21
13-1 Anatomy and Physiology, Sixth Edition Rod R. Seeley Idaho State University Trent D. Stephens Idaho State University Philip Tate Phoenix College Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. *See PowerPoint Image Slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes. Chapter 13 Chapter 13 Lecture Lecture Outline Outline *

Chp13 otak

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Chp13 otak

13-1

Anatomy and Physiology, Sixth Edition

Rod R. SeeleyIdaho State UniversityTrent D. StephensIdaho State UniversityPhilip TatePhoenix College

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

*See PowerPoint Image Slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes.

Chapter 13Chapter 13Lecture OutlineLecture Outline**

Page 2: Chp13 otak

13-2

Otak dan Saraf Kranial Chapter 13

Page 3: Chp13 otak

13-3

Otak dan saraf kranial (otak)

• Otak – Sebahagian sistem saraf pusat terdapat dalam kaviti otak – Pusat kawalan bagi kebanyakan fungsi badan – Seperti sistem komputer tetapi lebih kompleks

• Bahagian2 otak – Brainstem– Serebelum – Serebrum – Dienchepelon

• Saraf kranial – Bahagian sistem saraf periferi yang berhubung terus dengan otak

Page 4: Chp13 otak

13-4

Brainstem

• Menghubungkan saraf tunjang dengan otak • Bahagian2

– Medulla oblongata– Pons– Otak tengah

Page 5: Chp13 otak

13-5

Brainstem• Medulla oblongata atau medulla

– Kawalan : denyutan jantung,diameter saluran darah , respirasi , penelanan , sedu,sendawa,batuk,bersin

– Piramid (bahagian depan) : memudahkan impuls saraf dari otak kepada neuron motor dalam saraf tunjang dan terlibat dalam kawalan sedar dalam otot rangka

• Pons– Tidur dan pusat respirasi

• Otak tengah – Bahagian integral dalam laluan pendengaran dalam

sistem saraf pusat

Page 6: Chp13 otak

13-6

Brainstem and Diencephalon

Page 7: Chp13 otak

13-7

Serebelum

• Terlibat dalam kawalan : keseimbangan ,postur , kebolehan bergerak dan penyelarasan motor yang menyebabkan pelancaran dalam pergerakan

Page 8: Chp13 otak

13-8

Diencephalon

• komponen– Talamus , subtalamus , epitalamus , hipotalamus

Page 9: Chp13 otak

13-9

Diencephalon• Talamus

– Bahagian terbesar diencephalon

– Kebanyakan input deria berada di sini

– Mempengaruhi mood dan aksi seperti takut dan marah

• Subtalamus– Terlibat dalam kawalan

fungsi motor • Epitalamus

– Terlibat dalam emosi dan tindak balas kelenjar pineal yang mungkin mempengaruhi kitaran tidur-jaga

• Hipohalamus– Fungsi

• Kawalan ANS • Kawalan endokrin • Kawalan otot • Kawalan suhu • Kawalan pengambilan

minuman dan makanan • Emosi • Kawalan kitaran tidur-jaga

Page 10: Chp13 otak

13-10

Cerebrum

• Largest portion of brain• Divisions

– Right – Left– Lobes: Frontal, parietal,

occipital, temporal, insula

• Cortex: Outer surface• Medulla: Center

Page 11: Chp13 otak

13-11

Basal Nuclei and Limbic System

• Basal nuclei– Motor function control

• Limbic system– Basic survival

functions as memory, reproduction, nutrition

– Emotions

Page 12: Chp13 otak

13-12

Limbic System

Page 13: Chp13 otak

13-13

Meninges

• Connective tissue membranes– Dura mater: Superficial– Arachnoid mater– Pia mater: Bound

tightly to brain – Spaces

• Subdural: Serous fluid• Subarachnoid: CSF

Page 14: Chp13 otak

13-14

Ventricles

• Ventricles: Lateral ventricles (2), third ventricle, fourth ventricle

• Choroid plexuses produce CSF which fills ventricles and other parts of brain and spinal cord– Blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier: Substances do not pass between cells

but through due to tight junctions of blood endothelial cells

Page 15: Chp13 otak

13-15

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

• Similar to serum with most of proteins removed

• Bathes brain and spinal cord• Provides a protective cushion around CNS• Provides some nutrients to CNS tissues• Produced by ependymal cells

Page 16: Chp13 otak

13-16

Flow of CSF

Page 17: Chp13 otak

13-17

Brain Blood Supply

• Brain – Requires tremendous amount of blood– Receives 15-20% of blood pumped by heart– Interruption can cause unconsciousness and irreversible

brain damage– High metabolic rate and dependence on constant supply

of oxygen and glucose– Receives blood through arteries

• Blood-Brain barrier– Capillary endothelial cells along with astrocytes and

basement membrane– To be considered when developing drugs

Page 18: Chp13 otak

13-18

Formation of the Neural Tube

Page 19: Chp13 otak

13-19

Development of Brain Segments and Ventricles

Page 20: Chp13 otak

13-20

Cranial Nerves

• Indicated by Roman numerals I-XII from anterior to posterior

• May have one or more of 3 functions– Sensory (special or general)– Somatic motor (skeletal

muscles) – Parasympathetic (regulation

of glands, smooth muscles, cardiac muscle)

Page 21: Chp13 otak

13-21

Cranial Nerves

• Olfactory (I)• Optic (II)• Oculomotor (III)• Trochlear (IV)• Trigeminal (V)• Abducens (VI)

• Facial (VII)• Vestibulocochlear (VIII)• Glossopharyngeal (IX)• Vagus (X)• Accessory (XI)• Hypoglossal (XII)