Chaudhary v Chaudhary

8/9/2019 Chaudhary v Chaudhary

1/22

*19 Chaudhary v ChaudharyCourt of Appeal

31 July 1984

[1985] 2 W.L.R. 350[1985] Fam. 19

Cumming-Bruce , Oliver L.JJ. an Balcom!e J.

"oo J.1984 July 1#, 1$% 31

1983 &e!. '1, ''% (arc) 3, 4% (ay 13Husband and Wife—Divorce—Foreign decree, recognition of—Talaq divorce—Pakistan

nationals acquiring domicile of choice in England—Husband travelling to Kashmir to ronounce talaq—Talaq ronounced in Kashmir having legal effect in Pakistan—

Whether talaq !"udicial or other roceedings! recognised in #nited Kingdom—Whether recognition to be refused as contrar$ to ublic olic$— %ecognition of Divorces and

&egal 'earations (ct )*+) c- ./0, ss- 1a0, 210b0 as amended b$ Domicile and3atrimonial Proceedings (ct )*+/ c- 4.0, ss- 140, ).10 0

*)e partie+, )o ere national+ of ai+tan ere marrie in /a+)mir in 1904 anco)a!ite t)ere until 19#3 )en t)e )u+!an came to nglan leaving t)e ife an

c)ilren in /a+)mir. *)e )u+!an +ettle in nglan )ere )e foun +ecureemployment an +u!+e2uently forme a relation+)ip it) anot)er oman, . n 19#$t)e )u+!an an . ent t)roug) a ceremony of marriage at a regi+ter office in

Lonon an in 19#9 t)ey ent t)roug) a furt)er ceremony of marriage accoring to

(u+lim rite+ in Beirut. *)e ife arrive in nglan in 19$0 !ut returne to /a+)mirit)in a fortnig)t ue to ome+tic i+)armony. n 19$# t)e )u+!an pronounce oral

tala2 t)ree time+ !efore itne++e+ at a mo+2ue in Lonon an notifie t)e ife. *)eife returne to nglan in 19$$. n 19$8 t)e )u+!an ent to /a+)mir an again

pronounce oral tala2 t)ree time+ !efore itne++e+, t)at !eing in+tantly effective a+ afinal ivorce uner t)e la of ai+tan +ince t)e (u+lim &amily La+ Orinance 19#1

i not apply to /a+)mir. n 1985 Balcom!e J. eclare t)e regi+ter office ceremony of marriage !eteen t)e )u+!an an . voi an !igamou+ an mae a ecree

a!+olute of nullity. *)e ife petitione t)e ngli+) court+ for ivorce on t)e groun of

t)e )u+!an6+ aultery it) . *)e )u+!an pre+ente a petition for a eclaration t)att)e marriage )a !een lafully i++olve prior to t)e ife6+ petition, eit)er !y t)etala2 of 19$# or !y t)e +econ tala2 of 19$8. "oo J. )el t)at t)e tala2 of 19$#

coul not !e recogni+e !ecau+e !y t)at ate t)e )u+!an )a ac2uire a omicile ofc)oice in nglan an in any event uner +ection 1#71 of t)e omicile an

(atrimonial roceeing+ Act 19$3 no proceeing+ in t)e :nite /ingom coul valilyi++olve a marriage unle++ in+titute in a court of la% t)at t)e tala2 of 19$8 )ic)

a+ a ;!are; tala2 involving merely t)e )u+!an6+ act coul not !e regare a+;eparation+ Act 19$1 @ -

el, i+mi++ing t)e appeal,71 t)at, alt)oug) t)e =ecognition of ivorce+ an Legal >eparation+ Act 19$1 )a

!een amene !y t)e omicile an (atrimonial roceeing+ Act 19$3 , t)e provi+ion+of t)e Act of 19$3 )a not affecte t)e con+truction of ;


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t)at a+ in+ufficient to con+titute ;ot)er proceeing+; recogni+e !y t)e court+ uner+ection ' of t)e Act of 19$1 a+ i++olving t)e partie+6 marriage 7po+t, pp. 38A-C, 39-

&, 45 - 41C, - 4', 43A-, 4#C-, -, 48A-B.uai v. uai D1985E A.C. $44 , .L.7. con+iere.

7' *)at, +ince !ot) partie+ )a !y c)oice !ecome omicile in nglan, t)e onlyrea+on t)at t)e )u+!an )a travelle to /a+)mir to pronounce t)e tala2 mu+t )ave

!een to tae avantage of t)e t)en e?i+ting la+ of t)e partie+6 omicile )ere!y aecree grante in /a+)mir oul avoi )i+ )aving to mae any financial provi+ion for

t)e ife% t)at, accoringly, t)e ecretary of >tate for t)e ome epartment, ? parte )ulam &atima D1980E

.B. 195% D1984E 3 ".L.=. #09% D1984E ' All .=. 408, C.A. .

•=u++ 7or+e. effer+ v. =u++ 7=u++ or+e. e "aele intervening D19#4E . 310%

D19#'E 3 ".L.=. 935% D19#3E 3 All .=. 193, C.A. .

*21

• >)arif v. >)arif 71985 15 &am. La '1#

• Faranan v. Faranan 719#4 158 >.J. #93

• Fi+aling)am v. Fi+aling)am 719$9 1 &.L.=. 10% 1'3 >.J. #54, C.A. .

• Gaal v. Gaal 7198' 4 &.L.=. '84

Ho aitional ca+e+ ere cite in argument in t)e Court of Appeal.

*)e folloing ca+e+ are referre to in t)e


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• Joyce v. Joyce an O6are D19$9E &am. 93 % D19$9E ' ".L.=. $$5% D19$9E ' All

.=. 10#

• Hemarc) v. Hemarc) D19$8E &am. $9% D19$$E 3 ".L.=. 83'% D19$8E 1 All

.=. 1

• uai v. uai D1985E A.C. $44% D19$9E 3 ".L.=. 833% D19$9E 3 All .=. 89$,

.L.7. .

• ure+)i v. ure+)i D19$'E &am. 1$3% D19$1E ' ".L.=. 018% D19$1E 1 All .=.

3'0

• :ny v. :ny 718#9 L.=. 1 >c. I iv. 441, .L.7>c. .

