecmyohofke`1 Im{@li( Uèoli Eobklf oj Aùpu mu m y~kpbwcmly Bùukmc( yc` ~`npkhiklf oj Ku~m`h( yc`

~`npkhiklf oj yc` Yck~i Y`bwh`( ^`zkzmh oj i`mi #mli Aùpu ^`zkzì+"Ucmnmy Yc` bkhh`llkmh

#Aùpu ~`kfl oz`~ m vo~hi vkyc yc` Wm~miku`+,

Hmv O^MH " O~mh pu` Yo~mc kl yc` Ymhbpi( onu`~zì A`vkuc Hmv mli y~mikykolu oj

Cmhmdm,

Yc`~` m~` lo bml{ eolz`~yklf johhov`~u, Ycù` m~` ~m~` mli yc` ~ùphy oj uwk~kypmh

ki`lykjkemykol vkyc Bùukmlke Apimkub( w~ozì holf mli wp~upì yc` mkb my yc` ym~f`y, Yc`{

n`hk`z` eckhi~`l oj Ku~m`h eobklf nmed uw~`mi mbolf &lmykolu& mu vc`l Aùpu eob` nmed,

Bmklymkl eobwhkmle` vkyc yc` :=5 Bkyqzoy " hkldu, V` m~` mfmkluy mlkbmh ume~kjke` o~

C`n~`v #m~` upbbolì ^mnnk Mdkzm mli ^mnnk Ym~jol1 &kj ky vmu kl umlcì~kl( lonoi{( lo

imy` eml loy n` dkhhì& #Bkuclmc Bmdoy =1=7+, Ky eoli`blu yc` klik~èy ~`j`~`le` yo cku

i`myc Aùpu( Uy`wc`l( mli oyc`~ C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu( oz`~ ykb` n{ Umlcì~kl,

W~meykeklf Yo~mc hmvu h`mi yo Umleykjkj{( loy yo umz`4 myy~knpyì olh{ yo yc` Bùukmc,

Noyc Wmph mli Aùpu cmz` eobwhkì jphh{ c`mi}pm~y`~u Yo~mc

==9



Noyc Wmph mli Aùpu cmz` eobwhkì jphh{ c`mi}pm~y`~u Yo~mc,

&Io loy yckld ycmy K emb` yo iùy~o{ yc` Hmv npy yo jphjkhh .#Bmyyc`v 01=6"=; =6+,

Wmph #vckec K ojy`l emhh cku lmb` vkyc yc` A`vu1 Ucm&ph+ ~`bmklì m jmkycjph Wcm~ku``

Api`ml( ikuekwh` oj Fmbmhk`h yc` @hi`~( plykh cku i`myc( m eolyklpopuh{ onu`~zì ycÀ`vkuc hmvu mli y~mikykolu, Eolymklì kl yc` eole`wy &L`v W`~uwèykz` ol Wmph& cmz`

f~`my ukflkjkemle` kl Bùukmlke Apimkub,

M ~èobb`limykol Eolekhkmykol Bùukmlke ^mnnk oj yc` A`vu ku eobwhkmle` oj A`vkuc

cohkim{u( yc` Umnnmyc( ik`ym~{ ~phù,

M bmkl onaèykol yo A`vu zu, Bùukmlke A`vu eolukuyu kl ycmy( `z`l kj ky ku Bùukmlke

Apimkub( [ cucpm #Aùpu+ ku loy yc` Bùukmc, Bùukmlke A`vu m~` loy ~èoflkqì mu kl@~`yq Ku~m`h mli eml loy pu` A`vku ~kfcy yo bmd` mh{m kl yc` Uymy` oj Ku~m`h,

A`vu &O~ycoios& boz`b`ly ~`fm~iì mu m n`y~m{mh( m upnz`~ukz` jo~b oj mwouymu{( vo~u`

ycml ml{ jo~b oj Ec~kuykml ~ky` `sw~ùuì ow`l, Meeo~iklf yo m }poy` j~ob yc` E`ly~mh

Eolj`~`le` oj Mb`~keml ^mnnku #>773+ &Jo~ pu( yc` A`vkuc eobbplky{( ml{ol` vco

ehmkbu ycmy Aùpu ku cku umzko~ ku lo holf`~ A`v mli ml mwouymy`, Yc`{ m~` whmeì opyuki`

yc` A`vu, Vc`yc`~ {op m~` emhhì Ec~kuykmlu o~ &jphjkhhì A`v&( &Bùukmlke A`v& o~ kl ml{vm{ ku k~~`h`zmly, Jo~ pu ky ku eh`m~h{ m Ec~kuykml‟,

Kl ycku Eobw`likpb oj Jmeyu u`hèykz`h{ cki` ml kbwhkeky }pùykol( mu yc` ykyh` bmi`

jmbopu kl m loz`h mnopy yc` `m~h{ Ec~kuykmlu oj Wohkuc U`ldk`zkek &]PO ZMIKU

IOBKLK?,

yo u`` zkiò ol yc` Mi~ùu 1 cyyw1//vvv,{opypn`,eob/vmyec?z2ZAQmh="BFn9

MJY@^VOÎU1 MPYCO^‟U OWKLKOL Ycku v~kyklf ku kly`liì yo n` m oj ioepb`lym~{ ùum{ mnopy yvo bkhh`llkm mfo jmeyu(

joepuì ol yc` ~oh` oj C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu Eobbplkykù kl yc` jkfcy jo~ yc` Fouw`h oj Aùpu,

==0

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VJZal1-MGb4






joepuì ol yc` ~oh` oj C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu Eobbplkykù kl yc` jkfcy jo~ yc` Fouw`h oj Aùpu,

Mww~omec cmu uob` ym~f`yu1

ôh` whm{ì n{ C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu kl yc` jk~uy cpli~ì {`m~u oj Ec~kuykml Bkuukolm~{,

@zohpykol mli iùy~peykol oj C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu eobbplkykù, W~ù`lyklf m upbbm~{ oj e`~ymkl ckuyo~kemh bob`lyu ip~klf yc` hkj` oj C`n~`v Ec~kuykml Eobbplkykù kl A`~pumh`b,

K io ky nèmpu` Fouw`h oj Aùpu mli Yc` C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu Mwouyhù bkukolm~{ bmi` m

bpymykol oj ~`j`~`le` vkyc yc` uwk~kypmh &`lfkl`& YC@ COW@, Ycku ykb`( yc` bùumf` u`ly n{

yc` `m~h{ C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu #yc` mwouyhù+ v`~` fkz`l yo wòwh` oj &A`~pumh`b mli mhh Api`m

mli Umbm~km mli yo yc` ìf` oj yc` `m~yc&, #Meyu w,=,3,+, @smeyh{1 M E^@IO KL OL@ FOI

JO^ MHH W@OWH@U, Wc`lob`lol ku eobwm~mnh` yo ycmy bmi` Bouù( vkyc m ycopumli yvo cpli~ì {`m~u

n`jo~` ycmy ykb`, Bouù( yc` f~`my @f{wykml klkykmyì kl Y`nm #pli`~ yc` lmb` Co~umukw+ ku

eobwh`yì opyuki` @f{wy kly`liì yo e~`my` &M W@OWH@ YO M @HKFKOL&,

Wkycmfo~m( mnopy u`z`l cpli~ì {`m~u mjy`~ c` n~klfu hkfcy oj yc` umb` y~pycu oj klkykmykol

kl yc` ~pl Yc`nml yo C`hh`lkuyke m~`m( yo yc` Ephy oj I`hwck, @liu kyu `skuy`le` np~lì kl ml

pw~kuklf oj yc` &I`boe~myu& F~``d eohol{ oj E~oyol #yc` kuhmli ol yc` eomuyu oj Kymh{+, Mikuekwh` oj cku ioey~kl` Qmbohs` vkhh b`lyo~ yc` Imekml y`~~kyo~kù, Whmyo vophi n` yc`

ioey~kl` ycmy vkhh kbwh`b`ly yc` johhovklf jop~ C`hh`lkuyke &fohi`l mfù& oj uwme` n{ F~``d

h`mi`~u mu W`~keh` mli Mh`smli`~ yc` F~`my,

Aùpu( jo~bì kl yc` umb` ùoy`~ke uop~eù( w~ù`~zì n{ yc` @uu`lù A`vu yo yc` I`myc

U`m ol yc` eomuy mli kl yc` Lkh I`hym( `sy~mwohmyì &Wòwh` oj Foi& j~ob yc` A`vkuc wòwh`

my “mhh lmykolu&, Ky vkwì opy n{ e~pekjkskol, Mwouyhù vkhh fo( mli uw~`mi vo~i Fouw`h

opyuki` cku &ecou`l wòwh`&,

Yc` iùk~` yo v~ky` uym~yì m j`v onu`~zmykolu ycmy K cmz` u``bì uy~mlf`1

M lmykol my C`n~`v( kl eobnmy vkyc ml `bwk~` #ôbml+ mli hì n{ m y~knmh mli ~`hkfkopu

==:



( w # + { f

emuy` ikzkiì n`yv``l yc` jkfcy jo~ kyu ovl umd` o~ jo~ lmykolmh kli`w`li`le`( vmu mvmkyklf

m &Bùumkmc‟ m U`ly vco UMZ@ YC@ A@VKUC W@OWH@&,

Wòwh` `swèy yc` C`n~`v Bùukmc eobklf vkyc jo~eì upw`~lmyp~mh( mu Bouù( o~ mu

~`wo~yì @qèck`h wov`~ oj Foi emb` yo c`hw wòwh` kl Api`mT=R, Yc`~` c` n`hk`z` ycmy

Aùpu( `liovì vkyc yc` bk~meh` oj f~me` yo ~èoz`~ ( ucophi ùemw` j~ob cpbml

wplkucb`ly #yo n` e~pekjkì+, Yc`l vc`l yc`{ umv yc` m~~ùy mu ml{ oj yc`b( mjy`~ yc`{

~è`kzì mu m Dklf kl A`~pumh`b yc`{ cmz` h`jy ckb,

N`fckl m bkhh`lm~{ uy~pffh` n`yv``l wòwhù vco vo~uckw mli n`hk`z` kl yc` umb` z`kl

ùoy`~ke JMKY YO OL@ FOI1 vc`yc`~ Ec~kuykml o~ Boumke( bo~` ycml u`z`l cpli~ì {`m~ujohhov`~u Kuhmb,

Holf hkl` oj Ec~kuykml bm~y{~u( j~ob yc` C`n~`v n{ `yclkeky{( v`~` eh`ml"bkliì wòwh`

kl yc`k~ `z`~{im{ hkzù, Mu bm~y{~u( C`n~`v boumkeu v`~` ~kfcyòpu kl yc`k~ jmkyc kl Foi(

apuy mu Wmhùyklkmlu n`hk`z`~u kl Foi " Mhhmc ku uykhh m wòwh` kl `skh` oj yc` ykbù v` hkz` ,,, K

VOLI@^1 OLH[ N@EMPU@ FOI CMU IKJJ@^@LY LMB@U?-

VC[ yc` Plky{ yc~opfc jmkyc kl m PLK]P@ FOI ku m uklfh` kuhmli kl m u`m oj KFLO^MLE@ mli CMY^@I?-,

