NIKHIL MITTALXII-A

SALWAN PUBLIC SCHOOL

I would sincerely like to thank Dr. Anita Jain who has been there always to help me carry out this experiment as a guiding spirit behind the compiling of this report. I would also like to thank her for unending assistance to enable completion of the exercise.

NIKHIL MITTALXII-A

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTAIMAPPARATUS REQUIREDTHEORYPROCEDUREOBSERVATION TABLERESULTSPRECAUTIONSBIBLIOGRAPHY

Qualitative Analysis of some Fruits juices- apple, mosambi and Vegetable Juices-bottle gourd, bitter gourd.

Test TubesBeakersStandBurnerTripod StandGlass Rod

Ph PaperIodine SolutionNaOH SolutionCuSO4 SolutionFehling Solution A & BSolid KOHPicric AcidOther Common Laboratory Reagents

Apple JuiceMosambi JuiceBottle GourdBitter Gourd

Human body is like an engine. To keep it going we must provide it with right kind of fuel. This is balanced food. Balanced diet is one which consists of correct proportion of the basic ingredients or nutrients, i.e., carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, salts and vitamins. The knowledge of various essential constituents of food in which they are available is a must. Deficiency of any of the nutrient causes diseases. Fruits and vegetables are important sources of nutrients. Therefore, study could be undertaken to investigate the constituents of various fruits and vegetables.

1. Take all the juices in separate beakers.

2. Now perform the following tests with each.

Test for Acidity

Take 5ml each of various fruits and vegetable juices in different test tubes and add red and blue litmus solution in each.

Test for Starch

Take 2ml of each juice in test tubes and add a few drops of iodine solution.

Test for Proteins

To about 3ml of NaOH Solution, add 2 drops of CuSO4

solution. Permanent blue colour is obtained. Add juice to it.

Test for Carbohydrates

To 2ml of juice add 1ml of Fehling solution A and B. Boil the solution.

Test for Minerals

a. Test for Sodium

Dip glass rod in juice. Add 2 drops of HCl to it. Bring it to flame.

b. Test for Potassium

Take 2ml of juice in test tube add Picric acid solution.

c. Test for Calcium

Test can be done by adding dilute HCl to the juice then add solid NH4Cl. Heat the solution and cool it then add NH4OH. To the group 3 solution add (NH4)2CO3. If white ppt. obtained then add (NH4)2C2O4.

d. Test for Magnesium

To 2ml of juice add 2-3 drops of dil. HCl and HNO3 . To it add solid NH4Cl. Again boil and cool and add NH4OH. Filter the ppt. divide in 2 parts. (i) Add potassium ferrocyanide. (ii) Add potassium thiocyanate.

e. Test for Phosphorous

To 2ml of juice add 1 drop HNO3 . Boil the solution add a few drops of ammonium molybdate solution. Heat the solution.

Test for Apple Juice

Mosambi Juice

Bottle Gourd

Bitter Gourd

Acidity Acid Acid Base Base

Starch Presen

t

Absent Abse

nt

Absent

Proteins Presen

t

Absent Prese

nt

Present

Carbohy

drates

Presen

t

Absent Prese

nt

Absent

Sodium Presen

t

Present Prese

nt

Present

Potassiu

m

Presen

t

Absent Prese

nt

Present

Calcium Presen

t

Present Prese

nt

Present

Magnesi

um

Presen

t

Present Prese

nt

Present

Iron Presen Present Prese Present

t nt

Phospho

rous

Presen

t

Present Prese

nt

Present

STARCH

(C6H10O5)n + nH2O H+ nC6H12O6 (Starch) (Glucose)

PROTEIN

Apple Juice + NaOH + CuSO4 Violet Colour

Mosambi Juice + NaOH + CuSO4 No Violet Colour

Bottle Gourd + NaOH + CuSO4 Violet Colour

Bitter Gourd + NaOH + CuSO4 Violet Colour

TEST FOR ACIDITY

JUICE OBSERVATION INFERENCEAPPLE LITMUS PAPER BECOMES RED IT’S AN ACIDMOSAMBI LITMUS PAPER BECOMES RED IT’S AN ACIDBOTTLE GOURD LITMUS PAPER BECOMES BLUE IT’S A BASEBITTER GOURD LITMUS PAPER BECOMES BLUE IT’S A BASE