*)e folloing aitional ca+e+ ere cite in argument !efore "oo J.@

• ornett v. ornett D19$1E . '00% D19$1E ' ".L.=. 181% D19$1E 1 All .=. 98

• gra v. gra D1901E . 454

• Lee v. Lau D19#$E . 14% D19#4E 3 ".L.=. $05% D19#4E ' All .=. '48

• (a)er v. (a)er D1901E . 34'% D1901E ' All .=. 3$

• (eyer, n re D19$1E . '98% D19$1E ' ".L.=. 451% D19$1E 1 All .=. 3$8

• (itfor v. (itfor an Fon /u)lmann D19'3E . 135

• =atanac)ai v. =atanac)ai, *)e *ime+, 3 June 19#5

• =eg. v. =egi+trar eneral of Birt)+, eat)+ an (arriage+, ? parte (in)a+

D19$$E .B. 1% D19$#E ' ".L.=. 4$3% D19$#E ' All .=. '4#, .C. .

• >)arif v. >)arif 71985 15 &am. La '1#

• Faranan v. Faranan 719#4 158 >.J. #93

• Gaal v. Gaal 7198' 4 &.L.=. '84

PETITIONS*)e ife, Bi!i >aira C)au)ary, marrie t)e )u+!an, /)an (o)amme C)au)ary,on 4 ecem!er 1904 in /a+)mir, ai+tan. By )er petition ate '# (arc) 19$9, +)e

+oug)t t)e i++olution of t)at marriage on t)e groun of t)e )u+!an6+ aultery it)amia Begum, non a+ >ue C)au)ary. *)e )u+!an, !y )i+ an+er, allege t)at,

+ince t)e partie+ )a !een valily ivorce !efore t)e ate of t)e petition, t)e court

)a no )ep)er6+ Bu+) (o+2ue,Lonon, or !y a talanama mae on 1' June 19$8 at (uaffara!a, Aa /a+)mir,

ai+tan% an )e +oug)t a eclaration t)at t)e marriage )a !een i++olve !y eit)ert)e fir+t or +econ talanama.

*22

*)e fact+ are +tate in t)e


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• aviner Lac))ar for t)e ife.

• "alter Aylen .C. for t)e )u+!an.

5ur- adv- vult-

13 'ay 1983. WOO( ).rea t)e folloing ue C)au)ary 7 +)all refer to )er a+ amia,

in )ic) t)e ife +ee+ cu+toy of t)e c)ilren an t)e u+ual financial ancillary relief.*)e +econ i+ a petition file !y t)e )u+!an on 19 Octo!er 198' )ic), it) t)e

ife6+ an+er to it, )a+ +ince !een amene an )ic) +ee+ a eclaration t)at t)emarriage !eteen t)e )u+!an an t)e ife, ate 4 ecem!er 1904, )a !een

i++olve prior to t)e ife6+ petition eit)er !y an oral tala2 of '9 June 19$# or !y a+econ oral tala2 of 1' (ay 19$8. t i+ fair to point out t)at t)e )u+!an6+ ca+e a+

partially put forar in )i+ an+er to t)e ife6+ petition, )ic) an+er a+ ate $ecem!er 19$9. By agreement t)e )u+!an6+ petition )a+ !een )ear fir+t, a+ )i+

aultery a+ amitte an a ecree ni+i on t)e ife6+ petition oul follo if t)e)u+!an i not +uccee in )i+ prayer for a eclaration. *)ere are four c)ilren of t)i+

marriage, t)e ele+t of )om i+ /)ur+)i, )o i+ in )i+ mi-'5+% )aala, !orn on '$January 19#1, no ''% /aleem, !orn on '8 Augu+t 19#' - no '5% an >)amin, !orn

on 11 Octo!er 19#3 - no 19. /aleem, unfortunately, i+ +everely )anicappe. e )a+impaire +ig)t an )earing, an i+ not in a goo p)y+ical or mental conition. e can

al, !ut nee+ to !e re++e an al+o nee+ a great eal of aily attention.*)e )u+!an i+ no age 05 an t)e ife 4#. *)ey are, in fact, fir+t cou+in+ an come

from t)e +ame village in /a+)mir in ai+tan. *)ey are !ot) ai+tan national+. >)e i+

illiterate. amia come+ from (alay+ia.*)e po+ition toay i+ t)at t)e )u+!an an amia live at $, >tulan >treet, Lonon,

".#, a property in )i+ name an no ort) 35,555. "it) t)em live )aala, )o i+

taing A level+ in !io-c)emi+try at aington College, an for )om t)e )u+!an

pay+ $55 per annum in college fee+. :ntil fairly recently >)amin a+ al+o living it)t)em. amia )a+ to +on+ of )om t)e )u+!an i+ t)e fat)er% t)ey are no age 13an 15. *)e eler i+ at a fee-paying +c)ool )ere t)e fee+ are 1,185 per annum. t

i+ liely t)at t)e younger one ill +oon follo )im to t)e +ame +c)ool.n )i+ occupation a+ an aircraft mec)anic, t)e )u+!an receive+ a +alary of ''5 per

ee gro++ 71#5 per ee net. amia i+ a +enior raiograp)er at t)e "e+t Lonono+pital an i+ in receipt of a +alary )ic), it) overtime, come+ to a!out 14,555

per annum. *)ey eac) on a car. >)e on+ a property, 44, Cunnington >treet,Lonon, ".4, from )ic) +)e o!tain+ an income from t)e letting+. t no )a+ a capital

value of 3#,555.

*23

At 00, =o?ell >treet, Lonon, ".1', live t)e ife, /)ur+)i, /aleem an >)amin.*)i+ property i+ in t)e )u+!an6+ +ole name an i+ no ort) '0,555. *)e ife

receive+ +upplementary !enefit+. /aleem, )o i+ una!le to or, receive+ a grant of35.05 a ee. *)ey eac) receive 0 a ee from t)e )u+!an uner a magi+trate+6

court orer. /)ur+)i i+ employe a+ a televi+ion engineer an earn+ 45 per ee.