T=R &K hoodì mli n`cohi ky emb` j~ob lo~yc m mhh oj m upii`l vkli( m ehopi ycked( mli m

nplih` oj jk~`( vckec uw~`mi m~opli m n~kfcy hkfcy, #,,,+ @z`~{ycklf ku kl yc` bkiih` umv jop~

hkzklf e~`myp~` #,,,+ @mec oj yc`b cmi jop~ jmeù( mli `mec cmi jop~ vklfu #,,,+ yc`k~ vklfu

v`~` myymecì yo ol` mloyc`~, Mli vc`l yc`{ m~` loy nmed kl ml{ wm~y( npy `mec v`ly

uy~mkfcy, “#@qèck`h w,=( 0(:(;+,

Ol` wouuknh` mluv`~ ku ycmy yc` W^KI@ OJ WOV@^( oj ml{ o~kfkl vophi loy vmly yon` m j~`` mli jphh pli`~uymliklf oj ycku ùoy`~ke eobbol z`kl, Vc{? Nèmpu` ky uykhh ioù

loy dlov COV BMLMF@ KY- Ohkfm~eckù w~kzkh`fù oj ml{ dkli v`~` ojj vkyc lo uwk~kypmh

j i yc c hj j c n y h y ky Yc j

==6



j~`ìob yc~opfc u`hj oj `mec bml( nèmpu` lo ol` eml eoly~oh( yo foz`~l kyu pu`, Yc`~`jo~`

WOV@^ bm{ mhvm{u puì ml `jjèykz` kluy~pb`ly oj ikuplkol1 KFLO^MLE@( mli

JMLMYKEKUB,

N`klf m A`v mu m boyc`~( m Ec~kuykml n{ nmwykub( eml loy ukbwh{ }poy` yc` C`n~`vckuyo~kml Uchobo Hmkuc mnopy ypbphypopu iùykl{ oj yc` C`n~`v wòwh`1 &V` ycmld c`~` yo

`bwcmukq` ol` jmey ycmy ky u``bu yo mwwh{ yo mhh }pùykolu mli oyc`~u ycmy oeep~ kl op~

bkliu, Ml onaèykz` ~ùwolu` vckec ~ùkuyì mhh ykb`( vckec vmu u`y opy vkyc ycopumliu oj

{`m~u n`jo~` pu n{ m lol A`v, ^ùwolu` oj w~owc`y Nmhhu Yc` Bmikmlky`T=R fmz` yo Nmhmd

dklf oj Bomnky( vc`l klzkyì yo ep~uù y~knù oj Ku~m`h( opy uool kl uhmz`~{ @f{wykml1 &KU M

W@OWH@ MHOL@( VKYCOPY L@FH@EY OYC@^ Y^KN@U& #Lpb`~kk>5,;,+‟, K vophi olh{mii1 uob`ykbù loy n{ kyu ovl uolu,

Ycmy umki yc` w~owc`y kli`ì vmu m jo~bkimnh` kluy~pb`ly jo~ yc` eolu`~zmykol oj A`vkuc

y~mikykolu1 yc` “~`yp~lì uol‟ ku ~è`kzì vkyc vm~byc mli ~ùwèy, C` vco ucmhh loy ~`yp~l

yo y~mikykolmh z`kl boumke l`kyc`~ lmb` ku b`lykolì, Ycku ku yc` eo~` oj klyoh`~mle`( vckh`

yc` up~zkzmh oj A`vkuc eobbplkykù,

N`{oli ycku jmey v` y~kì yo ùymnhkuc m ~`muol, Cov ~kikephopu ku yc` cpbml ~ùwolu` yo

Foi&u dklilùu, O~ bo~` uwèkjkemhh{1 COV W@OWH@ UPEE@UU YO I@UYÔ[ YC@B KU

WMUU@I N[ YC@ WÔWC@YU,T=R W~kùy oj yc` Y`bwh oj Bmikml( my yc` jooy oj yc` boplymkl oj Uklmk( vc`~` Bouù mli ~`yk~ì yc~``

ycopumli {`m~u( yo myol` jo~ bp~i`~ cmz` dkhhì ml @f{wykml umy~mw upnu`}p`lyh{ i`z`howklf c`~`

&U`wc`~ N`~ùcky& " &f~`my nood&( f`yyklf cku bùumf` Foi yo j~`` yc` C`n~`v wòwh` j~ob @f{wy mli ky

h`miu yo yc` ~kz`~ Ao~iml yo wpy ckb kl wouuùukol oj &Coh{ Eoply~{&

Y`sy &C@N^@V EC^KUYKMLU JKFCY N@FKLKLFU JO^ YC@ FOUW@H OJ A@UPU&

#ôbmlkml Z ~ukol+ vmu uym~yì kl =;;> kl m ykb` vc`l y~{klf yo pli`~uymli b{u`hj, C`

vmu ioklf m bml vco mlf~{ my yc`k~ ovl bkupli`~uymliklf oj hkj` ymd` yc` w`l yo v~ky` mu

==3



vmu ioklf m bml vco( mlf~{ my yc`k~ ovl bkupli`~uymliklf oj hkj`( ymd` yc` w`l yo v~ky`( mu

m w`mumly mli cku ikffklf ku foklf yo ikf kl yc` fm~i`l o~ jk`hi mu yo jo~f`y yc` y~opnhù oj

im{,

Jo~ {`m~u( yc` y`sy vmu ~`v~kyy`l u`z`~mh ykbù( cmu `l~kecì yc` m~`m oj ki`mu( M w~oeùu

vckec vmu mhbouy kli`w`li`ly oj yc` w`~uolmh hkj`( npy ycmy n~opfcy b` mli lov ml kll`~

w`me` mli cmwwklùu1 yo n` m C`n~`v Ec~kuykml,

Bm{ n` jo~ ml A`v boumke ,,, mhbouy e`~ymklh{( ycku eole`wy ku m uy~mlf` ycklf, J~ob yc`k~

wokly oj zk`v ky b`mlu1 ycmy wòwh` l`z`~ mee`wyì( yc~opfc kyu ~`w~ù`lymykzù( i`zkmykolu

j~ob yc` jplimb`lymhu oj ~`hkfkopu boumke, Mli ky ku lo~bmh1 ycku vm{ oj yckldklf cmu

bmklymklì jo~ mhbouy yvo bkhh`llkm eocùkol kl fmhpyT=R,Vkyc mhh ~ùwèy jo~ ycku y~mikykol( mli upeeùu kl =;93 n{ ùymnhkucklf yc` @~`yq Ku~m`h

Uymy`( {`y uykhh cmz` m ipy{1 yo ~èoflkq` A`coupmc " Aùpu mu yc` Ec~kuykmlu um{( m bml vco

y~ph{ colo~( colo~ mli dklilùu yo yc` A`vkuc Wòwh`,

Mii`lim

W~oeùuklf v` puì yc` y`sy z`~ukolu oj yc` Nknh` mli zm~kopu ckuyo~kemh uop~eù, Ky vmu loy

b{ kly`~ùy o~ yo ikuepuu ikjj`~`leù, K johhovì yc` u`}p`le` oj jmeyu vckec vophi apuykj{ yc`~`}pùy y`sy,

T=R Ikmuwo~m " ikuw`~ukol yc~opfcopy yc` bmldkli oj yc` y~knù oj Ku~m`h,

YVO DLKFCYU OJ ^@Z@HMYKOL

YV@LYK@YC E@LYP^[

==;



YV@LYK@YC E@LYP^[

LKEOHM@ NMHML MLI MH@SMLI^P

UECMJ^ML

Vcmy u``bì yo n` kbwouuknh`( i`ny oj yc` yvo ckfc w~kùyu( ol` Ec~kuykml mli ol`

Boumke( nèob` m ~`mhky{- Nèmpu` yvo dlkfcyu oj yc` y~p` jmkyc( oj ikjj`~`ly lmykolu( v`~`

jopli kl m uklfh` u`ly`le`( mu eckhi~`l oj yc` umb` wòwh`1 &Wòwh` oj Foi& mli umzklf yc`

hkzù oj 677(777 A`vkuc uophu,

=>7



Lkeohm` Nmhml " O~ycoios Ec~kuykml w~kùy( wm~ykekwmyklf meykz`h{ kl yc` Plkjkemykol Mey oj

=;=3, Kl =;9> Nkucow oj Uknkp ku klykbmy` oj Bm~ucmh Kol Mlyolùep h`mi`~ oj ôbmlkm klyc` uèoli Vo~hi Vm~,

Mh`smli`~ Uecmj~ml " Yc` {oplfùy F~mli ^mnnk oj ôbmlkm kl yc` bouy ikjjkephy

w`~koi1 Yc` UecomcT=R oj {`m~u &57 "&97 oj yc` yv`lyk`yc e`lyp~{,

T=R Uecomc y`~bu ku puì kl A`vkuc y~mikykol( vckec b`mlu bp~i`~ vkycopy fpkhy oj yc`

A`vu kl mlek`ly ykbù #yc` @f{wykml( Muuk~kml( ôbml( `ye,+ yc~opfcopy yc` vo~hi ip~klffmhpy #ikmuwo~m oj A`vu opyuki` yc` coh{ hmli " yc` eoply~{ @~`yq Ku~m`h+, Ky ~`j`~u yo ml{

mff~ùukol( whpli`~( bp~i`~( ~mw` mfmkluy m eobbplky{ oj C`n~`v ~`fm~ihùu oj kyu ukq`,

@mec ykb` Ŝcomc bmw cmu m whme` mli ykb`( eobb`bo~my` mli u`wm~my`h{ #`f yc` Eckuklmp

wof~ob oj =;79( vkyc yc` ukldklf uckw Uy~pbm bkf~mlyu kl yc` Bìky`~~ml`ml( mjy`~ yc`

@lfhkuc Wmhùyklm nmllì j~ob yc`k~ hmli kl =;9>+, Cohoempuy {`m~u &57 "&97 kl @p~ow` ku yc`

hmuy ol yc` hkuy oj eoplyhùu bob`lyu Uecomc,

Kl yc` uw~klf oj =;9> vo~i uw~`mi ycmy vophi w~`wm~` yc` mwwhkemykol oj &jklmh uohpykol yo

yc` A`vkuc w~onh`b& jo~ A`vkuc Eobbplkykù oj Bohiozm( Vmhhmeckm mli wm~y oj

=>=



Y~mlu{hzmlkm pli`~ ôbmlkml ap~kuikeykolT=R

Yc` `sy`~bklmykol ymeykeu eobù j~ob yc` UU `sy`~bklmykol u{uy`b mwwhkì me~ouu

@p~ow`, Yo joepu f~mipmhh{ C`n~`v wòwh` oj yc` y`~~kyo~{ kl uob` e`ly`~u #u`` F`yo

Vm~umv+ mli m f~mipmh `sy`~bklmykol #n{ mwwoklyb`ly oj &C`n~`v mpyco~kykù mf~`ì&(

onhkfì yo io ik~y{ vo~d jo~ yc` u`hèykol oj ycou` vco v`~` yo n` u`ly yo yc` embwu+,

Nùum~mnkm mli Y~mlulkuy~km cmz` `se`hhì kl yc` m~`mu vc`~` A`vu j~ob uopyc"`muy`~l

@p~ow` v`~` u`ly yo ik` &ikuo~fmlkqì&1 cplf~{ mli eohi, Kl yc` ~ùy oj @p~ow`( n{

kbwh`b`lyklf bmuukz` `sy`~bklmykol embwu o~fmlkqì mu &jmeyo~kù oj i`myc&,

Kl yc` y`~~kyo~{ oj Nùum~mnkm mli Y~mlulkuy~km #Uozk`y Plkol oeepwkì y`~kyo~{ n{

ôbmlkml M~b{ my yc` n`fkllklf oj vm~ ― =;97"mli pli`~ yc` ôbmlkml uymy` mpyco~kykù

ap~kuikeykol+ Ucomc n`fml bpec `m~hk`~, Ky vmu f`l`~myì n{ m eobwh`s eolapleyp~`( mbki

uymy`"U`bkykub #Fofm foz`~lb`ly kly~oipeì kl =;97+ npy mhuo yc` booi oj mlyk"A`vkuc