TEST FOR STARCH

JUICE OBSERVATION INFERENCEAPPLE BLUE-VIOLET COLOUR APPEARS STARCH IS PRESENTMOSAMBI BLUE-VIOLET COLOUR DOES NOT

APPEARSTARCH IS ABSENT

BOTTLE GOURD BLUE-VIOLET COLOUR DOES NOT APPEARS

STARCH IS ABSENT

BITTER GOURD BLUE-VIOLET COLOUR DOES NOT APPEARS

STARCH IS ABSENT

TEST FOR PROTEINS

JUICE OBSERVATION INFERENCEAPPLE VIOLET COLOURED PPT. APPEARS PROTEINS ARE PRESENTMOSAMBI VIOLET COLOURED PPT. DOES

NOT APPEARPROTEINS ARE ABSENT

BOTTLE GOURD VIOLET COLOURED PPT. APPEARS PROTEINS ARE PRESENTBITTER GOURD VIOLET COLOURED PPT. APPEARS PROTEINS ARE PRESENT

CARBOHYDRATES:-

CHO COO-Na

+

| | +3H 2O + Cu2O(CHOH)4 + 2Cu(OH)2 + NaOH Tartrate (CHOH)4

| | CH2OH CH2OH (Sodium salt of Gluconic acid)

TEST FOR SODIUM

As volatile halide are obtained yellow flame appears.

TEST FOR CARBOHYDRATES

JUICE OBSERVATION INFERENCEAPPLE RED COLOURED PPT. APPEARS CARBOHYDRATES ARE

PRESENTMOSAMBI RED COLOURED PPT. DOES NOT

APPEARSCARBOHYDRATES ARE ABSENT

BOTTLE GOURD RED COLOURED PPT. APPEARS CARBOHYDRATES ARE PRESENT

BITTER GOURD RED COLOURED PPT. DOES NOT APPEAR.

CARBOHYDRATES ARE ABSENT

TEST FOR SODIUM

JUICE OBSERVATION INFERENCEAPPLE YELLOW COLOURED FLAME

APPEARSSODIUM IS PRESENT

MOSAMBI YELLOW COLOURED FLAME APPEARS

SODIUM IS PRESENT

BOTTLE GOURD YELLOW COLOURED FLAME APPEARS

SODIUM IS PRESENT

BITTER GOURD YELLOW COLOURED FLAME APPEARS

SODIUM IS PRESENT

TEST FOR POTASSIUM

JUICE OBSERVATION INFERENCEAPPLE YELLOW COLOURED PPT.

APPEARSPOTASSIUM IS PRESENT

MOSAMBI YELLOW COLOURED PPT. DOES NOT APPEAR

POTASSIUM IS NOT PRESENT

BOTTLE GOURD YELLOW COLOURED PPT. APPEARS

POTASSIUM IS PRESENT

BITTER GOURD YELLOW COLOURED PPT. APPEARS

POTASSIUM IS PRESENT

CALCIUM

Ca2+ + (NH4)2CO3 CaCO3 (white ppt.)

CaCO3+ 2CH3COOH (CH3COO)2Ca + CO2

+H2OCa(CH3COO)2 + (NH4)2C2O4

2CH3COONH4+ CaC2O4 (white ppt.)