>)amin i+ +till +tuying an receive+ an annual grant of


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*)e )u+!an a+ !orn on 14 (ay 193' in t)e village of >aan near (uaffara!a in/a+)mir. At a!out t)e age of 1# )e foug)t in t)e +truggle for inepenence an later,

in 1905, aanan t)ere are a num!er of )ou+e+ upon it. By t)e local la, )e )a+ a 14t) +)are in

t)at property.n t)e +ummer of 19#3, a+ a re+ult of a 2uarrel, t)e )u+!an left )i+ village to +ee

or in /arac)i. e faile to o +o, !ut manage to o!tain a or permit to enter t)e:nite /ingom, )ere )e arrive in Octo!er 19#3. i+ fir+t return vi+it to ai+tan

t)ereafter a+ in 19$' an, apart from +ome +u!+e2uent vi+it+ to ai+tan, )e )a+

live in t)i+ country ever +ince.A+ a +ille aircraft engineer, )e )a+ foun no ifficulty in o!taining or )ere an )i+employment recor to ate i+ a+ follo+@ Briti+) agle Airay+, Hovem!er 19#3 to

January 19#4% &iel Aircraft >ervice+, January 19#4 to +ummer 19#0% ..C., +ummer19#0 for 13 mont)+% *24 =oyal Air &orce, t)ree mont)+% Briti+) Caleonian Airay+,

Octo!er 19## to 0 &e!ruary 19#8% Briti+) uropean Airay+ 7t)ereafter B.A., 0&e!ruary 19#8 to ate.

nitially, )i+ intention a+ to rea for t)e Bar an t)en to return to ai+tan topracti+e. e tulan >treet. e !oug)t t)at property for 0,'55 an t)ere a+ a mortgage of3,$05. ac) of t)em contri!ute part of t)e remaining co+t. *)at property )a+ t)ree

!eroom+ an to reception room+. On '3 ecem!er 19#$ t)e )u+!an ent t)roug)a ceremony of marriage it) amia at t)e ammer+mit) =egi+ter Office.

By 19#9 amia )a complete )er training at t)e "e+t Lonon o+pital an on 18Augu+t 19#9 t)e )u+!an ent t)roug) a +econ ceremony of marriage it) amia

in a (u+lim court in Beirut. e gave a+ t)e rea+on for t)i+ +econ ceremony t)at t)ecertificate of marriage from t)ere oul !e accepta!le orl ie.

n June 19$5 t)ey !oug)t a +)op it) accommoation a!ove it at 44 Cunnington>treet. *)i+ property a+ !oug)t in amia6+ name, !ut it a+ t)e )u+!an )o

!oug)t t)e gooill an +toc of t)e !u+ine++. *)at !u+ine++ a+ clo+e in Octo!er19$' an t)e groun floor a+ converte into living accommoation. amia a+ !y

no a +enior raiograp)er. *)ey live at Cunnington >treet until +ome time in 19$0

)en t)ey returne to >tulan >treet. *)ereafter, uner+tan t)at t)eaccommoation at Cunnington >treet a+ let.A+ )ave alreay +ai, it a+ in 19$' t)at t)e )u+!an returne to ai+tan. e +a

)i+ ife an tol )er t)at )e )a marrie again. e tol me in evience t)at )i+ ifea+ +ympat)etic an rai+e no o!


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t)in t)at /)ur+)i a+ rig)t )en )e +ai t)at amia in+i+te on t)i+ ife returningto ai+tan.

>)e, in fact, i +o on 8 ecem!er 19$0, leaving eat)ro it) t)ree of t)e c)ilren./aleem remaine )ere for care an treatment. er )u+!an tol /)ur+)i on t)at

occa+ion t)at )e oul a+ t)em to return )en )e foun anot)er )ou+e an )e gave/)ur+)i +ome money for ticet+ 7onar ticet+ from /arac)i.

*25 On '9 June 19$# t)e )u+!an ent to t)e mo+2ue in >)ep)er6+ Bu+) an

pronounce an oral tala2 t)ree time+ in :ru !efore to itne++e+. *)i+, !y (u+limreligiou+ la, i+ +ufficient to !e an effective ivorce it)out furt)er notice to t)e ife

an it)out furt)er act+ of any in. A+ t)e ife a+ in ai+tan it a+ ecie t)at in

aition a talanama or ritten ocument +)oul !e mae out an a copy +ent to )er.

*)i+ a+ one. ")et)er t)e ife receive t)i+ ocument i+ ou!tful, !ut am+ati+fie t)at +)e learne of t)e ivorce !y 19$# or early 19$$. am not +ati+fie t)at

t)e ife +oug)t or agree to t)i+ ivorce. *)e talanama referre to )er giving upcu+toy of )er c)ilren an o not t)in t)at +)e oul illingly )ave one t)i+. *)i+

talanama oe+ not accurately +et out )at )appene. *)e ife a+ no party to it.On a ate in 19$# or early 19$$ - t)e ate i+ not preci+e - t)e )u+!an !oug)t 00,

=o?ell =oa, Lonon, ".1'. e !oug)t it in )i+ on name. t i+ +ai t)at

(o)amme, )i+ !rot)er, )a+ a c)arge on t)e )ou+e of ',055. t may !e +o, !ut )ave +een no ocumentation.On '4 July 19$$ t)e ife arrive at eat)ro. >)e +taye it) frien+ for a ay or

to an arrive at >tulan >treet t)ereafter. *)e )ou+e at =o?ell =oa )a !eenrefur!i+)e an reecorate. uring t)e fir+t ee of >eptem!er 19$$, t)e ife an

to c)ilren move into =o?ell =oa. )aala an >)amin remaine at >tulan>treet. *)e ife !ecame i++ati+fie it) )er treatment an )er financial +upport, an

a+ a re+ult on 3 &e!ruary 19$8 i++ue a +ummon+ in t)e magi+trate+6 court alleginge+ertion an ilful refu+al to maintain. On '9 June 19$8 an interim orer a+ mae

of 0 a ee for )er+elf an /aleem, to )ic) )ave alreay referre.On 1' (ay 19$8 t)e )u+!an travelle to (uaffara!a )ere )e once again

pronounce an oral tala2 t)ree time+ in front of to itne++e+. e al+o on t)i+

occa+ion )a a talanama ritten out, )ic) )e elivere to )i+ ife. aving )ear all

t)e evience, incluing t)at of t)e e?pert+, am not +ati+fie t)at t)i+ talanama i+ of material effect. *)e ivorce a+ a vali ivorce !y (u+lim religiou+ la on t)e

pronouncement of t)e tala2 orally !efore t)e to itne++e+. Hot)ing more a+re2uire.

uring 19$9 - it may )ave !een earlier, in 19$$, a+ all t)e ocumentation i+ not!efore me - proceeing+ too place !eteen amia an t)e )u+!an. *)e only etail

of )ic) )ave !een tol i+ t)at on 1# January 1985, Balcom!e J. pronounce aecree ni+i of nullity, eclaring t)at t)e ceremony of marriage entere into !eteen

t)em on '3 ecem!er 19#$ at t)e ammer+mit) =egi+ter Office a+ voi a+ it a+!igamou+. A+ far a+ am aare, t)e Beirut marriage of 18 Augu+t 19#9 i not

feature in t)o+e proceeing+, an t)e )u+!an an amia are +till living a+ )u+!anan ife at $, >tulan >treet. *)e ecree a!+olute of nullity a+ on 3 (arc) 1985.