ôbmlkml wowphmykol,

T=R

Kl yc` &Ohi ôbmlkml Dklfiob&( johhovklf mnkhky{ oj A`vkuc ôbmlkml eobbplky{h`mi`~u #Uecmj~ml( Jkhi`~bml+( A`vu v`~` ikueou( wpy yo vo~d kl eobbplky{ o~ hmno~ embwu(

npy up~zkzì bouyh{ yo Ucomc {`m~u &57 "&97( m~opli 677(777, Vcmy cmu loy cmww`lì( jo~

`smbwh` vkyc yc` A`vu oj Cplfm~{ mli Y~mlu{hzmlkm Cplfm~kmlu up~~`li`~ì kl yc` {`m~

&97( vc`l mnopy 977,777 vmu dkhì n{ lmqk kl eole`ly~mykol embw( kl == bolyc #=;99"=;90+,

Ycku bmll`~ booi vmu bmklymklì n{ H`fkolm~{ Boz`b`lyT=R hì n{ Co~km Ukbm mu m

ikz`~ukol kl yc` uy~pffh` jo~ u`kqp~` oj uymy` wov`~, Yc` o~kfkl oj ycku wc`lob`lol ku yc`

micùkol oj u`z`~mh `yclke C`n~`v yo ôbmlkml Eobbplkuy Wm~y{( my ycmy ykb`

=>>



{(

pli`~f~opli, Mbolf yc`b v`~` ~è~pkyì n{ DFN uwkù mli umnoy`p~u #Uozk`y uè~`y

u`~zke`+ mli yc` Eobkly`~l #Eobbplkuy Kly`~lmykolmh Boueov mjjkhkmy`+, Yc` kleki`lyu

n`fml vkyc fpljk~` ôbmlkml uohik`~u m~` i~mvl ol yc` vkyci~mvmh j~ob Nùum~mnkm#Io~ocok upbb`~ oj &97+ mli ephbklmyì vkyc yc` `swhoukol oj yc` ôbmlkml m~b{

T=R H`fkolm~{ Boz`b`ly kl ôbmlkm cmu eob` #cov oyc`~ boz`b`lyu oj ycku dkli kl @p~ow`+

kl Jk~uy Vo~hi Vm~ #=;=9 "=;=3+, [oplf kly`hhèypmhu oj yc` ykb` yc`{ vmly yo ~`zkz` yc` lmykolmh

uwk~ky mli yo ~mku` bo~mh mli ìpemykol oj ôbmlkmlu, W~oboyì n{ yc` n`fkllklf oj

kly`hhèypmhu( upec mu Lkeohm` Ko~fm( Zmukh` Eolym( E, ^miphùep Boy~p( Wm~zml Zmukh` Kol @hkmi`

^miphùep( Lm` Kolùep,Boz`b`ly ku pli`~ yc` h`mi`~uckw oj Eo~l`hkp Q`h`m Eoi~`mlp( nèobklf m ~`mh yc~`my

mfmkluy yc` wohkykemh ehmuu ycmy ku& kl jpleykolu& kl ycmy ykb`, Yc` ~`meykol ku yc` b`mup~`,

H`fkollmk~ù m~` johhovì( opyhmvì, Emwkymh boz`b`lyu m~` dkhhì, M yvo"hklklf yc` h`mi`~uckw oj

Ukbm( i`hkz`~ h`fkolm~{ boz`b`ly &jkjyc eohpbl& oj F`~bml ùwkolmf` mli umnoymf`, Kl &97( mjy`~

yc` yc` y~mluj`~ oj Y~mlu{hzmlkm eoply~{ yo Cplfm~{ mli yc` mnikemykol oj Dklf Em~oh KK(

H`fkolm~{ Boz`b`ly n~klf yc` ôbmlkml uymy` wov`~, Mjy`~ m uco~y wohkykemh bm~~kmf` vkycBm~ucmh Kol Mlyolùep( kl Amlpm~{ &9= u``du yo oz`~yp~l o~fmlkqklf m wpyuec, Upwwo~yì n{ yc`

ôbmlkml m~b{ mli yc` F`~bmlu( bm~ucmh Mlyolùep yc`b i`h`yì j~ob yc` wohkykemh ue`l`

#Ukbm mli wm~y oj cku ~è`kzklf mu{hpb kl F`~bml{+,

N`yv``l &>7 "&97 H`fkolm~{ Boz`b`ly o~fmlkqì lpb`~opu ~onn`~kù( zmlimhkub( wof~obu

mfmkluy A`vu( yo i~mv oj yc`k~ wm~y yc` hpbw`l vo~d`~u( yc` woo~ w`mumly~{ mli wòwh` vkycopy m

~ooj #vckec cmz` m~~kzì kl &50 "&97 kl yc` i~kzklf oj yc` boz`b`ly +,

c`mi}pm~y`~u kl Oiùum( #mpypbl &9=+, ^`meykol oj ôbmlkml oeepwmykol mpyco~kykù vmukbbìkmy`( cm~uc mli ikuw~owo~ykolmy` yo yc` mhh C`n~`v wowphmykol h`z`h kl yc` yvo

~`fkolu, Cpli~ìu oj ycopumliu oj C`n~`v v`~` `sy`~bklmyì n{ np~lklf mhkz`( uym~zmykol

mli eohi( ~`bozì j~ob yc`k~ cobù mli jo~eì yo ymd` m nà`lkk fo j~ob whme` yo whme` kl

=>5



( a f w w

ycku .nokh`~ oj c`hh &plykh i`myc #C`n~`v ~ù`m~ec`~ A`ml Mle`h ùykbmyì n`yv``l 977(777 yo

077(777 yc` lpbn`~ oj A`vu dkhhì+,

M BK^MEH@ KL YC@ SS E@LYP^[ @Z@HMYKOL YKB@ F~`my ^mnnk oj ôbmlkm( Mh`smli~p Uecmj~ml( c`m~ ycmy vophi ymd` whme` m &yèclkemh&

b``yklf n`yv``l F`~bml mli obmlkml uwèkmhkuyu jo~ hofkuykeu y~mluwo~y n{ ~mkh yo

eole`ly~mykol embwu kl lo~yc`~l @p~ow`, Ycku b`mly yc` n`fkllklf oj yc` i`wo~ymykol oj

mnopy 677(777 C`n~`v oj ôbmlkml &Ohi Dklfiob& #Vmhhmeckm mli Bohiozm+ yo eobwh`s

`sy`~bklmykol embwu oj Wohmli #Mpuevkyq( Nk~d`lmp( Bolovkyq( Y~`nhkldm mli oyc`~ embwu

umy`hhky` 90+, Wc`lob`lol mh~`mi{ olfoklf kl yc` y`~~kyo~kù oeepwkì n{ F`~bml m~b{ mli

kyu mhhkù,

Dloedklf ol ioo~u h`miklf wohkykekmlu oj yc` ykb` #mli ]p``l Bm~{+ yo uyow yc`

wc`lob`lol( npy vkycopy upeeùu, Kl iùw`~mykol yc` }pùykol ièkiù yo eolymey yc`

O~ycoios Ec~kuykml Nkucow Lkeohm` Nmhml, C` dl`v ycmy c` ku m w~owol`ly oj H`fkolm~{

Boz`b`ly ki`mu kl ôbmlkmT=R, Npy c` dl`v ky eophi n` yc` olh{ w`~uol vco eophiT=R Lkeohm` Nąhml vmu w~owol`ly oj ki`mu ycmy w~oboy` H`fkol mhk`l ~`bozmh #lol ôbmlkml `yclke+

yo cohi yc` h`z`~u kl yc` èolob{( uek`le` mli ìpemykol oj ôbmlkmlu, Cov C`n~`v `yclkeu cmi m

fooi wm~y oj yc` h`z`~mf` #noyc my yc` bme~oèolobke h`z`h " nmldu( jmeyo~kù( y~mi`( ephyp~`( c`mhyc(

ìpemykol( bìkm+ mli bke~o #zm~kopu ucowu( ~`ymkh( `ye,+( ky vmu loy u{bwmyc{ jo~ yc`b, C` bkhkymyì jo~

yc` ki`m oj u`liklf yc`b yo Wmhùykl` #ycklf wmuuì( vkyc mhh yc` oyc`~ ~`muolu jo~ yc` Qkolkuy boz`b`ly

emhhì &Mh{m& " ^`yp~l ol `m~yc jmyc`~( vco my ycmy ykb` vmu &ecod`& n{ yc` N~kykuc bmlimy` oj Wmhùykl`

plykh yc` ùymnhkucb`ly oj @~`yq Ku~m`h uymy`( kl Bm{ =;93+,

kljhp`le` Bm~ucmh Mlyolùep yo uyow yc` olfoklf w~`wm~mykolu, Nèmpu` yc`~` vmu loy

mhhovì yo boz` yo mloyc`~ whme` kl ôbmlkm vkycopy yc` mpyco~ky{ c` ièki` yo u`li ml

`bkuum~{ yo mud Nmhml #kl Nkucow kl Uknkp yovl+ yo ~è`kz` vc`l eobklf yo Npecm~ùy, C`

loy cmz` yoo ckfc `swèymykolu ,,, npy( mjy`~ u`z`~mh im{u ky ku emhhì, Mu iùe~knì kl yc`

=>9

http://www.scribd.com/doc/26193436/Hebrew-Organization-for-Self-Defence-in-Yishuv-Moments-of-Zionism-IV






f w {

mpyonkof~mwc{( # &M jhmb` eomh Ojj&+( yc` b``yklf vkyc ôbmlkml w~kùy cmu n``l y`lu`,

Nkucow hkuy`lì boykolhùu ol yc` ecmk~ wh`m A`v, Ky u``bì lo pu`, ^mnnk yc`l y`hhu ckb ycmy

emb` n`jo~` Foi vkhh yùykj{ ycmy yc` w~kùy cmu bmi` yc` i`ny yo mhh ycou` h`miu n{ ckb, Yckuemhh( v` vophi u``b yo bml{ iùw`~my` mli vkycopy ml{ u`lu` vmu meypmhh{ m uwk~kypmh

bùumf` bmi` n{ m dlkfcy oj jmkyc yo yc` oyc`~ dlkfcy, Yc` Ec~kuykml w~kùy ku upii`lh{ ol

yc` uecooh u`my( m boz` pw mli iovl me~ouu yc` ~oob( npy lol` uw`md ml{ vo~i, C` Uyow(

f`y wcol` yo bmd` wcol` lpbn`~ yo yc` C`mi oj Uymy` Emnkl`y, Ky ~`}pk~ù ml mpik`le`,

Bm~ucmh Mlyolùep klzkyù ckb yo hplec, Ol yc` vm{ yo yc` em~ Lkeohm` Nmhml y`hhu yo ^mnnk

ycmy mjy`~lool vkhh ~è`kz` m wcol` emhh, N`jo~` ehouklf yc` ioo~ y`hhu ckb loy yo jo~f`y ml{ykb` ycku im{ ,,,

C`~`&u cov yc` bmilùu oj klyoh`~mle` ycmy foz`~l @p~ow`( j~ob yc` SS e`lyp~kù( yvo

b`l jkli kl m uklfh` wc~mu` ycmy ~`j`~u yo ycmy yc`{ u`~z` yc` umb` Foi mli cmz` yc` umb`

onhkfmykolu j~ob mhh ycou` uc`wc`~i vco( w~`wm~klf m bk~meh`, Ycku oeep~u u`z`~mh cop~u

mjy`~ yc` b``yklf, Mh`smli`~ Umj~ml my cob` wcol` ~klfu, Lkeohm` Nmhml y`hhu ckb ycmy yc`

w~`wm~mykol jo~ hofkuykeu y~mluwo~y n{ ~mkh oj ôbmlkml A`vu yo eole`ly~mykol embwu kllo~yc`~l @p~ow` vmu cmhyì uckwb`lyu oj Bm~ucmh Kol Mlyolùep o~i`~ì, Uyowwklf vmu

jklmh plykh yc` `li oj Vm~,

Jo~ kyu wm~y( F~mli ^mnnk oj ôbmlkm ~`yp~lu eckzmh~opu fùyp~` yo Lkeohm` Nmhml

Wmy~km~ec kl =;9:, ^puukmlu oeepwmlyu vmlyì yo eoli`bl yo i`myc yc` Wmy~km~ec,

Mh`smli~p Umj~ml bmi` kly`~z`lykol yo yc` mpyco~kykù oj ycmy ykb` mli onymkl yc`

emle`hhmykol o~i`~, Lkeohm` Nmhml vkhh ~èoflkq` kl U`wy`bn`~ &9:( my m e`~`bol{ oj

