Chauvet Cave, dated ca. 30,000 BP

ca.450BC

Pompeii pre 79 AD

CheeseThebasicprocesscouldbe5000ormoreyearsold.InRomanBmestherewere100sifnot1000sofvarieBesliketherearenow.

PDFofCheesehistoryifanyinterest.

HorseandJockey,Greek??BC

VaginalDilator,??BC‐Greek

Dental device (a bridge?) from Roman times.

5 million BP Africa still joined to Eurasia directly [meaning that Italy and North Africa touched]. Gibralter as a dam... gave way and the Mediterranean filled in and the familiar coastline was formed. In the past 1 million years there have been 17 ice ages. Human presense in Europe is no more than 1 million years. Earliest traces of "man" [homo erectus] in Hungary and Italy, ca. 850-700k BC.

Is there any correlation between temperature and event?

Neanderthals are technically either Homo sapiens neanderthalensis, or Homo neanderthalensis and they existed roughly from ca. 130k BP to 30 BP.

Us = Homo sapiens sapiens Kingdom (animalia)

phylum (chordata-backboned) class (mammalia) order (primates)

family (homonidae) genus (homo)

species (sapiens) [2nd sapiens is the specific epithet]

Dates for these periods vary from text to text.

Paleolithic – ca. 750k to 15k B.P. (before present) – simple stone tools.

Mesolithic - ca. 15k to 10k B.P. - better stone tools.. axes for tree felling... stone blades, etc.

Neolithic – ca. 10k to 4k B.P. (or 2000 BC)- farming, grinding, etc, cattle, sheep, pigs, horses, mules, weaving, pottery, mining...

One wave of neolithic settlements went up the Danube Valley into Central Europe in the 5th millennium. Romania to the Netherlands.

Another wave moved west along Mediteranean shore and inland from there. Iberia, France, Switzerland, British Isles, Scandinavia... By ca. 3200 BC mostly filled below 62º lat.

Bronze Age starts ca. 3000 BC. in the the Middle East, and about 2000 BC in Europe.

Iron Age - initiated by Hittites ca. 2900 BC... in Egypt by ca. 1200 BC to Aegean ca. 1000 BC, Danube Basin by ca. 750 BC.

Radio Carbon dating (C14) is good back to about 40k BP, late Paleolithic times, the last of the Neanderthals….

Humans being defined here as Hominids, not H. s. sapiens.

atlatl‐at∙la∙tln‐aspear‐throwingdevice,usuallyasBckequippedwithathongorsocket,usedtosteadythebu^ofthespearduringthethrowingmoBon.Largelyreplacedbybowandarrow[speculated].

WorldRecord:848.56feet.ThisthrowwasmadebyDaveIngvallofSt.Joseph,Missouri,USAon15July1995;usinghightechmaterials.WorldRecordforajavelinisabout330feet.

Theatlatlhasbeenaroundforatleast30,000years.SBllinusebyNaBveAmericansattheBmeofEuropeancontact.

The“VenusofWellnedorf”isnotarealisBcportraitbutratheranidealizaBonofthefemalefigure.Hervulva,breasts,andswollenbellyareverypronounced,suggesBngastrongconnecBontoferBlity.HerBnyarmsarefoldedoverherbreasts,andshehasnovisibleface,herheadbeingcoveredwithwhatmightbecoilsofbraids,eyes,orakindofheaddress.ThelackofafacehaspromptedsomearchaeologistsandphilosopherstoviewtheVenusasa"universalmother.”‐ca.25,000B.P

Discovered1991inaglacierintheAlps.He’sbeenthereformorethan5000years.

Completewithclothes,lastmealsBllinstomach…

Toolkit.

Unfinishedbow.

Copperax.Veryhightech.

Causeofdeath:anarrowheadinhisshoulder.

IceMan;3300BC,Italian/AustrianAlps

Tollund Man and Elling Woman Ca. 350 BC Scandinavia

In the mid-19th century some people, particularly Malthus, started to wonder just how many people would be too many people. Malthus’ theory about competition for resources directly influenced Darwin’s theory of natural selection. Notice where world population was in the mid-19th c.