3uslim la6

t i+ common groun t)at !y t)e relevant legal provi+ion+ of /a+)mir in ai+tan, it i+only t)e cla++ical +lamic religiou+ la )ic) applie+. :nlie ot)er part+ of ai+tan,t)e (u+lim &amily La+ Orinance 19#1 *26 oe+ not apply. *)erefore, an oral tala2,

pronounce t)ree time+ !efore to itne++e+, i+ effective a+ a final ivorce aneffective in+tantly, it)out any nece++ity for notice to !e given to a ife. Alt)oug) in

t)e pre+ent ca+e a talanama - ritten evience of t)e ivorce - came into !eing oneac) of t)e to occa+ion+, it a+ not a nece++ary element of t)e ivorce. *)ere i+ no

re2uirement t)at t)e tala2 +)oul !e pronounce at any particular place.

Ot)er a+pect+ of (u+lim religiou+ la ere i+cu++e !y t)e e?pert+ in t)eir evience!efore me !ut o not feel it nece++ary to refer to t)em. *)e effective ivorce+, if

t)ey are to !e recogni+e, ere t)e oral tala2+.

Domicile*)e )u+!an on+ )i+ 14t) +)are in t)e family property of +ome t)ree acre+ in >aan

village an )e al+o on+ a )ou+e in (uaffara!a. Apart from t)e+e propertyintere+t+, all )i+ a++et+ are it)in t)i+


7/22

at all time+ !een )i+ omicile of origin in /a+)mir, ai+tan. n 19#0 )e gave up )i+iea of coming to t)e Bar an )e tol me t)at !y 19$5 )i+ intention a+ to +ave up

enoug) money to !e a!le to return to ai+tan an to open up a tran+port !u+ine++.e al+o tol me t)at in 19$3 t)ey )a trie to +ell Cunnington >treet, !ut coul not

get a goo enoug) price. *)ey oul )ave re-inve+te it in ai+tan or (alay+ia.*)ere a+ no corro!oration of t)e+e matter+. By +ummer 19$$ )i+ plan a+ to aait

t)e completion of t)e c)ilren6+ eucation an, after t)ey )a foun gooemployment, )e oul +ell up an return to ai+tan. e acnolege t)at )e oul

)ave to mae arrangement+ for amia or to )ave left )er )ere. i+ pre+ent plan+, )etell+ me, are to return to ai+tan )en t)i+ ca+e i+ over. :ner cro++-e?amination, )e

allege t)at amia i+ 2uite illing to go to live in ai+tan.

t i+ clear t)at ngli+) la applie+ to t)e i++ue of omicile an )ave !een referre to

t)e ell-non ca+e+ of :ny v. :ny 718#9 L.=. 1 >c. I iv. 441% n t)e +tate of&ul, ec. 7Ho. 3 D19#8E . #$0 an n re &lynn, ec. D19#8E 1 ".L.=. 153 , an

apply t)e ell-non principle+ )ic) are inicate in t)e+e ca+e+.Alt)oug) in recent year+ t)i+ )u+!an )a+ pai an increa+ing num!er of vi+it+ to

ai+tan, am 2uite +ati+fie t)at at lea+t !y 19$# )e )a ac2uire a omicile ofc)oice in nglan an "ale+. )ave taen all t)e circum+tance+ into account. *)e

)u+!an )a+, +ince 19$#, !een an?iou+ to ri )im+elf of )i+ ife an of )i+ po++i!le

financial re+pon+i!ility for )er in orer to mae )i+ future it) amia. e, t)erefore,)a+ a motive for )i+ eclaration+ of intention. o not feel t)at can place +ufficientreliance upon t)em. mu+t loo at )i+ action+. *)ere i+, )oever, a furt)er important

factor, )ic) i+ t)at )e i+ clearly eeply attac)e to amia an t)eir to +on+. )avelittle ou!t t)at )e ill marry )er, if not +till marrie !y rea+on of t)e Beirut

ceremony. >)e )a+ not given evience an, on a !alance of pro!a!ilitie+, am not+ati+fie t)at +)e i+ prepare to give up )er pre+ent life in t)i+ country an return to

t)e uncertaintie+ of ai+tan% nor am +ati+fie t)at )e oul go it)out )er.

*27

A+ >ir =o!ert (egarry F.-C. +ai in n re &lynn, ec ., at p. 15$ ;too muc) etailmay +tultify.; am +ati+fie t)at at lea+t !y 19$# t)i+ )u+!an )a a omicile of

c)oice in t)i+ country an o not t)in t)at )e i+ going to return to ai+tan.

(r. Aylen, for t)e )u+!an, place greater reliance upon t)e +econ tala2 an !ecau+e

t)e Bar argue it in t)i+ orer ill tae t)e +econ tala2 an con+ier it fir+t. *)efir+t 2ue+tion i+ )et)er t)i+ ivorce fall+ it)in t)e oring ;ot)er proceeing+; in

+ection '7a of t)e =ecognition of ivorce+ an Legal >eparation+ Act 19$1 . *)ere2uirement+ of +ection 3 are +ati+fie in t)at !ot) )u+!an an ife are national+ of

ai+tan. A+ )ave alreay +tate, it i+ clear t)at in /a+)mir, ai+tan, t)e (u+lim&amily La+ Orinance 19#1 )a+ no application. t i+ t)e (u+lim religiou+ la only

)ic) applie+. *)erefore, t)e +ituation i+ ifferent from t)at )ic) e?i+te in uai v.uai D1985E A.C. $44 . ac) of t)e tala2+ )ic) )ave to con+ier in t)e pre+ent

ca+e are )at terme ;!are; tala2+ in uai v. uai to )ic) )ave !een referre.t )a+ !een argue t)at t)i+ !are tala2 i+ a ;proceeing; !ecau+e of t)e re2uirement

of t)ree pronouncement+ of tala2 )ic) mu+t tae place !efore to itne++e+. onot t)in t)at it coul properly !e e+cri!e a+ a ;proceeing; an o not i+) to

alter t)e vie )ic) too of a !are tala2 in uai v. uai, at pp. $$#-$$$.