ôbmlkm plkjkemykol j~ob Ehpa mjy`~ u`~zke` oj ycmldufkzklf yo Foi jo~ ycku( ycmy kj ky cmi

loy n``l Mh`smli`~ Umj~ml c` cmi yo ymd` ycku aon #n`klf i`mi+,

Vcmy u``bì yo n` kbwouuknh` cmu nèob` m ~`mhky{- Nèmpu` yc`

=>0



Vcmy u``bì yo n` kbwouuknh`( cmu nèob` m ~`mhky{- Nèmpu` yc`

yvo dlkfcyu oj yc` y~p` jmkyc( oj ikjj`~`ly lmykolu( v`~` jopli kl m uklfh` u`ly`le` mu eckhi~`l

yc` umb` wòwh`1 &wòwh` oj Foi&,

LOY@U YO YC@ EC^KUYKML MLI C@N^@V #KKK+

Vmhy`~ Aocmllù Uy`klT=R ecm~mey`~kq` Ckyh`~ uopfcy yo klkykmy` yc` me}pkukykol oj

y~mlue`li`lymh eoluekopu &Hpekj`~kml jo~eù& puklf yc` &z`ckeh`& cmhhpeklof`lke upnuymleù

#w`{oyh o~ bùemhkl`+, Yc` &hol` vohj& dl`v1 n{ owwo~yplkub( epllklf( n~pymhky{( nhmedbmkh

oj yc` v`mdlùuù oj oyc`~u yo iobklmy`( npy mhuo cmzklf m uy~olf u`lu` oj o~fmlkqmykol yo

jo~b m fmlfT>R vckec emb` yo wov`~ oz`~ &F`~bml jhoed& #=;55+1 cpbkhkmyì kl =;=3(iùw`~my` mli uym~zì n{ yc` fhonmh èolobke e~kuku oj =;>; "=;55, Kl u`z`l {`m~u

y~mlujo~bì yc` F`~bml wòwh` klyo m co~i` ycmy klzmiì @p~ow` n{ mwwh{klf yc` u`hèykol

~me`( ikzkiklf wòwh` klyo &M~{mlu& mli &uèoli cmli wòwhù& #ply`~b`luec+ mli

o~fmlkqklf yc` `sy`~bklmykol oj yc` hmyy`~,

T=R C` b`y Miohwc Ckyh`~ kl ~`w`myì eolz`~umykolu kl yc` w`~koi =;7;"=;=5, C` vmu

w`~uolmh mizku`~ yo N~kykuc W~kb` Bklkuy`~ Uk~ Vkluyol Ecpeckhh ~`fm~iklf Ckyh`~ bmll`~ oj

yckld mli n`cmzko~( ip~klf yc` yvo Vo~hi Vm~

T>R F`~bml Vo~d`~u Wm~y{ " U`wy`bn`~ =;=;

MLF@HHO ÔLEMHHK WOW@ SSKKK " .WOW@FOOI.

=>:



BOB@LYU OJ HKJ@

Mlf`ho Fkpu`ww` ôlemhhk( vmu no~l kl Uoyyo kh Boly` #N`~fmbo " Kymh{+ ol Iè`bn`~ >0

=33=, C` vmu `hèyì wow` #vkyc yc` lmb` Aocl SSKKK+ ol Oeyon`~ >3( =;03 mli ~phì yc`

iùyklkù Ep~km plykh c`~ i`myc " Apl` 5( =;:5,

Uob` `skuy`lykmh eoo~iklmyù1

C` vmu mwwoklyì cohi`~ M~`õwohku nkucow mli mwouyohke zkukyo~ yo Nphfm~km #=;>0"=;59+, Lpleko kl Yp~d`{ mli F~`è` vkyc yc` ~mld oj m~ecnkucow #j~ob =;50 yo =;99+,

Lpleko kl Wm~ku( J~mle` #=;99 yo =;0=+,

Onu`~z`~ oj yc` Coh{ U`` yo PL@UEO #=;0="=;0>+,

Em~iklmh"Wmy~km~ec oj Z`lke` #=;05 yo =;03+,

Wow` vkyc yc` lmb` Wow` Aocl SSKKK #=;03 yo =;:5+,

Cmu ml meykz` bìkmykol ~oh` kl i`jpuklf .yc` Epnml bkuukh` e~kuku‒ #Oeyon`~"

Loz`bn`~ =;:>+,

Eolz`l` mli o~fmlkq` w~`hkbklm~{ Zmykeml KK #=;:> " =;:0+ mli wm~ykekwmyù yo i`myc my

=>6



f w { # + w w

vo~d,

Wpnhke kyu @le{ehkemh1

.Bmy`~ `y Bmfkuy~m.( vmu wpnhkucì ol =0/70/=;:=,

.Wme`b kl Y`~~ku.( vmu wpnhkucì ol ==/79/=;:5,

Vmu n`mykjkì #ièhm~ì .cmww{.+ oj yc` ôbml Emycohke Ep~km #>777+,

Ku w~owouì #yc` .Vmhh`ln`~f Joplimykol‒ mli yc` .ôlemhhk Eobbkyy``‒ " kl >77;+ yo

n` mvm~iì yc` ykyh` oj .^kfcyòpu Mbolf yc` Lmykolu. n{ [mi Zmuc`b #yc` Ku~m`hk lmykolmh

uypi{ Kluykypy` oj yc` Cohoempuy " yc` bmuu bp~i`~ oj yc` C`n~`v wòwh` j~ob =;55 yo

=;90+,Vco ku ycku bml( vkyc m jmy` ukbkhm~ yo cpli~ìu oj ycopumliu vco ~`bmklì mlol{bopu(

vckec ip~klf yc` yv`lyk`yc e`lyp~{ ckuyo~{ jkfcyklf mfmkluy klyoh`~mle`( w~ki` mli cmy~ì

Vkyc b{ ~ùop~eù( K vkhh y~{ m ioepb`lym~{ ol ukflkjkemly bob`lyu kl yc` vo~d oj ycku

wolykjj emhhì n{ bml{ &Fooi Wow`& mli ^puukmlu &W`mumly Wow`&,

Cku wm~`lyu oj cku hm~f` jmbkhk{1 #yck~y``l n~oyc`~u mli ukuy`~u+ v`~` mf~kephyp~mh vo~d`~u "

vkl`{m~iu, Mlf`hho vkhh loy` my bmyp~ky{ cku uoekmh eolikykol ycmy emb` vkyc yc` b`ymwco~1.Yc`~` m~` olh{ yc~`` vm{u kl vckec m bml bm{ ~pkl1 vob`l( fmbnhklf mli ,,, yo n`

jm~b`~u, B{ jmyc`~ ecou` yc` bouy no~klf oj yc` yc~``‒, W~kbm~{ uecooh ku kl N`~fmbo, Ku

y~mklì kl jk~uy b{uy`~kù oj Ec~kuykml jmkyc mli( kl yv`hz` {`m~u #=;75+ nèobù m johhov`~

oj Emycohke u`bklm~{ kl N`~fmbo, Yc`l kl =;79( ~è`kzì m uecohm~uckw E`~muohk

Joplimykol( vckec mhhovu ckb yo wp~up` uypikù yo .Mwohhklm~ku.T=R kl ôb`,Vkyc m `sy~mo~iklm~{ iùk~` jo~ dlovhìf` Mlf`ho ôlemhhk ow`lì yc` boi`~l y~`liu oj

uwk~kypmh klkykmykol( uypi{klf yc` vo~d oj F`~bml wckhouowc`~ ^piohj Uy`kl`~ ol yc` uy`wu oj

uwk~kypmh klkykmykol #u`` Mww`liks( Aocl SSKKK mli yc` Bmuolke Boz`b`ly+, Eobwh`y`

=>3



w m m # ww ( A m m + E w

uypikù mli m ioeyo~my` kl Emlol Hmv ku o~imklì kl =;79, Nkucow oj N`~fmbo( Fkmeobo

^mikl"Y iùeck ~ùwoluknh` jo~ uoekmh w~onh`bu( muuùu yc` w~kùy mli cku o~fmlkqmykolmh

uwk~ky, Ku lmbì cku uè~`ym~{, Jo~ lkl` {`m~u ôlemhhk vkhh io cm~i vo~d yo c`hw yc` woo~ klyc` ~`fkol mli bìkmyù ikuwpyù n`yv``l `bwho{`~u mli `bwho{`ù( yo meck`z` iè`ly vo~d

mli hkj` eolikykolu, Eolymey vkyc yc` w~onh`bu oj yc` vo~dklf ehmuu( mli kyu o~kfkl oj woo~

jm~b`~u fkz` ckb m uwèkmh eobw`y`le` kl jp~yc`~ pli`~uymliklf yc` ukypmykol oj yc` bml{

mli oww~ùuì( ~`fm~ihùu oj vcmy lmykolu m~` yc`{( yc` nhmed ykbù yo eob`, Kl Yc` cku

èehùkmuykemh vm{ c` eolyklpì cku uypikù kl Emlol Hmv mli ymd` Wmy~ohof{( Mwohof`ykeu

mli Ecp~ec Ckuyo~{ eop~uù #vckec c` uypikì vkyc bmùy~o Pbn`~yo N`lkflk yo ôb`+ klu`bklm~{ kl N`~fmbo, Ip~klf Vo~hi Vm~ ku ecmwhmkl kl Kymhkml M~b{ #=;=9 "=;=3+, Ky ku

emhhì n{ Wow` N`lìkey SZ yo ôb` vc`~` m~` ~èkzì kl yc` Eolf~`fmykol .W~owmfmlim

Jki`., Kl =;>0 ku w~ojùuo~ my yc` Hmy`~ml Plkz`~uky{ kl ôb`, Cku zkukol oj yc` plky{ oj

Ec~kuykmlky{ yo jkli m uykhh oj ycmy w`~koi, Kl =;>:( kl m h`yy`~ yo yc` O~ycoios eh`~f{ kl

Pd~mkl`1

.Emycohkeu mli O~ycoios m~` loy `l`bkù npy n~oyc`~u, V` cmz` yc` umb` jmkyc( v` ucm~`yc` umb` ume~mb`lyu( mli ùwèkmhh{ yc` @pecm~kuy, V` ikzkiì ycou` vco v`~` ip` yo ycù`T=R Wolykjkekm hmy`~ml`lu` Plkz`~ukym~km( emhhì n{ Wow` Aocl Wmph KK mu .Wow` Plkz`~uky{‒( vmu jopliì

n{ Wow` Eh`b`ly SKZ kl =665, Ky klehpiù ycòhof{ mli wckhouowc{ uèykolu oj Uek`leù oj yc` ôbml

Eohh`f`, Kl =3>9 ~è`kzù yc` c`mi Mwohhklm~ku wmhme`, Kl =305 ky u`y pw uèykolu oj Emlol Hmv mli Ekzkh

Hmv, Aocl Wmph KK kl =;3= miiì yc` Wolykjkemh Kluykypy` jo~ Uypikù ol Bm~~kmf` mli Jmbkh{ kuupù

vckec cmz` yc` ~kfcy yo eolj`~ memi`bke i`f~`ù,

ikumf~``b`lyu m~` i`mi jo~ e`lyp~kù, Yo fkz` pw ohi ikuwpyù( mli `mec eobbplky{( yo vo~dyo n`yy`~ op~ n~oyc`~u( fkzklf m fooi `smbwh`, Hmy`~( vckh` y~mz`hklf ol ikjj`~`ly wmycu( v`

meck`z` plky{ n`yv``l yc` ecp~ecù( yo jo~b yof`yc`~ yc` y~p` mli olh{ Ecp~ec oj op~ Ho~i

Aùpu Ec~kuy, .