MAGNESIUM

Mg2+Cl22- + NH4OH Mg(NH4)PO4 + 2NH4Cl + (NH4)2HPO4 + 2H2O

IRON (Fe 3+ )

Fe(OH)3+ 3HCl FeCl3 + 3H2O

1. Potassium Ferrocynaide Test:

4FeCl3+3K4[Fe(CN)6] 12KCl + Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 (Ferric Ferrocyanide) (Prussian blue)

2. Potassium Sulphocyanide Test:

FeCl3+ 3KCNS 3KCl + Fe(CNS)3 (Ferric Sulphocyanide) (Blood red colouration)

TEST FOR CALCIUM

JUICE OBSERVATION INFERENCEAPPLE WHITE PPT. APPEARS CALCIUM IS PRESENTMOSAMBI WHITE PPT. APPEARS CALCIUM IS PRESENTBOTTLE GOURD WHITE PPT. APPEARS CALCIUM IS PRESENTBITTER GOURD WHITE PPT. APPEARS CALCIUM IS PRESENT

TEST FOR MAGNESIUM

JUICE OBSERVATION INFERENCEAPPLE WHITE PPT. APPEARS MAGNESIUM IS PRESENTMOSAMBI WHITE PPT. APPEARS MAGNESIUM IS PRESENTBOTTLE GOURD WHITE PPT. APPEARS MAGNESIUM IS PRESENTBITTER GOURD WHITE PPT. APPEARS MAGNESIUM IS PRESENT

TEST FOR IRON

JUICE OBSERVATION INFERENCEAPPLE 1) PERUSSIAN BLUE COLOUR

2) BLOOD RED COLOURIRON IS PRESENT

MOSAMBI 1) PERUSSIAN BLUE COLOUR 2) BLOOD RED COLOUR

IRON IS PRESENT

BOTTLE GOURD 1) PERUSSIAN BLUE COLOUR 2) BLOOD RED COLOUR

IRON IS PRESENT

BITTER GOURD 1) PERUSSIAN BLUE COLOUR 2) BLOOD RED COLOUR

IRON IS PRESENT

PHOSPHOROUS - (In the form of phosphate)

1. Ammonium Molybdate test:

K3PO4+ 3(NH4)2 MoO4 2(NH4)3PO4 + 3K2 MoO4 (Ammonium Molybdate) (Potassium Molybdate)

K2MoO4+ 2HNO3 H2MoO4 + 2KNO3 (Molybdic Acid)

H2MoO4 MoO3 + H2O

(NH4)3PO4 + 12MoO3 (NH4)3PO4.12MoO3.6H2O + 6H2O (Ammonium phosphate molybdate) (Yellow ppt.)

TEST FOR PHOSPHOROUS

JUICE OBSERVATION INFERENCEAPPLE YELLOW COLOURED PPT.

APPEARSPHOSPHROUS IS PRESENT

MOSAMBI YELLOW COLOURED PPT. APPEARS

PHOSPHROUS IS PRESENT

BOTTLE GOURD YELLOW COLOURED PPT. APPEARS

PHOSPHROUS IS PRESENT

BITTER GOURD YELLOW COLOURED PPT. APPEARS

PHOSPHROUS IS PRESENT

Qualitative Analysis Of Some Fruits And Vegetable Juices Is done.

Use only freshly prepared fruits and vegetable juices.

Clean the apparatus before using.

Handle the reagents carefully.

Do not forget to wear a lab coat.

Note all the readings carefully.

Various books and websites were referred while making this projects:-

1) Chemistry Lab Mannual

2) Google.com

3) Wikipedia.com

APPLE

Apple juice helps provide a variety of nutrients in low to moderate amounts. Not only does the juice contain natural fruit, the apple derived liquid also works to properly hydrate both athletes and semi active people of all ages. . Apple juice contains minerals such as calcium, potassium, iron, manganese and magnesium. All-natural apple juice also provides vitamins C and B6.

Health benefits of apple

Apples are low in calories. The fruits are however, contain no saturated fats or cholesterol; but rich in dietary fiber, which helps, prevent absorption of dietary LDL cholesterol in the gut.

Apple fruit contains good quantities of Vitamin-C. Vitamin-C is a powerful natural antioxidant. Consumption of foods rich in vitamin C helps body develop resistance against infectious agents and scavenge harmful, pro-inflammatory free radicals from the body.

In addition, apple fruit is a good source vitamin B-6. These vitamin help as co-factors for enzymes in metabolism as well as in various synthetic functions inside the body.