t )a+ !een +u!mitte t)at t)ere are pa++age+ in t)e +peec) of Lor >carman in t)eou+e of Lor+ )ic) inicate a ifferent vie. *)e fir+t pa++age i+, at p. 8'4@;&or t)e+e rea+on+ con+true +ection ' a+ applying to any ivorce )ic) )a+ !een

o!taine !y mean+ of any proceeing, i.e., any act or act+, officially recogni+e a+leaing to ivorce in t)e country )ere t)e ivorce a+ o!taine, an )ic) it+elf i+

recogni+e !y t)e la of t)e country a+ an effective ivorce. >pecifically, 6ot)erproceeing+6 ill inclue an act or +e2uence of act+ ot)er t)an a proceeing in+titute

in a court of la, a+, inee, arliament mu+t )ave t)oug)t )en enacting +ection 1#

of t)e omicile an (atrimonial roceeing+ Act 19$3 @ +ee in particular +u!+ection7' of t)e +ection.;

*)e +econ pa++age to )ic) a+ referre i+ at p. 8'0@

;:pon t)e vie t)at )ave forme a+ to t)e meaning of +ection ' of t)e Act of 19$1,t)e pronouncement of tala2, t)e notice+ to t)e c)airman an t)e ife, t)oug) not


8/22

ivorce. *)e ivorce !ecame uner ai+tan la effective not, a+ uner t)e cla++ic+lamic la, upon pronouncement of tala2 !ut upon e?piry of 95 ay+, unle++ revoe,

from t)e notice in riting to t)e c)airman of t)e union council. *)at t)i+ i+ t)e la ofai+tan !roo+ of no ou!t.;

n t)e fir+t of t)e+e pa++age+ Lor >carman +eem+ to me to !e e?pre++ing t)e generalprinciple )ic) )e fin+ applica!le upon )i+ interpretation of t)e +tatutory provi+ion+

an in t)e latter pa++age )e *28 repeat+ an applie+ t)o+e principle+ to t)e fact+ ofuai v. uai it+elf. o not rea eit)er pa++age a+ inicating t)at Lor >carman

too t)e vie t)at a !are tala2 fell it)in t)e or+ ;ot)er proceeing+.; n my )efi 7Ho. ' D1903E . ''5an upon t)e !a+i+ of ure+)i v. ure+)i

D19$'E &am. 1$3 , t)at t)i+ tala2 oul !e recogni+e in t)i+ country if !ot) +pou+e+ere omicile in ai+tan at t)at ate !ecau+e +uc) a ivorce oul !e recogni+e!y t)e (u+lim religiou+ la, )ic) i+ t)e relevant la applica!le. n my eparation+ Act 19$1 , t)en it i+ not a ;proceeing; it)in +ection 1#71 of

t)e omicile an (atrimonial roceeing+ Act 19$3 . t i+ +omet)ing le++ t)an a

proceeing an, t)erefore, t)e fir+t tala2 i+ not caug)t !y t)e provi+ion+ of +ection

1#71 of t)e Act of 19$3. o not agree. f a proceeing not in+titute t)roug) t)e court+ of la in t)i+ country

i+ caug)t !y t)e provi+ion+ of +ection 1#71, t)en, in my


9/22

to refer to a num!er of ca+e+ at lengt). am content to !a+e my eci+ion upon t)eprinciple+ enunciate !y t)e Court of Appeal 7Lor enning (.=. an onovan an

ear+on L.JJ. in ray 7or+e. &ormo+a v. &ormo+a D19#3E . '09 an, in particular,)ere onovan L.J. +ai, at p. '$1@

;f t)e court+ )ere )ave, a+ t)in t)ey )ave, a re+iual i+cretion in t)e+e matter+,t)ey can !e tru+te to o )atever t)e


10/22

Walter ($len 9-5- an David 3artineau for t)e )u+!an. *o main 2ue+tion+ ari+e ont)i+ appeal. 71 oe+ a !are tala2 pronounce uner cla++ic (u+lim la con+titute

;D


11/22

marriage it) a (u+lim )u+!an accept+ t)at )e )a+ t)e rig)t !y +cripture antraition to ivorce )er in t)i+ ay, ection 87'7a eal+ it) notice an opportunity to tae part in proceeing+ an+ection 87'7! refer+ to recognition !eing ;manife+tly contrary to pu!lic policy.; *)e

2ue+tion+ rai+e in t)o+e to +u!+ection+ are inter-relate. Bot) effectively incluet)e or+ ;)aving regar to t)e nature of t)e proceeing+ an all t)e circum+tance+.;

*)e nature of t)e proceeing+ involve in a !are tala2 mae+ it 2uite inappo+ite to

eman notice an opportunity to tae part. f +ection 87'7a7i an 7ii apply a !aretala2 oul never !e recogni+e@ +ee "oo J. in >)arif v. >)arif 71985 15 &am. La'1# , '1$. Bu+) J. a+ 2uite rong in re2uiring +omet)ing more t)an informal notice

in Gaal v. Gaal 7198' 4 &.L.=. '84 , '88-'89. Any notice oul !e a pointle++ e?erci+e!y virtue of t)e nature of t)e pre+ent ivorce.

*)e moern vie i+ t)at ant of notice i+ no more t)an a prima facie groun on )ic)to refu+e recognition. >ection 87'7a of t)e Act of 19$1 )a+ no applica!ility to a !are

tala2 an +)oul !e totally ignore in +o far a+ t)ey relate to 2ue+tion+ of pu!licpolicy. t oul not mae +en+e for arliament to categori+e t)i+ form of ivorce a+

;proceeing+; !ut refu+e to recogni+e it automatically uner t)e )ea of pu!lic policy.%oger Titheridge 9-5- an (le:andra 'earman for t)e ife. *)e fir+t 2ue+tion i+

)et)er a !are tala2 pronounce uner cla++ic (u+lim la con+titute+ ;ot)er

proceeing+; it)in t)e meaning of +ection+ ' an 3 of t)e Act of 19$1.