=>;



A

Ku emhhì Mwouyohke Zkukyo~ kl Nphfm~km( kl =;59( ky klzohzù noyc yc` w~ù`~zmykol oj yc`

Emycohke bklo~ky{ mli yc` i`z`howb`ly oj fooi ykù vkyc ~`w~ù`lymykzù oj yc` O~ycoios

Ecp~ec #yc` bmao~ky{+ yc~opfc eole~`y` fùyp~ù upec mu jooi mli ehoycklf yo upwwo~y yc`hoemh wowphmykol mjy`~ m `m~yc}pmd`, Nphfm~kml O~ycoios Ec~kuykmlu ~ùwoliì vkyc

u{bwmyc{ mli mjjèykol ow`lklf wmwmh `lzo{,

Ku emhhì( kl =;50 Wmwmh Lpleko kl Yp~d`{ mli F~`è`( nmuì kl Kuymlnph, C`~`( kl yc`

uwk~ky oj Ec~kuykml ecm~ky{ yo upwwo~y yc` M~b`lkmlu mli yc` F~``du m~` kl l`ì pli`~ yc`

Yp~dkuc mli Bpuhkb wowphmykol, C` p~f` yc`b yo ~`boz` yc` mleùy~mh ~`hkfkopu cmy~ì mli

yc` ~è`ly ikumuy`~u #uhmpfcy`~ oj M~b`lkmlu kl yc` Oyyobml @bwk~` " kl =;=0+ yo npkhi(yc~opfc kly`~~`hkfkopu `jjo~y mli `hkbklmyklf nkfoy~{( yc` boi`~l Yp~d`{ Uymy` h`mi n{

Bpuymjm D`bmh Mymyp~d( jopliì kl =;>5, Mu ml kbwo~ymly i`ymkh c` h`m~l Yp~dkuc yo um{

bùm Ec~kuybmu kl ycmy hmlfpmf` eolyklpklf F~``d( Kymhkml( J~`lec( M~b`lkml, Eolymey

vkyc yc` eh`~f{ oj yc` O~ycoios ~ky` mli yc` F~``d O~ycoios y~mikykol yc` ~`muolì uy`wu

mjy`~ yc` ~`plkjkemykol oj yc` yvo ukuy`~ Ecp~ecù kl Zmykeml KK Eoplekh #=;:> yo =;:0+, Cku

f~`my eoly~knpykol yo cpbml uohkim~ky{ mli upwwo~y vkhh n` upwwo~yklf C`n~`v wòwh`( vmukl joepu oj holf"y`~b wohke{ oj `sy`~bklmykol oj yc` Lmqk ~`fkb` mjy`~ =;55, Wc`lob`lol

ycmy cmu uw~`mi hkd` m jhmb` j~ob F`~bml{ me~ouu @p~ow`( vkyc yc` `swmlukol oj m~bkù

mli kly`hhkf`le` F`~bml u`~zkeù yo Yp~dkuc ^`wpnhke, Mlf`hho ôlemhhk vkhh u`kq` my ykb`

&ukflu oj yc` n`muy& kl m whme` u``bklfh{ ~`bozì j~ob &Ckyh`~&u hmk~&( yc` w`~koi vc`l A`vu

yc`bu`hzù iol‟y ~`j`~ kbb`luky{ mli o~fmlkqmykolmh uy~`lfyc oj yc` bècmlkub oj bmuu



" Kuup` &E`~ykjkemyù oj Kbbkf~mykol& mli yc` mww~omec yc`{ ~`mec yc` Wmwmh Lpleko klNpimwùy #M~ecnkucow Mlf`ho ôyym+ mli yc` Wmwmh Lpleko kl Npecm~ùy #Em~iklmh Emuphho+

yo umz` yc` hkzù oj A`vu i`wo~yì yo Y~mlulkuy~km mli yc`k~ ym~f`yklf n{ u`m yo Kuymlnph ,

" Kuup` &E`~ykjkemyù oj Nmwykub& yo umz` eckhi~`l n{ u`liklf kl C`n~`v `sy`~bklmykol

=5=



w { f

embwu, Upec m eckhi c` umki1 &Nèobklf Emycohke( {op C`n~`v m~` loy hùu&,

" Hofkuykemh upwwo~y w~ozkiì wm~mbkhkym~{ plkyu C`n~`v #Wmhbmc( Cmfmlmc( Kk~fpl+ jo~

y~mluj`~~klf C`n~`v kbbkf~mlyu j~ob Yp~d`{ yo Wmhùykl`( iùwky` bkhkym~{ owwoukykol( hmlimli lmzmh N~kykuc mpyco~kykù kl Wmhùykl` #u`` mhuo1 C`n~`v U`hj I`j`lu` O~fmlkqmykolu

[kupz ― Bob`lyu oj Qkolkub #KZ++,

" Vm~lklf Mb`~keml ikwhobmyu kl Mldm~m ol zm~kopu kljo~bmykol ol yc` @p~ow`ml

Cohoempuy( {`y kl kyu `m~h{ uymfù( mli vo~d vkyc yc`b yo eoo~iklmy` ~ùep` meykolu #yc~opfc

w`~uolmh ~`hmykoluckw vkyc yc` P,U, mbnmuumio~ " K~m Ck~ucbml+,

" Ky ucophi n` loyì ycmy yc` klkykmykz` vmu loy olh{ Emycohke w~`hmy`, C` dl`v cov yo jmhh klcpf` cpbml ecmkl( yo bonkhkq` mli o~fmlkq` bphykwh` mli ikuwm~my` ~ùop~eù klyo ml

o~ecùy~m oj fooi mfmkluy `zkh, Ucmhh n` zmhpì mu upec v`~` umzì =;(777 &C`n~`v Yp~dkuc&

C`n~`v mli =77(777 kl @p~ow` pli`~ F`~bml oeepwmykol,

Kl =;99( mwwoklyì Mwouyohke Lpleko kl Wm~ku( yc` l`vh{ hkn`~myì J~mle`&u Ecm~hù i`

Fmphh`, Ky vmu m ikjjkephy aon( ôlemhhk&u w~ìèùuo~ vo~dì vkyc yc` F`~bml oeepwk`~u,

Nèmpu` cku hkldu kl yc` J~`lec emwkymh cmz` yc`k~ ephyp~mh mli wohkykemh w`~uolmhkykù( Mlf`hoôlemhhk upee`ìu }pkedh{ `hkbklmy` .eohhmno~myo~u. mlmyc`bm oj mli J~`lec Emycohke

w~kùyu mli bmi` fooi ~`hmykolu n`yv``l yc` J~`lec mli Zmykeml Uymyù, K ~`bmklì kl b{

bkli cku vo~iu kl cku uw`èc kl =;9:( vc`l =77 {`m~u eob` y~p` yc` mww`m~mle` oj Op~

Hmi{ kl j~oly oj yvo eckhi~`l Umh`yy` #J~mle`+1

.Ky vo~du bpec w`me`( npy w`me` vkhh loy n` n`yv``l wòwh` vckh` vkhh loy bmd` w`me` vkyc

Foi( mli ky eml loy n` meck`zì vkycopy w~m{`~ mli w`lmle`.,

Yc` ~ùphy oj kyu eole`~yì meykol vkyc PL@UEO ojjkekmhu #nmuì kl Wm~ku+ e~`myù m

ehkbmy` oj eoow`~mykol n`yv``l yc` ôbml Emycohke Ecp~ec mli ycku kly`~lmykolmh

k y y y y yc h j .I h yk j C ^k cy k U J k .

=5>












kluy~pb`ly yo w~oboy` yc` zmhpù oj .Ièhm~mykol oj Cpbml ^kfcyu kl Uml J~mlekueo.

#Iè`bn`~ =7( =;93+, Nèmpu` ky ku e~`myì ehou` hkldu vkyc yc` PL( PL@UEO mli ~`hmyì

o~fmlkqmykolu, Mlf`ho olemhhk ku yc` jk~uy “Zmykeml Onu`~zmyo~{‟ kl =;0= iùkflmyì n{ yc`

Coh{ U`` yo PL@UEO, N`{oli yc` n~khhkmly bml`pz`~ oj wmwmh wohke{ yc` ôlemhhk

eoly~knpykol ku nmuì ol eolzkeykol ycmy j~`ìob mli cpbml ~kfcyu bpuy cmz` mholfuki`

yc` vkyc wov`~ mli wmwmh mpyco~ky{, Yc` jmey ycmy {op jkli mhuo kl yc` y`sy oj cku @le{ehkemh

.Wme`b kl Y`~~ku.( kl yc` hmuy bob`lyu oj cku `m~ych{ hkj`, ^ùphy1 kl holf y`~bu m~` yc`

w`~koikemhu b``yklfu wolykjju mli ik~èyo~u oj PL@UEO( eoow`~mykol n`yv``l ìpemykolmh

`lykykù( h`fmh( ephyp~mh o~fmlkqmykolu vkyc yc` uwèkmhkqì Wmwmh Uymy` o~fmlkqmykolu mli yc`wm~ykekwmykol oj ckfc h`z`h oj PL@UEO uymjj my mhh kbwo~ymly e`~`bolkù kl yc` Zmykeml,

Meypmhh{( ôlemhhk ow`lklf ky yo mhh mqkbpycu oj eoly`bwo~m~{ cpbml `skuy`le`( n{ npkhiklf

ol yc` woukykz`( ~`fm~ihùu oj yc`k~ Emycohke woukykol kl op~ cpbml ~mklnov, J~ob yc`

O~ycoios Ec~kuykmlu mli W~oyùymlyu mli Mlfhkemlu( yo yc` Boqmkeu yo Bpuhkbu( j~ob yc`

Uoekmhkuyu #@iopm~i C`~~koy+ mli Eobbplkuyu #Fkmeobo Bmlqp Lon`h hmp~`my`+( yo yc`

Bmuolke boz`b`ly #Nm~ol [zù Bm~umpiol+ mli Myc`kuyu, C` ojy`l up~w~kuì ycou` vcohì yc` ôbml Ep~km iùykl{4 f`l`~myì miz`~um~kù kl yc` holf ~pl &, Mlf`ho ôlemhhk vkhh

u`` yc` cpbo~ kl yc` yvkhkfcy oj kyu `skuy`le` .K mb yc` Wow` cmu d`wy cku jooy w~ùuì yc`

mee`h`~myo~., Lmyp~mh ku yc` }pùykol oj vcmy iki loy upjj`~ m ~`w~kbmli j~ob Wow` Wkpu SKK

" yc #n` mvm~` ycmy kl =;>0 yc`~` vmu m jkh` Coh{ Ojjke` ycmy vmu .upuwèyì oj Boi`~lkub.+,