Apple also contains small amount of minerals like potassium, phosphorus, and calcium. Potassium is an important component of cell and body fluids helps

controlling heart rate and blood pressure; thus counters the bad influences of sodium.

BITTER GOURD

Health benefits of Bitter Gourd

The pods are rich in phytonutriuents like dietary fiber, minerals, vitamins and anti-oxidants.

Fresh pods are an excellent source of folates; contains about 72mcg/100g, Folate helps reduce incidence of neural tube defects in pregnant mothers when taken during early pregnancy.

Fresh bitter Gourd is an excellent source of vitamin-C. Vitamin-C is one of the powerful natural antioxidant, helps body scavenge deleterious free radicals one of the reasons for cancers development.

The vegetable is an excellent source of vitamin A that helps in preventing aging, cancers and various disease processes.

Bitter Gourd stimulates digestion and peristalsis which can be helpful in relieving indigestion and constipation problems.

The vegetable is also good source of Vitamin B-3, Vitamin B-5, Vitamin B-6 and minerals such as iron, zinc, potassium , manganese and magnesium.

Early laboratory tests suggest that compounds in bitter gourd might be effective for treating HIV infection.

MOSAMBI

Mosambi juice is also known as sweet lemon juice and it boasts of numerous benefits. A key features of mosambi juice is that it is very sweet and not acidic. It is also a good source of vitamin C, copper and iron. The following are other health benefits of consuming sweet lemon juice.

Benefits of Mosambi Juice

1. Prevents Scurvy

This disease usually occurs in people with an inadequate amount of vitamin C in their diets. Scurvy is characterized by swollen gums, frequent bouts of flu and colds as well as cracked lip corners. Mosambi juice can be used to cure scurvy since it has a high content of vitamin C.

2. Enhances digestion

The mosambi juice has a sweet fragrance that enhances the release of saliva, which assists to digest food quickly. The flavonoids present in lime enhance the digestive process through stimulating the secretion of bile, digestive juices and acids. Aside from that, the compounds in mosambi juice are also beneficial for the peristaltic motion.

3. Cures constipation

The acids present in the sweet lemon juice are great for doing away with toxins found in the bowel tracts. Mosambi juice is also beneficial for people with stomach upsets, dysentery, diarrhea and loose stools since it is rich in potassium. It helps avoid vomiting and nausea as a result of its tasty flavour.

4. Improves immune system

Regular intake of the mosambi juice has been known to improve the function of the heart, which ensures proper blood circulation. This action leads to a much healthier immune sysem.

5. Benefits the skin

Sweet lemon juice is good for the skin and it will assist to do away with pigmentation, spots and blemishes. It also provides a bright glow and shine on the face.

The drawback of sweet lemon juice is that it has been linked with the incidence of migraines and certain people are allergic to it. In fact, it is believed to be a triggering factor in some asthmatics.

BOTTLE GOURD

The juice from the leaves help cure jaundice and the juice from the gourd helps reduce graying of hair.

The gourd juice, helps treat burning sensation in the urinary passage if consumed with lime juice.

It reduces fatigue and keeps you fresh, especially during summer.

It helps fight constipation, as it is fiber rich. Because of its fiber and low fat content, Ayurveda highly recommends this food for diabetic patients and young children.

Ayurveda also recommends the juice of this gourd in the treatment of acidity, indigestion and ulcers as it serves as an alkaline mixture.

Indian traditional medicine claims that bottle gourd acts as a nerve tonic and can help improve obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This claim has been confirmed by a study published in the journal Pharmacognosy Research where the investigators found that the plant possesses anti-compulsive (anti-OCD) activity although they are not certain about the mechanism of action of this plant.

Bottle gourd is also considered one of the best weight loss foods since it is 96 percent water and provides just 12 calories per 100g of serving.

It is rich in, thiamin, vitamin C, zinc, iron and magnesium thus helping in improving overall health. The juice from bottle gourd leaf helps in curing baldness and aids in preventing tooth decay.