*)e u+e of t)e or ;proceeing+; inicate+ t)at more t)an a +ingle act i+ re2uire.*)e plural i+ important an +ection #7c of t)e nterpretation Act 19$8 oe+ not apply

!ecau+e a contrary intention *33 appear+ in t)e Act of 19$1. >uc) contrary intentionappear+ 71 from t)e e?pre++ion ;


12/22

i+cretion an if eac) of t)em i+ pre+ent, recognition +)oul !e refu+e. 71 *)eforeign ivorce a+ o!taine !y t)e )u+!an it)out t)e ife6+ con+ent, an +)e )a+

not +u!+e2uently appro!ate t)e ivorce, e.g. !y remarrying in reliance upon it. 7'*)e ife a+, at t)e time of t)e foreign proceeing+, an )a+ +ince remaine

omicile or )a!itually re+ient in nglan. 73 *)e ife )a+ not o!taine from t)e)u+!an ae2uate financial provi+ion, +u!+tantially e2uivalent to )at an ngli+)

court oul aar )er if it grante a ivorce, eit)er uner an amica!le +ettlement oruner an orer of a foreign court. 74 *)e ife )a+ in+titute proceeing+ e?pre++ly or

impliely +eeing refu+al of recognition of t)e foreign ivorce it)in a rea+ona!le timeof learning of t)e foreign ivorce. *)e !are tala2 of 19$8 +)oul t)erefore !e refu+e

recognition on t)e groun+ t)at it a+ manife+tly contrary to pu!lic policy uner

+ection 8 of t)e Act of 19$1.

($len 9-5- replie.31 July 1984. *)e folloing


13/22

Lor &ra+er of *ully!elton in term+ +tate t)at )e i not e?pre++ any opinion a+ to)et)er a !are tala2 pronounce in a country )ere, unlie ai+tan 7e?cluing t)e

territory of /a+)mir, it oul !e effective it)out any furt)er proceure, +)oul !erecogni+e uner t)e Briti+) Act of 19$1 a+ a vali ivorce. Honet)ele++ it i+

nece++ary a+ a +tarting point to ecie )at a++i+tance can !e erive from t)e+peec)e+ in uai v. uai D1985E A.C. $44 upon t)e con+truction an effect of t)e

p)ra+e ;ince uai v. uai a+ ecie t)ere )ave!een to ca+e+ upon !are tala2, ecie at fir+t in+tance. n >)arif v. >)arif 71985

15 &am. La '1# "oo J. ecie t)at if t)e tala2 pronounce in Bag)a !y t)e)u+!an a+ a !are tala2, it oul not fall it)in t)e p)ra+e ;tate for t)e ome

epartment D1980E .B. 195 , *aylor J. e?pre++e t)e vie t)at )e preferre t)e vieof Bu+) J.

*)e +ection )ic) fall+ to !e con+true i+ +ection ' of t)e Act of 19$1 a+ amene !y

t)e Act of 19$3. *)i+ rea+@!7verseas divorces and legal searations;'. >ection+ 3 to 0 of t)i+ Act +)all )ave effect, +u!


14/22

in of orer of a court or of +ome ot)er per+on or !oy acting in a


15/22

+)oul !e officiall$ recogni+e in t)e country in )ic) t)e ivorce a+ o!taine. *)eraft+man of t)e Act i not e?pre++ly inclue t)at re2uirement, !ut a+ Fi+count

il)orne an Lor &ra+er of *ully!elton +tate in t)eir +peec)e+ in uai v. uaiD1985E A.C. $44 t)eir inclu+ion a+ pro!a!ly regare a+ unnece++ary a+ it+ official

recognition of t)e proceeing+ i+ implicit in any +ituation in )ic) t)e ivorce i+effective uner t)e la of t)at country.

*)e conclu+ion t)at follo+ from t)e a!ove i+ t)at t)e criterion ;carman at p. $44,)ic) le Bu+) J. in Gaal v. Gaal 7198' 4 &.L.=. '84 to a contrary vie, a+ an

e?pre++ion of t)e vie t)at any act or act+ legally effective in t)e country )ere t)eivorce a+ o!taine con+titute proceeing+. Lor >carman a+ con+iering t)e act+

one !y ay of compliance it) t)e Orinance of 19#1.f t)en t)e ivorce )a+ to !e o!taine !y mean+ t)at can fairly !e regare a+

proceeing+, +)oul pronouncement of a !are tala2 !e +o regare >uc) a ivorce i+not at fir+t +ig)t o!taine !y mean+ of ;any proceeing.; t i+ pronounce.

ronouncement of tala2 t)ree time+ finally terminate+ t)e marriage in /a+)mir, u!ai,

an pro!a!ly in ot)er un+op)i+ticate pea+ant, e+ert or imon . in ure+)iv. ure+)i D19$'E &am. 1$3 .

*)oug) on t)e fact+ in ure+)i v. ure+)i t)e re+ient a+ not ealing it) a !aretala2, t)e principle eclare in ure+)i v. ure+)i clearly applie to all informal

ivorce+ )ic) ere effective a+ terminating marriage in t)e countrie+ )ere t)eivorce occurre. *)e noun ;proceeing; in +ection 1# may !e e?pecte t)erefore to

compre)en all t)o+e ifferent type+ of informal ivorce )ic) 2ualifie for

recognition upon t)e principle+ e?plaine in ure+)i v. ure+)i. *)i+ i+ a ifferentmeaning from t)e meaning of ;proceeing+; in +ection ' of t)e Act of 19$1 if given

t)e re+trictive meaning )ic), for rea+on+ )ave given, a+ t)e preferre meaning in

19$1. An even greater ifficulty ari+e+ from +ection ' of t)e Act of 19$3, )ic)introuce+ into t)e Act of 19$1 an amene ver+ion of +ection # of t)at Act. t i+ mo+t

unliely t)at t)e raft+man of +ection ' of t)e Act of 19$3 intene t)e ;proceeing+;t)erein to !ear a ifferent meaning from ;proceeing; in +ection 1#.

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16/22

*)e court t)at )a+ to reconcile t)e meaning of +ection ' of t)e Act of 19$1 it) t)emeaning of t)e ne +ection # introuce into t)e Act of 19$1 !y t)e Act of 19$3 i+

upon a !e of rocru+te+. )ave )a t)e avantage of reaing t)e


17/22

are +eparate conition+. f it )a !een t)e intention of t)e legi+lature to recogni+eevery ivorce o!taine a!roa, )oever o!taine, it oul )ave !een unnece++ary to

)ave any reference at all to ;


18/22

merely t)at of regi+tering or recoring )at )a+ !een one. *)u+, t)oug) t)e pu!liccon+e2uence+ are very ifferent, t)e e++ential proceure iffer+ very little from any

ot)er private act +uc) a+ t)e e?ecution of a ill an i+ ain to t)e purely con+en+ualtype of ivorce recogni+e in +ome +tate+ of t)e &ar a+t@ +ee, e.g. =atanac)ai v.