Vkycopy ehmkbklf oj `s`fùku #jo~ vckec K cmz` loy }pmhkjkì+ ~`muolu ucophi n` m nmhmle`

n`yv``l uwk~kypmh klkykmykol mli y~p` jmkyc kl yc` wov`~ oj Emycohke

Ec~kuykmlky{( yc` mnkhky{ yo w`l`y~my` vkyc dklilùu, Pli`~uymliklf mli o~fmlkq` m bm~ec yo

n`l`jky eobbol vkyc mhbouy ml{ dkli oj wm~yl`~, Ky vmu cku ymey yo ek~epbz`ly lo eobbol

eolzkeykolu( ~`ymklklf olh{ vcmy eophi n~klf wòwh` yof`yc`~( lo bmyy`~ cov hkyyh` ky ku(

kyc y y hh k y yc F h j A i ck M yh

=55



vkycopy meypmhh{ lo eobw~obku` yo yc` Fouw`h oj Aùpu mli cku Mwouyhù,

Ol Amlpm~{ =>( =;05 ku lmbì Em~iklmh Wmy~km~ec oj Z`lke`, Muupbù yc` }pmhky{ oj

uwk~kypmh uc`wc`~i .~`}pk~ì yo em~~{ opy kyu bkuukol yo yc` eckhi~`l mu vmu kluy~peyì n{

Foi,. K cmz` j`v imym mnopy ycku w`~koi mnopy vckec K yckld vmu yc` bouy w~ohkjke kl yc`

u{lycùku oj cku uwk~kypmh `sw`~k`le`, Ky umki ycmy meykz`h{ wm~ykekwmyì kl yc` hkj` oj yc`

Ecp~ec( uoekmh mli ephyp~mh wm~kucù upno~iklmyì, Ky cmu u`y pw yck~y{ l`v wm~kucù, V`

mhuo vkylùu yc` eoluy~peykz` woukykol ymd`l kl yc` Kymhkml Uoekmhkuy Wm~y{ Eolf~ùu kl

J`n~pm~{ =;06( c`hi kl Z`lke`1 .Ku m ukflkjkemly yo yc` jpyp~` oj op~ eoply~{, K vophi yckld

ycmy yc` bmkl ~`muol jo~ {op~ b``yklf ku yo pli`~uymli yc` eoly`bwo~m~{ eolikykolu mli{op vkuc yo i`zoy` yo io ml{ycklf wouuknh` yo ~mku` yc` hkzklf eolikykolu mli uoekmh v`hjm~`‒,

Jm~ j~ob n`klf m uoekmhkuy mizoemy`( Em~iklmh ôlemhhk vmu `sw`~k`le` oj cku jmbkh{ jm~b

vo~d`~( yc` ehmkbu `sw`~k`le` oj vo~d`~u kl yc` {`m~u =;=7 " =;>0 vckec cmu bìkmyì kl

eoljhkeyu vkyc `bwho{`~u( mli hoob mu m vo~dklf ehmuu Kymhkml pykhky{ cmz` ~ùphyì kl m

uoekmhkuy wm~y{ mli `jjèykz`h{, Ycklf ycmy cmww`lì kl yc` {`m~u ycmy johhovì,

Kl Oeyon`~ >3(=;03( 0= em~iklmhu wm~ykekwmyklf kl yc` `hèykol oj Mlf`ho Fkpu`ww`

ôlemhhk mu Wow` Aocl SSKKK, Cku ecoke` lmb` m~` kl b`bo~{ oj Aocl yc` Nmwykuy mli yc`

Mwouyh` Aocl, Ky vmu w`~zmukz` ki`m ycmy yc` ckfc"w~kùy Emycohke( mfì 6: {`m~u vmu yc`

~ùphy oj m eobw~obku`( mjy`~ yc` yv`hz` ~opliu ycmy w~èìì cku `hèykol mli ycmy cku

w~ù`le` vkhh loy n~klf ml{ycklf l`v, M Nmwykuy ìkyo~ v~oy` yo eobb`bo~my` 66 {`m~u oj

yc` l`v wow`1 .Olh{ mucù zkukol ~`bmklu m bml oj 6: {`m~u. ,,, J`v dl`v vcmy iov~{

uwk~kypmh jmkyc( yc` vkhh vmu fmklì kl ycku( .u`~zpu u`~zo~pb I`k." u`~zmly oj yc` u`~zmlyu oj



=0/=>/=;03 Kle~`muù yc` lpbn`~ oj Em~iklmhu my 60( kl =;0; vkhh n` 6;( kl =;:> vkhh n`36, Wow` Aocl SSKKK puì j~ob wolykjkemy` kluy~pb`ly oj eohhèykz` h`mi`~uckw vkyc m iopnh`

onaèykz`1 yo uy~`mbhkl` ow`~mykolu mli e~`my` m y`mb u`lu` kl yc` Eohh`f` oj Em~iklmhu,

>;/7:/=;0; @le{ehkemh .Mi W`y~k Emycì~mb‒ " mllopleì fomh vckec vmu yo n`

=50



>;/7:/=;0; @le{ehkemh Mi W`y~k Emycì~mb mllopleì fomh vckec vmu yo n`

w~oaèyì yc` Zmykeml Eoplekh1 jo~ w~oboyklf Ec~kuykml eole`wyu oj y~pyc( hoz` yo npkhi m

vo~hi ehou`~ yo w`me`,

=3/76/=;0; ^`boz` j~ob .Emycohke Emlol. ~`j`~`le` yo Kuhmb muuoekmyì vkyc kiohmy~{,Yc`l ky vkhh ~è`kz` yc` K~ml Ucmckluecmc zkuky ^`qm Wmch`zk M~{mb`~,

=,73,=;0; @le{ehkemh .Aocl Bm~km Zkmll`{. " w~kùy oj M~u eoluohkimyù yc` uymypu

eobb`bo~myklf oj w~kùy emhhì c`~i mli {oplf n`hk`z`~u yovm~iu yc` w~kùycooi,

>:/7;/=;0; @le{ehkemh .F~mym èo~imyko., Ky pli`~hklù yc` uy~`lfyc oj yc` Coh{

ôum~{ W~m{`~ kl yc` w~meyke` oj jmkyc mli n~klf yo Foi Emycohke Ec~kuykml cowù jo~

upeeùu oj yc` Emycohke Eoplekh,

@le{ehkemh .Ol Emycohke bkuukolu‒ yc~opfcopy yc` vo~hi ycmy `bwcmukqù ~oh`

bkuukolm~{ w~kùyu mli hmky{ klzohzì kl Ec~kuykml ìpemykol mli y~mklklf mbolf hoemh

wòwh` m .èehùkmh eo~wpu‒,

3,70,=;:7 " =9 Eoluè~mykol oj nkucowu j~ob mbolf yc` wòwhù oj Mj~kem( Mukm mli

Mb`~kem,

=0/70/=;:7 @le{ehkemh .Bmy`~ `y Bmfkuy~m. " Y~`my ~`hmykolu n`yv``l wòwhù kl l`v

uoekmh o~i`~ ycmy jo~ùcmiovì, Yc` mpyco~ um{u( kl yc` n`fkllklf oj m l`m~h{ =;(;=6 vo~iu

y`sy #@lfhkuc z`~ukol+1 .Plkz`~umh Ecp~ec vmu jopliì n{ Aùpu Ec~kuy uo ycmy `z`~{ol`

yc~opfcopy yc` e`lyp~kù eob` yo c`~ yo n` `bn~meì vkyc hoz` yo jkli jphhlùu oj hkj` pww`~

mli fpm~mly`` umhzmykol‒, @le{ehkemh ku ml mlmh{uku oj eoly`bwo~m~{ kuupù kl yc` hkj` oj

cpbmlky{( kl mhh bmao~ whmlu1 yc` jmbkh{ kl uoek`y{ mli uek`le`, ^èobb`li vm{u yo ~`npkhi

yc` uoekmh ~`hmykolu nmuì ol y~puy( apuyke` mli hoz`, Kl Apl` =;:7 ky ùymnhkucì y`l eobbkyy`ù( m Uè~`ym~kmy jo~ W~oboyklf Ec~kuykml Plky{

yo ymd`( w~oeùu w~owoumhu mli yo upbbm~kq` yc` &uec`bù& ycmy v`~` yo n` i`nmyì, C`

mllopleì ol J`n~pm~{( yc` Eoplekh ow`l ol == Oeyon`~( =;:>,

=5:



Loz`bn`~ =;:7 " F`y yc` Nkucow oj Emly`np~~{ Fòj~`{ Jkuc`~, Nùkiù yc` uco~y w`~koi

oj jop~ {`m~u ôlemhhk ~èkz` vkhh ojjkekmh zkukyu oj ~`w~ù`lymykzù oj yc` bmkl lol"Emycohke

~`hkfkolu1 A`vkuc( Bpuhkb( O~ycoios( W~oyùymly( Nmwykuy, Embwmkflklf yo c`hw Emycohkew~kùyu w`~uèpyì kl Cplfm~{( [pfouhmzkm( Ecklm, Ol yc` nmuku oj fooi ~`hmykolu vkyc L,U,

Dc~pucec`z( kl =;:>( vophi y~kff`~ yc` f~mipmh ~`h`mu` oj Pd~mklkml mli ôbmlkml F~``d

Emycohke w~kùyu j~ob yc` i`y`lykol embwu,

>>/7>/=;:> .Mwouyohke Eoluykypykol. " ml `sw~ùukol oj w~ù`~zklf y~mikykolu oj Hmykl kl

hkyp~fkemh mli wmuyo~mh vo~d oj w~kùyu( n~oyc`~u,

==/=7/=;:> Ow`l Vo~d Uèoli Zmykeml Eoplekh,Cku vo~i ku m uy`w kl yc` ùymnhkucb`ly oj jmkyc kl cm~bol{ ~`hkfkopu ikz`~uky{( .vkyc yc`

fomh oj hkj` mli yc` jphh y~kpbwc oj yc` Ec~kuykml ki`m mli m y~p` ~`hkfkopu j~`ìob ,,, Ikzkl`

W~ozki`le` vkhh fpki` pu yovm~iu m l`v o~i`~ oj cpbml ~`hmykolu.,

>7/=7/=;:> &Epnml Bkuukh` E~kuku&, P,U, kly`hhkf`le` u`~zkeù i`yèyì yc` bkuukh` nmu`

hoemyì yc` PUU^ kl Epnm, Yc`{ eophi hmplec lpeh`m~ vm~c`miu vophi cmz` cky ml{ P,U,

y`~~kyo~{( vkyckl m ~mikpu oj >777 db, kl =7"57 bklpyù, P,U, lmzmh mli mk~ nhoedmi` opy oj Epnm, Uozk`yu ik~èyu uy~my`fke jh``y yo Epnm, Lpeh`m~ eoljhkey u``bì yo uyow pu, #K

~`b`bn`~ n`klf m y``lmf`~ vmkyklf uymy` mwoemh{wu`( b{ wm~`lyu mli ycou` m~opli {op "

lonoi{ bmi` whmlu( `z`l jo~ yc` v``d`li+, Wòwh` mli wòwh` v`~` vmkyklf kl m emymh`wyke

uymy` " hkd` yc` hmbn yc` uc`wc`~i cku dlkj` l`m~ yc` lèd, Wow` Aocl SSKKK( mholf vkyc

Uè~`ym~{"F`l`~mh( F`l`~mh P, Ycmly kbbìkmy`h{ uym~y m ~`mh w`me` e~pumi` &puklf mhh yc`

yoohu1 j~ob yc` bìkm yo bonkhkq` cku j~k`liu mli ycou` vco ~ùwèyì ckb, Upwwo~yu lol"

mhkflì eoply~kù emhh #97+ yo yc` Mb`~keml mli Uozk`y h`mi`~u, Yc` eobnmykz` mybouwc`~`

ycmy e~`myù yc` yvo f~`my wov`~u pli`~uymli ycmy yc`{ eml loy apuykj{ yc` w~ouèpykol oj yc`

oyc`~ uym~yklf lpeh`m~ vm~, Ycpu kl >3,=7, =;:> L,U, Dc~pucec`z mllopleù `m~h{ ~`h`mu`

i y k yk ik yhk k yc P U U ^ K =;:> AJD i k

=56



mli ~`wmy~kmykol ~mbwu ikubmlyhklf v`mwolu kl yc` P,U,U,^, Kl =;:> AJD`llì{ ~mkuù

lokbn~k` lmzmh nhoedmi` oj Epnm mli hmy`~ vkyci~mvu kyu lpeh`m~ bkuukhù j~ob Yp~d`{, Yc`

yvo h`mi`~u vkhh b``y kl Zk`llm vc`~` yc`{ vkhh hm{ yc` joplimykol yo eolyklp` l`foykmykolujo~ lpeh`m~ ikum~bmb`ly mli m~bu hkbkymykol #ycù` vkyc loy bpec upeeùu( ukle` vc`l

v`~` lpeh`m~ wov`~u mli lov 9 m~` ;+, My ycmy ykb`( yc` jmbkh{ ~è`kzù zkukyklf w`~uolmhkykù