=atanac)ai, *)e *ime+, 3 June 19#5 % Faranan v. Faranan 719#4 158 >.J.#93 an Lee v. Lau D19#$E . 14 .

n my peaing for my+elf, feel very little ou!t a!out t)i+ a+ a matter of con+truction of

t)e Act of 19$1 alone a+ originally enacte. *)ere i+, )oever, a very real ifficulty

a!out accepting +uc) a con+truction if one rea+ t)e Act+ of 19$1 an 19$3 toget)er,for t)ere can, in my .J. #93 . *)e o!viou+ intention of +ection 1# a+ to eny !y +tatutet)e recognition accore !y t)e eci+ion in ure+)i v. ure+)i D19$'E &am. 1$3 to

informal ivorce+ effecte in t)i+ country. *)e ure+)i ca+e a+, it i+ true, not a ca+e

of a !are tala2, !ut it cannot rea+ona!ly !e +uppo+e t)at t)e legi+lature intene toe?clue from t)e operation of t)e +ection an t)u+ to permit t)e continue recognitionof even le++ formal ivorce+ o!taine )ere, +uc) a+, for in+tance, t)e con+en+ual

agreement recogni+e !y t)e la of *)ailan. One i+ force t)en to concee t)at in+ection 1# at lea+t, +uc) an informal act con+titute+ a ;proceeing.; *)at, in it+elf,

per)ap+ create+ no particular ifficulty, for alt)oug) not)ing, a+ t)in, turn+ on t)eu+e of t)e +ingular rat)er t)an t)e plural, it i+ not an inevita!le conclu+ion t)at a or

u+e in one Act nece++arily !ear+ t)e +ame meaning )en u+e in a +u!+e2uent Act.*)e real ifficulty ari+e+ from +ection ' of t)e Act of 19$3 )ic) +u!+titute+ a ne

+ection # into t)e Act of 19$1 it+elf. *)e original +ection # pre+erve t)e common lapo+ition a+ regar+ ivorce+ o!taine a!roa. *)e ne +ection # lay+ on it)

preci+ion t)e *43 circum+tance+ in )ic), an in )ic) alone, +uc) ivorce+ are to !e

recogni+e in t)i+ country an it oe+ +o !y reference to t)e po+ition prevailing ;at t)e

material time,; t)at p)ra+e !eing efine !y reference to ;t)e in+titution ofproceeing+; in t)e country )ere t)e ivorce a+ o!taine. Ho it can )arly !e

+uppo+e t)at t)e raft+man of t)e Act of 19$3 can )ave intene in t)e +u!+titute+ection # to u+e t)e or ;proceeing+; in a +en+e ifferent from t)at to !e attri!ute

to t)e +ame or 7al!eit u+e in t)e +ingular in +ection 1#% an am !oun to +ayt)at fin it impo++i!le to conclue t)at t)e ;in+titution of proceeing+; in t)e ne

+ection # can !e con+true a+ e?cluing t)e informal ivorce+ )ic) are clearlyreferre to a+ ;proceeing+; in +ection 1#. *)u+ one i+ pre+ente it) t)e ilemma

eit)er t)at t)e or )en u+e in +ection '7a of t)e Act of 19$1 i+ u+e in t)e +ame+en+e an !ecome+ !ereft of any +en+i!le meaning !ecau+e it inclue+ every ivorce

)oever o!taine, or t)e or ;proceeing+; in t)at +ection !ear+ a ifferent meaningfrom t)e +ame or a+ it i+ u+e in +ection # of t)e +ame Act an in +ection 1# of t)e

Act of 19$3.

Alt)oug) accept t)at t)e ifficulty e?i+t+, am not per+uae t)at it i+ fatal to )at con+ier to !e t)e only natural con+truction of t)e Act of 19$1 in it+ original form.a t)i+ 2ue+tion occurre in 19$' it oul, in my vie, clearly )ave fallen to !e

an+ere in t)e ay in )ic) "oo J. an+ere it. A fortiori t)at oul )ave !een t)eca+e in relation to t)e =atanac)ai an Faranan type of ivorce. *)ere are, of cour+e,

circum+tance+, alt)oug) t)ey are rare, in )ic) t)e meaning of an earlier +tatute can!e a+certaine !y reference to a +u!+e2uent amening +tatute, !ut, a+ uner+tan

it, t)e invocation of +u!+e2uent legi+lation a+ a guie to con+truction i+ permi++i!le

only )ere t)e earlier +tatute contain+ an am!iguity )ic) can !e re+olve !y toe2ually accepta!le con+truction+% an )ere, for t)e rea+on+ )ic) )ave eneavoure

to e?plain a!ove, o not, for my part, fin a con+truction of ;proceeing+; )ic)

accor+ no meaning to t)e or )ic) i+ not tautologou+, an accepta!le con+tructionin t)e a!+ence of a compul+ive conte?t.

2ually, can fin not)ing in t)e Act of 19$3 )ic) coul rea+ona!ly lea to t)e !elief t)at t)e legi+lature intene, a+ it ere !y a +ie-in, to alter t)e +en+e of t)e

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19/22

e?i+ting +ection '. n my )e )a arrive in t)i+ country from /arac)i it)out a vi+a an it) areturn ticet, an )aving gaine temporary ami++ion, +)e refu+e to return. er

pre+ence )ere a+ t)erefore impermanent an a+, a+ t)e )e )a t)u+ one not)ing capa!le of e+ta!li+)ing an ngli+) omicile an it i+noteort)y t)at in re


20/22

eprive t)e ot)er party to t)e marriage of )er rig)t+ uner t)at la !y t)e +impleproce++ of taing avantage of )i+ financial a!ility to travel to a country )o+e la+

appear temporarily to !e more favoura!le to )im. *)i+, a+ it +eem+ to me, i+ preci+elyt)e +ort of +ituation )ic) t)e legi+lature mu+t )ave )a in min in enacting t)e

provi+ion+ of +ection 8 7'7! . n e?erci+ing )i+ i+cretion again+t t)e recognition oft)e tala2 pronounce in /a+)mir, even on t)e footing t)at it i+ ot)eri+e effective

uner t)e provi+ion+ of +ection 371 , t)e


21/22

*)e pream!le to t)e Act of 19$1 +tate+ t)at it a+ pa++e it) a vie to t)eratification !y t)e :nite /ingom of *)e ague Convention on t)e =ecognition of

ivorce+ an Legal >eparation+ , an t)e pream!le to t)e Convention +tate+ t)at ita+ conclue pur+uant to a e+ire on t)e part of t)e +ignatory +tate+ to facilitate t)e

recognition of ivorce+ an legal +eparation+ o!taine in t)eir re+pective territorie+.>o approac) t)e con+truction of t)e Act of 19$1 it) t)i+ aim in min an in t)e

nolege t)at it i+ +ocially une+ira!le for per+on+ to !e tie to a ;limping;marriage@ a marriage )ic) )a+ !een i++olve !y a ecree of ivorce in one country