L,U, Dc~pucec`z impfcy`~ #vco y hhu ckb ycmy kl ^puukm ku emhhì yc` “Wow` w`mumly &+( vkj`

oj W~ùki`ly D`llì{ mli oyc`~ fpùyu( ~`hkfkopu mli hmky{( mu yc`{ v`~` l`z`~ my yc` Zmykeml

,

==/79/=;:5 kuup` @le{ehkemh .Wme`b kl Y`~~ku. W`me` ol @m~yc( " Wow` um{ ycmy

ml{ bml( ml{ ykb` c` vmlyì m `}pmhky{ eml kli`ì n` ùymnhkucì olh{ kj yc`

hmvjph o~i`~ oj Foi ol @m~yc vkhh n` onu`~zì mli johhovì " ycmy ku yc`

~`}pk~`b`ly,

" Yc` jk~uy uèykol u`yu opy yc` lmyp~` mli jo~b oj ~`hmykolu n`yv``l klikzkipmh mli uoek`y{(

cpbml ~kfcyu mli bo~mh ipykù, Hkuyklf yc` cpbml w`~uol yc` ~kfcy yo hkj`( ~ùwèy( j~`ìob(

ìpemykol( `bwho{b`ly," M yvo"uèykol ~`j`~u yo yc` ~`hmykoluckw n`yv``l bml mli yc` uymy` klukuyklf ol yc` l`ì yo

~ùwèy mli kbwh`b`lymykol oj eohhèykz` mpyco~ky{ oj yc` Uymy`( kl `s`~eku` oj wov`~,

" M yc~`` uèykol ùymnhkucù ~`}pk~`b`lyu jo~ yc` ùymnhkucb`ly oj `}pmhky{ n`yv``l lmykolu

mli uymy` ~`}pk~`b`lyu yo i`y`~bkl` yc` ~kfcyu mli ipykù oj ekykq`lu,

" Yc` jop~yc uèykol ikuepuuù yc` i`z`howb`ly oj ~`hmykolu n`yv``l uymyù(

yo muukuy yovm~iu eohhèykz` mli bpypmh,

@le{ehkemh `liu vkyc yc` eobbmli u`ly yo muukuy Emycohkeu mli lol Emycohke Ec~kuykmlu klmii~ùuklf zm~kopu muwèyu oj uoekmh mli wohkykemh hkj`,

75/7:/=;:5 Ikù( loy n`jo~` c` iìkemyì cku hkj` yo yc` upeeùu oj

C` Ikù( loy n`jo~` c` iìkemyì cku hkj` yo yc` upeeùu oj

=53



(

Eoplekh mli jo~ eocmnkymykol n`yv``l wòwh`( lmykolu( ~`hkfkolu johhovì n{ f~me` mli

ikzkl` hoz`,

Eoplekh vkhh eolyklp` pli`~ yc` vmyec oj Wow` Wmph ZK( n`fkllklf j~ob >=/7:/=;:5,

MWW@LIKS1 AOCL SSKKK MLI MYC@KUB BOZ@B@LY

Myc`kub mu m boz`b`ly cmu n``l1

M hmed oj u{uy`bmyke ~`hkfkopu kluy~peykol( j~ob yc` `m~hkùy mf` " yo i`z`how cm~bolkopu

~`hmykoluckw n`yv``l Foi mli uoph oj yc` eckhi( {oplf w`~uol( {op vkhh nèob` bmyp~`,

M ~`meykol yo yc` y~`li ikuwhm{ì n{ yc` eh`~f{( mjy`~ h`mzklf Ec~kuykmlky{ pli`~f~opli #yc`ykb` oj Eoluymlykl` yc` F~`my+( yo meepbphmy` v`mhyc my yc` `sw`lu` oj ycou` kl wmuyo~mh( loy

~ìkuy~knpy` m ~`muolmnh` wm~y( ik~èyh{ o~ klik~èyh{( b`bn`~u oj yc` eobbplky{ mli yc`

woo~ , M ~ùy~keykz` mli wplkykz` ~ùwolu` bmi` n{ yc` ~`w~ù`lymykzù oj vo~uckw yo wòwh`

kl yc` eobbplky{( w`~e`kzì n{ ycou` mjjèyì mu m ~ùy~keykol oj j~`ìob oj ycopfcy mli

w`~uolmh ikflky{, Ycku jo~b oj uwk~kypmh `skuy`le` cmu kyu bob`lyu oj bmskbpb kbwmey kl

bml{ ~`hkfkopu eobbplkykù, Jo~ `smbwh` yc` A`vkuc @lhkfcy`lb`ly #( Cmudmhhm&" uè, SKS+(

o~ `lhkfcy`lb`ly kl Emycohke eoply~kù #uè, SKZ"SS+,

Mlf`hho ôlemhhk( pli`~uyooi ycmy yc` w~`zkopu wohke{ oj yc` ecp~ec yo kuup` jo~bu oj

w`lmhy{ ol myc`kuyu vmu ml `~~o~, C` owyì yo bmd` &wm~mhh`h ~omiu& mli yc` eohhmno~mykol jo~

bpypmh n`l`jky mli ycou` m~opli ckb( eolzkleì ycmy kl ykb`( yc` f~me` oj jmkyc vkhh eob`

iovl ol yc`b mli yc`k~ up~zkzo~u, Ycklf ycmy cmww`lu,

MWW@LIKS1 AOCL SSKKK MLI YC@ BMUOLKE BOZ@B@LY,

Bm~{ Nmhh Bm~ykl`q v~kyù ycmy Mlf`ho ôlemhhk vmu dlovl kl cku {opyc mu m ikuekwh` oj

^piohj Uy`kl`~ vmu klkykmyì kl yc` F~mli O~k`ly Hoif` kl =;50( kl Wm~ku kl o~i`~

=5;



f (

ôume~pekml( yc` F~mli O~k`ly Bmuolke Hoif`,

Wm~ykekwmy` kl yc` vo~d Bmuolke Hoif` kl Kuymlnph ip~klf yc` w`~koi vc`l c` vmu wmwmh

lpleko kl Yp~d`{ #=;50 "=;99+,J~ob vc`l c` vmu wmwmh lpleko kl Wm~ku #=;96"=;0>+ cmu n``l ipnnì kl 55 ~oume~pekml

Bmuolke n~mlec oj yc` Dlkfcyu oj Bmhym #F~mli Bmuy`~ Nm~ol [zù Bm~umpiol+, Ykb`

vc`l bml{ Emycohke eh`~f{ mli hmky{ #Jmyc`~ Aou`wc N`~y`hooy Aùpky w~kùy C`kb(

Bm~umpiol Mhn`~y Hmlyokl`( C`~~koy( Mp~koh( `ye,+ wm~ykekwmyì kl yc` Bmuolke boz`b`ly,

Mlf`hho ôlemhhk uyow( mu Wow`( uy~klf oj eolzkeykolu mli `seobbplkemykolu oj Emycohke

eh`~f{ vco v`~` n`holfklf yo yc` Bmuolke Boz`b`ly, Klkykmy` m w~oeùu oj ~`hmsmykol oj yc`

~`hmykoluckw n`yv``l yc` ôbml Emycohke Ecp~ec mli yc` Bmuolke Boz`b`ly( n{ ehm~kj{klf

b`ycoiohofkemh w~klekwhù oj eo`skuy`le`,

Ycku meykzky{ j`hh opyuki` yc` klkykmy` Mlf`hho ôlemhhk zkukol oj m ~mykolmh mww~omec( yoh`~mly

#mli phykbmy`h{ cpbml eobbol u`lu`+ n`yv``l ikjj`~`ly kiòhofkù, Ycku bùumf` ku

~`jhèyì kl kyu @lekehkemhu .Bmy`~ y Bmfkuy~m. mli .Wme`b kl Y ~~ku.,

Jmyc`~ @uwoukyo b`ymwco~kemhh{ ~`bm~dì ycmy ip~klf yc` w~`wm~mykol oj yc` Eoplekh oj yc`

Zmykeml #=;:>"=;:0+( Mlf`hho ôlemhhk bonkhkqì èehùkmh eobbplky{ kl b`ykephopu

&eoluy~peykol& oj yc` .Emycì~mh oj Jpyp~`.,

MPYCO^ LOY@U OL EC^KUYKMLU MLI C@N^@V #KKK+ Uob` ~èo~iu ol yc` w`~uolmhky{ oj Mlf`ho Fkpu`ww` ôlemhhk " Wow` Aocl SSKKK,

.Jmkyc kl Ec~kuy mli Cku Ecp~ec vmu yc` uè~è{ vckec hì yc` Wow` Aocl SSKKK m vo~hivki`

w~oboy`~ oj w`me` ,,,, vmu m w~`hpi` mli m w~owcè{ oj yc` `sw`~k`le` oj jmyc`~cooi ycmy Foi vmu

y y ki k n i yc c i y i h k h k k y j F i W

=97



yo pu yo w~ozki` kl mnplimle` yc~opfc vo~iu( fùyp~ù mli èehùkmh bklkuy~{ oj Fooi Wow` ,,,

Yc` f~me` oj Foi cmu w~ozkiì m w~obkuklf u`muol jo~ yc` Ecp~ec mli uoek`y{ mli jopli kl

onìk`le` yo yc` Coh{ Uwk~ky( vckec ecm~mey`~kqì yc` vcoh` hkj` oj Wow` Aocl SSKKK( fooi uokh yo

bmd` f`~bklmykol cm~bol{( cow`( plky{ mli w`me` jo~ yc` fooi oj mhh bmldkli(.umki Wow`

N`lìkey SZK kl e`h`n~mykol ~`hmyì yo yc` jphjkhhb`ly oj 07 {`m~u yo ecoou`. Fooi Wow` .,

#Oeyon`~ >3( >773+, N`{oli ycù` vo~iu ku EOLYKLPKY[ ~`jo~bu ycmy yc~`` Wowù ycmy johhovì1

Wow` Wmph ZK( Wow` Aocl Wmph KK( N`lìkey SZK muup~ì m vm{ yo .pwimy`.( kl ioey~kl`(

uy~peyp~ù mli meykol( yc` ôbml Emycohke Ecp~ec( yc` yc`bù oj `skuy`lykmh mli mskohofkemh

ykbù yoim{,

.Aocl SSKKK vmu m lmyp~mh mli upw`~lmyp~mh my yc` umb` ykb`, Lmyp~` mli f~me` jo~bì m

uklfh` vcoh` ycmy v`~` kl m eobwh`y`h{ ecm~kubm mli m ikz`~uky{ zkukol m~opli ckb, ,,, C` hkzì kl

yc` w~ù`le` oj Foi vkyc yc` ukbwhkeky{ oj ol` vmhdklf kl cku cob`yovl,. #A, ôn`~y L`huol

Ik~èyo~ oj yc` Kluykypy` oj ^`hkfkol my yc` Y`smu Bìkemh E`ly`~ kl Copuyol( PUM( =;3>+,

K eolehpi` vkyc m }poy` j~ob m uwk~kypmh yùymb`ly oj Wow` Aocl SSKKK,

.K vmu no~l woo~( npy mu m eckhi oj uob` colùy mli boiùy mli m~` cmww{ yo ik` woo~( vc`l v`

ikzkiì yc` woo~ mli yc` coh{ Ecp~ec ycmy jì b`( vckec K uyooi( bo~òz`~( m z`~{ boiùyb`mup~` mzmkhmnh` kl b{ ~oh` mu w~kùy mli nkucow( yo yc` umykujmeykol oj b{ hkj` ukbwh` mli

boiùy, Ycmld Foi jo~ yc` f~me` oj woz`~y{( ycmy ukle` b{ {opyc K w~mku`1 yc` w~kùy oj Ume~ì

C`m~y( m ~`mh woz`~y{, Ky fmz` b` uy~`lfyc yo loy `z`~ mud ml{ycklf( lo aon( lo bol`{( lo jmzo~u(

l`kyc`~ jo~ b` lo~ jo~ b{ jmbkh{ o~ j~k`liu. ku eoljùuì yo Foi( Mlf`ho ôlemhhk kl yc` y~p`

y~mikykol oj Umkly J~mlekue oj Muukuk( vcob c` ~`z`~ì,

MJY@^VOÎ YO EC^KUYKMLU MLI C@N^@VU

=99



Yc` boykzmykol yo meck`z` ycku ioepb`lym~{ uym~yì j~ob yc` iùk~` yo wpy m &w`nnh`& yo

npkhi m zkukol oj cm~bol{( nmuì ol yc` n`hk`j kl ol` Foi fkz`l yo pu n{ kyu W~owc`yu,

Mhh E~`ìu m~` oj m UKLFH@ E^@IO( vckec klehpiù1< Hmvu oj Bouù yo Uoekmh Apuyke`

< Hoz` jo~ oyc`~u fkz` pu n{ yc` Ho~i Aùpu Ec~kuy,

< Bo~mh hmvu kl yc` Do~ml fkz` pu n{ yc` W~owc`y Bpcmbbmi,

Cpbml eobbplky{ cmu yc` w~`bku` yo u`hj ~`npkhi ol ycù` yc~`` wkhhm~u,

Ol yc` oyc`~ K cmz` kl b{ bkli yc` zk`v oj yc` uy~klf oj bp~i`~u bmi` n{ wòwh` ol yc`k~

j`hhovu,K cow` {op vkhh n~ovu` yc` y`sy vkhh j``h( hkd` kl m Emycì~mh( Bou}p` o~ U{lmfofp`( kll`~

w`me`,yo npkhi m zkukol oj cm~bol{( nmuì ol yc` n`hk`j kl OL@ PLK]P@ FOI fkz`l yo pu

yc~`` ycopumli {`m~u ukle`,

Ec~kuykml wòwhù yo ~`mhkq` mbolf yc` C`n~`v wòwh` ycmy m~` yc` jk~uy &Wòwh` oj Foi& ―

mli yc` jk~uy w~owc`yu oj boloyc`kub kl cpbml ekzkhkqmykol( yc` `m~h{ mwouyhù oj

Ec~kuykmlky{ v`~` C`n~`v, Nèmpu` oj yc`k~ Ec~kuykmlky{ &`swmliì& kl m cpli~ì {`m~u yo

uemh` yc` ôbml @bwk~`( yc`l n{ yc`k~ iùe`limlyu j~ob mhh lmykolu,

A`vkuc wòwh`( yc~opfc cku C`n~`v E~kuykmlu `swmli Boumke boloyc`kub kl m cpli~ì

{`m~u yo uemh` yc` ôbml @bwk~`( yc`l n{ yc`k~ iùe`limlyu j~ob mhh lmykoluT=R( mli ycpu

&Wòwh` oj Foi& cmu nèob` plkz`~umh( nèobklf yc` boi`~l cpbml uwk~kypmh kly`~meykol

=90



`lfkl`,

Uwk~kypmh c`~kymf` ~kfcyh{( lo wòwh` m~` owwouì( olyohofkemh mli mskohofkemh( yo oyc`~

wòwhù( uvklf m eobbol o~kfkl1 .Ky&u bo~` hoz` yo fkz` ycml yo ~è`kz`. #yc` vo~iu oj yc`Mwouyh` Wmph yo cku i`wm~yp~` j~ob @wcùpu yo A`~pumh`b+,

K y~kì mhuo yo boykzmy` m jmey, Cov ~kikephopu ku yc` cpbml ~ùwolu` yo Foi&u

n`l`zoh`le`, O~ bo~` uwèkjkemhh{1 COV W@OWH@ bmlmfì yo iùy~o{ vcmy ku u`ly n{ Cku

W~owc`yu,

K cmz` bmi` ycku y`sy ~ùwèyklf meeùuì ioepb`lymykol kuupì 56 {`m~u mfo ml Klikml

bmlmf`~1 .uco~y `lopfc yo m~opu` kly`~ùy( holf `lopfc yo eoz`~ yc` ùu`lykmhu., H`y ycou`vco vkhh ~`mi yo ièki` kj K upee`ìì o~ loy,

Bùm~oş " Mlfc`h Zmukh` Bm{ >7=7

T=R Mwouyhù mudì Aùpu1 &Ky&u ykb` yo n` ~ùyo~ì dklfiob oj Ku~m`h? .Yc` mluv`~ vmu1 & Io

loy {op dlov ykb` ku fkz`l mli vc`l, Npy v` vkhh ~è`kz` m jo~e`1 yc` Coh{ Uwk~ky( vco vkhh

iùe`li pwol {op~ n`klfu, [op vkhh n` b{ vkylùuù( yo A`~pumh`b kl mhh Api`m mli Umbm~km(

mli yo yc` `li oj yc` `m~yc‟ #Meyu w,=,6,+

NKNHKOF^MWC[

jo~ EC^KUYKMLU MLI C@N^@VU

=9:



=, &Meyu oj Mwoy~ù& " Mwouyh` Hpd`

>, &Ohi Yùymb`ly& !!!

5, Whmyo Vo~du& zoh KK( Uek`lykjke mli @le{ehowmìke Wpnhkucklf Copu` Npecm~ùy( =;6:

9, &Fohi`l vo~iu& Jmn~` i&Ohkz`y Wpnhkuc`~ Y{wof~mj i` hm Zkhh`( Wm~ku( =365

&Nkf @qoy`~{m klkykmyù oj Mlek`ly& @ivm~i Uecop~ë`( Fmhhkbm~i Wpnhkucklf Copu` =;>5

0, &Klkykmykol Uy`wu& ^piohwc Uy`kl`~ W~kle`wu Uek`le` Wpnhkucklf( =;;5

:, &Ckuyo~{ oj Ku~m`h& Bou` Bmp~ Y`h Mzkz &kl =;60

6, &Ecp~ec kl yc` `m~h{ e`lyp~kù& J~meùeo Wmoho ôbml U`~mwckb ^kqqko Wpnhkucklf( >77>

3, “M n~mli whpedì jhmbù& Mh`smli`~ Umj~ml Cmu`j`~ Npecm~ùy

Mpuecvkyq ― Vkdkwìkm

;, Yc` Uw`m~ oj Iùykl{‟ Y~`zo~ ^mz`lue~ojy Holi~m =;65

=7, !!! Vkdkwìkm " & Wow` Aocl SSKKK‟

==, Wow` Aocl SSKKK @lekehkem .Mi W`y~k Emycì~mb‒ >;,7:,=;0;

=>, Wow` Aocl SSKKK @lekehkem .Bmy`~ `y Bmfkuy~m‒ =0,70,=;:= =5, Wow` Aocl SSKKK @lekehkem .Wme`b kl Y`~~ku‒ ==,79,=;:5

=9,“Aocl SSKKK1 Cku Eoplekh mli Meck`z`b`ly ^`b`bn`~ì‟ n{ A, ôn`~y L`huol," =;3>,

Eow{~kfcy n{ yc` Ec~kuykml E`lyp~{ Joplimykol mli puì n{ w`~bkuukol, W~`wm~ì jo~

^`hkfkol Olhkl` n{ Yì * Vkllk` N~oed,

=0, !!! Vkdkwìkm “Nku`~kem F~èo"Emyohkeą Pe~mkl`mlą‟

=:, &Ckuyo~{ oj yc` Wowù& " Mpfpuy J~mlq`~( ^`bkfkpu Nmpb`~ Wpnhkucklf ôbml Emycohke

M~ecikoeù` oj Npecm~ùy kl =;;:,

=6 !!! Vkdkwìkm “Bkuuklf kl Meykol1 ^moph Vmhh`ln`~f‟ " Bm~kol Bm~~mec`

=96



=6, Vkdkwìkm Bkuuklf kl Meykol1 moph Vmhh`ln`~f " Bm~kol Bm~~mec`

=3, !!! Vkdkwìkm Loyù mli y`h`f~mbu `secmlfì n`yv``l yc` Zmykeml&u Uymy` Uè~`ym~{

mli yc` Lplekmyp~ù oj yc` ikjj`~`ly ~`h`zmly eoply~kù ip~klf yc` Uèoli vo~hi Vm~ " m~`

wpnhkucì kl == zohpbù ìkyì n{ yc` Coh{ U`` pli`~ yc` ykyh`1 .Meyù `y ioepb`lyu ip

Umkly"Ukãf` ~`hmykju m hm Uèoli` Fp`~~` Bolikmh`.1

=;, &Yc`bù oj Ckuyo~{ oj ^`hkfkolu& " @bkh Ipb`m Umwk`lykm Wpnhkucklf ôbml Emycohke

Ycòhofkemh Kluykypy` kl >77>

>7, C`n~`v Ec~kuykmlu jkfcy N`fklklfu jo~ yc` Fouw`h oj Aùpu " A`coupmc >77;

@uum{ Ioepb`lym~{ ― Bùm~oş Mlfc`h Zmukh` cyyw1//vvv,ue~kni,eob/ioe/=9==;305/C`n~`v"Ec~kuykmlu"jkfcy"N`fklklfu"jo~"yc`"Fouw`h"oj"

Aùpu"A`coupmc"

>=, C`n~`vu( Ec~kuykmlu( Bpuhkbu kl A`~pumh`b Eobw`likpb oj Ckuyo~kemh Jmeyu

@uum{ Ioepb`lym~{ " Bùm~oş Mlfc`h Zmukh`

cyyw1//vvv,ue~kni,eob/ioe/=9:63699/C`n~`v"Ec~kuykmlu"Bpuhkbu"kl"A`~pumh`b"

Eobw`likpb"oj"Ckuyo~kemh"Jmeyu

=93

MNOPY MPYCO^

B@UMÔŜ MLFC@H ZMUKH@

http://www.scribd.com/doc/14119853/Hebrew-Christians-fight-Beginings-for-the-Gospel-of-Jesus-Jehosuah-



http://www.scribd.com/doc/14678744/Hebrew-Christians-Muslims-in-Jerusalem-Compendium-of-Historical-Facts











































B@UMÔŜ "MLFC@H ZMUKH@

@ikyo~kmh W~ojkh`Lmb`1 Zmukh` Bùm~oş ― Mlfc`h

W~ojjùukol1 KY Y~mkl`~

Uypikù1

Plkz`~uky{ oj Npecm~ùy ― Bmyc`bmykeu #=;6=+

U{uy`b Mlmhkuy " Wouy plkz`~uky{ Uypi{ " E@W@EM #=;60+Boykzmykol1

Ioepb`lymykol oj kuupù ycmy K vmu eole`~lì( oz`~ yc` wmuy {`m~u,

Bmkh1 zmlfc`hycmekG{mcoo,eob

http://www.scribd.com/doc/26303715/vmesarosanghel-Logo-2010

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