)ic) i+ not recogni+e in anot)er. But to carry t)at approac) to it+ logical conclu+ionoul !e to ignore t)e provi+ion+ of +ection '7a of t)e Act of 19$1 an to recogni+e

any over+ea+ ivorce )ic) i+ effective uner t)e la of t)e country )ere it a+

o!taine an, a+ e?plaine a!ove, t)at i+ not )at t)e Act provie+. iving ue

eig)t to t)i+ approac) am not convince t)at it re2uire+ me to give to t)e p)ra+e;ot)er proceeing+; t)e meaning for )ic) t)e )u+!an conten+.

On t)i+ 2ue+tion aut)ority i+ inconclu+ive. At fir+t in+tance "oo J. in uai v. uaiD1985E A.C. $44 , $$#&-. an >)arif v. >)arif 71985 15 &am.La '1# , )a+ ecie

t)at a !are tala2 i+ not it)in t)e p)ra+e ;ot)er proceeing+; in +ection '7a of t)eAct of 19$1. Bu+) J. in Gaal v. Gaal. 4 &.L.=. '84 an *aylor J. in =eg. v. mmigration

Appeal *47 *ri!unal, ? parte >ecretary of >tate for t)e ome epartment D1980E

.B. 195 7t)e &atima ca+e at fir+t in+tance )ave taen t)e oppo+ite. vie. Hone oft)e+e eci+ion+ i+ !ining on t)i+ court. ?cept for t)at of Lor &ra+er of *ully!elton,none of t)e +peec)e+ in t)e ou+e of Lor+ in uai v. uai D1985E A.C. $44 avert+

to t)e 2ue+tion of t)e !are tala2, an erive no a++i+tance from t)o+e +peec)e+ ineciing t)e in+tant 2ue+tion.

(r. Aylen al+o avance an argument !a+e on t)e +tructure of t)e Act of 19$1. ereferre u+ to +ection # )ic), a+ +u!+titute !y +ection '7' of t)e omicile an

(atrimonial roceeing+ Act 19$3 , pre+erve+ 7+u!ection #74 efine+ ;t)e material time,; in relation to anover+ea+ ivorce or legal +eparation, a+ t)e time of t)e in+titution of roceedings in

t)e country in )ic) it a+ o!taine. e t)en cite a num!er of ca+e+ )ic), )e

+u!mitte, +)oe t)at uner t)e common la rule+, over+ea+ ivorce+ ere

recogni+e even t)oug) o!taine !y informal proceure+ )ic) coul not !ec)aracteri+e a+ ;proceeing+; it)in t)e meaning propo+e !y t)e ife. *)en,

relying on t)e principle t)at t)e +ame p)ra+e +)oul, if po++i!le, !e given t)e +amemeaning in ifferent +ection+ of t)e +ame +tatute, )e invite+ u+ to give ;proceeing+;

t)e +ame ie meaning in +ection '. Of t)e ca+e+ cite only t)ree - =atanac)ai v.=atanac)ai, *)e *ime+, 3 June 19#5 % Faranan v. Faranan, 158 >.J. #93 % an Lee

v. Lau D19#$E . 14 , all at fir+t in+tance - ere e?ample+ of informal proceure+ )ic)oul not come it)in t)e preferre meaning of ;proceeing+; a+ mentione

a!ove. =u++ 7or+e. effer+ v. =u++ 7=u++ or+e. e "aele intervening D19#4E .310 an ure+)i v. ure+)i D19$'E &am. 1$3 , ere !ot) ca+e+ of tala2+ accompanie

!y formal proceure+ a+ in uai v. uai D1985E A.C. $44 , )ile Fi+aling)am v.Fi+aling)am 719$9 1 &.L.=. 10 a+ not a ca+e of a ivorce at all@ +ee er Ormro

L.J. giving t)e ection 1#71 provie+ t)at no proceeing in t)e :nite /ingom, t)e C)annel+lan+ or t)e +le of (an +)all !e regare a+ valily i++olving a marriage unle++

in+titute in t)e court+ of la of one of t)e+e countrie+. *)i+ +u!+ection a+ enacte

to rever+e t)e eci+ion in ure+)i v. ure+)i D19$'E &am. 1$3 an unou!telyapplie+ to a !are tala2. t can !e +ai t)at ;proceeing; 7in t)e +ingular i+ ifferent

from ;proceeing+; 7in t)e plural, !ut in any event am not per+uae t)at it i+

nece++ary for t)e meaning of ;proceeing; in +ection 1# of t)e Act of 19$3 to governt)e con+truction of ;proceeing+; in +ection ' of t)e Act of 19$1.

appreciate t)at in uai v. uai D1985E A.C. $44 !ot) Lor &ra+er of *ully!elton, atp. 818B-, an Lor >carman, at p. 8'4B-C, *48 e?pre++e t)e vie t)at t)e

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22/22

con+truction of ;proceeing+; in +ection '7a of t)e Act of 19$1 i+ a++i+te !y t)econ+truction of ;proceeing; in +ection 1# of t)e Act of 19$3, !ut neit)er a+

irecting )i+ attention to t)e particular pro!lem it) )ic) e are )ere concerne@+ee in particular Lor &ra+er at p. 81$.

Accoringly an+er t)e fir+t 2ue+tion !y )oling t)at a !are tala2 i+ not it)in t)ep)ra+e ;ot)er proceeing+; in +ection '7a of t)e Act of 19$1.

Th "*d u"$%n vie of my an+er to t)e fir+t 2ue+tion, t)i+ 2ue+tion oe+ not +trictly ari+e, !ut it

)a !een fully argue !efore u+ an it i+ e+ira!le to attempt to an+er it. *)e

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Chaudhary v Chaudhary